Page 1 :
UNIT 2 education AS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT, TOPIC 1, FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, PURPOSE, ELEMENTS, ROLES, WHAT IS FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT?, ❖ Formative assessment allows you to evaluate students’ performance in real-time, and also, improve the course content and delivery during the learning process. It makes it easier for, teachers to track the performance of students during a course or training program., ❖ The main purpose of formative evaluation is to facilitate learning but not to assign marks or, grades for students’ achievement., ❖ The main attribute of formative evaluation is that it supplies feedback for teachers and, students., ❖ It helps students identify their strengths and weakness and target areas that need more, attention., ❖ It helps teachers to identify those issues that need to be clarified for students., , EXAMPLE OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT :The different types of formative evaluation are tests, quizzes, class work, games etc., , CHARACTERSTICS OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, , It is used for diagnostic purposes., Makes provision for objective feedback, It allows students to take responsibility of their learning, Motivates students for further learning., Identifies the limitations of teachers and students., Designed basically on the expected learning outcome., Offers opportunities to improve their learning, Very informal process, Evaluation tools are designed to assess learning at different stages., It is continuous evaluation., It focuses on detailed analysis of instructional material., , BARRIERS TO WIDER FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, , Time-consuming and requires resources:, Tiring process:, Trained and qualified professionals:, Develops challenges:, , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 2 :
❖ Not appropriate for conflict resolution, ❖ Funding limitations., , ROLE OF TEACHER & STUDENT IN FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: For students to be active participants in their own learning, they must take an active role in formative, assessment., Learning Goals, ❖ Teachers identify “lesson-sized” learning goals that should be clearly identified and, communicated to students and should help students make connections among lessons within, a larger sequence., ❖ Students... Engage with learning goals so they understand the intended learning and are, prepared to interact with content., ❖ Refer to the learning goals at various times throughout the lesson as they check their, progress., Questioning Strategies to Elicit Evidence of Learning, ❖ Teachers choreograph the classroom discussion and build on student responses in order to, advance learning., ❖ Students... Engage fully in classroom questioning routines by sharing and building on peer, ideas., ❖ Understand that questioning is not about “getting it right,” but about sharing current, understanding and exploring ideas to move learning forward., Tasks and Activities to Elicit Evidence of Learning, ❖ Teachers plan for tasks and activities that produce evidence of student learning (excluding, classroom discussions)., ❖ Students... Participate fully in individual or small group learning tasks., ❖ Articulate how learning tasks will support them in meeting goals., ❖ Are willing to share both what they know and what they don’t know related to tasks., , Using Evidence to Inform Ongoing Teaching and Learning, ❖ Teachers use evidence to adjust ongoing teaching and learning and to improve students', achievement of intended instructional outcomes., ❖ Students... Are comfortable receiving feedback. Work with teachers to use evidence of their, understanding in order to move their own learning forward., , Extended Thinking During Discourse, , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 3 :
❖ Teachers develop classroom routines and strategies (e.g. providing wait time, encouraging, students to ask probing questions) that extend student capacity to extend thinking during, discourse., ❖ Students... Participate in discussions that have give-and-take with teacher and peers., ❖ Build on student and teacher responses by sharing clarifying comments, providing feedback,, or asking probing questions., Descriptive Teacher Feedback, ❖ Teachers provide evidence-based feedback that is linked to the learning goal and criteria for, success. They scaffold supports so that students are able to use feedback effectively., ❖ Students... Apply teacher feedback to take next steps in their own learning., ❖ Use the feedback they received to revise existing work or address new aspects of work., , Student Peer Feedback, ❖ Teachers model effective feedback, and develop structures in which giving and receiving peer, feedback is a routine feature of learning., ❖ Students... Review and provide feedback to the work of peers., ❖ Receive and apply structured feedback., , Collaborative Culture of Learning, ❖ Teachers establish a classroom culture in which teachers and students are partners in, learning., ❖ Students... Demonstrate a clear focus on learning and collaboration. Articulate classroom, norms and how they support learning., ❖ Demonstrate respect and appreciation for multiple viewpoints. See themselves as learning, resources for one another., , Student Self-Assessment, ❖ Teachers model effective self-assessment practices and ensure students have regular, opportunities to evaluate and consider next steps in their learning., ❖ Students... Routinely self-assess and clarify progress toward learning goals. Independently, select learning strategies that will help them move forward. Monitor and adjust learning, tactics., , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 4 :
TOPIC 2, SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT, PURPOSE, ELEMENTS, ROLES, WHAT IS SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT?, ❖ Summative assessments are used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, and academic, achievement at the conclusion of a defined instructional period—typically at the end of a, project, unit, course, semester, program, or school year., ❖ The tests, assignments, or projects are used to determine whether students have learned, what they were expected to learn., ❖ Summative assessments are given at the conclusion of a specific instructional period, and, therefore they are generally evaluative, rather than diagnostic, ❖ Summative-assessment results are often recorded as scores or grades that are then factored, into a student’s permanent academic record., , CHARACTERSTICS OF SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT?, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Summative assessment can be described as ‘assessment of learning’ rather than ‘assessment, for learning’., This occurs at the end of a programme or course and is used to determine the overall, effectiveness., The goal of summative evaluation is to measure the level of success or proficiency that has, been reached at the end of an instructional unit., These are the traditional ways of evaluating students., There is less scope for student involvement., It focuses on analysis., , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 5 :
DIFFERENCES, , TOPIC 3, USES OF PROJECTS, , PROJECT, ❖ Project is the modern method in which the student’s creativity in designing the content of, studies. According to W.H. Kilpatrick, ―A project is a wholehearted purposeful activity, proceeding in a social environment., Types of Projects, 1. Individual and Social Projects: In individual project every student’s problem is solved in their, own according to interest, capacity and attitude., , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 6 :
2. Group Projects: The problem is solved by the group of pupils in the class. Here the social,, citizenship qualities developed., 3. Simple and Complex Projects: In the simple projects the students are completing only one, work at a time. It gives the deep information of the project; thus, the students get deeper and, broader knowledge about the problem., In the complex project the students are carried out more than one work at a time. They are, focuses on the work in various activities and dimensions., According to Kilpatrick there are four types of projects. They are, ❖ Constructive Project: Practical or physical tasks such as construction of articles, making the, models and playing the drama all done in this., ❖ Aesthetic Project: Appreciation powers of the students are developed in this type of project, through the musical programmes of beautician and appreciation of poems., ❖ Problematic Project: In this type of project develops the problem solving capacity of the, students through their experiences. It is based on cognitive domain., ❖ Drill Project: It is for mastery of skill and knowledge of the students, also increases the, capacity and efficacy of the students., Steps of a Project Method, a. Creating Situation, ❖ In the first step teacher creates the proper situation to the students in the class. He puts the, knowledge of project it should not force but arise of need with them., b. Selection of the problem, ❖ The teacher helps the students to select the problem and guide them. Students are having, freedom to select the problem., c. Planning, ❖ The teacher discusses with the students about the problem in various angles and points. After, the free express of student ‘s opinion about the problem, the teacher writes stepwise in the, board., d. Execution, ❖ The students are stating their work in this step. They are collecting the relevant information, and materials at first. The teachers give time and right to the students according to their, speed to complete the work with their ability and interest., e. Evaluation, ❖ Evaluation of the project should be done both by the pupils and the teachers. Here the, students evaluating their task. Has done in light of plans and achieved results., f. Reporting and Recording, , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 7 :
❖ It is the last step of the project method in which each and every step of the work is reported., The reported forms are recorded in book., Role of the Teacher, ❖ In project method of teaching the role of a teacher is that of a guide, friend and philosopher, not a dictator or commander., ❖ He encourages the students to work cooperatively and alert to avoid the mistakes., ❖ If the students face failure during execution of some steps of the project, the teacher should, not execute any portion of the project instead he encourages better methods or approaches, to get success., ❖ He should have a thorough knowledge of individual children so as to allot them work, accordingly., ❖ Teacher should active and alert then he also maintain the democratic atmosphere., Merits of Project Method, 1. Students get proper freedom to execute the project in accordance with their interest and, abilities because they satisfied the needs., 2. Habit of critical thinking gets developed among the students through this method., 3. With this method, students get ample chances which they can develop coordination among, their body and mind., 4. This method helps in promoting social interaction and co-operation among the students, as, they have to work in group and interact with experts., 5. Mostly the projects are undertaken in classroom as classroom assignments, because of which, load of homework from the students for reduced to considerable extent., Demerits of Project Method, 1. This method takes a lot of time to plan and execute a single project., 2. It is not possible to design different projects for different topics and also not able to cover all, topics in the content., 3. Such method can only be proving successful if the teacher is highly knowledgeable, alert an, exceptionally gifted., 4. Teachers do not possess lot of information regarding the manner in which this method should, be used as result and hesitate to use., , USES OF ASSIGNMENTS, ❖ Assignments are used as learning device and tool for evaluation. There is no doubt that, assignment is carefully planned and regularly valued by the teachers to improve the student ‘s, attainment. The assignment is one of the most important phases of teaching., , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 8 :
Purpose of Assignments, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, , To provide opportunities to students to work and practice independently., To develop self-reliance and initiative., To develop habits of reading regularly among the students., To provide opportunities to students to utilize the leisure time profitably., To provide remedial measures for backward students, , Kinds of Assignment, , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 9 :
Teachers ROLE, 1. compile assignments that are broken down into a series of tasks, building in reviews and, feedback opportunities., 2. prescribe a completion date for each task and provide support to ensure that learners set, individual targets to meet the required outcomes of the task., 3. provide informal oral feedback when required as part of classroom monitoring activities., 4. review the progress against targets and provide feedback., 5. provide opportunities for learners to reflect on feedback provided and act on advice given., 6. create opportunities for learners to participate in peer assessment and self-assessment, activities on completion of the overall assignment., 7. undertake formal assessment of learners work and return assessed work with written, feedback within the agreed period., , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 10 :
USE OF WORKSHEET, ❖ Worksheet commonly refers to a sheet of paper with questions for students and places to, record answers., ❖ The term may also refer to a single array of data in spreadsheet software or an informal piece, of paper that an accountant uses to record information., ❖ In the classroom setting worksheets usually refer to a loose sheet of paper with questions or, exercises for students to complete and record answers., ❖ They are used, to some degree, in most subjects, and have widespread use in the curriculum., ❖ These are intended to help a student become proficient in a particular skill that was taught to, them in class., ❖ They are commonly given to students as homework., ❖ They made up of a progressive set of questions that leads to an understanding of the topic to, be learned., , The benefits of using worksheets in the classroom, ➢, , Motivate students to work without the assistance of a teacher, •, , ➢, , Can assist the teacher in gauging student performance, •, , ➢, , Due to peer pressure students are not always eager to voice their confusion resulting, in independent worksheets being a teacher’s best gauge of how well a student is, grasping what is being taught in class., , Good way to recap what is taught in the classroom, •, , ➢, , Far too often students seek an easy step-by-step assignment. With the help of an, effective worksheet, students are able to learn how to confidently problem solve, independently. Personally, one of my greatest strengths as a student is being able to, recognize & adapt to a professors teaching style, which typically occurs through the, material he or she hands out during class., , In order to ensure you are using the most efficient worksheet that you can, the, worksheet must accommodate what was taught in the classroom. Giving out efficient, worksheets as homework is an amazing way for the students to recap what they have, learned once they are home, as well as a good way for the teachers to reiterate the, concept they are trying to teach., , Encourage students to remember what they learn in class, •, , Once a worksheet is created and handed out, it sends a message to the student that, the content on the worksheet is the highlight of what was being taught, or the most, important information of the day. Personally, I’ve always kept handouts and, worksheets given to me during class to study from later., , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 11 :
The negative effect of using worksheets in the classroom, ➢, , Lack of hands-on learning, •, , ➢, , Can make the teacher too comfortable, •, , ➢, , Occasionally you may come across a teacher who gives out multiple worksheets in a, day, sometimes multiple worksheets during the course of one lesson. Worksheets, alone will not teach students at the same level as an active teacher could. Worksheets, are meant to assist the teacher, not replace the teacher., , Discourages abstract thinking, •, , ➢, , Worksheets tend to be a task that a student can complete independently with as little, as a writing instrument. Considering students learn best through peer to peer, learning, worksheets can prove to have a negative effect on a students interest in, learning., , While completing a worksheet a student may believe there is only one correct answer,, or perhaps the worksheet is set up to be completed in one direct fashion. A redundant, worksheet will not support a student’s creativity, and may diminish any level of deep, thinking., , Pre-made/pre-printed worksheets do not accommodate a realistic timeline, •, , During the course of learning students may stumble along certain concepts or need, extra help in some areas. Printing pre-made worksheets for an extended timeline will, not provide your students with the type of assistance they may need. You do not, know what kind of worksheets will best accommodate your students’ needs until your, students voice their concerns in real time., , USE OF PRACTICAL WORK, ❖ By practical work, we mean task in which students observe or manipulate the real objects and, materials or they witness a teacher demonstration., ❖ Rather than listening lectures, reading books, they apply their learnt ideas into real objects, inside the laboratory and develop a knowledge about the contents., What practical works benefits students? ❖ Motivate pupils, by stimulating interest and enjoyment., ❖ Teach laboratory skills., FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 12 :
❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, , Enhance the Learning of scientific knowledge., Give insight into scientific method and develop expertise in using it., They can recall what they have observed and no need to extra reading., Develop scientific attitude like open mindedness and objectives., Conclusion: -, , ❖ A good quality of practical work can engage students, help them to develop important skills,, help them to understand the process of scientific investigation, and developing their, understanding of concepts., ❖ Practical work has an essential role in science education., , USE OF PERFOMANCE BASED LEARNING, ❖ In general, a performance-based assessment measures students’ ability to apply the skills and, knowledge learned from a unit or units of study., ❖ Typically, the task challenges students to use their higher-order thinking skills to create a, product or complete a process., , Performance based activities we may cite the following:, 1. The students may be given some outline of a story and then asked to narrate or write the, complete story in their own words., 2. The students may be given an incomplete sketch and then asked to draw the complete, 3. They may be given some data for the construction of geometrical figures such as triangle,, quadrilateral, circle etc. and then may be asked to draw the required figure., 4. They may be asked to prove an identity or a geometrical theorem or proposition and solve a, given mathematical problem., 5. The students may be asked to draw a map of India or any state or territory of India and, then show the production of a crop or availability of minerals., 6. They may be asked to demonstrate the experiments and illustrations concerning the, Understanding, and application of the scientific facts., 7. They may be asked to draw time line showing the historical events in sequence., 8. For revealing their performance level in the various co-curricular and non-scholastic areas, such as sports, dance, music, art and painting, debate and declamation. Dramatics, social work, and community participation, a proper record of their day to day performance can be kept for, the purpose of evaluation on the part of teachers and activity in-charges. These can then be, used for their summative evaluation at the end of the session., Examples of performance-based learning: ➢ Dance, recital, dramatic, project work, Portfolios, presentation performances exhibitions., , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 13 :
USE OF REPORTS, ❖ A student report is used by an academic institution to identify the current condition of their, students may it be in terms of academics or any other areas that is needed to give focus on, especially if it can affect the performance of an individual within the premises of the, institution., ❖ Report is a summary of findings and recommendations about a particular matter., ❖ Good reports are documents which are accurate, objective and expressed in a way that holds, the reader’s attention and meets their expectations., ❖ The purpose of reporting is to improve learning., ❖ Reports should be well written and clearly Structured, ❖ school reports of two types formative and summative., ❖ Reports must cover achievement, general progress, & attendance records, School Report gives an opportunity to, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, , Improving students learning opportunities through providing and receiving regular feedback., promote positive relationship between school and home, keep parents informed about their child's academic and social progress., Identify future learning needs and directions., , Some qualities of a good school reports, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, , Precision, Accuracy of fact, relevance, Reader orientation, simple language, Conciseness, Grammatical accuracy, unbiased recommendations, Clarity, attractive presentation, , USE OF SELF ASSESSMENT, ❖ Self-assessment is one of the processes in which student evaluates or estimates their own, progress and achievement., ❖ Self-assessment helps students to reflect on their own work and judges how well they have, Performed., ❖ It is students own assessment of personal progress in knowledge, skills, attitude etc., , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 14 :
Advantage of self-assessment, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, , Helps student to critically reflect their own learning progress and performance., Makes students more responsible for their learning., Improves their judgement skills., there is no peer pressure while evaluating themselves., , Disadvantages of self assessment, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, , students feel ill equipped to undertake the assignment., Time consuming for students., Student may not be familiar with the assessment process., It may be subjective because students may not be sincere and may even over evaluate their, performance., , USE OF PEER ASSESSMENT, What is peer assessment?, ❖ Peer assessment is an assessment which allows students to assess each other’s performance., ❖ It can be helpful students to learn from each other by listening, analyzing and problem, solving., ❖ It gives students opportunities to encounter diversity in different ways, critiques and judges., ❖ Students learn the criticism which helps them to apply it in their self assessment., Advantages of peer assessments: ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, ❖, , Encourages students to critically reflect each other’s work., Encourages student involvement in assessment and responsibilities., Improve their judgmental skill, when they assess others performance., Reduce the workload of teacher for marking., Provide more relevant feedback to students as it is generated by their peer., Students learn how to criticize, evaluate and other generic skills during the process., , Disadvantages of peer assessments: ❖ Peer pressure and friendship can influence the reliability of grades given by students., ❖ Student may have a tendency to give some marks to everyone for getting good marks in, return., ❖ Students are not experienced in assessing each other., ❖ Students may cheat in collaboration for group assignment., ❖ Students may be discriminated against if students “gang up” against one other group, members., , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)

Page 15 :
Conclusion: ❖ Self-assessment and peer assessments, where students assess self and each other, can, encourage students to take greater responsibility for their learning., ❖ Peer assessments improves their critically evaluation ability., ❖ They aware to their own learning and able to find the area of weak., , TOPIC 3, , OBSERVATION ON LEARNING, AS A STRATEGY FOR USING ASSESSMENT IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING, WHAT IS OBSERVATION?, ➢ Observation is the action or process of carefully watching someone or something by means of, an instrument, and making a record of the resulting information., ➢ In general, observation refers to the act of watching or noticing and it has number of benefits., Observation may be carried out by different persons in the context of learning., ➢ Classroom observation is also defined as a process by which the observer sits in one or more, classroom sessions, records the teacher’s teaching & student’s actions, and then meets with, the teacher to discuss the observations., ➢ Observation take place on a regular basis as part of daily routines., NEED FOR OBSERVATION OF LEARNING BY TEACHERS, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., , Confirm the appropriateness of learning situation, To see whether students are on the right track, To ensure that students have understood the procedure of learning, To find out how students can be facilitated for further learning, To identify proper assessment procedures, To plan further learning, To identify ways to motivate students for learning, , TYPES OF OBSERVATIONS, THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF OBSERVATIONS CAN BE SEEN, LIKE, 1. NARRATIVE OBSERVATION, 2. SEMI-STRUCTURED OBSERVATION, 3. HIGHLY STRUCTURED OBSERVATION, , FOR MORE DETAIL VISIT: - THE LEARNER ODISHA YOUTUBE CHANNEL (7978687580)