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Course on, Unit - I : Planning in Sports..!!, Along-with Important Questions
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Unit Contents, 1.1, , Meaning & Objectives Of Planning, , 1.2, , Various Committees & its., Responsibilities (pre; during & post), , 1.3, , Tournament – Knock-Out, League Or, Round Robin & Combination
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1.4, , *Procedure To Draw Fixtures – Knock-Out (Bye, & Seeding) & League (Staircase & Cyclic), – Part : 2, , 1.5, , Intramural & Extramural – Meaning, Objectives & Its, Significance, , 1.6, , Specific Sports Programme (Sports Day, Health Run,, Run For Fun, Run For Specific Cause & Run For Unity
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1.1 Meaning and objectives of, planning:, Planning is an intellectual process of thinking in, advance about setting of goals and developing, strategies which are required to attain the goals, efficiently.
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“Planning is a way to systematize, direct, and organize the events or competitions, and extract the advantage and benefit of, the available resources.”
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1.1 Objectives of planning :, a. To keep control over all activities which, suggests that planning & control are, connected with each other., b. It also helps in keeping a good control, in organizing a tournament., c. Reduce the chances of mistake
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d. It suggests programmes can be conducted, with proper coordination with least, mistakes rather focusing on success., e. To promote innovative ideas.
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f. To provide direction towards the goal, g. To reduce undue pressure, h. To provide proper co-ordination among the, committees., i. To have good control over all the activities, and To improve efficiency., j. To reduce the chances of mistakes.
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1.2 Various committees and, responsibilities:, Different committees work together for the smooth, conduct of the sports events., The various committees are:, (ì) Technical Committee: This committee is responsible, for the technical conduct. This committee selects various, officials such as referees, judges, starters, umpires, time, keepers etc.
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(ii)Transport Committee :, This committee is responsible for providing the, facilities regarding transportation of various teams, If the venue of sports events., (ììì) Reception Committee:, The members of this committee are responsible to, welcome the Chief Guest and spectators at, opening and closing ceremonies.
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(ìv) Boarding and Lodging Committee:, This committee is responsible for making necessary, arrangements for providing accommodation and, serving meals to the sportspersons and other, officials., (v) Ground and Equipment Committee :, This committee males necessary arrangements of, equipment related to events.
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(vi) Medical and First Aid Committee:, This committee is Formed to provide medical, assistance to participants round the clock, (vii) Protest Committee :, If there is a protest against a judgment, the, members of this committee decide about it.
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(viii) Publicity Committee:, All the press releases and press conferences are, conducted by this committee., (ix) Finance Committee:, This committee is assigned to make the budget for the, event and handle the expenses., (x) Refreshment Committee :, This committee is formed to profile refreshment to the, participants.
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1.3 Tournaments:, A tournament is a competition involving, relatively large number of competitors, all, participating in a sports or game., It is a series of contests with several rounds, in which many contestants compete,, individually or as a team to decide the, winner.
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In other words, Tournament is a series of, contests in which a number of contestants, compete and the one that prevails through the, final round or that finishes with the best record, is declared the winner., It depends on various factors i.e..., No. of participating teams, availability of grounds, and equipment, No. of days and funds etc.
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Importance of tournament :, 1. The sportsman learns the discipline by playing, tournaments., 2. The sportsman meets other sportsman at a, single platform., 3. He learns ethical values such as honesty, fair, play, respect for others., 4. Tournaments provides recreation to all, i.e..., organizers, spectators, students.
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Type of tournament:, Knock out:, In this type of tournament, the team once, defeated, gets eliminated from the tournament., Only the winning teams contest in the next rounds., Opportunities are given to the winning players /, teams.
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League :, In single league tournament all participating, teams compete once, with each other, where, as in double league, each team plays with, every as in double league, each team plays, with every other team twice, without any, consideration of victory or defeat.
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Combination Tournaments:, Combination tournaments are organized in group or, zonal matches., There are mainly four types of combination, tournaments:, 1.Knock out cum Knock out, 2.League cum league, 3.Knock out cum league, 4.League cum Knock out
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Knock out tournaments:, In knock out tournaments the teams which gets, eliminated gets automatically eliminated from the, tournament., In this type of tournament , if a team is defeated, once, it gets eliminated. Only the winners continue in, the competition. It is the fastest method to know, about the winner team in the tournament.
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1.4 Procedure To Draw Fixtures :, Seeding a Team :The sorting of the teams and fitting them in the, fixtures so that the stronger teams do not meet, each other in earlier rounds is known as Seeding., This method is good if we know the real strong, teams. The organizers should find out the real, strong teams from the previous tournaments or, old records figure starting a new tournament.
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Bye:The advantage given to a team usually by drawing a, lot, and exempting it from playing a match in the first, round is known as Bye. These are given to a specific, number of teams in the first round., The number of byes are decided by subtracting the, number of teams from the next higher number, which is in power of two’s., Bye = Next Higher No-no of Team [2n-no of teams]
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The procedure of giving byes is as follows:, The first bye is given to last team of lower half., The second bye is given to first team of upper, half., The third bye is given to first team of lower half, The fourth bye if given to last team of upper, half., The next bye or byes will be given in the same, order as described above.
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Advantages of knock out tournament:, These are less expensive., Helpful in enhancing standard of sports., It requires less time to complete the tournament., Minimum no. of officials are required.
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Disadvantages of knock out tournament:, There are many chances of elimination of, good teams in preliminary rounds., There are many chances of weak teams to, enter in the final round., Spectators may not have enough interest in, the final round.
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Methods of Preparing Fixtures for Knock-out, Tournaments:1. Total number of teams participating in the, tournament = n, 2. Total number of matches to be played in the, tournament = n-1, where n is the total number, of teams participating in the tournament.
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3. Total number of rounds played in the, tournament depends upon two things :a. The number of teams playing in the, tournament., b. The higher nearest number from the total, number of teams of power of two’s
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4. Method of determining the number of, teams in upper half and lower half:a., , If he number of teams is even, then equal number, of teams will be divided in both halves i.e- n/2,, where n is the total number of teams., , b., , If the number of teams is odd, the following, method is applied: Number of teams in upper, half=(n+1)/2,where n=number of teams. Number of, teams in lower half=(n-1)/2,where n=number of, teams
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5. The number of byes is a knock-out tournament, are decided by subtracting total number of teams, from the next higher nearest number in power of, two’s.
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Draw a knock out fixture of 17 teams?, No. of teams = 17,, Total No. of matches = N-1 = 17-1 = 16, No. of teams in upper half = (N+1)/2, = (17+1)/2 = 9, No. of teams in lower half = (N-1)/2 = (17-1)/2, = 8
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Total no. of byes = 32 - 17 = 15 byes,, No. of byes in upper half = (NB-1)/2 = (15-1)/2, = 7, No. of byes in lower half = (NB+1)/2 = (15+1)/2, = 8, Total rounds = 5 => 25
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Draw a knock out fixture of 5 teams?, No. of teams = 5,, Total No. of matches = N-1 = 5-1 = 4, No. of teams in upper half = (N+1)/2, = (5+1)/2 = 3, No. of teams in lower half = (N-1)/2 = (5-1)/2, = 2
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Total no. of byes = 8 - 5 = 3 byes,, No. of byes in upper half = (NB-1)/2 = (3-1)/2, = 1, No. of byes in lower half = (NB+1)/2 = (3+1)/2, = 2, Total rounds => 23 = 3
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League tournament:, In this type each team plays with every other, team once if it is a single league tournament and, each team plays with every other team twice if it, is a double league tournament.
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(a) Cyclic method:, In cyclic method, If the number of teams is in even, number, the team number 1 is fixed on the top of left, hand side and then other team numbers in ascending, order consecutively downward and then upward on the, left hand side and then from the next round teams will, rotate in clockwise direction. If the number of teams is, odd then the bye is fixed on the top of right hand, side and rest of the procedure will remain same. If the, number of team is even number than number of rounds, will be (N-1). If the number of teams is odd number, then number of rounds will be equal to number of, teams.
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Draw a knock out fixture of 4 teams?, No. of teams = 4,, Total No. of matches = [N(N-1)]/2 = [4(4-1)]/2, = 6, No. of Rounds = N-1 = 4-1 = 3, No. of teams in lower half = (N-1)/2 = (5-1)/2, = 2
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(b) Stair-case Method:, In stair-case method, the fixtures are made just, like a ladder or a stair- case. In this method, no, bye is given to any team and there is no problem, of even or odd number of teams.
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Important Questions, of Unit- 1
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Short answer Questions :, , Q1. What is knock-out tournament?, Ans. In knock-out tournament a team gets eliminated, at the very first defeat. Only winning teams keep on, continuing.
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Q2. Explain league tournament?, Ans. In this system of tournament each team plays, with the rest of the teams once if the tournament is, single league. In double league every team plays, twice with the rest of the, teams.
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Q.3. The other name of League Tournament, is —, (a), (b), (c), (d), , Round robin Tournament., Knock out Tournament, Combination Tournament, Challenge Tournament
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Q.4. To avoid stronger teams to compete in, initial round which of the following is correct., (a), (b), (c), (d), , Bye, Seeding., fixture, Special seeding
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Q.5. How many bye will be given for 21 teams on, the knock out basis., (a), (b), (c), (d), , 11., 12, 14, 17
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Q.6. In the placement of Byes, IV Bye is given, to whom., (a), (b), (c), (d), , Ist Team of lower half, Ist team of upper half, Last team of lower half, Last team of upper half.
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Short Answers Type Question (3 Marks), Q.1 Write down the role of the various, committees post tournament., Ans. The following are the role of the various, committees after a tournament., Publicity Committee: Give reports to media, provide information of expenditure to organizing, committee. Performance of Players, Records, other, important information.
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Finance Committee: Maintain a report of the total, expenditure and budget for the tournament., Transport Committee: Provide information regarding the, proper use of vehicles after the end of the tournament., Food and accommodation Committee: Repair work for, any damage at accommodation site and providing, information of report of players, officials regarding, lodging & boarding expenditure to organizing committee.
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Ground and Equipment Committee: Repair work for, any damage to ground and submitting all equipment to, organizing committee., Programme Committee: Providing information about all, participating team to organizing committee and, distributing certificates to all participants and officials, with thanks., First Aid Committee: Submitting all first aid equipment, and information to organizing committee.
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Prize Distribution Committee: Co-ordinating with, decoration ceremony committee to submit all information, and equipment to organizing Committee., Organizing Committee: Collecting reports from all, committees, taking note of all the important information, and submitting it to the administrative director.
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Long Answer Questions (5 Marks):, Q.1. Make the fixture for 24 teams on, the basis of knock out.
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Draw a knock out fixture of 24 teams?, No. of teams = 24,, Total No. of matches = N-1 = 24-1 = 23, No. of teams in upper half = (N)/2, = (24)/2 = 12, No. of teams in lower half = (N)/2 = (24)/2, = 6
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Total no. of byes = 32 - 24 = 8 byes,, No. of byes in upper half = (NB)/2 = (8)/2, = 4, No. of byes in lower half = (NB)/2 = (8)/2, = 4, Total rounds = 5 => 25
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