Page 3 :
10000 Sentences, 7000 Solved Questions, 7000 Words Knowledge, 550 Solved Exercises, , ARIHANT PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) LIMITED
Page 4 : ARIHANT PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) LTD., All rights reserved, , © Author, No part of this publication may be re-produced, stored in a retrieval system or distributed in, any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, web, or otherwise without the written permission of the publisher. Arihant has obtained all the, information in this book from the sources believed to be reliable and true. However, Arihant, or its editors or authors or illustrators don’t take any responsibility for the absolute accuracy of, any information published, and the damages or loss suffered thereupon., , Administrative & Production Offices, Corporate Office: 4577/15, Agarwal Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi -110002, Tele: 011- 47630600, 23280316; Fax: 011- 23280316, Head Office: Kalindi, TP Nagar, Meerut (UP) - 250002, Tele: 0121-2401479, 2512970, 4004199; Fax: 0121-2401648, , All disputes subject to Meerut (UP) jurisdiction only., , Sales & Support Offices, Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Haldwani, Hyderabad,, Jaipur, Jalandhar, Kolkata, Kota, Lucknow, Nagpur, Meerut & Pune, , ISBN 978-93-5176-874-6, , For further information about the products from Arihant, log on to www.arihantbooks.com or email to
[email protected]
Page 6 :
Contents, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32., , Some Basic Terms of English, Know the English Fundamentals, Articles, Translation and Tense, Sequence of Tense, Noun, Pronoun, Determiners/Adjectives, Adverbs, The Verbs, Syntax : Subject-Verb Agreement, Non-Finites, Participle, Gerund, Reported Speech (Direct-Indirect Narrations), Active Voice Passive Voice, Preposition, Conjunctions, The Interjection (!), Transformation of Sentences, Conditional Sentences, Unenglish & Superfluous Expressions, Question Framing, Question Tag, Use of Capital Letters and Punctuation, Formation of Words, Spelling Rules, Sentence Structure and Analysis, Synthesis of Sentences, Phrasal Verbs, Idioms and Phrases, A Few Proverbs, , 1, 11, 20, 43, 109, 111, 133, 157, 180, 198, 230, 257, 269, 279, 286, 315, 340, 373, 398, 399, 421, 428, 438, 453, 459, 469, 477, 485, 495, 507, 520, 562
Page 7 :
33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., 43., 44., 45., 46., 47., 48., 49., 50., 51., 52., 53., 54., 55., 56., 57., 58., 59., 60., 61., 62., 63., 64., 65., 66., 67., 68., 69., , Spotting the Errors, Cloze Test/Cloze Passage, Phrase Substitution or Sentence Improvement, Ordering of Sentences, Double Blanks in a Sentence, Miscellaneous Exercises (Correct the Sentences), Word Power, Synonyms, Antonyms, Hindi Words, Antonyms/Synonyms, Homonyms, Contronyms, Heteronyms, Palindromes, Pangrams, Unusual Word Forms, Homographs, Paronyms, One Word Substitutions, Foreign Words, Group Terms, Related Pairs of Words, Choosing Appropriate Words, Specific Use of Words (Similar Meaning), Words Never Used in Good Sense, Words Used as Different Parts of Speech, Some Peculiar Expressions, Animals, Males, Females, Youngs and Group Terms, Collective Names of Animals, Young Ones of Amimals, Words Used in the Constitution, Paragraph Writing, Letter Writing, Precis Writing, Report Writing, Comprehension, , 566, 594, 610, 626, 642, 656, 667, 669, 675, 677, 696, 717, 755, 757, 761, 762, 763, 765, 771, 775, 788, 795, 797, 807, 821, 825, 827, 833, 835, 836, 838, 839, 850, 869, 905, 921, 936
Page 16 :
Some Basic Terms of English, , 9, , (55) Synonym : It is a word or expression which means the same as another word or expression., The term ‘industrial democracy’ is often used as a synonym for worker participation., (56) Antonym : The antonym of a word is a word which means the opposite., Day and Night are antonyms., (57) Heteronym : It is a word that has the same spelling as another word but with a different pronunciation, and meaning. These words are sometimes also called homographs., (58) Autogram : A self-referencing sentence is a sentence that describes itself. For example, “This sentence, has five words.” An autogram is a self-referencing sentence that describes its letter content., (59) Contronym : The word contronym (also the synonym antagonym) is used to refer to words thatby,, some freak of language evolution, are their own antonyms. Both contronym and antagonym are, relatively recent neologisms; however, there is no alternative term that is more established in the, English language. As :, (b) fix—restore, castrate, (a) fast—quick, unmoving, (60) Malapropism : It is the use of an incorrect word in place of a similarly sounding correct word. As :, (a) Parents try to ‘install’ these virtues in their children., (b) He became ‘affluent’ in French, Italian, Latin and Greek., (61) Palindrome : It is a word or sentence that reads the same forward as it does backward. The words a and I, are perhaps the simplest and least interesting palindromes; the word ‘racecar’ and the name ‘Hannah’ are, more interesting and illustrative., (62) Palingram : It is a sentence in which the letters, syllables, or words read the same backward as they do, forward. The sentence, ‘He was, was he?’ is a word palingram, because the words can be placed in, reverse order and still read the same. The sentence, ‘‘I did, did I?’’ is not only a word palingram but a, letter palingram (palindrome) as well., (63) Pangram : It is a sentence that contains all letters of the alphabet. Less frequently, such sentences are, called holalphabetic sentences. As :, The quick brown fox jumps over a little lazy dog., In this sentence there are all 26 English alphabets., (64) Eponym : It is someone or something whose name is or is thought to be the source of something’s name, (such as a city, country, era, or product); Xerox is a brand of photocopy machine; that word, too, has, been since adopted to refer to any brand of photocopy machine and, moreover, also employed as a verb, to describe the act of photocopying., (65) Adjunct : It is a word or group of words which indicates the circumstances of an action, event or, situation. An adjunct is usually a prepositional phrase or an adverb group., (66) Contraction : It is a shortened form of a word or words., (i) ‘It’s’ (with an apostrophe) should be used only as a contraction for ‘it is’., (ii) can’t is the contraction form of cannot., (67) Positive Degree : The Positive Degree of an Adjective is the Adjective in its general form. It denotes the, mere existence of some quality., (68) Comparative Degree : It denotes a higher degree of the quality than the positive. The comparative is, used when two things are compared.
Page 17 :
10, , English Grammar & Composition, , (69) Superlative Degree : It denotes the highest degree of the quality. It is used when more than two things, are compared., Positive, Comparative, Superlative, Good, Better, Best, Strong, Stronger, Strongest, Tall, Taller, Tallest, (70) Mood : It is the mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb is presented. There are three types, of mood, (a) Indicative Mood “A verb which makes a statement or asks a question or expresses a supposition, which is assumed as a fact, is in the Indicative Mood.”, —Wren and Martin, (i) He goes to college daily., Statement, (ii) She writes legibly., Statement, (iii) Are you fine?, Question, (iv) Have you found your pen?, Question, (v) If it rains, we shall go for a picnic., Supposition, (vi) If she wants it, I shall give it to her., Supposition, (b) Imperative Mood A verb which expresses a command, an exhortation, an entreaty or a prayer, is, in Imperative mood., (i) Open the door., Command, (ii) Wait here., Command, (iii) Take care of your health., Exhortation, (iv) Don’t worry, try again., Exhortation, (v) Please help me., Entreaty, (vi) Have mercy upon the poor., Entreaty, (c) Subjunctive Mood, (I) Present Subjunctive : Where a wish or hope is expressed by the verb, it is in Present, subjunctive mood. As :, (i) God bless you., (ii) May God grant you success, (iii) If the verb expresses desire, intention, resolution etc it is in subjunctive mood. As :, (iv) We recommended that the monthly rent be increased to two thousand rupees., (v) It is suggested that a subway be built to relieve the congestion., (vi) I move that Mr Sharma be appointed Executive Director., (II) Past Subjunctive : Past subjunctive is used : (I) After the verb ‘wish’, to denote an unreal, situation or a situation contrary to fact.
Page 18 :
CHAPTER, , 02, , KNOW, , THE ENGLISH FUNDAMENTALS, 1. How many words are there in the English language?, Ans About a million, may be more., It is difficult to calculate the exact number of words. If we calculate all of scientific nomenclature,, this could easily double the figure. For example there are apparently some one million insects, already described, with several million more awaiting description. The two largest, dictionaries—the Oxford English Dictionary and M. Webster’s Third New International, Dictionary—each includes around half a million words., , 2. What is the longest word in the dictionary?, Ans It might be supercalifragilisticexpialidocious (which appears in the Oxford English, Dictionary), unless we want to count names of diseases (Such as ‘pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis’, defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as ‘a fictitious word, alleged to mean’ a lung disease caused by the inhalation of very fine silica dust’ but occurring, chiefly as an instance of a very long word”), places such as air pwllgwyngyll go gery chwyrnd, robwlll lantysiliogogogoch’, a village in Wales, chemical compounds apparently there is one that is, 1,913 letters long, and also a few words found only in Joyce’s Finnegans Wake., Other words famous for being sesquipedalian: antidisestablishmentarianism (“opposition to the, disestablishment of the Church of England”)., Floccinaucinihilipilificationhonorificabilitudinitatibus (which appears in Shakespeare’s Love’s, Labour’s Lost, and which has been cited as [dubious] evidence that Francis Bacon wrote, Shakespeare’s plays)., , 3. What does ‘floccinaucinihilipilification’ mean?, Ans It means ‘the estimation of something as worthless., But it is usually used only as an example of a very long word, sometimes held to be the longest. The, Oxford English Dictionary labels it ‘‘humorous’’ and gives the following citations for it: I loved him, for nothing so much as his floccinaucinihilipilification of money. —William Shenstone, Letters, They must be taken with an air of contempt, a floccinaucinihilipilification of all that can gratify the, outward man., —Sir Walter Scott, Journal, , 4. What does pneumonoultramicroscopicsil-icovolcanoconiosis mean?, Ans It is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as “a factitious word alleged to mean ‘a lung, disease caused by the inhalation of very fine silica dust’ but occurring chiefly as an instance of a, very long word.”
Page 19 :
12, , English Grammar & Composition, 5. How can I figure out what does a Roman numeral stand for?, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 7, 8, 9 10 20 30, Ans. Conversion, I, II, Table, 80, 90, Conversion, LXXX XC, Table, , 40 50 60, III IV, V VI VII VIII IX X XX XXX XL L LX, 100 500 1000, C, D, M, , 70, LXX, , You should add the numbers together if numbers of the same size are placed next to each, other or if a smaller number is placed to the right of a larger number. For example, II = 2, III = 3, VI = 6, VIII = 8, XX = 20, XXI = 21, CC = 200, You should subtract the smaller number from the larger if a smaller number is placed to the, left of a larger number. For example, IV = 4, IX = 9, XL = 40, CD = 400, CM = 900, Sometimes you are to perform both operations: For example, XIV = 14, XIX = 19, XXIV = 24, XCI = 91, XCIX = 99, MCM = 1900,, MCMXLVII = 1947, MCML = 1950, MCMLXVIII = 1968, , 6. Does bimonthly mean twice a month or every two months?, Ans Every ‘‘two’’ months (usually). Bi-means ‘two’, so bimonthly means ‘‘happening every two, months’’—but it also means ‘‘happening twice a month’’. Another word for the latter is, ‘semimonthly’., , 7. What is a thesis statement?, Ans A thesis statement is a one-or two-sentence condensation of the argument or analysis that is, to follow in an essay. After you’ve chosen the question your essay will answer, compose one or two, complete sentences answering that question., , 8. What is a simile and give some examples of it?, Ans A simile is a word or phrase by which anything is likened to something else. A simile is often, introduced by like or as. See the following examples of simile :, (a) Happy as a clam,, (b) As easy as piem,, (c) Soft as sifted flour., It differs from a metaphor in that the comparison in a metaphor is a implicit: ‘‘Achilles is a lion; ‘‘She’s, a tigress,’’ “He seems gruff but he’s really just an old pussy cat.” The statement ‘‘that man is a fox’’ is, a metaphor; but ‘‘that man is like a fox’’ is a simile., , 9. What is a run-on sentence?, Ans Run-on sentence is an ungrammatical construction in which two or more independent, clauses are improperly joined without a conjunction or appropriate punctuation. The effect is that, the reader loses the main idea of the sentence. As:, Example:, (a) He doesn’t need me he just calls to make himself feel better., Here you could use a semicolon. :, (b) He doesn’t need me; he just calls to make himself feel better., , Another example, (b) I went to the store I was out of beer. Here you could either use a semicolon or a, conjunction, such as because :, I went to the store because I was out of beer., , 10. What is a linking verb?, Ans A linking verb is usually a form of be or seem that identifies the predicate of a sentence with, the subject. Example : “Achilles is a lion.” ‘Is’ links Achilles lion, identifies Achilles with a lion., ‘Achilles’ is the subject of the sentence and ‘is a lion’ is the predicate. A linking verb is also called a, copulas.
Page 20 :
Know the English Fundamentals, , 13, , 11. What is ambiguity in writing?, Ans Ambiguity in writing : whose meaning cannot be understood by its context., Ambiguity may be introduced accidentally, confusing the readers and disrupting the flow of, reading. If a sentence or paragraph jars upon reading, there is lurking ambiguity. It is particularly, difficult to spot one’s own ambiguities. It is strongly recommended that one should let another, person read one’s writing before submission for publication., , 12. What is an annotated bibliography?, Ans An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, etc with notes for each citation., An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is, followed by a brief (usually 100-150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation., The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the, sources cited., , 13. What is MLA style?, Ans It is the style recommended by the Modern Language Association for preparing scholarly, manuscripts and student research papers. It concerns itself with the mechanics of writing, such, as punctuation, quotation, and documentation of sources., , 14. What is redundancy in writing?, Ans The use of language that can be eliminated without incurring a loss of meaning, is called, redundancy in writing., Redundancy in writing usually comes from these sources: Wordy phrases. Example : ‘In view of, the fact that’ instead of ‘‘since’’ or ‘‘because.’’ Employing obvious qualifiers when a word is implicit, in the word it is modifying. Example : ‘‘Completely finish.’’ If you have incompletely finished, something, you haven’t finished it at all., Using two or more synonyms together. Example : ‘Thoughts and ideas.’, , 15. What is the difference between its and it’s?, Ans Its is the possessive form of it. It’s is a contraction of it is or it has., Example, It’s a common mistake., The boat has a hole in its hull., The confusion arises from the dual function of the ‘s’ ending, which can indicate either possession, or contraction, as in : John’s Pizzas are the best (=“The Pizzas which are John’s — that is, in that he, makes them — are the best”); John’s going to have to buy some more files soon (=“John is going to, have to buy some more files soon”). However, ‘s’ is never used to indicate possession in pronouns., We do not write hi’s (instead of his)., , 16. What is the difference between i.e. and e.g.?, Ans i.e. means ‘‘that is’’ (to say), e.g. means ‘‘for example., ’’ i.e. is an abbreviation for Latin id est, ‘‘that is.’’ e.g. is for exempli gratia, “for the sake of example.”, So you can say, “I like citrus fruits, e.g., oranges and lemons”; or, “I like citrus fruits, i.e. the juicy,, edible fruits with leathery, aromatic rinds of any of numerous tropical, usually thorny shrubs or, trees of the genus Citrus.”, , 17. What is the difference in usage for like vs. as?, Ans The rule is: ‘‘As, comes before a clause.’’, If the word is followed by a clause, a group of words with both a subject and a verb, use as: He liked, the restaurant, as any gourmet would. If no verb follows, choose like: He walks like a platypus., However, in casual usage, like is gaining steadily as in ‘‘He tells it like it is,’’ or ‘‘She eats ice-cream, like it’s going out of style.’’ The informal use of like to introduce a clause is fine in conversation or, casual writing, but to be grammatically correct, remember the ‘‘as comes before a clause’’ rule.
Page 21 :
14, , English Grammar & Composition, , 18. What is the difference between there and their? Your and you’re? How can I, remember these?, , Ans ‘Their’ and ‘your’ are possessive forms used as modifiers before nouns. They basically mean:, ‘belonging to them’ and ‘belonging to you,’ respectively: You’re is a contraction of ‘you are’: ‘You’re, doing fine.’, , 19. What is the difference between dinner and supper?, Ans Supper is a light evening meal; served in early evening if dinner is at midday or served late in, the evening at bedtime. Dinner is the main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday., , 20. What is the only word in the English language that has three consecutive sets of, double letters?, , Ans Bookkeeper. Also bookkeeping If you are willing to accept a hyphenated word,, sweet-toothed is another., , 21. What is the origin of the word fuck?, Ans It is remotely derived from the Latin futuere and Old German ficken/fucken. Originally, this, was a quite acceptable word! It was recorded in a dictionary in 1598 (John Florio’s A World of, Words). It is remotely derived from the Latin future and Old German ficken/fucken meaning ‘to, strike or penetrate’, which had the slang meaning ‘to copulate’. Eric Partridge, a famous, etymologist, said that the German word was related to the Latin words for pugilist, puncture, and, prick. The word, which entered English in the late 15th century, became more rare in print in the, 18th century when it came to be regarded as vulgar. It was even banned from the Oxford English, Dictionary. In 1960, Grove Press (in the US) won a court case permitting it to print the word legally, for the first time in centuries—in D H Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover (Written in 1928). One, folk etymology, which is incorrect, is that it derives from “[booked] for unlawful carnal knowledge.”, , 22. What is the rule for determining whether or not to write out a number as a word?, Ans In general, write out the first nine cardinal (1-9) numbers; use figures for 10 and above. In, general, write out the first nine cardinal (1-9) numbers (except for address numbers 2-9, dates,, decimals,, game, scores,, highways,, latitude/longitude,, mathematical, expressions,, measurement/weight, money/financial data, percentages, proportion, scientific expressions,, statistics, technical expressions, temperature, time, unit modifiers, votes, and numbers not written, out in a proper noun) and any number that begins a sentence; use figures for 10 and above. The first, nine ordinal (1st-9th) numbers are usually written out, especially when describing order in time or, location., , 23. What is the word meaning ‘to throw out of a window’?, Ans Defenestrate : Its roots are Latin de-, ‘out of’ and fenestra, ‘‘window.’’ Defenestration is the, noun form of the word. It is also a computing jargon term for “the act of exiting a window system in, order to get better response time from a full-screen program” or “the act of discarding something, under the assumption that it will improve matters” or “the act of dragging something out of a, window (onto the screen)” [source: Jargon File]., , 24. What is the plural of virus?, Ans Viruses., It is not viri, or (Which is worse) virii. True, the word comes directly from Latin, but not all Latin, words ending in -us have -I as their plural. Besides, viri is the Latin word for ‘men’ (Plural of vir,, man, the root the English virile). There is in fact no written attestation of a Latin plural of virus., , 25. What is one English word ends in-mt?, Ans Dreamt., Dreamt is the expected answer to this question, but there is at least one other word: amt.
Page 22 :
Know the English Fundamentals, , 15, , 26. Can I use ‘and’ (or ‘but’, etc.) at the start of a sentence?, Ans Yes., The old ‘rule’ that we should not begin a sentence with a conjunction (and or but) has actually gone, by the wayside these days. Occasionally, especially in casual writing, you can begin a sentence with, and or but. These words are mainly used to join elements within a sentence, but they have begun, sentences since long., , 27. What two words make the contraction ‘ain’t’? Is it proper?, Ans ‘Ain’t’ is a contraction of ‘am not.’ It is not considered proper., ‘Ain’t’ is not accepted by many as it suggests illiteracy and the inability to speak properly. It can be, used jokingly. The widely used aren’t I ?, though illogical (No-one says I are), is used in speech, but, in writing there is no acceptable substitute for the stilted am I not?, , 28. What word rhymes with orange?, Ans No word rhymes with orange., In an episode of the old children’s TV show H R Pufnstuf, the character Witchiepoo sang a song that, went :, Oranges poranges, who says, oranges poranges,, who says, oranges poranges,, who says– there ain’t no rhyme for oranges!, , 29. What’s the difference between main and helping verbs?, Ans A helping verb accompanies the main verb in a clause and helps to make distinctions in, mood, voice, aspect and tense., A helping or auxiliary verb such as have, can, or will accompanies the main verb in a clause and, helps to make distinctions in mood, voice, aspect, and tense. The main verb represents the chief, action in the sentence., , 30. When do you use lie and lay?, Ans To lay is to place something; to lie is to recline. To lay is to place something. It is always, followed by an object, the thing being placed. To lie is to recline, For example : He lays the book, down to eat. She lies quietly on the chaise., Part of the source of the confusion is the past tense of lie, which is lays: She lays on the chaise all, day. The past participle of lie is lain, as in - She has lain there since yesterday, as a matter of fact., The past tense of lay is laid, as is the past participle., , 31. What should be the spacing between sentences?, Ans Traditionally, students in typing classes have been taught to put two spaces between, sentences. In typewritten texts, one space between words was fine, but two spaces seemed, necessary to make the break apparent. To be strictly accurate, only one standard word space, should be inserted between the end of one sentence and the start of the next. However, strict, application of this rule in the world of automated composing systems can cause readability, problems, because several factors affect how the spaces appear in the composed text., The issue of spacing between sentences should be decided for individual typing jobs, not applied, across all projects as a standard. If readability won’t suffer, only one space should appear between, sentences; if readability is an issue, two spaces can be used. Whichever choice you make, ensure that, it is implemented uniformly throughout the text., , 32. When do you capitalize words like mother, father, grandmother and grandfather, when writing about them?, , Ans When they are used as proper nouns .You should capitalise these when referring to your own, relatives: ‘‘Hello, Mother.’’ A good rule to follow is to capitalise them if they are used as proper, nouns. If used as common nouns, don’t capitalise: ‘We honour all mothers in May.’
Page 23 :
16, , English Grammar & Composition, , 33. When do you use well or good?, Ans In general, use well to describe an activity, good to describe a thing. When it is an activity, being described, use well, as in ‘He did well in the spelling bee.’ Well is an adverb here, describing, the verb. When it is a condition or a passive state being described, use good, as in ‘You’re looking, good tonight!’. Good is an adjective here, describing the noun., With feel good/ feel well, it is more complicated. In this case, the word well is being used an, adjective meaning ‘healthy’ — so it is OK to say, ‘I feel well.’ You can say ‘I feel good’ also, but it is, more informal., , 34. Where does the phrase “The whole nine yards” originate?, Ans It is said to have originated among construction workers.The ‘nine yards’ is said to refer to, the maximum capacity a cement-mixer truck can carry—nine cubic yards of cement. This is, disputed, however., , 35. When was the first dictionary made?, Ans The western tradition of dictionary-making began with the Greeks when changes in the, language made many words in the literature unintelligible to readers. During the Middle Ages,, when Latin was the language of learning, dictionaries of Latin words were compiled., The first dictionary of English appeared in 1604—Robert Cawdry’s ‘A Table Alphabetical’. This, work contained about 3,000 words, but was so dependent upon three sources that it can rightly be, called a plagiarism. Early dictionaries were generally small and defined ‘‘hard’’ words and were, made by men in their leisure time as a hobby. John Kersey the Younger is regarded as the first, professional Lexicographer whose introductory work, A New English Dictionary, appeared in, 1702. Kersey’s accomplishments were superseded in the 1720s by Nathan Bailey’s innovative, work, An Universal Etymological English Dictionary. For the rest of that century, it was actually, more popular than Dr Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary!, , 36. When do you use ‘whom’ instead of ‘who’ ?, Ans Use who when a nominative pronoun is appropriate, and whom when an objective pronoun is, appropriate.Who is a nominative pronoun (meaning it acts as a subject) and is used :, As the subject of a verb, as in— It was Raj who rescued the cat. As the complement of a linking verb,, as in—They know who you are., Whom is an objective pronoun (meaning it serves as an object) and is used:, As the object of a verb, as in—Whom did you see there?, As the object of a preposition, as in—That is the group to whom the credit belongs., Who and whom seem to cause more difficulty than other pronouns. Thus, when in doubt,, substitute him and see if that sounds right. If him is OK, then whom is OK. For example : “You, talked to whom? You talked to him.” It would be incorrect to say ‘You talked to he’., , 37. Which is right: “I wish it were...” or “I wish it was...” ?, Ans ‘I wish it were...’, There is often confusion about were (a past subjunctive) and was (a past indicative). In conditional, sentences where the condition is unreal or not yet real and in that clauses after to wish, use were :, “I wish it were true that he loved me” or “If anyone were to ask me to stay, I would refuse.” Were is, also used following ‘as if’ and ‘as though’: “The toddler wore the towel proudly, as though it were a, Superman cape.” Were is also part of these fixed expressions: as it were, if I were you., , 38. When do we use that and which?, Ans Generally, use that for persons or things, which only for things., In current usage, that refers to persons or things and which is used mainly for things. The, standard rule says that one uses that only to introduce a restrictive or defining relative clause —, one that identifies the person or thing being talked about. An example is—The fort that Akbar built
Page 24 :
Know the English Fundamentals, , 17, , has to be taken down, and the clause that Akbar built describes which fort has to be taken down, i.e., it is restrictive. In contrast, which is used only with non-restrictive or non-defining clauses. This, type of clause gives additional information about something that has already been identified in the, context. An example —The students have been complaining about the assigned book, which is hard, to understand. The clause which is hard to understand is nonrestrictive as it does not indicate the, specific book being complained about. In a sentence including a nonrestrictive clause, the sentence, would still be clear even if the clause were omitted. One will find that which sounds more natural, than that in such a sentence, which is a great double-check of the grammar., Some people very strictly use that only in restrictive clauses and which is nonrestrictive clauses., However, even in good prose one will find the use of which in restrictive clauses is very common, and considered grammatically acceptable., , 39. What are William Safire’s Rules for writers?, Ans, , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Remember to never split an infinitive., The passive voice should never be used., Do not put statements in the negative form., Verbs have to agree with their subjects., Proofread carefully to see if you words out., If you reread your work, you can find on rereading a great deal of repetition can be by, rereading and editing., A writer must not shift your point of view., And don’t start a sentence with a conjunction. (Remember, too, a preposition is a terrible word, to end a sentence with.), Don’t overuse exclamation marks(!)., Place pronouns as close as possible, especially in long sentences, as of 10 or more words, to, their antecedents., Writing carefully, dangling participles must be avoided., If any word is improper at the end of a sentence, a linking verb is., Take the bull by the hand and avoid mixing metaphors., Avoid trendy locutions that sound flaky., Everyone should be careful to use a singular pronoun with singular nouns in their writing., Always pick on the correct idiom., The adverb always follows the verb., Last but not least, avoid cliches like the plague; seek viable alternatives., , 40. Do adverbs always end with-ly?, Ans No., Though many adverbs are formed by the addition of -ly to an adjective (sad/sadly), there are many, other formations, like : apart, downstairs, underfoot, always, backwards — and also ever, now,, often, once, soon etc., , 41. How do I use the words might and may?, Ans May expresses likelihood while might expresses a stronger sense of doubt or a contrary to, fact hypothetical., The difference in degree between ‘‘You may be right’’ and ‘‘You might be right’’ is slight, but not, insignificant: If I say you may be right about something, there is a higher degree of probability that, you are right about it than if I say you might be right about something. “You think Einstein is the, most brilliant physicist, who ever lived? ‘‘You may be right.” versus “You think it’s going to rain this, afternoon even though the sun is shining this morning? Well, you might be right.” May expresses, likelihood while might expresses a stronger sense of doubt or a contrary to fact hypothetical: “We, might have been able to go if Kyle hadn’t been so slow.”
Page 25 :
18, , English Grammar & Composition, , 42. A misogynist hates women. What do you call a person who hates men?, Ans A misandrist., The word misandrist comes from Greek, mis-, a prefix meaning ‘hate’ + andr-, ‘man’ + -ist., , 43. Does any word use the vowels a, e, i, o and u in it?, Ans Yes., Here are some, with their distinctions : Longest word with each vowel used once:, subcontinental, countermanding., Longest word with each vowel used once, including ‘y’ : uncomplimentary., Shortest word with each vowel used once: sequoia., Shortest word with each vowel used once, including ‘y ’ : eukaryotic., Word with each vowel used once in order: facetious., Word with each vowel used once in order, including ‘y’ : facetiously., Word with each vowel used once in reverse order : subcontinental., , 44. Does a comma go after i.e. or e.g.?, Ans By nature, they are preceded by a mark of punctuation, usually a comma. Generally both are, followed by a comma in American English, though not in British English, e.g., may also be followed, by a colon, depending on the construction. In British English, it is often written as eg with the, periods omitted., , 45. Do you hyphenate numbers?, Ans ‘‘Sometimes. Whole numbers twenty-one through ninety-nine are hyphenated, whether used, alone or as part of a larger number. A whole number followed by hundred, thousand etc, would be, written as, For example ‘‘one hundred,’’ and not hyphenated. In a phrase like “one hundred and ten, years,” no hyphenation should be added., , 46. Are philharmonic and symphony the same?, Ans Yes., A philharmonic is a symphony orchestra or the group that supports it. A symphony is a large, orchestra. An orchestra is a large group of musicians who play together on various instruments,, usually including strings, woodwinds, brass instruments, and percussion instruments. So, the, answer is ‘yes’ that philharmonic and symphony orchestra are synonymous., , 47. Do I put a comma before and?, Ans Sometimes … ‘‘The use of a ‘‘serial comma’’ (in a series such as ‘‘bread, butter and beer’’) is a, matter of taste. You can either leave it in or take it out (“bread, butter and beer” works just as well)., But its absence can sometimes change the meaning, so read your sentence carefully. The Alt. Usage., English FAQ cites the example of an author who dedicated his novel thus: “To my parents, Ayn Rand, and God.” Clearly the author should not have omitted the serial comma in this case. Use commas in a, compound sentence to clarify meaning or add emphasis. You do want to use a comma to separate, clauses of a sentence which have and between them. If there’s no and, use a semicolon instead: She, hadn’t left the computer all week; by Friday she was climbing the walls., , 48. Are there any English words that do not have vowels?, Ans It depends what you mean by ‘‘vowel’’ and ‘‘word.’’ There are two things we mean by the word, ‘‘vowel’’ : a speech sound made with the vocal tract open a letter of the alphabet standing for a, spoken vowel (Look up vowel for a more detailed definition.) Cwm and crwth do not contain the, letters a, e, i, o, u, or y the usual vowels (that is, the usual symbols that stand for vowel sounds) in, English. But in those words the letter ‘w’ simply serves instead, standing for the same sound that, ‘oo’ stands for in the words boom and booth. Dr, nth (as in ‘to the nth degree’), and TV also do not, contain any vowel symbols, but they, like cwm and crwth, do contain vowel sounds.
Page 26 :
Know the English Fundamentals, , 19, , Shh, psst, and mm-hmm do not have vowels, either vowel symbols or vowel sounds. There is some, controversy whether they are in fact ‘‘words’’, however. But if a word is “the smallest unit of, grammar that can stand alone as a complete utterance, separated by spaces in written language, and potentially by pauses in speech” (as it is according to The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of, Language), then those do qualify. Psst, though, is the only one that appears in the Oxford English, Dictionary., , 49. What is the difference between idiom and slang?, Ans Idiom is yesterday’s slang and slang is tomorrow’s idiom., In other words, idiom is slang that has, through use and over time, become acceptable to use in, informal language., English has countless interesting and amusing examples of idiom and slang., From time to time, we will look at some so that you can add the ones that appeal to you to your, repertoire., , 50. What are sentence fragments?, Ans Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences. They can be phrases or clauses that have, been punctuated as if they were sentences. Sentence fragments can also be called English minor, sentences. Sometimes it is quite acceptable to use them, but the secret is to know when., , 51. When can you use sentence fragments?, Ans When you write conversations, because you are writing how people speak, and people very, seldom speak in complete sentences., (a) What’s going to happen to Boyde, now that Bill is dead?, (b) Don’t know., (c) Do you care?, (d) Nope. Don’t know and don’t care!, Sometimes when you write stories or personal accounts, you might intentionally use sentence, fragments for special effect:, It stopped, turning its head this way, that way., Listening., Listening to the silence., Listening and waiting., , 52. What is the difference, if any, between using ‘once in a while’ and ‘once and a while’?, Ans These two idioms mean the same thing—occasionally. The latter, might well have grown up, as a misunderstanding of ‘‘once in a while’’ or a confusion of that phrase and ‘‘once and for all’’. Use, ‘‘once in a while.’’, , 53. What is the difference between the word ‘‘into’’ and the words ‘‘in to?’’ Which is, most appropriate when?, , Ans Whenever the ‘to’ is a particle of the infinitive, be sure to keep them separate:, See the following sentences :, (a) We dropped in to visit my friend., (b) He just stepped in to pay the bill., (c) You wouldn’t want people walking into your dinner., We use ‘‘into’’ to express motion or direction as per following :, (a) He stared into her eyes., (b) She walked into the store to say hello., (c) She drove into the side of the garage.
Page 27 :
@UPSC_THOUGHT, , Get Best Quality, Magazines , Pdfs, &, All Exam Study Material in, Hindi & English Both, Languages, CLICK HERE, Https://t.me/Upsc_thought
Page 39 :
31, , Articles, , (25) ‘Office’ keâe ØeÙeesie peye position kesâ mevoYe& ceW nes lees The keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes:, He is in office—means to hold an official usually political) position., To be out of office—to be no longer in power., A Practical English Grammar—Thomson and Martinet., (26) Town keâe ØeÙeesie peye subject kesâ Town Ùee speaker kesâ Town kesâ DeLe& ceW nes lees Town mes henues ‘The’ veneR ueielee, , nw~ pewmes:, (a) We go to town sometimes to meet our mother., (b) We went to town last year and remained there for a week., , (27) ‘Nature’ keâe ØeÙeseie peye Øeke=âefle kesâ DeLe& ceW nes lees Fmekesâ hetJe& ‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR nesiee~ pewmes:, If you interfere with nature you will suffer for it., (28) ‘Games’ kesâ veece kesâ hetJe& ‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee~ pewmes:, (a) I play golf., (b) He plays cricket., (29) ‘Seasons ’ kesâ veece kesâ hetJe& ‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw~ pewmes:, (a) In Spring we like to clean the house., (b) She is planning to visit her parents in winter., , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , (30) ‘Time of day ’ kesâ veece kesâ hetJe& ‘The’ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw~ pewmes:, (a) We travelled mostly by night., (b) We’ll be there around midnight., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, (A) Put appropriate articles in the blanks:, , [RAS 1991], , ...... businessman of ..... colony was shot dead by...... armed intruder on Sunday night . ...... dead man’s wife, also received ....... gunshot, but she is said to be progressing in ..... Civil Hospital . ..... murder is said to be ......, result of ....... old dispute over some agricultural land between ...... killer and his victim., (B) Put appropriate articles in the blanks:, [RAS 1992], India is one of ....... very big countries in the world. If a man takes ..... quickest train, he will take, nearly.......week to go from one end of India to the other. One who leaves Ramnad in ...... South on .......... first, day of ....... month will perhaps get to Srinagar in .......... North only about ......... sixth of ....... same month., (C) In the following sentences, fill in the blanks with appropriate articles:, [RAS 1994], Number..... hundred and two ....... house next door to us, is for sale, It’s quite ....... nice house with .......... big, rooms........ back windows look out on .........park. I don’t know what......... price .... owners are asking . You, could give them ............. and make them .......... offer., , 02, Rewrite the sentences after filling the blanks with articles wherever necessary., (1) (A) Who are ......... men that are standing there in ........... lane?, (B) ............tallest gentlemen is .............. teacher, .............man who has ............ stick in his hand is ..........., teacher’s uncle. He lives in Chennai. He has come here to attend .............. wedding. I don’t know who, ........ third man is. I know ...... person sitting beside ....... teacher., (C) I’m sorry to have detained you. Are you going to .........bank ?
Page 40 :
32, , English Grammar & Composition, (2) Once ......... man had.......... strange goose. It laid......... golden egg every day .......... man was very lucky, to possess such ............. precious creature. One day he thought, “One golden egg .......... day is not, sufficient. I shall kill ...........goose and get hold of all ........gold contained in it.” He then killed .........., goose, but find not ...... single egg., , 03, Rewrite the following sentences after filling up the blanks with suitable articles, wherever necessary :, I know Ram’s brother. He is ............officer in................ Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is posted in, ................. States. He is ......... youngest officer there. He enjoys ............ work and plays ............. game of, tennis in evenings. For his breakfast he takes ................ apple, .............. egg and ....cup of coffee only. He is, ..... good fellow., , 04, Rewrite the following sentences after filling up the blanks with suitable articles wherever necessary:, Once .........old saint saw ........... kite catch.......... little mouse. He felt sorry for ........... mouse. He took ........., orange and aimed at .......kite, which dropped ...........mouse and by his holy power turned it into .........young, maiden., , 05, Insert suitable articles wherever necessary:, (1) Shyam plays ............ Piano., (3) Who invented ............ Microscope?, (5) This man is ............ second Hitler., (7) He is ............ student of mathematics., (9) ............ bed is broken., (11) .... Sun rises in .............. East., (13) I’ll go there in ............ morning., (15) Do not make ............ noise., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), , ............Iron is ............ hard metal., ............ Delhi is ............ beautiful city., I met him at ............ church., I went to ............ hospital to meet my friend., Please give me ............ five-rupee note., He wrote his name at ............ top of ............ page., It is ............ very useful book., , 06, Fill in the blanks with articles wherever necessary:, (1) He went to ............ college to meet ............ class teacher., (2) I will take ......... tram from .........Church., (3) He came and sat on ......... bed., (4) He has already gone to ......... bed., (5) Ram was appointed ......... clerk., (6) Suresh was declared ......... captain of our team., (7) Ramesh invited Sarla for ......... dinner yesterday., (8) He organised ......... nice lunch in honour of ......... President., (9) ......... dinner hosted by Ram was superb., (10) ......... measles is ....... contagious disease., (11) He died of ......... cholera., (12) She has been suffering from ......... fever for three days., (13) He can speak ......... Hindi, but I can’t speak ......... English., (14) I like ......... blue colour.
Page 41 :
33, , Articles, (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), , When I went to ......... home, Raja was watching ......... TV., I heard ......... news on ......... radio., He is ......... rich man, he always go by ......... car., Three per cent posts are reserved for ......... disabled and two per cent for............ex-servicemen., He went first to ......... Mexico and then to ......... USA., Ram took ......... action with .........swiftness of ......... tiger., , 07, Rewrite the following sentences after filling up the blanks with suitable articles wherever necessary:, During .............. first two years ............... village project had .............. awful time. ................. Mission had, accepted ................... use of ................... farm from ................... affluent landowner and .............natives, believed ................... story that this land would be returned to .....................owner after ten years., ...................... project never started., , 08, Insert suitable articles wherever they are missing:, (1) Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru was.......... first Prime Minister of free India., (2) Indian Government wants to build......... strong India., (3) She has never touched.......... onion., (4) After discussing this matter for..........hour or two we are sure to arrive at ..........decision., (5) Pt Nehru was...............great man. He struggled hard to attain .........freedom from..... Britishers., , 09, Insert suitable articles wherever necessary:, (1) Ram is ............ good boy., (2) .......... European woman came to America., (3) Mohan is ............ NDA Officer., (4) I want to buy ............ book., (5) Sita is ............ teacher., (6) He comes here once ............ week., (7) He is ............ honourable leader., (8) He is ............honest person., (9) Twelve inches makes ............ foot., (10) He has ............ good knowledge of Mathematics., (11) This is ............ house I live in ., (12) ............ bag I found yesterday contained ............ key chain., (13) It is ............ matter of chance., (14) ............ poor can be trusted., (15) Have you found ............ purse you lost yesterday?, , 10, Insert suitable articles wherever necessary:, (1) The teacher asked ............ easy question. (2) Give me ............ book to read please., (3) Ram secured ............ second position in ............ school., (4) He is ............. MLA., (5) Cat is not ................. faithful animal., (6) I am looking for ............. remunerative job. (7) ............ honesty is ............ best policy., (8) I found ............ purse last night., (9) I’ll go there in ............ evening., (10) Always speak ............ truth., (11) Never tell ............ lie., (12) He likes ............ black pent., (13) Did Mohan get ............ job he applied for?, (14) Will you close ............ windows, please? (15) He was invited for ............ dinner.
Page 42 :
34, , English Grammar & Composition, , 11, Rewrite the following sentences after filling up the blanks with suitable articles wherever necessary:, Once there were elections . ................ entire polling station seemed to be ........... huge mass of humanity. Men, and women all seemed to be quite conscious of their votes. I had seen ........... old man insisting on the polling, officer and he would not even return .............. identity slip. Women had come in groups and were putting on, colourful clothes. ......... polling stations assumed .............. shape of ............. fair and ............ crowd also, behaved likewise. It was really ............... pleasure to see them in such .............. jolly mood. It was ..... nice, scene., , 12, Insert suitable articles wherever necessary:, (1) Will you like to have ............ cup of tea?, (2) ................ room is airy., (3) .............. dog is a faithful animal., (4) Will you go to .............. hospital to see your friend?, (5) There are sixty seconds in ............... minute., (6) Take .....................umbrella with you., (7) I have made.................. mistake., (8) I saw .......... old man yesterday., (9) This poem is written by .............. foreign writer., (10) I found ................ book last night........book is very useful., (11) He is ............. able man., (12) He has applied for ......................... post of an officer., (13) .... camel is ...............ship of ... desert., (14) ................Earth revolves round ...............Sun., (15) Kalidas is ..................... Shakespeare of .... India., , 13, Rewrite the following sentences after filling up the blanks with suitable articles wherever necessary:, Once ................ businessman of ...............colony was shot dead by .................armed intruder on Sunday, night. ........... dead man’s wife also received ................. gunshot, but she is said to be progressing in ..........., Civil Hospital . ............. murder is said to be ................... result of .................... old dispute over financial, matters between killer and his victim.After three days ......... killer surrendered before .........police., , 14, Fill in the blanks with a, an or the:, (1) Ram gave me .................... one-rupee note., (2) She bought .................. ink-pot,.............. bag and...........umbrella yesterday., (3) Has ............... postman brought any letter for me today?, (4) .............. camel can go ............... long distance without water., (5) This is one of ............ most interesting books I have ever read., (6) ......Kashmir is ............ Switzerland of India., (7) ....... teachers of this school are very liberal and intelligent., (8) Let us discuss ............ matter seriously., (9) He is ........... honour to his profession.
Page 43 :
35, , Articles, (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), , ................ scheme failed for want of sufficient funds., I ordered ............. servant to leave ............... room., Italy is ................. European country., There is ............ hourly tram service on this route., God made ....................... country and man made.................. town., Kalidas is ................... Shakespeare of India., Do you know ....................way to ................... railway station ?, You cannot doubt .................. honesty of these men., ................ friend in need is ................. friend indeed., May we have .............. pleasure of your company for lunch?, We should always follow ................. good and love.................... beautiful., , Spotting Errors (Articles), 15, Find the errors in the following sentences:, (1) Of the two (a)/ solutions the second was (b)/ definitely better. (c)/ No error (d), (2) I have been (a)/ informed that (b)/ Mr Clinton visits Rajasthan (c)/ following month. (d)/ No error (e), (3) In the field of invention (a)/ the credit goes to a man (b)/ who convinces the world (c)/ with his arguments, (d)/ not to the man who simply thinks. (e)/ No error (F), (4) He claims to be a scientist (a)/ but in reality he (b)/ does not know even (c)/ A B C of science. (d)/ No error, (e), (5) Her father (a)/forbade her to go (b)/to cinema (c)/with Mohan. (d)/ No error (e), (6) It is an impossible-task (a)/to calculate number (b) / of creatures living (c)/ on Earth. (d)/ No error (e), (7) The man (a)/ is the only living creature (b)/ that can speak (c)/ and smile. (d)/ No error (e), (8) He is an atheist (a)/ but today he is going (b)/ to the church (c)/ for offering prayer. (d)/ No error (e), (9) You should not spend (a)/ good part of the day (b)/ in marketing only. (c)/ No error (d), (10) Whatever little (a)/ milk left in the bottle (b)/ was drunk by your cat. (c)/ No error (d), , 16, Find the errors in the following sentences:, (1) She leads (a)/ a luxurious life (b)/ so she visits everywhere (c)/ by a car. (d)/ No error (e), (2) The principal instructed (a)/ the girls to return (b)/ to the college (c)/ before the sunset. (d)/ No error (e), (3) You must (a)/ be true to your words (b)/ in order to enjoy (c)/the real reputation in the life. (d)/ No error, (e), (4) She is the (a)/most beautiful girl. (b)/ No error (c), (5) It was an insight (a)/ and perseverance of the lady doctor (b)/ that many women were (c)/ able to lead, normal life. (d)/ No error (e), (6) It is a pity (a)/ that the daughter of millionaire (b)/ is involved in (c)/ the bank robbery. (d)/ No error (e), (7) He was in a trouble (a)/ when he saw (b)/ a truck running (c)/ towards his car. (d)/ No error (e), (8) The fruits of (a)/all the modern luxuries (b)/ lie in the science. (c)/ No error (d), (9) I advised him (a)/ to take the heart (b)/ in all odd circumstances. (c)/ No error (d), (10) Little knowledge (a)/ of computers that she possessed (b)/ proved a boon for her (c)/ in getting job. (d)/, No error (e)
Page 44 :
36, , English Grammar & Composition, , 17, Find the errors in the following sentences:, (1) We (a)/ saw (b)/ a elephant (c)/ in the zoo. (d)/ No error (e), (2) It is (a)/ a most (b)/ beautiful (c)/ painting of the gallery. (d)/ No error (e), (3) Mr Gaurav Sharma (a)/ is (b)/ coming to (c)/ dinner. (d)/ No error (e), (4) I (a)/ go (b)/ to cinema (c)/ every sunday. (d)/ No error (e), (5) He (a)/ went there (b)/ a hour (c)/ ago. (d)/ No error (e), (6) He (a)/ always speaks (b)/ truth. (c)/ No error (d), (7) Kashmiri (a)/shawls (b)/ are made of (c)/ the hair of sheep. (d)/ No error (e), (8) The Taj mahal (a)/is (b)/ situated (c)/ at the Agra. (d)/ No error (e), (9) Bible (a)/ said that (b)/ the sun (c)/ goes round the Earth. (d)/ No error (e), (10) An horse (a)/ is (b)/ running (c)/ in the ground. (d)/ No error (e), , 18, Find the errors in the following sentences:, (1) An European (a)/ dish (b)/ is (c)/ very famous. (d)/ No error (e), (2) Rome (a)/ was (b)/ not built (c)/ in a day. (d)/ No error (e), (3) Ritika (a)/ helps (b)/ poor and (c)/ the sick people. (d)/ No error (e), (4) The Sapna (a)/ is a very (b)/ beautiful (c)/ girl. (d)/ No error (e), (5) I (a)/ saw (b)/ an one rupee note (c)/ on the road. (d)/ No error (e), (6) The boy (a)/is (b)/ swimming (c)/ in the pool. (d)/ No error (e), (7) Here is a red (a)/ shirt (b)/ which Sapna gave me (c)/yesterday. (d)/ No error (e), (8) Shatabdi Express (a)/ runs (b)/ very (c)/ fast. (d)/ No error (e), (9) Parul (a)/ was also invited (b)/ to the lunch hosted by the queen, (c)/ at her cottage yesterday. (d)/No, error (e)., (10) My uncle (a)/is (b)/ a (c)/ SP. (d)/ No error (e), , 19, Find the errors in the following sentences:, (1) Gold (a)/ is (b)/ an useful (c)/ metal. (d)/ No error (e), (2) This is (a)/ a good dress (b)/ but (c)/ that’s a better one. (d)/ No error (e), (3) Rupam (a)/ presented me (b)/ a ring (c)/. The ring is lost. (d)/ No error (e), (4) The Punjabi (a)/ is (b)/a sweet language (c)/ of Punjab. (d)/ No error (e), (5) Adnan Sami (a)/ is the (b)/ most popular (c)/ singer in Indian film industry. (d)/ No error (e), (6) The Sun (a)/ rises (b)/ in (c)/ East. (d)/ No error (e), (7) The teaching (a)/ profession (b)/ is (c)/ good for women. (d)/No error (e), (8) The milk (a)/ is (b)/ good (c)/for health. (d)/ No error (e), (9) I (a)/ think (b)/ a baby (c)/ is crying. (d)/ No error (e), (10) Kunal (a)/ was (b)/ sent to (c)/ a prison. (d)/ No error (e)
Page 45 :
Articles, , 37, , 20, Find the errors in the following sentences:, (1) I (a)/ will go (b)/ there (c)/ by train or bus. (d)/ No error (e), (2) My parents (a)/ sometimes (b)/ come to school (c)/ to see the principal. (d)/No error (e), (3) Riya (a)/ went home (b)/ very late (c)/ last Monday. (d)/ No error (e), (4) The winters (a)/ are (b)/ generally very (c)/ cold here. (d)/ No error (e), (5) The monkeys (a)/ jumps (b)/ on (c)/ the trees. (d)/ No error (e), (6) The dog (a)/ is (b)/ a (c)/ faithful animal. (d)/ No error (e), (7) Chief Minister (a)/ will (b)/ decide (c)/ the matter. (d)/ No error (e), (8) Kshitiz (a)/ is (b)/ a (c)/ honest boy. (d)/ No error (e), (9) The Sun (a)/ rises in (b)/ the East (c)/ is an universal truth. (d)/ No error (e), (10) Times of India (a)/ is a most popular (b)/ newspaper (c)/of these days. (d)/No error (e), , 21, Find the errors in the following sentences:, (1) Three children (a)/ died (b)/ in a (c)/ bus accident yesterday. (d) /No error (e), (2) The Mahatma Gandhi (a)/ was (b)/ also called (c)/ ‘Bapu’. (d)/ No error (e), (3) Chinese (a)/ are (b)/ fond of (c)/ chowmin. (d)/ No error (e), (4) Taj Mahal (a)/ is a (b)/ beautiful (c)/ building in Agra. (d)/ No error (e), (5) The capital (a)/ of (b)/ UK is (c)/ London. (d)/ No error (e), (6) My mother (a)/ is cooking (b)/ in a (c)/ kitchen. (d)/ No error (e), (7) The teacher (a)/ called a (b)/ last boy (c)/ standing in the queue. (d)/ No error (e), (8) The apple (a)/ a day (b)/ keeps (c)/ the doctors away. (d)/ No error (e), (9) The more (a)/ I learn history (b)/ the more (c)/ I get bored. (d)/ No error (e)., (10) The intelligent (a)/ should (b)/ help (c)/ the duffer. (d)/ No error (e), (11) Shreya (a)/ gave (b)/ me (c)/ the watch. (d)/ No error (e), , 22, Find the errors in the following sentences:, (1) In the conclusion it (a)/may be said (b)/ that the writer has surpassed/(c) the ethical norms. (d)/ No error, (e), (2) It is the most/(a) important point that (b)/ you have to/(c) understand well.(d)/ No error (e), (3) He said to me, (a)/ “I think you (b)/ will never/ (c)turn a traitor.” (d)/ No error (e), (4) Ramesh told me (a)/ that he first went (b)/ to the Mexico and/(c) then to the Netherlands. (d)/ No error (e), (5) My mother forbade/(a) my sister to/(b) go to theatre at night. (c)/ No error (d), (6) One should be true/(a) to one’s words in/(b)order to earn good name/(c) and fame in the life. (d)/, No error (e), (7) I have been waiting/(a) for her/(b) for more than/(c) half a hour. (d)/ No error (e), (8) You should not spend (a)/ good port of the day (b)/ in gossiping ans wandering (c)/ here and there. (d) /No, error (e), (9) Will you please (a)/ give me (b)/ Little milk (c)/ for my cat. (d)/ No error (e), (10) He informed me (a)/ that he had gone (b)/ to the church (c)/ to offer prayers. (d)/ No error (e)
Page 46 :
38, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , English Grammar & Composition, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE : 01, (A) A, the, an, The, a, The, the, the, an, the., (C) ×, the, a, ×, the, the/a, ×, the, a, an., , (B) the, the, a, the, the, a, the, the, the., , Solution TYE : 02, (1) (A) Who are the men that are standing there in the lane?, (B) The tallest gentlemen is a teacher, the man who has a stick in his hand is the teacher’s uncle. He lives in, Chennai. He has come here to attend a wedding . I don’t know who the third man is. I know the person sitting, beside the teacher., (C) I’m sorry to have detained you. Are you going to the bank ?, (2) Once a man had a strange goose. It laid a golden egg every day. The man was very lucky to possess such a, precious creature. One day he thought, “One golden egg a day is not sufficient. I shall kill the goose and get hold, of all the gold contained in it.” He then killed the goose, but find not a single egg., , Solution TYE : 03, I know Ram’s brother. He is an officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is posted in the states. He is the, youngest officer there. He enjoys the work and plays the game of tennis in evenings. For his breakfast he takes an, apple, an egg and a cup of coffee only. He is a good fellow., , Solution TYE : 04, Once an old saint saw a kite catch a little mouse. He felt sorry for the mouse. He took àn orange and aimed at the kite, which dropped the mouse and by his holy power turned it into a young maiden., , Solution TYE : 05, (1) the,, (7) a,, (14) a,, , (2) x, a,, (9) The,, (15) a., , (3) the,, (10) a,, , (4) ×, a,, (11) The, the,, , (5) a,, (12) the, a,, , (6) the,, (13) the,, , (3) the,, (9) The,, (15) ×, ×,, , (4) ×,, (10) The, a,, (16) the, the,, , (5) ×,, (11) ×,, (17) a, ×,, , (6) ×,, (12) ×,, (18) the, the,, , Solution TYE : 06, (1) the, the,, (7) ×,, (13) ×, ×,, (19) ×, the,, , (2), (8), (14), (20), , a, the,, a, the,, ×,, the, the, a., , Solution TYE : 07, During the first two years the village project had an awful time.The Mission had accepted the use of a farm from an, affluent landowner and the natives believed the story that this land would be returned to the owner after ten years.The, project never started., , Solution TYE : 08, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , Pt Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of free India., Indian Government wants to build a strong India., She has never touched an onion., After discussing this matter for an hour or two we are sure to arrive at a decision., Pt Nehru was a great man. He struggled hard to attain freedom from the Britishers.
Page 47 :
39, , Articles, Solution TYE : 09, (1) a,, (7) an,, (12) The, a,, , (2) A,, (8) an,, (13) a,, , (3) an,, (9) a,, (14) The,, , (4) a,, (10) a,, (15) the., , (5) a,, (11) the,, , (3) the, the,, (9) the,, (15) ×., , (4) an,, (10) the,, , (5) a,, (11) a,, , (6) a,, , Solution TYE : 10, (1) an,, (7) ×, the,, (13) the,, , (2) a,, (8) a,, (14) the,, , (6) a,, (12) the,, , Solution TYE : 11, Once there were elections. The entire polling station seemed to be a huge mass of humanity. Men and women all, seemed to be quite conscious of their votes. I had seen an old man insisting on the polling officer and he would not, even return the identity slip. Women had come in groups and were putting on colourful clothes. The polling stations, assumed the shape of a fair and the crowd also behaved likewise. It was really a pleasure to see them in such a jolly, mood. It was a nice scene., , Solution TYE : 12, (1) a,, (2) The,, (3) The,, (7) a,, (8) an,, (9) a,, (13) The, the, the, (14)The, the, (15) the, x., , 4. the,, 10. a, the,, , 5. a,, 11. an,, , 6. an,, 12. the,, , Solution TYE : 13, Once a businessman of the colony was shot dead by an armed intruder on Sunday night . The dead man’s wife also, received a gunshot, but she is said to be progressing in the Civil Hospital. The murder is said to be the result of an old, dispute over financial matters between the killer and his victim. After three days the killer surrendered before the, police., , Solution TYE : 14, (1), (7), (13), (19), , a,, The,, an,, the,, , (2), (8), (14), (20), , an, a, an,, the,, the, the,, the, the., , (3) the,, (9) an,, (15) the,, , (4) A, a, (10) The,, (16) the, the,, , (5) the,, (11) the, the,, (17) the,, , (6) ×, the, (12) a,, (18) A, a,, , Solution TYE : 15, (1) (c) better mes henues ‘the’ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW~ Comparative degree kesâ adjective Éeje peye efkeâmeer choice keâe efveOee&jCe neslee nw lees, Gmemes henues ‘the’ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes: He is the stronger of the two wrestlers., (2) (d) following mes hetJe& ‘the’ ueieeSB~ ÙeneB following month, particular nes ieÙee nw~, (3) (b) a man, keâer peien the man keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW~ ÙeneB man, particular nes ieÙee nw~, (4) (d) ABC kesâ hetJe& ‘the’ ueieeSB~ to emphasise, ‘the’ is necessary., (5) (c) cinema mes hetJe& ‘the’ ueielee nw~ go to the cinema, go to the theatre pewmeer pharases ceW ‘the’ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~, (6) (b) number mes henues ‘the’ ueieeSB the number keâe DeLe& efveefMÛele mebKÙee neslee nw~ the number of Jewmes Yeer phrase keâer lejn ØeÙegkeäle, neslee nw~, (7) (a) man mes henues ‘the’ keâes Delete keâjW~ man keâe ØeÙeesie peye ceeveJe-peeefle (in broader sense) kesâ efueÙes neslee nw lees Gmemes henues, ‘the’ keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~, Man is a social animal., Man is mortal.
Page 49 :
41, , Articles, (5) (c), (6) (a), (7) (a), (8) (a), (9) (e), (10) (c), , I saw a one rupee note on the road. ‘‘A’’ is used with nouns pronounced with consonant sound., A boy is swimming in the pool. ‘‘A’’ is used with the singular countable nouns., Here is the red shirt which Sapna gave me yesterday. Red shirt has become particularised., The Shatabdi Express . ‘‘The’’ is used before the names of well-known trains., No error. ‘The’ is used before particular meals., My uncle is an SP Here, ‘An’ is used before a consonant which sounds like a vowel., , Solution TYE : 19, (1) (c), (2) (e), (3) (e), (4) (a), (5) (e), (6) (d), (7) (e), (8) (a), , Gold is a useful metal. Before useful we should put ‘a’ instead of ‘an’., ‘A’ is used with positive and comparatives but not with superlatives., ‘The’ is used before a noun which is repeated after it has been introduced once., Punjabi ‘The’ is not used before name of the language., No error. ‘The’ is used with the superlative degree of adjective., in the east. ‘The’ is used with the name of ‘directions’ like east, west, north, wouth., ‘The’ is used with the professions like the nursing, the medical profession., Milk is good for health. ‘The’ article are omitted before proper nouns, material nouns, uncountables etc in, general., (9) (c) the baby., (10) (d) Kunal was sent to prison. The article is omitted before church, prison, hospital, college , school and bed, when, the visit to these place is for the purpose they are primarily built., , Solution TYE : 20, (1) (e) The Article is omitted before modes of transportation or travel. Always use by bus,by car, by train, etc., (2) (c) Insert ‘the’ before school .When the visit to places : school, Church, hospital , prison are for the purpose, other than they are primarily built , always use ‘the’ before these nouns., (3) (e) No error ‘‘The’’ is not used before name., (4) (a) Remove the before ‘Winters’. Do not use article before name of the seasons., (5) (a) Monkeys jumps on the trees. The article is omitted before plural countable nouns when they tell about class or, cast etc., (6) (e) ‘‘The’’ is used before a singular countable noun meant to represent a whole class or kind., (7) (a) Insert ‘The’ before Chief Minister . Use the before designation., (8) (c) Kshitiz is an honest boy. Here ‘an’ is used before a word beginning with silent ‘‘H’’. (Honest), (9) (d) The sun rises in the east is a universal truth. ‘A’ is used before a word beginning with the sound ‘u’, pronounced as ‘yoo’or ‘u’)., (10) (a) The ‘Times of India’ ........... ‘The’ is used before the name of the newspapers and magazines., , Solution TYE : 21, (1) (e), (2) (a), (3) (a), (4) (a), (5) (c), (6) (c), (7) (b), (8) (a), , No Error, Delete ‘‘the’’ before Mahatma Gandhi. Article is not used before a name proper noun)., The chinese............ ‘‘The’’ is used before nationality., The Taj Mahal ....... ‘The’ is used such name of Monuments., ‘The’ is used before name of country like UK , USA etc., My mother is working in the kitchen . Here ‘The’ is used before the noun which can be understood easily., The teacher called the last boy........... ‘The’ is used before the ordinals., An apple...... ‘‘An’’ is used here before a word beginning with a vowel a,e,i,o,u,) sound.
Page 55 :
47, , Translation and Tense, I, Present, , II, Past, , III, Past Participle, , IV, Present Participle, , V, Infinitive, , Dream, , dreamt, , dreamt, , dreaming, , to dream, , Dwell, , dwelt, , dwelt, , dwelling, , to dwell, , Eat, , ate, , eaten, , eating, , to eat, , Earn, , earned, , earned, , earning, , to earn, , Elect, , elected, , elected, , electing, , to elect, , Electrify, , electrified, , electrified, , electrifying, , to electrify, , Enjoy, , enjoyed, , enjoyed, , enjoying, , to enjoy, , Enrol, , enrolled, , enrolled, , enrolling, , to enrol, , Enter, , entered, , entered, , entering, , to enter, , Err, , erred, , erred, , erring, , to err, , Excite, , excited, , excited, , exciting, , to excite, , Excuse, , excused, , excused, , excusing, , to excuse, , Feel, , fed, , fed, , feeding, , to feed, , Fall, , fell, , fallen, , falling, , to fall, , Fight, , fought, , fought, , fighting, , to fight, , Find, , found, , found, , finding, , to find, , Flow, , flowed, , flowed, , flowing, , to flow, , Fly, , flew, , flown, , flying, , to fly, to forget, , Forget, , forgot, , forgotten, , forgetting, , Forbid, , forbade, , forbidden, , forbidding, , to forbid, , Freeze, , froze, , frozen, , freezing, , to freeze, , Forsake, , forsook, , forsaken, , forsaking, , to forsake, , Get, , got, , got, , getting, , to get, , Give, , gave, , given, , giving, , to give, , Grow, , grew, , grown, , growing, , to grow, , Gain, , gained, , gained, , gaining, , to gain, , Gamble, , gambled, , gambled, , gambling, , to gamble, , Govern, , governed, , governed, , governing, , to govern, , Graze, , grazed, , grazed, , grazing, , to graze, , Greet, , greeted, , greeted, , greeting, , to greet, , Guide, , guided, , guided, , guiding, , to guide, , Hide, , hid, , hidden, , hiding, , to hide, , Hang, , hung, , hung, , hanging, , to hang, , Hold, , held, , held, , holding, , to hold, , Have, , had, , had, , having, , to have, , Hurt, , hurt, , hurt, , hurting, , to hurting, , Ignore, , ignored, , ignored, , ignoring, , to ignore, , Imagine, , imagined, , imagined, , imagining, , to imagine, , Injure, , injured, , injured, , injuring, , to injure, , Insult, , insulted, , insulted, , insulting, , to insult, , Intend, , intended, , intended, , intending, , to intend, , Invade, , invaded, , invaded, , invading, , to invade
Page 56 :
48, , English Grammar & Composition, , I, Present, , II, Past, , III, Past Participle, , IV, Present Participle, , V, Infinitive, , Invent, , invented, , invented, , inventing, , Join, , joined, , joined, , joining, , to invent, to join, , Joke, , joked, , joked, , joking, , to joke, , Judge, , judged, , judged, , judging, , to judge, , Jump, , jumped, , jumped, , jumping, , to jump, to kneel, , Kneel, , knelt, , knelt, , kneeling, , Kill, , killed, , killed, , killing, , to kill, , Kick, , kicked, , kicked, , kicking, , to kick, , Lie, , lay, , lain, , lying, , to lie, , Lend, , lent, , lent, , lending, , to lend, , Borrow, , borrowed, , borrowed, , borrowing, , to borrow, , Light, , lighted, , lighted, , lighting, , to light, , Lose, , lost, , lost, , losing, , to lose, , Let, , let, , let, , letting, , to let, , Leak, , leaked, , leaked, , leaking, , to leak, , Lead, , led, , led, , leading, , to lead, , Lick, , licked, , licked, , licking, , to lick, , Like, , liked, , liked, , liking, , to like, , Listen, , listened, , listened, , listening, , to listen, , Look, , looked, , looked, , looking, , to look, , Love, , loved, , loved, , loving, , to love, , Make, , made, , made, , making, , to make, , Mean, , meant, , meant, , meaning, , to mean, , Mar, , marred, , marred, , marring, , to mar, , March, , marched, , marched, , marching, , to march, , Marry, , married, , married, , marrying, , to marry, , Mind, , minded, , minded, , minding, , to mind, , Miss, , missed, , missed, , missing, , to miss, , Mix, , mixed, , mixed, , mixing, , to mix, , Mortgage, , mortgaged, , mortgaged, , mortgaging, , to mortgage, , Nap, , napped, , napped, , napping, , to nap, , Neglect, , neglected, , neglected, , neglecting, , to neglect, , Nurse, , nursed, , nursed, , nursing, , to nurse, , Obey, , obeyed, , obeyed, , obeying, , to obey, , Object, , objected, , objected, , objecting, , to object, , Offend, , offended, , offended, , offending, , to offend, , Open, , opened, , opened, , opening, , to open, , Oppose, , opposed, , opposed, , opposing, , to oppose, , Oppress, , oppressed, , oppressed, , oppressing, , to oppress, , Order, , ordered, , ordered, , ordering, , to order, , Prove, , proved, , proved, , proving, , to prove, , Purchase, , purchased, , purchased, , purchasing, , to purchase, , Pay, , paid, , paid, , paying, , to pay
Page 57 :
49, , Translation and Tense, I, Present, , II, Past, , III, Past Participle, , IV, Present Participle, , V, Infinitive, , Pardon, , pardoned, , pardoned, , pardoning, , to pardon, , Persist, , persisted, , persisted, , persisting, , to persist, , Polish, , polished, , polished, , polishing, , to polish, , Ponder, , pondered, , pondered, , pondering, , to ponder, , Post, , posted, , posted, , posting, , to post, , Practise, , practised, , practised, , practising, , to practise, , Pray, , prayed, , prayed, , praying, , to pray, , Prepare, , prepared, , prepared, , preparing, , to prepare, , Press, , pressed, , pressed, , pressing, , to press, , Pretend, , pretended, , pretended, , pretending, , to pretend, , Progress, , progressed, , progressed, , progressing, , to progress, , Quit, , quit, , quit, , quitting, , to quit, , Quarrel, , quarrelled, , quarrelled, , quarrelling, , to quarrel, , Question, , questioned, , questioned, , questioning, , to question, , Quench, , quenched, , quenched, , quenching, , to quenched, , Ride, , rode, , ridden, , riding, , to ride, , Read, , read, , read, , reading, , to read, , Ring, , rang, , rung, , ringing, , to ring, , Sell, , sold, , sold, , selling, , to sell, , Send, , sent, , sent, , sending, , to send, , Sow, , sowed, , sown, , sowing, , to sow, , Spend, , spent, , spent, , spending, , to spend, , Sit, , sat, , sat, , sitting, , to sit, , Speak, , spoke, , spoken, , speaking, , to speak, , Spell, , spelt, , spelt, , spelling, , to spell, , Sweep, , swept, , swept, , sweeping, , to sweep, , See, , saw, , seen, , seeing, , to see, , Shake, , shook, , shaken, , shaking, , to shake, , Shine, , shone, , shone, , shining, , to shine, , Sink, , sank, , sunk, , sinking, , to shine, , Swear, , swore, , sworn, , swearing, , to swear, , Swim, , swam, , swum, , swimming, , to swim, , Shoot, , shot, , shot, , shooting, , to shoot, , Sling, , slung, , slung, , slinging, , to sling, , Saw, , sawed, , sawn, , sawing, , to saw, , Shear, , sheared, , sheared, , shearing, , to shear, , Spoil, , spoiled, , spoilt, , spoiling, , to spoil, , Strive, , strove, , striven, , striving, , to strive, , Swell, , swelled, , swelled, , swelling, , to swell, , Set, , set, , set, , setting, , to set, , Shut, , shut, , shut, , shutting, , to shut, , Take, , took, , taken, , taking, , to take, , Teach, , taught, , taught, , teaching, , to teach
Page 59 :
@UPSC_THOUGHT, , Get Best Quality, Magazines , Pdfs, &, All Exam Study Material in, Hindi & English Both, Languages, CLICK HERE, Https://t.me/Upsc_thought
Page 69 :
60, , English Grammar & Composition, (g), (i), (k), (m), , I have often been there., (h) I have read this novel several times., Have you done much work this week?, (j) I haven’t seen her today., Hari hasn’t come to college this morning, (l) She hasn’t been well lately., He has been here recently. (lately/recently means at any time during the last week/month etc., When recently used with Past tense it means a short time ago.), (n) Upto the present every thing has been straight forward., (o) We have no trouble so far., (p) Have you ever fallen off horse?, (q) They have always answered my letters., (r) I have never been late for work., , (6) efvecve Øekeâej kesâ Sentences Structure ceW Yeer Present Perfect keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes :, This/It/That is the first/second/third/only/best/worst etc., (a) This is the best whisky, I have ever drunk., (b) This is the easiest job, I have ever had., (c) This is the worst novel, I have ever read., (d) This is the only book he has written., (e) This is the first time that I have heard her song., (f) This is the third time you have asked me the same question., (g) That is the fifth banana you have eaten so far., (7) ‘It is’ kesâ meeLe Present Perfect keâe ØeÙeesie Sentences Structure ceW efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ pewmes :, (a) It is three years since I have seen her., (b) It is two months since I have smoked a cigarette., (8) Present Perfect keâe ØeÙeesie meeceevÙeleÙee he$e-uesKeve ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes :, (a) We have carefully considered your request and have decided to take the action as per following., (b) I am sorry I haven’t written you before as I have been very busy lately as my father has been, away., (9) efkeâmeer Past Action nsleg Jeelee&ueehe, meeceevÙeleÙee Present Perfect ceW Meg¤ efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes :, (a) Where have you been?, — I’ve been to the cinema., (b) What have you bought?, — I have bought one saree only., (10) JeekeäÙe ceW Conditional Clause kesâ meeLe Present Perfect Tense keâe ØeÙeesie Future Time keâes JÙekeäle keâjlee nw~, , pewmes:, (a) I can’t decide until I’ve discussed the matter with my wife., (b) I will come as soon as I’ve finished writing this letter., The Present and Present Perfect Tenses may indicate future time in temporal and conditional, clauses., Guide to patterns and usage in English page 98 - A. S. Hornby., , Important, ÙeÅeefhe Present Perfect Tense, Past SJeb Present keâe efceßeCe nw, leLeeefhe Ùen OÙeeve jKeW efkeâ Present Perfect Tense ceW Past time, kesâ adverbs pewmes last night/ last year/month/week, ago, short while ago, yesterday, day before yesterday FlÙeeefo keâe, ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~, (a) He has gone to Jaipur last night., He went to Jaipur last night., (b) Ram has arrived shortwhile ago., Ram arrived shortwhile ago., Past time kesâ adverbs kesâ meeLe Simple Past keâe, , Incorrect, Correct, Incorrect, Correct, , ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~
Page 88 :
79, , Translation and Tense, , (1), , Fme lejn kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW Will / Shall kesâ meeLe have been (has been keâe veneR) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~, , (2) Since keâe ØeÙeesie Point of time kesâ efueS (pewmes : since January, since 2 O’clock, since morning, since, 2005 FlÙeeefo) leLee For keâe ØeÙeesie Period of time (pewmes : for two hours, for 15 years, for sometime etc) kesâ, (3), , efueS neslee nw~, meceÙe nsleg meeceevÙeleÙee by keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, uesefkeâve on keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie JeekeäÙe kesâ mevoYe& keâes OÙeeve ceW jKekeâj efkeâÙee, pee mekeâlee nw~, , Negative and Interrogative Sentences, Future Perfect Continuous kesâ Negative SJeb Interrogative Sentences keâe Structure efvecve neslee nw, Negative, , —, , Subject + shall /will +not + have been + V-IV + ......, , Interrogative, , —, , Shall / Will + Subject + have been + V-IV...?, , Changing Affirmative to Negative and Interrogative :, (1) I shall have been playing football., I shall not have been playing football., Shall I have been playing football?, (2) They will have been working ..., They will not have been working .., Will they have been working...?, (3) Ram will have been writing a book..., Ram will not have been writing a book...., Will Ram have been writing a book...?, (4) She will have been washing her clothes..., She will not have been washing her clothes..., Will she have been washing her clothes...?, (5) Ganesh will have been watching T.V ...., Ganesh will not have been watching T.V ..., Will Ganesh have been watching T.V ..?, , Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative, Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative, Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative, Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative, Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative, , Interrogative-Negative Sentences, Interrogative Negative Sentences keâe Structure efvecve neslee nw :, Will/Shall + Subject + not + have been + V-IV + Object?, Or, Won’t/Shan’t + Subject + have been + V-IV + Object?, (1) I shall have been playing match since morning., Affirmative, Shall I not have been playing match since morning? Or Interrogative-Negative, Shan’t I have been playing match since morning?, Interrogative-Negative, (2) He will have been watching T.V for two hours., Affirmative, Will he not have been watching T.V for two hours? Or Interrogative-Negative, Won’t he have been watching T.V for two hours?, Interrogative-Negative, Future Perfect Continuous ceW Will/Shall, , kesâ meeLe have been keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, has been keâe ØeÙeesie veneR nesiee~
Page 95 :
86, , English Grammar & Composition, , 19, Correct the following sentences :, (1) The students will have left the school before the Principal came., (2) The train will have arrived before I reaches the station., (3) He would have reached here before the sunset., (4) Will he has completed his work by tomorrow?, (5) Will he have not repaired the car by 7 P.M.?, (6) He will has been waiting for you for three days., (7) Will not he have been waiting for you since morning?, (8) Ram will have not been playing at this time tomorrow., (9) Will the girls have played the game at 7 P.M.?, (10) He will have finish the work by 8 P.M., , (1) peye oes keâeÙe& kesâ mevoYe& ceW Future Perfect keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw leye Skeâ Yeeie ceW will/shall have + V-III keâe ØeÙeesie neslee, nw leLee otmejs Yeeie ceW Present Indefinite Tense ØeÙegkeäle neslee nw~, (2) Future Tense kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW Will/Shall kesâ meeLe has keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~ ncesMee have keâe ner ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~, (3) Will not/Shall not mes Ùeefo ØeMve Meg¤ efkeâÙee peelee nw lees Won’t/Shan’t mes Meg¤ efkeâÙee peeSiee~, (4) Negative JeekeäÙeeW ceW not keâe ØeÙeesie Will kesâ yeeo nesiee~ Will have kesâ yeeo not efueKevee ieuele nw~, (5) Future ceW meceÙe kesâ mevoYe& nsleg meeceevÙeleÙee by keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~, (1) If you want to inquire about a person’s actions in the future, avoid the Simple Future, as it will make it, sound like a request., Compare : (X) and (Y), (X) Will you be visiting him tomorrow ? (= I just wonder.), (Y) Will you visit him tomorrow ? (= a request or an inquiry about his intentions)., (2) If you want to make it clear that the subject won’t be doing something in the future, not because he does, not want to, but due to circumstances, avoid the Simple Future., Compare : (X) and (Y), (X) He won’t come to my party. (= he refuses to come.), (Y) He won’t be coming to my party. (= he can't.), (3) If you want to use a future activity as an excuse, avoid to be going to, as that would make it sound like a, personal preference at the moment. Use the Present Continuous instead, to make it clear that it is, something you had already arranged, that you are engaged elsewhere., I’m sorry, I’d love to have a game of chess with you, but I’m taking Mary out for dinner tonight. (I’m going, to take ...would make it sound as if you prefer Mary’s company to your friend’s.), (4) It is safe to use WILL for the three persons, except in questions asking for instructions or advice, where, we use SHALL:, Shall I take your luggage upstairs? / What shall I do if John is late (= what do you want /expect me to do?)
Page 96 :
87, , Translation and Tense, , More Exercises (Tense), 20, Write the letter a, b, c, or d of the correct answer in the brackets :, (1) When the Principal entered the class, a student ........... on the blackboard., (a) wrote, , (b) was writing, , (c) writes, , (d) is writing, , (), , (c) is watching, , (d) watched, , (), , (c) was trying, , (d) is trying, , (), , (c) stops, , (d) was stopping, , (), , (2) She ........... TV when her husband came., (a) watch, , (b) was watching, , (3) He always........ to prove that the earth revolves round the sun., (a) tried, , (b) tries, , (4) He saw me by chance and ........... the car., (a) stop, , (b) stopped, , (5) How many pegs of wine ........... yesterday?, (a) you have drank, (c) did you drink, , (b) were you drinking, (d) do you drink, , (), , (6) I was watching TV when she ........... in., (a) comes, , (a) came, , (c) come, , (d) was coming, , (), , (c) cut, , (d) had cut, , (), , (d) going, , (), , (7) She cut her finger while she ........... vegetables., (a) cutting, , (b) was cutting, , (8) She still remembers the day when she first ........... to church., (a) went, , (b) was going, , (c) gone, , (9) The train had left before I ........... the station., (a) reach, (c) reached, , (b) was reaching, (d) reaches, , (), , (10) Had you worked hard, you ............passed?, (a) would, , (b) will, , (c) would have, , (d) will have, , (), , 21, Write the letter a, b, c, or d of the correct answer in brackets :, (1) We hope that Papa .......... soon., (a) come, (c) will come, , (b) is coming, (d) shall come, , (), , (b) to typing, (d) type, , (), , (b) took, (d) had taken, , (), , (2) Neelam is learning how ......... ., (a) to type, (c) typing, , (3) Someone ......... away my bike within an hour., (a) takes, (c) has taken, , (4) There are no taxies available because taxi drivers ........ on strike., (a) went, (c) have gone, , (b) go, (d) will go, , (), , (5) He .......... suffering from fever since the last week., (a) is, (c) has been, , (b) was, (d) has, , (), , (6) She has been suffering from malaria since she ....... her job., (a) leaves, (c) left, , (b) had left, (d) has been leaving, , ()
Page 97 :
88, , English Grammar & Composition, (7) They .......... the students on educational tour on next Monday., (a) were taking, (c) are taking, , (b) have taken, (d) have been taking, , (), , (8) I have just hired a typewriter and I ......... type now-a-days., (a) am learning, (c) learnt, , (b) have learnt, (d) will learn, , (), , (9) By July 2005, she .......... in this firm for eleven years., (a) will work, (c) will be working, , (b) will have been working, (d) has been working, , (), , (b) has departed, (d) was departing, , (), , (10) The train .......... before we reach the station., (a) will have departed, (c) is departing, , 22, Write the letter a, b, c, or d of the correct answer in brackets :, (1) India .......... freedom in 1947., (a) attains, (c) has attained, , (b) attained, (d) was attained, , (), , (2) He ............ out for an evening walk after he had taken my dinner., (a) go, (c) have gone, , (b) went, (d) will go, , (), , (3) My sister was in the bathroom when she ...... the call-bell., (a) rang, (c) ring, , (b) have rung, (d) am ringing, , (), , (b) have got, (d) get, , (), , (b) is cooking, (d) has cooked, , (), , (4) She ............ a better job next month., (a) will get, (c) got, , (5) He ............ when the phone rang., (a) cook, (c) was cooking, , (6) I went into the hostel to see what students .......... ., (a) are doing, (c) were doing, , (b) did, (d) doing, , (), , (7) While she .......... in the garden it began to drizzle., (a) watered, (c) was watering, , (b) has watered, (d) had watered, , (), , (8) When I reached the station, I found Shashi ............ for me., (a) was waiting, (c) waited, , (b) waits, (d) waiting, , (), , (b) has rained, (d) were raining, , (), , (b) Have, (d) Do, , (), , (b) discovered, (d) had discovered, , (), , (9) I opened the door and saw that it .........., (a) rained, (c) was raining, , (10) ............... you like milk or tea?, (a) Are, (c) Does, , (11) Columbus ............... America., (a) discovers, (c) has discovered
Page 101 :
92, , English Grammar & Composition, , 32, Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verbs (Present and Past) given in brackets in the space given :, (1) It is already 4 P.M. They..........(not arrive) yet., (2) Rashmi is not in the hostel. She.....(go) out., (3) Sita........(hurt) her leg. She can’t walk fast., (4) Suresh has no more books to sell. He ........ (sell) all the books., (5) They ........(play) the second match in the morning., (6) Shilpa.......(reach) home last evening., (7) They ........(complete) their project just now., (8) Ramesh.........(finish) his work before Rakhi came., (9) The girl ........(fall) from the roof while......(fly) a kite., (10) It..........(rain) heavily since Monday., (11) Raksha ..........(fall) down while she..........(walk) in the gallery., (12) Ranu.........(slip) while she.........(climb) up the roof., (13) The light.........(go) out while we..........(have) drinks in the hotel., (14) Swami ......(ring) the bell at 4 P.M. daily., (15) We ..........(live) in this country since India attained freedom., (16) We..........(wait) for the train for last three hours., (17) Ankita.........(read) the ‘Ramayana’daily in the morning., (18) A dog............(bite) him, while she.......(pass) through the forest last week., (19) Smrita..........(write) an story when Rahul......... (enter) the room., (20) They.............(climb) up the ladder when they .......(hear) a loud sound., (21) When Seema arrived, they ..........(take) them lunch., (22) They ..........(play) football for half an hours when it started to rain., (23) We.............(try) hard for ten weeks when we succeeded in solving the puzzle., (24) He............(put) hard to secure first Rank for three years. He finally achieved the success., (25) She...........(suffer) from fever for more than five days when she received the appointment letter., , 33, Fill in the blanks with the future continuous /perfect/perfect continuous form of the verbs given in the, brackets :, (1) ............she..........(go) home after Holi ?, (2) The students ..........(work) on their project next year., (3) The gardener ............(water) the plants at 7 P.M. in the evening tomorrow., (4) Ramesh .......(repair) his bicycle all the day tomorrow., (5) Her brother..........(study) in this college next year positively., (6) You........(complete) your work by the end of this month., (7) By the end of next year I..........(finish) my project positively., (8) The farmers...........(plough) all their fields before the monsoon reaches., (9) We.............(manufacture) remote controlled planes by the end of the next year., (10) By next month, you............(visit) all the famous lake of Udaipur., (11) Rahul .......(practise) it for two months by January next., (12) Sangita.......(teach) English for two years by March, 2006., (13) Mr Prassana.....(work) in this hospital for three years by December 2006., (14) We.........(serve) in this firm for three years by January 2007., (15) I........(live) here for twenty years by November 2003.
Page 102 :
93, , Translation and Tense, , 34, Write the letter a, b, c, or d of the correct answer in brackets :, (1) My wife always .......... in the evening., (a) cooks, (c) has cooked, , (b) cook, (d) is cooking, , (), , (b) wear, (d) have worn, , (), , (b) sets, (d) setting, , (), , (b) runs, (d) is running, , (), , (b) does not float, (d) do not float, , (), , (b) studies, (d) studying, , (), , (b) working, (d) works, , (), , (2) I ........... a coat because it is very cold today., (a) wears, (c) am wearing, , (3) The sun rises in the east and......in the west., (a) is setting, (c) set, , (4) Look there, he ........... after the thief., (a) running, (c) run, , (5) An iron ball ........... on water., (a) not float, (c) not floats, , (6) Misha ........... in class X., (a) is studying, (c) study, , (7) Where are you? I ........... in the drawing room., (a) work, (c) am working, , (8) I ........... depressed when I go for the interview., (a) felt, (c) feels, , (b) am feeling, (d) feel, (), , (9) The wind ........... very speedily tonight., (a) is blowing, (c) are blowing, , (b) blowing, (d) blow, , (), , (10) Are you ........... an exercise on Present Tense now?, (a) do, (c) doing, , (b) does, (d) did, , (), , (b) stop, (d) stopped, , (), , (11) She will go out only when the rain ........... ., (a) stops, (c) is stopping, , 35, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, (1) I have come to know that his father has died three days ago., a, , b, , c, , d, , (2) When you will find out a solution to this problem you will be awarded a prize., a, , b, , c, , d, , (3) Before the alarm had stopped ringing Nisha had telephoned the police., a, , b, , c, , d
Page 103 :
94, , English Grammar & Composition, (4) This is the first time that I see such an interesting movie., a, , b, , c, , d, , (5) Whenever he is coming here, he brings many gifts for me., a, , b, , c, , d, , (6) Now-a-days he teaches English because the teacher of English has gone for a month’s leave., a, , b, , c, , d, , (7) “It is high time you are starting this business” said Ram to Mahesh., a, , b, , c, , d, , (8) I will let you know as soon as I will get any news in this regard., a, , b, , c, , d, , (9) When I will cross fifty, my wife will cross forty five., a, , b, , c, , d, , (10) The secret of his good health lies in the fact that he is getting up early and goes to bed early., a, , b, , c, , d, , 36, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, (1) The students sitting on the dais studied here for three years but they have never created any problem., a, , b, , c, , d, , (2) A philogynist is a person who loves woman but a misogynist is a person who is hating woman., a, , b, , c, , d, , (3) It is appearing to me that you are trying to destabilise the present committee., a, , b, , c, , d, , (4) I have been knowing her for many years but I don’t know where she works., a, , b, , c, , d, , (5) If he would have done this he would have done wrong and would have deceived many of his relatives., a, , b, , c, , d, , (6) The victim tried to tell us what has happened but his words were not audible., a, , b, , c, , d, , (7) I want you to pick up the box of eggs gently and kept it in the corner carefully., a, , b, , c, , d, , (8) She came to the party much later than I expect., a, , b, , c, , [Bank Baroda PO], , d, , (9) I lived here for five years so I know about the problems of this colony., a, , b, , c, , d, , (10) The chairman had not taken any decision until he had studied the case thoroughly., a, , b, , c, , d, , (11) They got everything ready for the visitors long before they reached there., a, , b, , c, , d, , (12) He switched on the light before he entered the room. No error, a, , b, , c, , d, , e, , (13) I have been admiring her for the voice with which she is gifted., a, , b, , c, , d
Page 104 :
95, , Translation and Tense, (14) He was with me till now so don’t punish him for the delay., a, , b, , c, , d, , (15) Several survey reports indicate that the number of drug addicts is grown gradually., a, , b, , c, , d, , (16) “Here is coming up Bachchan!”, said he when he was waiting for him., a, , b, , c, , d, , (17) I could not recall when she has told me about her affair with Gopal., a, , b, , c, , d, , (18) Four and four always made eight cannot be questioned by anyone., a, , b, , c, , d, , (19) She hopes to become an engineer after she will complete her education., a, , b, , c, , d, , 37, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, (1) When you will find (a)/ a solution to this problem (b)/ you will be able (c)/ to get this project. (d), (2) The teacher told us (a)/ that we should remain (b)/ in the hostel (c)/ if it rains. (d), (3) I could not recall (a)/ what she has advised me (b)/ in this matter. (c), (4) By this time tomorrow (a)/ she has had reached (b)/ there positively. (c), (5) I will inform (a)/ you as soon as (b)/ I will get any news (c)/ about his health. (d), (6) A recent survey (a)/ indicates (b)/ that the number of drug addicts (c)/ grew day by day. (d), (7) Before the alarm (a)/ had stopped ringing (b)/ Reena had pulled up the shade. (c), (8) If I was you (a)/ I would have told (b)/ the principal (c)/ to keep his mouth shut. (d), (9) I want you (a)/ to pick up the box (b)/ of glasses gently (c)/ and kept it on the table carefully. (d), (10) The victim tried (a)/ to tell us what has happened (b)/ but his words (c)/ were not audible. (d), , 38, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, (1) It is appearing to me (a)/ that you are working against (b)/ your friends. (c), (2) A misogynist is (a)/ a person who is hating woman (b)/ but a philogynist is a person (c)/ who loves woman., (d), (3) The secret of his (a)/ good health lies (b)/ in the fact (c)/ that he is getting up before sunrise. (d), (4) He said to me, (a)/ “It is high time (b)/ you are starting (c)/ this new business.” (d), (5) I came to know (a)/ that your father (b)/ has died (c)/ last month. (d), (6) If we had Ramesh (a)/ in our team, we (b)/ would have won the match. (c), (7) My friend said to me, (a)/“When have (b)/ you come here?” (c), (8) I have been knowing (a)/ him for the last five years (b)/ but now I don’t know (c)/ where he lives. (d), (9) He lived here (a)/ since 1998, (b)/ so he knows everything (c)/ about this town. (d), (10) I have been working (a)/ in this firm (b)/ for the last twenty years. (c)/No error (d), , 39, (A) Supply the correct tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets :, (i) When we (take) our exams, we’ll have a holiday., (ii) I (leave) these flowers at the hospital for you. I (go) there anyway to visit my cousin., (iii) When I reached the school, the first bell (already go)., (iv) Only the wearer (know) where the shoe (pinch)., , [RAS 1998]
Page 105 :
96, , English Grammar & Composition, (v) He (play) the guitar outside her house when someone opened the window and (throw) out a bucket of, water., (vi) I wish you (tell) me you already (buy) the book., (B) Supply the correct tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets., (i) I (not like) the dance last night., (ii) Please sit here until my husband (come)., (iii) She (play) tennis since 4 O’clock., (iv) My friend (not see) me for many years when I met him last week., , [RAS 1997], , (C) Supply the correct tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets :, (i) They (build) that bridge when I (be) here last year. They (not finish) it yet., (ii) Lend me your rubber. I (make) a mistake and (wish) to rub it out., (iii) I wish I (know) his name., (iv) When the aeroplane landed, the pilot (find) that one of the wings (be damaged ) by a shell., (v) Look, a man (run) after the bus. He (want) to catch it., , [RAS 1994], , (D) Supply the correct tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets :, (i) If (be) a ghost. I (try) to frighten all the people I dislike., (ii) He (know) her a long time before he finally (get) married to her., (iii) What you (do) just now while I (wash) the dishes ?, (iv) I always (tell) you to comb your hair, but you never (do) what I say., (v) I hope it (not rain) when the bride (leave) the church., , [RAS 1992], , 40, Fill in the blanks:, (A) Supply the correct tense form of the verbs given in the brackets :, , [RAS 1996], , The city of Katagum ........... (build) in the form of an oblong with the chief’s house in the centre ............., (look) like an old English castle. There ............. (be) a high clay tower, with a wall around it about twenty feet, high; inside the courtyard ...........(be) small houses for women and servants. The chief himself and his soldiers, ............. (occupy) the upper part of the three storied tower in times of alarm and danger. All round the tower, walls small holes .............. (cut), through which archers could fire their arrows at an attacking enemy., (B) Supply the correct tense form of the verbs given in the brackets :, [RAS 1989], “The fire..... (look) very serious”,....... (say) a young soldier, “But I wonder why they ........ (not order), everyone to leave the building till the fire ....... (to be extinguished).” Suddenly a great tongue of flame, ........ (shoot) out of a window on the fourth floor and the broken glass......(begin) to fall. I ..... ...(look) at, the soldier and he (look) at me. “Come on”, he said “We......(go) to see what .......(happen) there”., (C) Fill in the blanks :, [RAS 1989], When I .......... home yesterday, I ....... the noise of a fire engine and when I ......... up, I ......... that smoke, was ........ out of the fourth floor of a high rise building. I ........... over to the place and .......... a small group, of people who all were ...... at the smoke and ....... together in serious tones as if something really serious, ........ happened.
Page 106 :
97, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Translation and Tense, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17), (19), , I eat a mango., It rains., She wants to meet Ram., He does not take tea., She sings a song., He goes to college at 10 A.M. daily., Sita always helps the poor., The sun rises in the east and sets in the west., The earth does not revolve round the moon., Ramesh flies kites., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), (18), (20), , We read daily., She works here., You go to the market., I run very fast., Ram learns his lesson., They go to play at the field at 5 A.M. daily., Ramesh never tells a lie., Do you know my name?, Sita learns a lesson daily., She does not wash clothes., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , He goes to temple daily., He flies kites., Do I write a letter?, Does she go to school?, He never verifies the bills., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), (18), (20), , She is speaking the truth., Ram is telling a lie., She is doing her work., Birds are flying., The cool wind is blowing., He is writing a letter to his friend ., Ram is not waiting for me., He is writing a book now-a-days., I am hearing., He is teaching in the college., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), , I am reading., She is not swimming., Is she cooking?, Are you coming?, She is speaking., I have a car., He knows me., , Solution TYE 02, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , I write a letter., Sita cries., He does not play., Does she swim?, Ram does not tell a lie., , Solution TYE 03, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17), (19), , I am eating a mango., Ramesh is playing football., She is reading., He is going to Jaipur., Are you playing ?, It is drizzling., Sita is milking the cow., Is she not going to market?, He is abusing you., I see., , Solution TYE 04, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , You are playing., They are reading., Is it raining?, Is he playing?, I am going to play., I see., I understand., He resembles his brother.
Page 107 :
98, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 05, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17), (19), , I have eaten a mango., It has rained., It has just struck seven., We have finished our work., He has played a lot., He has been ill since last Sunday., They have lived here for five years., He has not learnt his lesson., Has he gone to Delhi?, I have learnt my lesson., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), (18), (20), , They have gone., The train has just arrived., I have written a letter., The children have slept., They have solved this problem., He has known me for five years., Has he just come?, He has been to America., Has Sita not washed clothes?, The train has just arrived., , Solution TYE 06, (1), (3), (5), (6), (8), (10), (12), (13), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), , We have been playing since morning., (2) I have been residing here for two years., He has been studying since 4 O’clock., (4) He has been sleeping since morning., I have been securing first position for four years., I have not been taking food for many days., (7) He has been laughing for many hours., He has been studying here since the year 2000. (9) He has been solving the same question for two hours., He has been running since morning., (11) I have been waiting for you since morning., It has been raining regularly since yesterday evening., It has been raining for four days., (14) Have you not been waiting for Sita since yesterday?, He has not been studying for two days., Has he not been preparing for this examination for four years?, Ramesh has been playing football since 2 O’clock., My mother has been washing clothes for an hour., My father has been reading newspaper since 7 O’clock in the morning., I have been watching T.V. since evening., , Solution TYE 07, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , He has gone to Jaipur., They arrived yesterday., Ram has just gone., He has been ill since Monday., He has been swimming since 2 O’clock., Have I not been playing for an hour?, Raju has been playing for three hours., They have not been reading for an hour., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), , I have played., Has he played a match?, He has not taken food., I have been playing for two hours., Has she been cooking for two hours?, She has just arrived., I know him., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), , I went to market., Ram wrote a poem., Did he go to Jaipur yesterday?, He laughed at you., Did you go there yesterday?, Sita washed the clothes., , Solution TYE 08, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), , I wrote a letter., The teacher taught me yesterday., Sita did not sing a song., Did the teacher punish you?, He stayed at Jaipur for a week., I wrote a letter yesterday.
Page 108 :
99, , Translation and Tense, (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), , He cleaned the office yesterday., He woke up at 5 A.M. yesterday and studied for two hours., He telephoned me., Ram abused Shyam., Did he watch TV serial?, Did Ram not come here yesterday? or Didn’t Ram come here yesterday?, Ram watched TV from 7 to 8 A.M. yesterday., We saw a movie yesterday., , Solution TYE 09, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (12), (13), (15), (17), (18), (19), (20), , Ram was playing football in the morning., (2) You were going to the market yesterday., Rama was singing a song in the morning., (4) Mummy was preparing our food., He was reading a book., (6) He was telling a lie., The birds were flying in the sky., (8) It was raining., Ram and Mohan were fighting., (10) Mummy was sleeping at noon., When I reached there she was washing the clothes., While I was reading, my brother was watching TV., While it was raining, I was sleeping., (14) Suresh was waiting for me., Ramesh was not telling a lie., (16) Was Sita not swimming in the river?, Was it not raining at 5 O’clock yesterday?, Was Geeta not singing in the morning? or Wasn’t Geeta singing in the morning?, Ramesh was playing football, while I was working., My father was working in office at 5 O’clock yesterday., , Solution TYE 10, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , He went to Jaipur., He did not go to Jaipur., He did not open the door., I was not doing that., She did not ask me., Were you not playing?, Wasn’t I watching movie?, Were they not playing football?, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), , He went to Jaipur a short while ago., Did he come yesterday?, He was not going., You were making a noise., Did he not remind you?, Weren’t you writing?, Was she not cooking?, , Solution TYE 11, (1), (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (13), (14), (15), , The train had departed before I reached the station., The patient had died before the doctor came. (3) He had left before I reached there., I had reached the school before the bell rang. (5) When I reached his house he had taken his food., The match had already started., (7) He had already played with these toys., The thieves had fled before the police came. (9) I had already seen this game., He had been ill for three days., (11) Sita had already warned him., The peon had gone to his house before I reached the office., The bus had departed before Ram reached the bus stand., I had completed my studies before it struck seven., Sita had cooked before Ram reached home.
Page 109 :
100, , English Grammar & Composition, , (16) He had not informed me before., (18) Had he been ill for five days?, (20) Had he died before you reached here?, , (17) Had he not warned you before?, (19) Kuku had not cooked food before I reached home., , Solution TYE 12, (1), (3), (5), (7), (8), (9), , Mohan had been studying since morning., (2) She had been cooking the food since morning., Had Ram been playing for a long time?, (4) He had been writing a poem for two months., Vimla had been studying for two hours., (6) Kamla had been doing this work since May., Your mother had been washing the clothes since morning., The boys had been making noise for two hours., You had been living in Jaipur since 2001., (10) He had been weeping since morning., , Solution TYE 13, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , I had known her for five years ., (2) If he had come to me, I would have helped him., If I had a pen, I would give you., (4) She had not played., Ram told Sita that he had seen her photos., (6) The train had departed before I reached the station., Had she warned you before?, (8) Ram had been waiting for me for two hours., Had Sita not been cooking since morning?, (10) Suresh had been writing a book for three months., It had been raining since last evening., He told that he had been writing a letter for the last one hour., Hadn’t he been waiting for you for two hours?, Maya had already informed me., Gita had not been waiting for you since January., , Solution TYE 14, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17), (19), , I shall go to market tomorrow., He will not do this work today., He will go to Jaipur., You will go to school tomorrow., We shall sleep at night., He may come tomorrow., Ram must come tomorrow., Will he not take tea?, He will not play the match tomorrow., Will you not repair this car?, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), (18), (20), , Vimla will cook the food., We shall eat mangoes today., He will write a letter., I shall play football., He will go for a walk today in the evening., It may rain., I shall not go to the market., Will Sita not write you letters?, Will Harsh not study?, Will Sita not cook food?, , Solution TYE 15, (1), (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (13), , I shall be writing a letter tomorrow at this time., My brother will be studying., (3) We will be singing a song., He will be learning his lesson., (5) Ram will be playing football., Mother will be cooking the food., (7) Sita will be weeping., Will Vimla be dancing?, (9) We will be sleeping at night., Will the teacher be teaching at this time?, (11) Ram will be going to office., It will be raining at this time., We will be watching cricket match at Jaipur at this time tomorrow.
Page 110 :
101, , Translation and Tense, (14), (16), (18), (20), , Will he be playing?, (15) Will Sita be cooking the food?, Will it not be raining at this time tomorrow? (17) Harsh will be reading the newspaper., Maneesh will be going to Delhi., (19) Will Maneesh be watching TV at this time?, Will Sita be waiting for me?, , Solution TYE 16, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , Let me go there., Will he not play?, He will be playing tomorrow., Ram will not be playing football., Suchi is about to come., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , We shall play a match., If he comes, I shall go., He will be staying here tomorrow., Won’t he be going to market?, Won’t you play?, , Solution TYE 17, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), , I shall have finished this work by Tuesday., Ram will have finished his studies by 2006., The birds will have slept before the sun sets., He will have gone before I reach there., Mother will have cooked food before you go., The thieves will have fled before the police come., You will have reached your home by 8 O’clock., The train will have departed before I reach., The boys will have finished their match before you reach there., I shall have reached school by 7 O’clock., Ram will have studied for two hours by this time tomorrow., Ramesh will not have completed his project by 5 O’ clock tomorrow., Will he have repaired TV by 5 O’clock?, Ramesh will have completed his studies by 3 O’clock., The rain will have stopped before I reach home., The doctors will have gone before he reaches the hospital., He will not have completed his work by evening., Will he not have completed his work by evening?, Will Ramesh not have completed his studies by 3 O’clock?, I shall not have reached the office by 7 O’clock., , Solution TYE 18, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), , They will have been playing since morning., The boys will have been playing at the ground since 4 O ’clock., The gardener will have been watering the plants since morning., Ram will have been learning his lesson for two hours., Mohan will have been sleeping since yesterday evening., The boys will have been making a noise since noon., You will have been studying for four days., They will have been wasting their time since 4 O’clock., The boys will have been playing cricket since 1 O’clock.
Page 111 :
102, , English Grammar & Composition, , (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), , The girls will have been cooking food for four hours., Will he have been flying kites since morning?, He will have been cleaning the house for two hours., Sita will have been waiting for me for two hours by this time., Will she not have been praying for two hours?, Ramesh will have been cleaning the car at least for two hours., She will not have been watching TV since 2 O’clock., Rajesh will have been living in this house for 15 years by the year 2009., Suresh will have been teaching in this college for four years by the year 2008., Sita will have been reading in this school for three years by the year 2007., Ramesh will have been studying for two hours at 5 O’clock tomorrow., , Solution TYE 19, (1) The students will have left the school before the Principal comes., (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , The train will have arrived before I reach the station., He will have reached here before the sunsets., Will he have completed his work by tomorrow?, Will he not have repaired the car by 7 P.M.?, He will have been waiting for you for three days., Won’t he have been waiting for you since morning?, Ram will not have been playing at this time tomorrow., Will the girls have played the game by 7 P.M.?, He will have finished the work by 8 P.M., , Solution TYE 20, (1) (b), , (2) (b), , (3) (a), , (4) (b), , (7) (a), , (8) (a), , (9) (c), , (10) (c), , (1) (c), , (2) (a), , (3) (c), , (4) (c), , (7) (c), , (8) (a), , (9) (b), , (10) (a), , (2) (b), (8) (d), (14) (c), , (3) (a), (9) (c), (15) (c), , (4) (a), (10) (d), (16) (b), , (5) (c), , (6) (b), , (5) (c), , (6) (c), , (5) (c), (11) (b), , (6) (c), (12) (c), , Solution TYE 21, , Solution TYE 22, (1) (b), (7) (c), (13) (a), , Solution TYE 23 (Present Tense), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), , Manish has been playing since 4 O’clock., He goes for a walk at 6 O’clock daily in the morning., My father returns home from his office at 5 P.M., I study for an hour after getting up at 5 A.M., He goes to station daily at 6 O’clock., He has been reading the newspaper for an hour., Rajesh has returned from college., Mohan has gone to Jaipur.
Page 112 :
103, , Translation and Tense, (9), (11), (13), (15), (17), (19), (21), (23), (25), , Ramesh has gone to market., I go for a walk for half an hour., I am reading., I am going to school., I am going to bed., He has returned from school., He goes to bed at 10 P.M., It has been raining for two hours., Ramesh is singing a song., , (10), (12), (14), (16), (18), (20), (22), (24), (26), , Pooja is going to Kolkata by train., He has been reading for two hours., I am taking food., I am playing., I have read., He has slept., It has been raining since morning., Pooja is cooking., Sita is going to college., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), , change ‘from’ to ‘since’, change ‘have’ to ‘has’, change ‘goes’ to ‘go’, change ‘drink’ to ‘drinks’, change ‘catchs’ to ‘catches’, change ‘takes’ to ‘take’, change ‘since’ to ‘for’, , Solution TYE 24 (Present Tense), (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , change ‘go’ to ‘goes’, change ‘is’ to ‘has been’, change ‘since’ to ‘for’, change ‘do’ to ‘does’, change ‘teachs’ to ‘teaches’, change ‘flys’ to ‘flies’, change ‘for’ to ‘since’, change ‘pass’ to ‘passes’, , Solution TYE 25, (1), (3), (5), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), (18), (20), (22), (24), (26), (28), (30), (32), (34), (36), (38), , He met with an accident yesterday., I went to Mumbai last month., The postman delivered letters in the colony., Rani sang a sweet song., She abused me., You played in that garden., We used to play cricket., He drew water from the well., We used to go to school., We used to bath in the river., I slept very late at night., You used to walk., He used to fight with me., You drove the car very fast., The goat could run., He gave me a gift., I gave him a pen., Seema took a test yesterday., Nisha went her home yesterday., You ate to your hearts content., , (2) We began our work., (4) We ate many fruits., (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17), (19), (21), (23), (25), (27), (29), (31), (33), (35), (37), , She read in Jaipur., We used to go there., They used to come to my home., You always scolded me., He forgot my name., The mouse jumped on the lion., The leaf fell from the tree., Rahul wept., You used to take exercise., I saw a mouse in the bushes., He did his homework., You could come here., Siyaram plucked beautiful flowers., You called your servant., Ram wrote a poem yesterday., I gave away prizes to the children.
Page 113 :
104, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 26, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17), (19), , The students were working hard., The gardener was watering the plants., She was cleaning the utensils., My father was writing a letter., The girls were writing the essay., The cow was grazing in the field., You were catching the thief., The postman was bringing the letters., I was going to school., They were plucking flowers., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), (18), (20), , She was cooking., Sita was singing a very good song yesterday., We were making a noise., We were running in stadium., The birds were flying in the sky., You were cleaning the table., Boys were taking tea., They were closing the gate., I was abusing you., We were eating ice-cream., , Solution TYE 27, (1) The students had gone before the teacher came., (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , I had finished my work before you came., The thief had gone out of the house before the police came., The police reached there after the thief had gone., Why had you not closed the door before you slept?, When did the mother give milk to the baby after it had wept ?, Why did you not come here before I had slept?, Why had you not gone from here after I slept?, Had the patient died before the doctor came ?, Did the patient die after the doctor had gone?, , Solution TYE 28 (Past Tense), (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , change ‘were’ to ‘have been’, change ‘gone’ to ‘went’, change ‘took’ to ‘taken’, change ‘since’ to ‘for’, change ‘than’ to ‘before’, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , change ‘for’ to ‘since’, change ‘taught’ to ‘teaching’, change ‘since’ to ‘for’, insert ‘had’ after ‘train’, change ‘was’ to ‘were’, , Solution TYE 29, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (14), (15), , Maneesh will come to Kanpur tomorrow., (2) Maneesh may come to college tomorrow., He may be coming by train or by bus., (4) I shall read this book today., I shall come here tomorrow., (6) We shall go to Agra with you., We shall help you., (8) He must go to college tomorrow., They will help you tomorrow., (10) The peon will ring the bell., It will rain today., (12) I can read and write English., He will be playing cricket with his friends at this time., My friend will have returned from Kanpur by 2 O’clock in the noon., Ram must be studying at this time.
Page 114 :
105, , Translation and Tense, Solution TYE 30, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (16), (17), (18), (20), , She will have been playing since morning., (2) He will have been learning computer for an year., He will not be reading at this time., (4) She will be cooking at this time., They will be waiting for you at home., (6) Our friends will be coming by evening train., She may be cooking at this time., (8) He must be coming by train., He must be playing at this time., (10) He may have gone to hospital., I shall have reached Alwar before seven., (12) The peon will be ringing the bell., Those girls will be bathing in the river., (14) Peacocks will be dancing on the roof., The baby will be crying again., The doctor will have left before I reach the hospital., The patient will have died before the doctor comes., I shall have retired in the year 2011., (19) The train will have started before my father comes., I should complete this work immediately., , Solution TYE 31, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , change ‘will be’ to ‘will have been’, change ‘obeyed’ to ‘obey’, change ‘will die’ to ‘will have died’, insert ‘be’ to after ‘will’, no change, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , change ‘I’ to ‘us’, change ‘gone’ to ‘going’, change ‘shall be’ to ‘shall have been’, change ‘played’ to ‘play’, change ‘should be’ to ‘will have’, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), (18), (20), (22), (24), , has gone, has sold, reached, have finished, has been raining, slipped, was climbing, rings, have been waiting, bit, was passing, climbed, heard, had been playing, had been putting, , Solution TYE 32, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17), (19), (21), (23), (25), , have not arrived, has hurt, have played, have completed, fell, flying, fell, was walking, went, were having, have been living, reads, was writing, entered, had been taking, had been trying, had been suffering, , Solution TYE 33, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , will be going, will be watering, will be studying, will have finished, will have manufactured, will have been practising, will have been working, shall have been living, , (2) will be working, (4) will be repairing, (6) will have completed, (8) will have ploughed, (10) shall have visited, (12) will have been teaching, (14) shall have been serving
Page 119 :
110, , English Grammar & Composition, (ii) Ùeefo Subordinate Clause efkeâmeer leguevee keâjves Jeeues Conjunction ÙeLee than mes Meg¤ nes, lees, Subordinate Clause ceW verb efkeâmeer Yeer tense ceW nes mekeâleer nw~ pewmes :, (a) He loved me more than he loved you., (b) He loved me more than he loves you., (c) He loved me more than he will love you., (iii) uesefkeâve Ùeefo Subordinate Clause Skeâ adjective clause nw, lees Yeer Subordinate Clause ceW verb, efkeâmeer Yeer tense ceW nes mekeâleer nw~ pewmes:, (a) I visited the place where accident took place., (b) I visited the village where he lives., (c) I visited the hotel where she will stay., (2) Ùeefo Principal Clause ceW verb, Present Ùee Future Tense ceW nw, lees Subordinate Clause ceW verb, efkeâmeer Yeer Tense ceW nes mekeâleer nw~ pewmes:, (a) He says that she passed the examination., (b) He says that she will come tomorrow., (c) Ram says that he likes that girl., (d) Ram will say that Sita is a beautiful girl., (e) Ram will say that he didn’t like that girl., (f) He will say that he will pass the examination positively., , Exceptions, (i) Ùeefo Subordinate Clause if, till, as soon as, when, unless, before, until, even if, as FlÙeeefo, mes Meg¤ nes SJeb Principal Clause ceW verb, Future ceW nes, lees Subordinate Clause ceW verb;, Present Indefinite ceW Deeleer nw~ pewmes:, (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), , We shall not go to market if it rains., He will wait till she comes., We will start as soon as the taxi arrives., I shall ask him, when he meets me., I shall not go before he comes., I shall not help him unless he asks me., I shall help him even if he doesn’t ask me., He will start as the taxi arrives., , (ii) Ùeefo JeekeäÙe if, when, unless, till, as etc. mes Meg¤ nes, lees Fvekesâ meeLe Present Indefinite keâe ØeÙeesie, nesiee leLee Principal Clause ceW Future keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ pewmes :, (a) If he comes, I shall accompany him., (b) When he comes, I shall start., (c) As the taxi arrives, we will start., (d) Till he comes, we will wait here., (e) Unless he requests me, I shall not help him., (f) Until he comes, you should wait here., (g) As he telephones, you should/must inform the police.
Page 120 :
CHAPTER, , 06, NOUN, efkeâmeer JÙeefkeäle, Jemleg, mLeeve,iegCe, keâeÙe& Ùee DeJemLee kesâ veece keâes Noun (meb%ee) keâne peelee nw~, A noun is a word used as name of a person, place or thing. ‘Thing’ Meyo yengle efJemle=le nw, FmeceW meYeer ÛeerpeeW keâe meceeJesMe, nes peelee nw~, , Types of Noun, Noun heeBÛe Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ :, 1. Proper Noun, , (JÙeefkeäleJeeÛekeâ): A proper noun refers to the name of a person, place or thing., , pewmes: Ram, Alwar, Tom etc., In each of the following sentences, the proper nouns are highlighted:, (a) Ram is my friend., (b) I live at Alwar., (c) He is Tom., , (peeefleJeeÛekeâ): A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place or thing in a general, sense–usually, you should write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence., , 2. Common Noun, , pewmes: King, boy, girl, city etc., In each of the following sentences, the common nouns are highlighted:, (a) According to the sign, the nearest town is 80 km away from here., (b) All the gardens in the neighbourhood were invaded by beetles this summer., (c) The road crew was startled by the sight of three large cats crossing the road., , (mecetnJeeÛekeâ): A collective noun is the name of a group of persons or things taken, together and spoken of as a whole, as unit. pewmes: Team, Committee, Army etc. meeceevÙeleÙee Collective Noun, keâe ØeÙeesie Singular ceWs neslee nw Ùeefo Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie Plural ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw lees Jen Common Noun yeve peelee nw~, , 3. Collective Noun, , In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a collective noun:, (a) The flock of geese spends most of its time in the pasture., The collective noun ‘‘geese’’ takes the singular verb ‘‘spends.’’, (b) The jury is dining on take-out chicken tonight., In this example the collective noun ‘‘jury’’ is the subject of the singular compound verb ‘‘is, dining.’’, (c) The steering committee meets every Wednesday afternoon., Here the collective noun ‘‘committee’’ takes a singular verb, ‘‘meets.’’
Page 121 :
112, , English Grammar & Composition, , (heoeLe&JeeÛekeâ): A material noun is the name of metal or substance, of which thing are, made of. pewmes: Silver, Iron, Wood etc., , 4. Material Noun, , The highlighted words in the following sentences are all material nouns, (a) The necklace is made of gold., (b) She has purchased a tea set of silver., (c) He got his furniture made of teak wood., Material Nouns, Countable veneR nesles nQ DeLee&led Fvekeâer efieveleer veneR, meeLe meeceevÙeleÙee singular verb keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw SJeb Fvekesâ, , keâer pee mekeâleer nw~ FvnW ceehee Ùee leewuee pee mekeâlee nw Fvekesâ, henues Article keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~, , (YeeJeJeeÛekeâ): Abstract noun in general refers, the name of quality, action or state., pewmes: Honesty, Bravery (quality), Hatred, Laughter (action), Poverty, Young (state). Art SJeb Science, pewmes: Physics, Chemistry, Music, Grammar FlÙeeefo Yeer Noun ceW Meeefceue efkeâS peeles nQ~, , 5. Abstract Noun, , (a) Abstract Noun, Ssmes, (b), , iegCe, YeeJe, ef›eâÙee SJeb DeJemLee keâes JÙekeäle keâjlee nw efpevnW, mekeâlee nw, osKee veneR pee mekeâlee nw, kesâJeue cenmetme efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~, Abstract Noun keâe ØeÙeesie meeceevÙeleÙee Singular ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw~, , Physically Touch, , veneR efkeâÙee pee, , The highlighted words in the following sentences are all abstract nouns, (a) Buying the emergency lights was an afterthought., (b) Justice often seems to slip out of our grasp., (c) It is believed that schizophrenia is transmitted genetically., , Other Kinds of Noun, 1. Countable Nouns : A countable noun is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and it names, , anything (or anyone) that one can count., In each of the following sentences, the highlighted words are countable nouns:, (a) We painted the tables red and the chairs blue., (b) She found six silver dollars in the toe of a sock., (c) The oak tree lost three branches in the hurricane., 2. Non-Countable Nouns : A non-countable noun is a noun which does not have a plural form, and which, , refers to something that one cannot usually count. A non-countable noun always takes a singular verb in, a sentence. Non-countable nouns are similar to collective nouns, and are the opposite of countable, nouns., The highlighted words in the following sentences are non-countable nouns:, (a) J Priestly discovered oxygen., The word ‘‘oxygen’’ cannot normally be made plural., Since ‘‘oxygen’’ is a non-countable noun, it takes the singular verb ‘‘is’’ rather than the plural verb, ‘‘are.’’, (b) They decided to sell the furniture., , We cannot make the noun‘‘furniture’’ plural.
Page 126 :
117, , Noun, , Rule 3, kegâÚ cases ceW Masculine Noun kesâ MeyoeW ceW kegâÚ change efkeâÙee peelee nw SJeb Devle ceW ‘ess’ ueieeves hej Yeer Feminine, Noun yeve peelee nw~ pewmes:, Masculine, Abbot, Emperor, Governor, Marquis, , Feminine, Abbess, Empress, Governess, Marchioness, , Masculine, Duke, God, Master, Sorcer, , Feminine, Duchess, Goddess, Mistress, Sorceress, , Rule 4, kegâÚ cases ceW Compound Masculine Noun kesâ first or second Meyo ceW kegâÚ change efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes:, Masculine, Man-servant, Doctor, Washerman, Buck-Rabbit, Brother-in-law, He-bear, Bull-calf, Jack-ass, Tomcat, Headmaster, , Feminine, Maid-servant, Lady-Doctor, Washerwoman, Doe-Rabbit, Sister-in-law, She-bear, Cow-calf, Jenny-ass, She-cat, Headmistress, , Masculine, Milkman, Peacock, Landlord, Father-in-law, Step-Father, He-goat, Cock-sparrow, Dog-wolf, Stepbrother, Grandson, , Feminine, Milkmaid, Peahen, Landlady, Mother-in-law, Step-Mother, She-goat, Hen-sparrow, Bitch-wolf, Stepsister, Granddaughter, , Rule 5, Foreign words SJeb DevÙe efJeefJeOe MeyoeW kesâ Masculine SJeb Feminine Gender veerÛes efoS ieS nQ~ There is no rule for, such words. As:, Masculine, Feminine, Masculine, Feminine, Administrator, Administratrix, Shepherd, Shepherdess, Beau, Belle, Czar, Czarina, Executor, Executrix, Hero, Heroine, Lad, Lass, Monsieur, Madam, Prosecutor, Prosecutrix, Signor, Signora, Sultan, Sultana, Testator, Testatrix, Viceroy, Vicereine, Bachelor, Maid, Boar, Sow, Boy, Girl, Brother, Sister, Cock, Hen, Colt, Filly, Drake, Duck, Dog, Bitch, Drone, Bee, Buck, Doe, Bull, Cow, Earl, Countess, Father, Mother, Friar, Nun, Bridegroom, Bride, Gander, Goose, Gentleman, Lady, Hart, Roe, He, She, Horse, Mare, Husband, Wife, King, Queen, Lord, Lady, Man, Woman, Male, Female
Page 135 :
English Grammar & Composition, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , 126, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01., Correct the following sentences :, 1. Her hairs are curly., 2. Our elders gave us many advices., 3. I have many work to do., 4. Sita has sold all her furnitures., 5. She gave me informations about this bank., 6. The sceneries of Himachal Pradesh are very charming., 7. The peoples are hard working., 8. The cattles are grazing in the field., 9. I want a paper., 10. I bring fruits and vegetables from the market., 11. You must continue your study., 12. These news are false., 13. They go to Agra during the summer vacations., 14. Her spectacle is very nice., 15. She has a twenty rupees note., , 02., Correct the following sentences :, 1. He got only passing marks., 3. Ten miles are a long distance., 5. I want two pairs of white shoes., 7. The chair’s legs are broken., 9. There is no space in the car., 11. She left for Delhi by 8:30 O’clock bus., 13. Amazing stories are an interesting book., , 2., 4., 6., 8., 10., 12., 14., , Ram was true to his words, They want two dozens apple, Rahul has finished two third of his work., Good night, I am so glad to meet you., We should help the poors., One of his son is a teacher., This is my son’s in law house., , 03., Correct the following sentences :, 1. I brought my furnitures by goods train., 2. I saw two beautiful fishes in the pond., 3. Thomson’s poetries are very charming., 4. Is your scissors dull?, 5. Light travel faster than sound., 6. All the furnitures of my house have been stolen., 7. A poet and writer are dead., 8. The committee was divided on this issue., 9. Mathematics are not a difficult subject., 10. My sympathies are always with the poor., 11. The mother both carried her son and daughter from the burning house ., 12. My sister serves in boy’s school., 13. Rohan’s and Mohan’s house is very far from here., 14. There are many news published in local paper., 15. The teacher has taught the alphabets.
Page 136 :
Noun, , 04., Correct the following sentences :, 1. Please reply your’s faithfully., 2. I go for a two miles walk daily., 3. She loves either you or I., 4. There are four breads in the kitchen., 5. One should not hate the poors., 6. The magistrate passed order of his release., 7. She has committed not one but many mischiefs., 8. The first inning is going to over now., 9. There is no place in this compartment., 10. He bought some stationeries., 11. My mother’s brother’s son has come., 12. There are a few peoples who are really honest., 13. Give me ten pices., 14. There were no gentries in that function., , 05., Correct the following sentences :, 1. He is a sixty years old man., 2. A five men committee had a three hours meeting yesterday., 3. An all parties meeting was called to consider the drought situation in the country., 4. There is two ways traffic here, so no problem of traffic blockage., 5. How can our country accept the two nations theory?, 6. He has gone to market to purchase vegetable., 7. He said, “Riches has wings”., 8. I asked him where was his spectacles., 9. She said that she was suffering from measle., 10. She said, “Please give him an alm”., , 06., Correct the following sentences :, 1. Shelly’s poetries are great., 2. I saw beautiful sceneries in Kashmir last year., 3. He has purchased new machineries., 4. He said, “He has purchased very costly crockeries”., 5. There were very heavy traffics on the road., 6. She has bought very beautiful furnitures., 7. He gave me many informations., 8. I am going to purchase some stationeries., 9. Ram said, “The hair of Sita are black”., 10. This house is made of bricks and stones., , 127
Page 137 :
128, , English Grammar & Composition, , 07., Correct the following sentences :, 1. Cities after cities were destroyed by the army., 2. Hours after hours were passed, but she didn’t turn up., 3. Ram said, “I beg from doors to doors daily.”, 4. Ships after ships were sailing by those days., 5. Rows upon rows of pink marble are soothing to the eyes., 6. I gave her three and a half apples., 7. The meeting was held for three and a quarter hours., 8. The length of this hall is three times and a half to that hall., 9. His salary is two times and a half to that of mine., 10. I have two and a half rupees only., , 08., Correct the following sentences :, 1. What the peoples think, I can’t say?, 3. He is my cousin brother., 5. How many cattles you have?, 7. He has written a nice poetry., 9. What is this book’s price?, , 2., 4., 6., 8., 10., , Who owns these poultries?, How many 3s are there in 31313?, I have only ten five rupees’s notes., Today I have received two month’s wages., There are only two females in the garden., , Spotting Errors (Noun), 09., Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, 1. He acted not (a)/ as per my advice (b)/ but somebody else. (c), 2. Pakistan’s problems (a)/are also as (b)/serious as (c)/that of India. (d), 3. When I reached (a)/at the gate of his (b)/house I found his (c)/locking up the gate. (d), 4. Many of the question (a)/appeared in this question paper (b)/are too difficult (c)/to solve. (d), 5. I visited (a)/Ram’s and Sita’s house (b)/and found the couple missing. (c), 6. All the girls students (a)/are advised to (b)/ attend the meeting positively. (c), 7. She gave me (a)/two important informations (b)/I had been waiting for (c)/the last two months. (d), 8. The English teacher (a)/gave him a home work (b)/to complete that (c)/by night positively. (d), 9. She could not complete (a)/even the two third (b)/of the book (c)/owing to her busy schedule. (d), 10. All the woman teachers (a)/are agitating (b)/against the haughty attitude (c)/of the Principal. (d), 11. He informed that (a)/he had lost a packet (b)/of the hundred (c)/rupees notes. (d), 12. He has ordered (a)/bricks for the proposed (b)/shopping complex. (c), 13. She has ordered (a)/two dozens of copies (b)/of English Book by Mr Gupta. (c), 14. She uses a good (a)/quality of shampoo (b)/so her hairs are (c)/black. (d), 15. I known nothing (a)/about her (b)/ whereabout. (c)
Page 138 :
129, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Noun, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., , Her hair is curly., Our elders gave us many pieces of advice., I have much work to do., Sita has sold all her furniture., She gave me information about this bank., The scenery of Himachal Pradesh is very charming., The people are hard working., The cattle are grazing in the field., I want a piece of paper., I bring fruit and vegetables from the market., You must continue your studies., This news is false., They go to Agra during the summer vacation., Her spectacles are very nice., She has a twenty rupee note., , Solution TYE 02, 1., 3., 5., 7., 9., 11., 13., , He got only pass marks ., Ten miles is long distance., I want two pair of white shoes., The legs of the chair are broken., There is no room in the car., She left for Delhi by 8 : 30 bus., Amazing stories is an interesting book., , 2., 4., 6., 8., 10., 12., 14., , Ram was true to his word., They want two dozen apples., Rahul has finished two thirds of his work., Good evening, I am so glad to meet you., We should help the poor., One of his sons is a teacher., This is my son -in-law’s house., , Solution TYE 03, 1., 3., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., , I brought my furniture by goods train., 2. I saw two beautiful fish in the pond., Thomson’s poetry is very charming., 4. Are your scissors dull?, Light travels faster than sound., All the furniture of my house have been stolen., A poet and writer is dead., The committee were divided on this issue., Mathematics is not a difficult subject., My sympathy is always with the poor., The mother carried both her son and daughter from the burning house., My sister serves in boys’ school., Rohan and Mohan’s house is very far from here., There are many items of news published in the local paper., The teacher has taught the letters of alphabet.
Page 139 :
130, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 04, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., , Please reply, yours faithfully., I go for a two mile walk daily., She loves either you or me., There are four pieces of bread in the kitchen., One should not hate the poor., The magistrate passed orders of his release., She has committed not one but many acts of mischief., The first inning is going to be over now., There is no room in this compartment., He bought some stationery., The son of my mother’s brother has come., There are few people, who are really honest., Give me ten pice., There were no gentry in that function., , Solution TYE 05, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., , He is a sixty year old man., A five man committee had a three hour meeting yesterday., An all party meeting was called to consider the drought situation in the country., There is two way traffic here so no problem of traffic blockage., How can our country accept the two nation theory., He has gone to market to purchase vegetables., He said, “Riches have wings.”, I asked him where were his spectacles., She said that she was suffering from measles., She said, “Please give him alms.”, , (1) mes (5) lekeâ ceW compound word ces noun, adjective keâer lejn keâeÙe& keâj jne nw~ Dele: noun,, jnsiee noun keâe pluralise keâjvee ieuele nw~, (B) JeekeäÙe mebKÙee (6) mes (10) ceW ØeÙegkeäle noun ncesMee plural ceW ner ØeÙegkeäle nesles nQ SJeb Fvekesâ meeLe plural verb keâe ner ØeÙeesie, neslee nw~ Fvekesâ meeLe ueiee ‘s’ nševee ieuele nw~, (A), , JeekeäÙe mebKÙee, , singular ner, , Such nouns are: annals, ashes, arrears, athletics, auspices, bellows, breeches, belongings bowels,, braces, binoculars, billiards,brains, customs, scissors, stairs, surrounding, trousers, tongs, tactics,, thanks, cards, congratulations, caves, earnings, mumps, measles, proceeds, proceedings, glasses,, greens, lodgings, wages, valuables etc., , Solution TYE 06, 1., 3., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., , Shelly’s poetry is great., He has purchased new machinery., There was very heavy traffic on the road., She has bought very beautiful furniture., He gave me a lot of information., I am going to purchase some stationery., Ram said, “The hair of Sita is black.”, This house is made of brick and stone., , 2. I saw beautiful scenery in Kashmir last year., 4. He said, “He has purchased very costly crockery.”
Page 142 :
@UPSC_THOUGHT, , Get Best Quality, Magazines , Pdfs, &, All Exam Study Material in, Hindi & English Both, Languages, CLICK HERE, Https://t.me/Upsc_thought
Page 156 :
146, , English Grammar & Composition, , Who/Whom, (1) Who and whom for persons : who and whom are normally reserved for persons, but they may be, used for animals when they are thought of in a semi-personal way (My dog, who is getting old now,, and of countries, when the people rather than the territory are referred to : India, who feels very, strongly on this matter.), (2) Who and whom as relative Pronouns : As relative pronouns, who and whom are preceded by a, comma when they introduce a non-defining clause, but the comma must not be used when the clause is, a defining one., (3) Who as subject, whom as object, Who is used for the subject and the complement of a verb:, (i) My father, who works in a bank, is retiring soon., (ii) My father, who is sixty next year, works in a bank., Whom is used for the object and when governed by a Preposition:, (i) The man whom you rescued from the sea has recovered., (ii) The newspaper editor, to whom we all owe so much, is leaving the company., But in questions introduced by an interrogative pronoun which is governed by a preposition, which comes at the end of the sentence it is more usual to use who:, (i) Who is that letter from?, (ii) Who was this poem written by?, In spoken English or colloquial written style, who is now almost universally used. But, even here, whom must always be used after a preposition at the beginning of a sentence:, (i) To whom do I send it?, (4) Who/whom in relative clauses : A frequent source of trouble is sentences of this type:, (i) The person who (or whom?) we thought was guilty proved to be innocent., (ii) The man who (or whom?) we feared we had injured proved to be unharmed., The temptation is always to use whom, presumably because it is felt that the word is the object of, thought and feared (or whatever verb takes their place in other sentences); but it is not. In the first, sentence, it is the subject of was guilty, hence who is correct and in the second, the object of had, injured hence whom is required. We thought and we feared have the force of parentheses, and, could be moved to another part of the sentence:, The person who was guilty we thought.... ;, The man whom we had injured we feared...Even the Times Literary Supplement had this, sentence:, (i) The German people, whom Hitler had determined should not survive defeat, did in fact, survive., Obviously who should have been used, since it is the subject of should not survive. And The, Sunday Times made the same mistake in this headline:, (i) The entire Magazine, except Lifespan, is devoted this week to 100 men and women whom, Sunday Times writers and expert consultants believe will be making headlines in the Britain, of the 1980s., Again, who should have been used as it is the subject of will be making when it goes with an, infinitive, however, whom is always required:, (i) The person whom we thought to be guilty.
Page 157 :
147, , Pronoun, , If there is any doubt, a useful test is to substitute the personal pronoun he or him; if he, would be used, the correct relative is who; if him, it is whom:, (i) We thought he was guilty. (therefore who), (ii) We feared we had injured him. (therefore whom), (iii) We thought him to be guilty. (therefore whom), (5) Questions: A similar difficulty may arise with questions :, (i) Who (not whom) do you think we saw? because it is the object of saw., (6) Whom is never indirect object : Whom is not used as an indirect object. We do not say the boy whom, I gave the book, or ask whom did you give the book ? It must be to whom (or the preposition may be, placed at the end)., (7) The verb after who: Who is the same number and person as its antecedent, and takes its verb, accordingly:, (i) It is I who am to blame., The rules regarding the use of the co-ordinating conjunctions ‘and’ and ‘but’ before ‘who’ are, the same as those for which., —Current English Usage by F.T. Wood, , Whose and Who’s, Care chould be taken not to confuse whose with who’s (meaning ‘who is ,‘who has’), a mistake that is, easily made as, like its and it’s, they are pronounced the same. Even the journalists of The Times Educational, Supplement are not always so careful as they should be, as this headline shows :, (i) Whose Afraid of the Big Bad Comprehensive?, And here is the mistake the other way round from The Observer, (i) I relished the anticipation of clever people, cleverly swapping anecdotes, cleverly punning,, cleverly imitating others, indiscreetly prognosticating who’d get who’s job., —Current English Usage by F.T. Wood, , Points to Remember, (A) REFER CLEARLY to a specific noun : Don’t be vague or ambiguous., (a) Although the motorcycle hit the tree, it was not damaged. (Is “it” the motorcycle or the tree?), (b) I don’t think they should show violence on TV. (Who are “they”?), (c) Vacation is coming soon, which is nice., (What is nice, the vacation or the fact that it is coming soon?), (d) Jack worked in a national forest last summer. This may be his life’s work., (What word does “this” refer to?), (e) If you put this sheet in your notebook, you can refer to it., (What does ‘‘it’’ refer to, the sheet or your notebook?), Such type of ambiguity must be avoided., (B) The indefinite pronouns anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, and, nobody are always singular. This is sometimes perplexing to writers who feel that everyone and, everybody (especially) are referring to more than one person. The same is true of either and neither,, which are always singular even though they seem to be referring to two things.
Page 158 :
English Grammar & Composition, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , 148, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Correct the following sentences:, (1) Let you and I go to play., (2) There is close relation between he and I., (3) You, he and I have done their job., (4) You and he could not complete his work., (5) He and I have fastened his belts., (6) I, you and he were present in the function., (7) I and you are strangers., (8) You and I are responsible for this loss., (9) He and I were the main accused., (10) You, he and I must beg sorry for the misconduct., , 02, Correct the following sentences:, (1) Neither of these four vehicles will do., (2) Anyone of the two girls can solve this puzzle., (3) Either of the three students is responsible for the loss., (4) None of the two girls could complete the job., (5) One should obey his elders., (6) One should respect not only his own parents but also others.’, (7) One should take care not to make himself obnoxious to others., (8) Each girl and every madam tried their best to finish the work before 7 P.M., (9) Every man and every woman have their own fascination., (10) Every leader and every citizen have a duty towards their country., , 03, Correct the following sentences:, (1) Each of the employees have to arrange their own vehicle., (2) Every one of them were given their table and chair., (3) Either Ramesh or Sita have left their tiffin box., (4) Either the teacher or the students have left his classroom unlocked ., (5) Please take the buffalo to her shed., (6) The cow has hurt her legs., (7) This is easy to get her agreed., (8) This was he who arrived first in the meeting., (9) It is to certify that Mr. A is our employee., (10) This is 8 O’Clock by my watch.
Page 159 :
Pronoun, , 149, , 04, Correct the following sentences :, (1) All which she said was incorrect., (2) Who was the girl which came to meet you?, (3) What is his opinion about the work which you have completed?, (4) I always purchase the item which is best in the market., (5) This is the same shirt which I saw in the shop., (6) Who is she? Who can abuse me like this?, (7) Only those employees should be promoted whom are sincere., (8) The leaders which do not love their country are not respected., (9) Those whose live in glass houses should not throw stones at others., (10) What was the reply, which she submitted?, , 05, Correct the following sentences:, (1) It was me who telephoned you yesterday., (2) The girl whom you spoke to in the office is my friend., (3) My brother and myself are glad to get your greetings., (4) I am not one of those who cannot keep his promise., (5) It is not us who are responsible for the delay., (6) They admired his wife and he., (7) What place are you going?, (8) Which house do you live?, (9) She has absented from duty today again., (10) I could not avail of the opportunity I got last year., (11) The treatment received by me was such, which I never expected., (12) His expectation is the same which is hers., (13) One cannot bear his insult like this., (14) My house is bigger than their., (15) This is a secret between you and I., , 06, Fill in the blanks with Interrogative Pronouns:, (1) We went to Ranjana’s party .............. we enjoyed very much., (2) Anajali went to the doctor ............. told her to rest for seven days atleast., (3) ................... does your sister live?, (4) ................... book do you like?, (5) ................... did you finish the game?, (6) The woman ............. I met yesterday lent me her umbrella., (7) The horse ............ I selected won the race yesterday ., (8) He did not know .................. to say then., (9) Shakespeare, .......... is the world’s greatest dramatist, was born in a cottage ., (10) The Superintendent of Police, ............. work is very precarious, takes care of public safety and law and, order .
Page 160 :
150, , English Grammar & Composition, , 07, Fill in the blanks with Interrogative Pronouns :, (1) What is the name of the man ............... car you borrowed?, (2) I don’t know the name of the woman to ........ I spoke on the phone., (3) ................. teaches you Sanskrit?, (4) .................. is your problem?, (5) I gave him all the money .................. I had., (6) Ashish is the man .............. son won the scholarship., (7) Our flight was delayed ............... meant we had to wait for hours at the airport., (8) Jitu is one of my friends ............... I have known for a very long time., (9) The book ............. you gave me is very useful for the pregnant ladies., (10) Swimming , ............. is a good sport also , makes people healthy and bold., , 08, Add the Relative Pronouns to the following sentences:, (1) Gypsum is a mineral .............. is extracted from the Earth., (2) There is nothing ........... I can do for you., (3) This is the house ............... I was born., (4) My parents had left for college ............ I reached home., (5) He is a famous scientist about ..........many books have been written., (6) Madam Curie, ............. discovered radium, was one of the greatest women of her age., (7) The book ,............. you gave me is not so useful for learning English speaking., (8) Where is the man ............. sold me the detergent powder ?, (9) That is the lady ............. golden chain was snatched yesterday., (10) The girl .......... you see at the desk is the receptionist., , 09, Correct the following sentences:, (1) Everyone should obey their parents., (2) Sita must do their duties., (3) Each girl and every student was busy in her their work., (4) Either Pramod or Narendra has learnt their lesson., (5) Nisha or Sushma was teaching their son., (6) Either Rohan or his friends forgot his books., (7) You, he and I am friends., (8) He I and you went to Nehru garden yesterday., (9) Manish and I should learn my lesson., (10) You and Sushma should read her book., (11) He, you and I must do my work., (12) Ram and Shyam help one another., (13) Three children love each other., (14) Two friends love one another., (15) It is I who is your friend.
Page 161 :
151, , Pronoun, , 10., Correct the following sentences:, (1) That is one of the girls who has stolen eggs., (2) It is me who am speaking on this topic., (3) That is one of the interesting books that has appeared this year., (4) This is the only one of his stories that are worth reading., (5) It is I who is answering the question., (6) The boy which is sitting in the corner reads in my class., (7) She who walk in the evening gets energy., (8) The sun whom rays give life to earth is a source of energy., (9) This is the same toy which I gave you., (10) Uneasy lies the head which wears the crown., (11) All which glitters is not silver., (12) Man is the only animal which can use his intelligence., (13) That is the best which you can do., (14) The girl and her cat who had entered my house were locked., (15) I have read Milton’s poems who was a romantic poet., , 11, Correct the following sentences:, (1) You self did this work., (3) Neither Sushma nor Indu were wanted., (5) One should do his duty., (7) This is the boy whose all admire., (9) Either of these roads lead to the hospital., (11) You, he and I are in the wrong., (13) It is me., (15) If I were him, I should help you., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), , Who do you want?, The girls absented from the class., I was not so rich as him., This is the girl whom marks are highest., Yourself admitted the guilt., You are stronger than me., Only you and him can do that work., , 12, Correct the following sentences:, (1) This is mine pen., (2) Between you and I, Mohan is a thief., (3) Let me take your leave ., (4) He cannot bearing separation from me., (5) Good girls like you and she should not abuse others., (6) This pen is superior to your., (7) Every men and every women should obey their elders., (8) He availed of the chance., (9) He will not object to me going there., (10) He is a good player is not it ?
Page 162 :
152, , English Grammar & Composition, , Spotting Errors (Pronoun), 13., Read the following sentences to find where, there is any error in any part:, (1) The board of directors (a)/want the facilities (b)/of car and accommodation (c)/or itself. (d), (2) Every teacher (a)/and every student (b)/of this school is determined to do their best (c)/for the benefit of, all. (d), (3) The officer (a)/as well as the (b)/clerks absented themselves (c)/from the office. (d), (4) There were (a)/five active workers (b)/and three lazy one (c)/in the factory. (d), (5) There is none (a)/who can support you (b)/in this crucial period. (c), (6) Any of the (a)/two photos which reflect (b)/the natural beauty of Kashmir (c)/is worthseeing. (d), (7) The guests (a)/whom we were talking (b)/about have arrived (c)/are my relatives. (d), (8) He introduced (a)/to the chairman as (b)/the president of the (c)/workers association. (d), (9) As a student (a)/of arts (b)/you are much better (c)/than him. (d), (10) He hates everybody (a)/and everything who (b)/reminds him (c)/of his blunder. (d), , 14, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Read the following sentences to find where, there is any error in any part:, (1) Whomever (a)/does not come in time (b)/will not be allowed (c)/to mark his presence. (d), (2) The six partners (a)/are at daggers drawn (b)/so they do not talk (c)/ to each other. (d), (3) If some one has (a)/completed the work (b)/he may leave (c)/No error.(d), (4) She lent me (a)/some money with the condition (b)/that I should return (c)/the same within a month. (d), (5) The teacher instructed (a)/ the peon to let (b)/ the students and I (c)/ go into the office of Principal. (d), (6) The candidate (a)/ being a commerce graduate (b)/she is eligible (c)/for the post of accountant. (d), (7) In all circumstances (a)/I have helped him (b)/and he knows. (c), (8) I don’t appreciate (a)/him who laugh (b)/at of thers without (c)/ any reason. (d), (9) You and myself (a)/ will enjoy the function (b)/being arranged in honour of (c)/ the new Principal. (d), (10) He asked for (a)/ permission to go to the cinema (b)/ but his mother(c)/did not give. (d), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Let you and me go to play., There is close relation between him and me., You, he and I have done our job., You and he could not complete your work., He and I have fastened our belts., You, he and I were present in the function., You and I are strangers., I and you are responsible for this loss., I and he were the main accused., I, you and he must beg sorry for the misconduct.
Page 163 :
153, , Pronoun, Solution TYE 02, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , None of these four vehicles will do., Either of the two girls can solve this puzzle., Anyone of the three students is responsible for the loss., Neither of the two girls could complete the job., One should obey one’s elders., One should respect not only one’s own parents but also others.’, One should take care not to make oneself obnoxious to others., Each girl and every madam tried her best to finish the work before 7 P.M., Every man and every woman has his own fascinations., Every leader and every citizen has a duty towards his country., , (a), (b), (c), , JeekeäÙe mebKÙee (1) mes (4) : Neither/ Either/ Both keâe ØeÙeesie oes kesâ efueS SJeb None/No one/Any one/All keâe ØeÙeseie oes mes, DeefOekeâ kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~, JeekeäÙe mebKÙee (5) mes (7) : One’s Ùee Oneself keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ His Ùee Himself keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee ieuele nw~, JeekeäÙe mebKÙee (8) mes (10) : Ùeefo oes Nouns Deeheme ceW and mes peesÌ[s ieS nQ SJeb Gvemes hetJe& Each/Every ueielee nw lees Singular, Verb SJeb Singular Pronoun (his/her) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~, , Solution TYE 03, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7), (9), , Each of the employees has to arrange his own vehicle., Every one of them was given his table and chair., Either Ramesh or Sita has left his/her (or this) tiffin box., Either the teacher or the students have left their classroom unlocked., Please take the buffalo to its shed., (6) The cow has hurt its legs., It is easy to get her agree., (8) It was he who arrived first in the meeting., This is to certify that Mr. A is our employee., (10) It is 8 O’Clock by my watch., , Solution TYE 04, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , All that she said was incorrect., Who was the girl that came to meet you?, What is his opinion about the work that you have completed?, I always purchase the item that is the best in the market., This is the same shirt that I saw in the shop., Who is she that can abuse me like this?, Only those employees should be promoted who are sincere., The leaders who do not love their country are not respected., Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones at others., What was the reply that she submitted?, , Solution TYE 05, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , It was I who telephoned you yesterday., The girl who you spoke to in the office, is my friend., My brother and I are glad to get your greetings., I am not one of them who cannot keep their promise., It is not we who are responsible for the delay.
Page 164 :
154, , English Grammar & Composition, , (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , They admired his wife and him., What place are you going to?, Which house do you live in?, She has absented herself from duty today again., I could not avail myself of the opportunity I got last year., The treatment received by me was such as I never expected., His expectation is the same as is hers., One cannot bear one’s insult like this., My house is bigger than theirs., This is a secret between you and me., , Solution TYE 06, (1) which,, (6) whom,, , (2) who,, (7) which,, , (3) Where,, (8) what,, , (4) Which,, (9) who,, , (5) When,, (10) whose., , (2) whom,, (7) that,, , (3), (8), , Who,, whom,, , (4) What,, (9) which,, , (5) that,, (10) which., , (2) that,, (7) which,, , (3), (8), , where,, who,, , (4), (9), , (5) whom,, (10) whom., , Solution TYE 07, (1) whose,, (6) whose,, , Solution TYE 08, (1) which,, (6) who,, , when,, whose,, , Solution TYE 09, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , Everyone should obey his parents., Each girl and every student was busy in work., Nisha or Sushma was teaching her son., You, he and I are friends., Manish and I should learn our lessons., You, he and I must do our work., Three children love one another., It is I who am your friend., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), , Sita must do her duties., Either Pramod or Narendra has learnt his lesson., Either Rohan or his friends forgot their books., You, he and I went to Nehru garden yesterday., You and Sushma should read your book., Ram and Shyam help each other., Two friends love each other., , Solution TYE 10, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , That is one of the girls who have stolen eggs., It is I who am speaking on this topic., That is one of the interesting books that have appeared this year., This is the only one of his stories that is worth reading., It is I who am answering the question., The boy who is sitting is the corner reads in my class., She who walks in the evening gets., The sun whose rays give life to earth is a source of energy., This is the same toy that I gave you., Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown., All that glitters is not silver., Man is the only animal that can use his intelligence., That is the best that you can do., The girl and her cat that had entered my house were locked., I have read poems of Milton who was a romantic poet.
Page 180 :
170, , English Grammar & Composition, , (4) Adjectives indicating colour-Adjectives indicating colour usually precede adjectives indicating, materials, proper adjectives, and defining adjectives, but follow other types of attributive adjective., In the following examples, the adjectives indicating colour are underlined., e.g. ‘threatening black clouds’ ; ‘her new red leather jacket’; ‘a square brown mahogany table.’, (5) Adjectives indicating materials–Attributive adjectives indicating the materials from which objects, are made usually follow any adjectives indicating colour and precede any proper or defining, adjectives. In the following examples, adjectives indicating materials are underlined., e.g. ‘a beautiful blue silk saree’ ; ‘five red iron coat hangers’; ‘the clean marble floor’,, (6) The position of proper adjectives– Proper adjectives usually follow all other types of attributive, adjective except defining adjectives., Proper adjectives are usually derived from proper nouns referring to places or persons. In the, following examples, the proper adjectives are underlined.e.g. ‘sparkling British wine’ ; ‘three black, brick Georgian manor houses’., In the first example, the proper adjective British is derived from the place name Britain, and indicates, the place of origin of the wine. In the second example, the proper adjective Georgian is derived from, George, the name of an English king, and indicates that the houses are built in a style developed, during the reign of that king., It should be noted that proper adjectives may sometimes precede adjectives indicating materials, as in, the following examples. This occurs when the adjective indicating a material is used as a type of, defining adjective, to help identify what type of object is being described., e.g. ‘African straw hats’ ; ‘An Indian pearl necklace.’, , The-ed ending adjectives are often accompanied by prepositions., , Read the following examples:, (1) We were tired of all the lights after a while., (2) We were annoyed by the elephants., (3) We were bored by the ringmaster., (4) We were confused by the noise., (5) We were disappointed by the motorcycle daredevils., (6) We were disappointed in their performance., (7) We were embarrassed by my brother., (8) We were exhausted from all the excitement., (9) We were excited by the lion-tamer., (10) We were excited about the high-wire act, too., (11) We were frightened by the lions., (12) We were introduced to the ringmaster., (13) We were interested in the tent., (14) We were irritated by the heat., (15) We were opposed to leaving early., (16) We were satisfied with the circus., (17) We were shocked at the level of noise under the big tent., (18) We were surprised by the fan’s response., (19) We were surprised at their indifference., (20) We were worried about the traffic leaving the parking lot.
Page 183 :
173, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Determiners/Adjectives, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01., Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners :, , [RAS 1996], , (1) Small cars are more economical than big..... ., (3) Have you ........ sugar ?, (5) Clean ........ floor properly., , (2) I bought ........ mangoes., (4) ........ knowledge of English is essential for all of us., (6) ........ room is airy., , Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners :, (1) Will you have ........ cake ?, (3) I’ll have a cigarette; will you have ........ too ?, , (2) There isn’t ........ sugar in the bowl., , 02., [RAS 1997], , 03., Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners :, (1) Uneasy lies ...... head that wears ........ crown., (2) ........ women of India are as beautiful as ....... of Europe., (3) He got admission in ........ University in........ USA., (4) He started learning ........ piano at ........ age of ten., , [RAS 1998], , 04., Fill in the blanks with appropriate determiners :, (1) ........ people have car., (2) Give me ........ time to decided the matter., (3) He drank ........ the water., (4) Delhi is ........ from Alwar than Jaipur., (5) He is senior ........ me ., (6) There are ........ children outside the room., (7) Have you ........ question?, (8) Please give me ........ water., (9) Has he bought ........ dress?, (10) He can’t find ........ banana tree?, (11) She has ........ flowers of rose., (12) I could not get ........ note book there., (13) Nisha did not eat ........ mango., (14) Will you please lend me ........ money?, (15) She must give me ........ time to finish this work., (16) Is there ........ money in your pocket?, (17) ........ dreams are very romantic., (18) Sorry, I am stranger here, I have ........ knowledge about this place., (19) She has ........ clothes., (20) He has not ........ car., , (A few/ A little), (a few/ a little), (all/whole), (further/farther), (than/to), (some/any), (some/any), (some/any), (some/any), (some/any), (some/any), (some/any), (some/any), (some/any), (some/any), (some/any), (Some/Any), (few/little), (some/any), (some/any)
Page 184 :
174, , English Grammar & Composition, , 05., Fill in the blanks with few/a few/the few :, (1) It is a work of ........ month., (3) I have read all ........ novels, I had., (5) I have invited all ........ friends, I have., , (2) He will come back in ........ days., (4) ........ people can speak English correctly., (6) ........ day’s rest is necessary for the patient., , 06., Fill in the blanks with little/a little/the little :, (1) I have ........ influence in the political field now., (2) There is ........ hope of his recovery, he is very serious., (3) She had donated ........ property, she had., (4) He slept ........ and felt better., (5) ........ knowledge is a dangerous thing., (6) Please wait ........ I am just coming., (7) I have no milk left with me. I have already given to cat ........ milk, I had., , 07., Fill in the blanks with near/next :, (1) Mr. Sharma lives ........ to Ram’s house., (2) Radhika will speak ........ to Sarla., (3) The railway station is ........ to my school., (4) I will meet you at the ........ crossing., (5) This matter will be discussed again in the ........ meeting., , 08., Fill in the blanks with much/many :, (1) How ........ students are there in the hostel?, (3) He doesn’t have ........ money to donate., (5) There are ........ balls in the store room., (7) ........ girls were absent yesterday., , (2) ........ people comes to see this temple daily., (4) I love you very ........ ., (6) I am ........ obliged to you for your timely help., , 09., Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners :, (1) I haven’t ........ time., (2) There are not ........ boys in the class., (3) There is ........ food left, so you will not go hungry., (4) ........ good comes of impoliteness., (5) We must find an excuse; ........ excuse will do., (6) Can I have ........ coffee?, (7) Don’t eat ........ more of ice-cream. Leave ........ of it for your brother., (8) Neither man could come ........ men were ill., (9) ........ trains are slow, others are fast., (10) Has he money ........ to buy a car?, (11) She went to market to buy ........ things., (12) ........ men here are expected to do their duty. (13) She gave ........ child ........ ice-cream., (14) There was ........ snow last winter., (15) Few people like cold weather, ........ people like warm weather., (16) There were shady trees on ........ side of the road., (17) ........ man should do his best., (18) These flowers are pink, ........ are yellow ones., (19) ........ team could score a goal. So it was a drawn match., (20) ........ children play in the park everyday.
Page 185 :
Determiners/Adjectives, , 175, , 10., Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with elder/eldest/older/oldest :, (1) Ram is ........ than me., (2) My father is the ........ member of our family., (3) My father is ........ than your father., (4) My brother is ........ to me., (5) This is the ........ building in our village., (6) How ........ are you ?, (7) My ........ brother is an IAS officer., (8) This building is ........ than that., (9) We should respect to our ........ ., (10) The ........ he grew, the more demands he made., , 11., Fill in the blanks with last/later/latest/latter :, (1) At ........ the President gave thanks to the audience., (2) Ram came ........ than Shyam., (3) This is the ........ technology in the field of computer science., (4) Between Ram and Shyam, the ........ is more intelligent., (5) The ........ half of the century saw many revolutions., (6) Ram was promoted as officer at a ........ date., (7) The ........ chapter of this book is very interesting., , 12., Correct the following sentences :, (1) Whole girls were present in the function., (2) All the third books are in our course., (3) This is mine bed, which is your ?, (4) None of these two books is useful., (5) A good deal of persons were present at the railway station., (6) All the sides of the coin are shining., (7) He alone lives in such a large house., (8) The both girls have arrived., (9) She is among the four first merit holders., (10) Lord Ram was an incarnate God., , 13., Correct the following sentences :, (1) Our all members are very co-operative., (2) His all books have been burnt in fire., (3) I bought tickets three for Delhi., (4) The Great Ashoka was a brave king., (5) This custom has been observed since immemorial time., (6) Have you new anything to tell me about the incident?, (7) Ram is as taller as his brother., (8) Sita is not more beautiful as Rita., (9) Gold is more precious than any metal., (10) She is not that all reliable., , 14., Correct the following sentences :, (1) To drive is as difficult as fishing., (2) It is as difficult to swim as driving., (3) It is not as easy to write as reading., (4) They had better died than surrender before the enemy., (5) I had rather read than wasting my time here., (6) He is junior than me., (7) According to Ram, milk is preferable than tea. (8) She is more wiser than her brother., (9) My house is better than Ram., (10) The climate of Udaipur is better than Jaipur.
Page 186 :
176, , English Grammar & Composition, , 15., Correct the following sentences :, (1) There are lesser rooms in this hotel than that . (2) Take this tablet with a few milk., (3) Your problem is comparatively easier than that of mine., (4) The quality of this detergent powder is comparatively better ., (5) He runs as faster, if not fast than you., (6) Sita is as beautiful as if not beautiful than her sister., (7) The more you hide something, the most you expose yourself., (8) This is all the more better., (9) The valley goes deep and deep after this point., (10) Ram said, “I am very better now.”, , 16., Correct the following sentences :, (1) The cloth of this suit is very inferior., (2) This is longest river in the world., (3) He is the richest of all man in the city., (4) He is the strongest of all other students in the college., (5) Ramesh is one of the best student in the college. (6) He is my the best friend., (7) Ramesh is one of the strongest persons, if not the strongest in the town., (8) I shall purchase the bigger of all these houses. (9) Mr. Sharma is the most ideal teacher., (10) This is more the best college in the city., , 17., Correct the following sentences :, (1) I have the best and a cheaper magazine., (2) This is out and in the best hospital., (3) Which of these books do you like the most ?, (4) I don’t like these kind of apples., (5) I don’t like these sort of men., (6) The poors should be helped., (7) That was a most excellent opportunity to earn good money., (8) She reached here the earliest of both girls., (9) This is the much best school., (10) She is getting weak and weaker., (11) He is braver than stronger., (12) The quality of this shirt is superior than yours. (13) Ram came prior than me ., (14) The Ghee of Haryana is better than Rajasthan. (15) He is more intelligent than any student of his class., , 18., Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, (1) Kolkata is further (a)/from Alwar (b)/than Jaipur (c)/the capital of Rajasthan. (d), (2) Ramesh is smarter (a)/enough to get (b)/selected for this (c)/post, without any recommendations. (d), (3) He said, “Priyanka (a)/is the most unique (b) /singer of (c)/our college. (d)”, (4) This shirt is (a)/comparatively better (b)/than that (c)/we saw in corner shop yesterday. (d), (5) Everyone was surprised to note (a)/that Rahim married a girl (b)/who was more beautiful and more tall, (c)/than he. (d), (6) A lots of books (a)/on English grammar are (b)/available with me but (c)/this one is the best. (d), (7) I told her (a)/that it would be all (b)/the more better (c)/if she herself talked to the groom. (d), (8) She does not have (a)/some money to buy (b)/a new refrigerator (c)/so she is worried. (d), (9) Now-a-days (a)/the weather (b)/is getting more cold (c)/and colder. (d), (10) All the books (a)/were indeed interesting (b)/but that one was (c)/the more interesting. (d), (11) There were only two (a)/warriors but each and every (b)/warrior was equal (c)/to six persons. (d)
Page 187 :
177, , Determiners/Adjectives, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , (12) Whole the chapter (a)/of this grammar book is full of errors (b)/that shows the (c)/carelessness of the proof, reader. (d), (13) Can we rely (a)/on this agency (b)/for the last news (c)/of the day. (d), (14) Ram is junior than (a)/Shyam and (b)/Ram is older (c)/than Ganesh. (d), (15) The militants (a)/entered the palace (b)/from the utmost gate (c)/with guns hidden in their clothes. (d), (16) “She can’t sing (a)/much than (b)/four songs at (c)/a stretch”, he informed. (d), (17) It is well know (a)/that Mrs. Indira Gandhi (b)/was the first statesman (c)/of her time. (d), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) ones,, (6) The., , (2) some,, , (3) any,, , (4) A little/Some,, , (2) any,, , (3) one., , (2) x, those,, , (3) a, the,, , (4) the, the., , (3) all,, (8) some,, (13) any,, (18) little,, , (4) farther,, (9) any,, (14) some,, (19) some,, , (5) the,, , Solution TYE 02, (1) a,, , Solution TYE 03, (1) the, a,, , Solution TYE 04, (1), (6), (11), (16), , A few,, some,, some,, any,, , (2) a little,, (7) any,, (12) any,, (17) Some,, , (5), (10), (15), (20), , to,, any,, some,, any., , Solution TYE 05, (1) a few,, (6) A few., , (2) a few,, , (3) the few,, , (4) A few,, , (5) the few,, , (2) little,, (7) the little., , (3) the little,, , (4) a little,, , (5) A little,, , (2) next,, , (3) near,, , (4) next,, , (5) next., , (2) Many,, (7) Many., , (3) much,, , (4) much,, , (5) many,, , Solution TYE 06, (1) little,, (6) a little,, , Solution TYE 07, (1) near,, , Solution TYE 08, (1) many,, (6) much,, , Solution TYE 09, (1) much/any,, (6) some,, (11) a few/many,, (16) either,, , (2) many/any,, (7) any, some,, (12) All,, (17) Every,, , (3) a little/some,, (8) both,, (13) each,some,, (18) those,, , (4) Little/No,, (9) Some,, (14) a lot of/much,, (19) Neither,, , (5), (10), (15), (20), , any,, enough,, most,, Lots of /Many.
Page 188 :
178, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 10, (1) older,, (6) old,, , (2) eldest,, (7) elder,, , (3) older,, (8) older,, , (4) elder,, (9) elders,, , (5) oldest,, (10) older., , (2) later,, (7) last., , (3) latest,, , (4) latter,, , (5) latter,, , Solution TYE 11, (1) last,, (6) later,, , Solution TYE 12, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , All the girls were present in the function., This is my bed, which is yours ?, A number of persons were present at the railway station., He lives alone in such a large house., She is among the first four merit holders., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , All the three books are in our course., Neither of these two books is useful., Both the sides of the coin are shining., Both the girls have arrived., Lord Ram was God incarnate., , Solution TYE 13, (1), (3), (5), (6), (8), (9), , All our members are very co-operative., (2) All his books have been burnt in fire., I bought three tickets for Delhi., (4) Ashoka the Great was a brave king., This custom has been observed since time immemorial., Have you anything new to tell me about the incident?, (7) Ram is as tall as his brother., Sita is not as beautiful as Rita. or Sita is not more beautiful than Rita., Gold is more precious than any other metal., (10) She is not all that reliable., , Solution TYE 14, (1), (3), (4), (5), (6), (8), (10), , Driving is as difficult as fishing., It is not as easy to write as read., They had better die than surrender before the enemy., I had rather read than waste my time here., He is junior to me., She is wiser than her brother., The climate of Udaipur is better than that of Jaipur., , (2) It is as difficult to swim as drive., , (7) According to Ram, milk is preferable to tea., (9) My house is better than Ram’s., , Solution TYE 15, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , There are fewer rooms in this hotel than that ., Take this tablet with a little milk., Your problem is comparatively easy than that of mine., The quality of this detergent powder is comparatively good ., He runs as fast, if not faster than you., Sita is as beautiful as if not more beautiful than her sister., The more you hide something, the more you expose yourself., This is all the better., The valley goes deeper and deeper after this point., Ram said, “I am much better now.”, , Solution TYE 16, (1), (3), (5), (7), (8), (9), (10), , The cloth of this suit is much inferior., (2) This is the longest river in the world., He is the richest of all men in the city., (4) He is the strongest of all students in the college., Ramesh is one of the best students in the college., (6) He is my best friend., Ramesh is one of the strongest person, if not the strongest in the town., I shall purchase the biggest of all these houses., Mr. Sharma is an ideal teacher., This is much the best college in the city.
Page 201 :
191, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Adverbs, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Correct the following sentences:, , (1) She takes generally her breakfast at 8 A.M., (3), (5), (7), (9), , (2) Ram only came here last Saturday., Ramesh was too tired when he came here., (4) Sita came quicker than I expected., We wanted a better and efficient Office Assistant. (6) It was much cold last night., I visited her frequently while in New York., (8) He will be quite sorry to know that., The water of this tank is too cold., (10) He ran very fastly., , 02, Correct the following sentences:, (1) Hari was fortunately not available in the hostel. (2), (3) He feels comparatively better today., (4), (5) I seldom or ever refused the leave., (6), (7) Firstly you think over the words and then speak. (8), (9) No one hardly goes to church daily., (10), , It was nothing else than her arrogance., Come at 7 O’clock to my office., He quickly ran away from the site., I go often to the Durga Temple., I care a straw for it., , 03, Correct the following sentences:, (1) We were very delighted to get the news., (3) They could not find her nowhere., (5) She peacefully died yesterday., (7) I went directly to Meerut., (8) It is very cold to go for a walk today., (9) Parul runs fastly than Nalini., (10) If you run fast, you would have won the race., , (2) Call me anything else than a fraud., (4) I only solved two sums., (6) Do you know to drive?, , 04, Correct the following sentences:, (1) Hari speaks clear., (3) Sarla hit the thief hardly on the head., (5) The speaker spoke enough loud to be heard easily., (6) Ram is much old., (8) Ram comes here seldom., (10) The train will arrive just now., (11) The film was mostly over when you entered., (12) He fared bad in the second innings., (13) Repeat again what you have said., (14) Breathe deeply when you walk., , (2) Sita writes neat., (4) He is perfectly quite right., (7) The story is much interesting., (9) I am very satisfied with her conduct.
Page 202 :
English Grammar & Composition, , 192, 05, , Correct the following sentences:, (1) He cautiously drives., (2) She heartily loves Ram., (3) There were everywhere flowers in the garden., (4) Ram comes at the field regularly everyday., (5) She has been absenting herself frequently from the office., (6) Ram already has finished his work., (7) I see her frequently in the market., (8) She has often to go by tram., (9) He is intelligent wonderfully., (10) Sita regularly visits her friend Sarla., , 06, Correct the following sentences:, (1) I drive seldom after sunset., (2) He explained clearly the method of transplantation the heart., (3) The parents heartily love their children., (4) Three passengers were unfortunately injured., (5) You are forbidden not to write on the table., (6) The day is hot too., (7) I was too tired after the swimming., (8) Sita loves her only daughter too much., (9) The new medicines have given her too much relief., (10) I met none else than your real brother., , 07, Correct the following sentences:, (1) She quickly writes., (2) Unless you do not work hard, you can’t succeed., (3) The news is much interesting., (4) He seldom or ever refuses a genuine request., (5) You seldom or ever find a grammatical error in this book., (6) Ram ran very fastly., (7) They last evening went to Jaipur., (8) I only solved two sums in an hour., (9) The matter has been very discussed., (10) I do not know to swim., , 08, Correct the following sentences:, (1) They have gone to Jaipur yesterday., (2) He has left this place five minutes ago., (3) Do you know him? Yes, I donot., (4) Do you know him? No, I do., (5) The teacher asked him to not sleep in the class., (6) Could you lend me your umbrella? Oh, no, I can., (7) She will today go to Mumbai., (8) With most humbly and respectfully, I beg to apprise....., (9) I have not pen with me., (10) There was no an intelligent student to solve that question.
Page 203 :
193, , Adverbs, , Spotting the Errors (Adverbs), 09, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part:, (1) “Under no circumstances (a)/ we can help you (b)/ in this immoral project.” (c)/said the Chairman. (d)/No, error (e), (2) Somebody informed (a)/ the contractor that his (b)/ brother had only died (c)/ five days before. (d)/No, error (e), (3) She is very senior (a)/ to me, so I (b)/cannot defy her orders. (c)/ No error (d), (4) Who can believe (a)/ that she was not (b)/ hardly hit (c)/ by the death of her son. (d)/No error (e), (5) Hardly she likes (a)/ to hear my name (b)/ after the dispute which occurred (c) / between us last year., (d)/No error (e), (6) Only by discussing with (a)/ the officer concerned (b)/ they found out (c)/ the person behind the fraud., (d)/No error (e), (7) The house is very good (a)/ but too much small (b)/ to accommodate (c)/ the full family. (d)/No error (e), (8) He does not (a)/ know to make (b)/ friends so he is leading (c)/ a lonely life. (d)/No error (e), (9) Every member of the family (a)/ is addicted to drinking (b)/ and so Asha is. (c)/ No error (d), (10) He was very tired (a)/ of work so he said (b)/ that he would (c)/ not accompany us. (d)/No error (e), , 10, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part:, (1) Shakshi was exorbitantly paid (a)/ for how skilful she (b)/ welcomed the visitors. (c)/ No error (d), (2) She is almost quite competent (a)/for the post of Marketing Executive (b)/so if given a chance (c)/ she can, show the results. (d)/No error (e), (3) The student requested (a)/ the principal to be enough kind (b)/ to grant him seven days leave. (c)/No error, (d), (4) He has been trying (a)/ to persuade her for several months (b)/ but he has (c)/ not still succeeded. (d)/No, error (e), (5) Before the game he felt surely (a)/ of wining, but within five minutes (b)/ he realised that he was wrong., (c)/ No error (d), (6) The amount which the company (a)/ paid to the dependents of (b)/ the deceased was (c)/ fairly unjustified., (d)/No error (e), (7) Although he only earns (a)/ sixteen hundred rupees per month (b)/ yet he manages his (c)/ family well., (d)/No error (e), (8) I liked that opportune moment (a)/ where the workers proved themselves (b)/ and came out victorious. (c)/, No error (d), (9) Where else (a)/ did you go besides (b)/ the bank? (c)/ No error (d), (10) I hardly ever (a)/ see him (b)/ because in my opinion (c)/he is not a reliable man. (d)/No error (e), (11) He is a linguist (a)/ and always tries to (b)/ make his students (c)/ pronounce the words correctly. (d)/No, error (e)
Page 204 :
English Grammar & Composition, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , 194, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE : 01, (1) Generally she takes her breakfast at 8 A.M., (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Ram came here only last Saturday., Ramesh was much tired when he came here., Sita came quickly than I expected., We wanted a better and more efficient Office Assistant., It was very cold last night., I frequently visited her while in New York., He will be very sorry to know that., The water of this tank is very cold., He ran very fast., , Solution TYE : 02, (1) Fortunately Hari was not available in the hostel., (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , It was nothing else but her arrogance., He feels better today., Come to my office at 7 O’clock., I seldom or never refused the leave., He ran away quickly from the site., First you think over the words and then speak., I often go to the Durga Temple., Hardly any one goes to church daily., I do not care a straw for it., , Solution TYE : 03, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , We were much delighted to get the news., Call me anything else but a fraud., They could not find her anywhere., I solved only two sums., She died peacefully yesterday., Do you know how to drive?, I went direct to Meerut., It is too cold to go for a walk today., Parul runs faster than Nalini., Had you run fast you would have won the race.
Page 205 :
195, , Adverbs, Solution TYE : 04, (1), (3), (5), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), , Hari speaks clearly., (2), Sarla hit the thief hard on the head., (4), The speaker spoke loud enough to be heard easily., Ram is very old., (7), Ram seldom comes here., (9), The train will arrive shortly., (11), He fared badly in the second innings., (13), Breathe deep when you walk., , Sita writes neatly., He is perfectly right., The story is very interesting., I am much satisfied with her conduct., The film was almost over when you entered., Repeat what you have said., , Solution TYE : 05, (1) He drives cautiously ., (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (8), (10), , She loves Ram heartily., There were flowers everywhere in the garden., Ram comes regularly at the field everyday., She has been frequently absenting herself from the office., Ram has already finished his work., (7) I frequently see her in the market., She often has to go by tram., (9) He is wonderfully intelligent ., Sita visits her friend Sarla regularly., , Solution TYE : 06, (1) I seldom drive after sunset., (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , He clearly explained the method of transplantation the heart., The parents love their children heartily., Unfortunately three passengers were injured., You are forbidden to write on the table., The day is too hot., I was very tired after the swimming., Sita loves her only daughter very much., The new medicines have given her much relief., I met none else but your real brother., , Solution TYE : 07, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , She writes quickly., Unless you work hard, you can’t succeed., The news is very interesting., He seldom or never refuses a genuine request., You seldom or never find a grammatical error in this book., Ram ran very fast., They went to Jaipur last evening., I solved only two sums in an hour., The matter has been much discussed., I do not know how to swim.
Page 216 :
206, , English Grammar & Composition, , Causative Verbs, Causative verbs show that somebody/something is indirectly responsible for an action. The subject, doesn’t perform the action itself, but causes someone/something else to do it instead. For example :, Yesterday I had my hair cut., , 1. I didn’t cut my own hair, but I made someone else do it for me instead—I ‘‘caused’’ them to cut my hair., Read the following sentences, (a) I made her sing a song., (b) I made him polish my shoes., (c) I got my clothes washed by him., (d) I got my thesis written by him., 2. Fve JeekeäÙeeW ceW keâlee& mJeÙeb keâeÙe& veneR keâjlee nw~ yeefukeâ Jen DevÙe mes keâeÙe& keâjJeelee nw~ keâeÙe& DevÙe mes keâjJeeves nsleg pees verbs ØeÙegkeäle, nesleer nQ Jes causative verbs keânueeleer nw~ Fme lejn keâer verbs, get, make, have, keep etc nQ~ pewmes :, (a) I made him laugh., (b) I made him write a letter., (c) He made me polish his shoes., (d) I kept her waiting., (e) He keeps me away from the office., (f) I shall make him complete the project today., 3. Active voice ceW meeceevÙe ™he mes make, keep keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw leLee Passive voice ceW have, get keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee, , peelee nw~ pewmes :, (a), (c), (e), (g), , I got my shoes polished by him., (b) I got my car repaired by the mechanic., I got my clothes washed by her., (d) I had a song sung by her., I had the thesis written by him., (f) I had my clothes washed by her., I shall get the project completed by him today., , meeceevÙeleÙee get keâe ØeÙeesie efJeveceülee, DevegjesOe keâes JÙekeäle keâjlee nw SJeb make, have keâe ØeÙeesie yeeOÙelee, oyeeJe, efJeJeMelee kesâ, mevoYe& ceW neslee nw~, , LET, Let can be used as a causative verb., Let means a person gives permission for another person to do it., See the following examples :, (a) I can let this car cool., (b) Would you let me join your party?, , Help, Help can also be used as a causative., It means a person assists another person to do it., See the following examples :, (a) I helped her to pack the luggage., (b) Would you help me deliver this box?, The most common error with causatives is using ‘to’ unnecessarily. For example :, (a) We made Jack to finish his supper., Incorrect, We made Jack finish his supper., Correct, (b) I let Jim to clean up the mess., Incorrect, I let Jim clean up the mess., Correct
Page 235 :
225, , The Verbs, , Modals, 04, Fill in the blanks with can, could, may, might :, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (10), , ……… you live long!, (2) ……… you read when you were five?, My father ……… speak and write five languages. (4) You ……… write on both sides of the paper., We thought it ……… rain., (6) He said he ……… always come when called., ……… you ride your bicycle up to that hill?, (8) I ran fast so that I ……… catch the train., He tried to solve the sum but he ……… not., Do not put off till tomorrow what you ……… do today., , 05, Fill in the blanks with shall, will, should, would :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , ……… you do me a favour?, When……… I see you again?, ……… we go to the pictures today ?, His daughter ……… be sixteen next month., The wound ……… not heal in spite of all the treatment he had., ……… that I were rich!, Had you worked hard, you……… have passed the examination., As you sow, so ……… you reap., Those who live in glass houses ……… not throw stones at others., If you ……… see him, give him my regards., , 06, Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of ‘must , need, dare, ought to, used to’ :, (1), (3), (4), (5), (7), (9), , The door ……… painting., (2), You ……… come and have dinner with me., He has lost your book and he ……… not tell you., You ……… have written to him yesterday., (6), He ……… pay you the loan he owes you., (8), I ……… be a clerk, but now I am an officer., (10), , I ……… smoking but I gave it up last year., , ……… he wait any longer ?, ……… you speak rudely to your father?, What cannot be cured ……… be endured., , 07, Use appropriate modal to fill in the blanks :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), , ……… you, please, stop talking?, You ……… go only when you have finished your work., ……… you rather have tea or coffee?, I ……… try again if you wish., You ……… not hurry, there is plenty of time., I ……… like you to do as I tell you., If only they ……… keep quiet for a moment., ……… God bless you!, You ……… be mad to do this., I ……… learn English, and none shall stop me., I ……… prefer not to give any explanation.
Page 236 :
226, , English Grammar & Composition, , 08, Use appropriate modal to fill in the blanks :, (1) One ……… obey one’s parents., (2) You ……… go home whenever you like., (3) I ……… like you to answer my question properly., (4) My father says we ……… buy some sweets., (5) ……… God give you courage to face it!, (6) ……… you like to have lunch now?, (7) ……… you please tell me where the Cinema House is?, (8) It ……… rain, it is so sultry., (9) The doctor said that the patient ……… recover., (The doctor was not very sure about it.), (10) You ……… insist on being given your share. (Note the stress on the word ‘insist’.), (11) ………God bless you!, , 09, Use appropriate modal to fill in the blank :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , You ……… have given me a helping hand. It was your moral duty., I ……… try to get you a job. I promise., Arun is not a weak student. He is also not a very good student. He ……… however, pass., The student politely said to the teacher, “……… I have a word with you?”, You ……… go now. (Permission), ……… you please close the door ? (A polite request in the form of a question), It ……… rain soon. (It is likely to happen), You ……… see a doctor at once. (It is an advice), We ……… hurry. We are very late., I’m afraid I ……… tell you that. It is a secret., , Question Appeared in Rajasthan Administrative, Services Examinations in Previous Years, 10, Identify the notion/concept expressed by each of the following sentences by choosing one of the three, alternatives mentioned against each sentence :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , No smoking ! (Advice/prohibition/threat), I wish you’d be quiet. (Request /wish/suggestion), I’m seeing the Principal this afternoon. (Likelihood/ determination/ arrangement), You needn’t have hurried. (Absence of necessity/ prohibition/ suggestion of hesitation), It might rain before evening. (Possibility/ strong possibility/ remote possibility)
Page 237 :
The Verbs, , 227, , 11, Restructure the following sentences using may, might, must, ought to, wish, only :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , Candidates are required to answer at least five out of ten questions., He was not careful enough., Perhaps he was hurt., Please make a little less noise. (You can make it less if you wish to.), Please be quiet. (Request), , 12, Fill in the blanks by supplying the appropriate modal :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , You ……… have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain., If we had taken the other road we ……… have arrived earlier., The bank closes at two but the manager.... allow you to get in. (Remote possibility), ……… you please send me an application form ? (Request), As John was the only person who visited us yesterday. It ……… be he who left the main gate open., (Probability), You ……… read his latest book., She ……… speak three languages when she was twelve., I ……… see quite clearly what the children are doing in the garden., He ……… be at least sixty., Your job ……… be very demanding but at least it isn’t boring., , 13, Fill in the blanks by supplying the appropriate modals :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), , Usha ……… run a hundred yard in ten seconds., ……… his soul rest in peace !, The baby is crying, he ……… be hungry., ……… you tell me the way to the post-office, please ?, You ……… keep your scooter locked., ……… I bring you a cup of coffee ?, When I was a boy. I ……… walk forty miles in a day., I have come to ask if Ram ……… use your bicycle tomorrow., ……… you have another cup of tea ?, All of us ……… die., Drivers know that they ……… stop when they come to the main road. (Obligation), If you have a bad throat, you ……… smoke. (Prohibition)
Page 238 :
228, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , English Grammar & Composition, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , I have a camera. Or I have got a camera., I have my dinner at 9 pm., He has to complete this work today., You will have to obey my orders., He has been a professor., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , I have one brother and two sisters., I have to go to Jaipur today., Sita will have to go to office., Ram got his letter written by some one else., He has been to America., , Solution TYE 02, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (10), (12), (14), (15), , I have had my breakfast., He does take medicines., The room has five walls., I have no books., He made me polish his shoes. Or, He got his shoes polished by me., Ram did go to Jaipur yesterday., Do have a cup of tea., I shall get this work done by him., I made him clean the house. Or, I got the house cleaned by him., , (2), (4), (6), (8), , She does come here., Sita does sing a song., The elephant has four legs., I made him laugh., , (11) Suresh did study daily., (13) Do write me a letter., , Solution TYE 03, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , I have two brothers., (2) She has three sisters., I have no books., (4) He has his book written by Ramesh., He has been a banker., (6) She has been to London., I have had my lunch., (8) I had had my work completed by him., Do have a cup of coffee, (10) I did go to meet her., She does learn her lessons well., (12) He did come here yesterday., I had a song sung by her., (14) I had my clothes washed by him., She neither has talked nor will speak to him., , Solution TYE 04, (1) May,, (6) could,, , (2) Could,, (7) Can,, , (3) can,, (8) might, , (4) may,, (9) could,, , (5) might, (10) can., , (2) shall,, (7) would,, , (3) Shall,, (8) shall,, , (4) will,, (9) should,, , (5) would,, (10) should., , (2) used to,, (7) ought to,, , (3) must,, (8) dare,, , (4) dare,, (9) used to,, , (5) ought to,, (10) must., , Solution TYE 05, (1) Will,, (6) Would,, , Solution TYE 06, (1) needs,, (6) need,
Page 239 :
229, , The Verbs, Solution TYE 07, (1), (2), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), , Will you, please, stop talking?, You can (or should) go only when you have finished your work., Would you rather have tea or coffee?, (4) I will try again if you wish., You need not hurry, there is plenty of time., (6) I should like you to do as I tell you., If only they would keep quiet for a moment., (8) May God bless you!, You should be mad to do this., (10) I will learn English and none shall stop me., I should prefer not to give any explanation., , Solution TYE 08, (1), (3), (5), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), , One should obey one’s parents., (2) You may go home whenever you like., I should like you to answer my question properly. (4) My father says we shall buy some sweets., May God give you courage to face it!, (6) Would you like to have lunch now?, Will you please tell me where the Cinema House is?, It may rain, it is so sultry., The doctor said that the patient might recover., You must insist on being given your share., May God bless you!, , Solution TYE 09, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7), (9), , You should have given me a helping hand. It was your moral duty., I will try to get you a job. I promise., Arun is not a weak student. He is also not a very good student. He can however pass., The student politely said to the teacher, “Could I have a word with you?”, You can go now., (6) Would you please close the door ?, It may rain soon., (8) You should see a doctor at once., We must hurry. We are very late., (10) I’m afraid I cannot tell you that. It is a secret., , Solution TYE 10, (1) Prohibition,, (3) Arrangement,, (5) Remote possibility., , (2) Request, (4) Absence of necessity,, , Solution TYE 11, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , Candidates must answer at least five out of the ten questions., He ought to have been more careful., He may have been hurt., You might make a little less noise., I wish you would be quiet., , Solution TYE 12, (1) need not,, (6) should, , (2) would,, (7) could,, , (3) might, (8) can,, , (4) Would,, (9) must,, , (5) might, (10) may., , (2) May,, (7) could,, (12) must not., , (3) must, (8) may,, , (4) Will,, (9) Will,, , (5) should/must,, (10) will,, , Solution TYE 13, (1) can,, (6) Shall, (11) must,
Page 252 :
242, , English Grammar & Composition, (f) “Let us play cricket”, proposed Ram., “Let us go to market”, said Sita., “Do it for me”, said Krishna., “Go there”, instructed Rahim., , peye Direct Narration ceW Reported Speech kesâ yeeo Reporting Verb keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw lees Inversion keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw,, uesefkeâve peye Reporting Verb kesâ meeLe Pronoun keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw lees Inversion keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw~ pewmes:, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , ‘‘Do if for me’’, she said, ‘‘Go there’’, he instructed., She SJeb he, pronoun nQ~, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part:, (1) “Under no circumstances I can help you in this venture” said Sita., a, b, c, d, (2) “I don’t like such a bright colour nor she does”, he said to Ram., a, b, c, d, , (3) “Every member of his family is addicted to gambling and so John is., a, b, c, d, (4) Never before I had been asked to go there by bus., a, b, c, d, (5) On no account this switch must be touched., a, b, c, (6) “Seldom I had seen such a beautiful girl”, said Mohanti., a, b, c, d, (7) Under a tree was sleeping an old lady with her young child. No error, a, b, c, d, e, (8) To such a degree he created the problems that people thrashed him., a, b, c, d, (9) Not only she watched the news but she also cooked food., a, b, c, d, (10) No sooner the plane landed at the airport than a group of armed commandos surrounded it., a, b, c, d, , Verbs, 02, Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets:, (1) He (live) in Kolkata for five years., (2) At the moment he (play) in the park., (3) I (wish) I knew the girl’s name., (4) She (take) a bath when the telephone rang.
Page 253 :
Syntax: Subject-Verb Agreement, , 243, , (5) I already (tell) you that you should work hard., (6) Ram always (remember) that honesty is the best policy., (7) Ramesh (leave) his house before I called on him., (8) They always (believe) that love is stronger than hate., (9) She told me that her mother (go) to the doctor half an hour before., (10) I (wash) my hands when he came., (11) I already (tell) you what to do under these circumstances., (12) It is high time you (start) working with full zeal., , 03, Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets:, (1) Ramesh (pass) the post-office on his way to office every day., (2) He (watch) television when Ramesh came in., (3) He (tell) me that she had never met you., , (4) He (read) since 2 O’clock., (5) If you promise to work hard I (allow) you to go on leave., (6) The doctor (arrive) just before Sita went away., (7) The sun (shine) by day and the moon by night., (8) She (attend) college since May last., (9) You (receive) your award tomorrow., (10) I (have) dinner last night at 9 O’clock., (11) I (write) a letter before I went to play., (12) He (read) the newspaper when Ram came in., , 04, Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets:, (a) A farmer was very fond of the two animals.When he (come) out for a stroll, these two creatures (amuse), him. One day as the farmer (walk) in the garden, these pets (run) away from him. He (search) for them but, of no avail., (b) He (be) a black man. One winter morning he (look) out of his window as he (dress). He (not hate) the, winter now, for he (know) that it (be) merely the spring asleep and that the flowers (rest)., , 05, Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets., , (1) When they left this morning, the sun................., (2) The Chairman cannot see anybody as he ............ some letters., (3) If it is possible, we .......to Chennai tomorrow., (4) Ram .............. from fever since yesterday night., (5) We ................. nothing to eat for three days., (6) He said that he ........... for a walk today in the evening., , (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), , If I were you I .............. to accept the bribe!, We .................. at the news of his defeat., He................... while stealing the jewels., The children .............. at the prospect of going for a picnic., , She ................. of herself., , Ravi Shankar .......... by the Music Society., (13) .............. you ....... playing cricket?, , (14) .......... the doctor ........... to see you yesterday?, (15) ............. it ........... all the year round here?, , (shine), (dictate), (go), (suffer), (have), (go), , (refuse), (surprise), (catch), (please), , (ashamed), (honour), , (like), (come), (rain)
Page 254 :
244, , English Grammar & Composition, , 06, Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets:, (1) She saw that the clock..............., (2) He replied that he ................ better., (3) Ramesh .................... so hard that he is certain to succeed., (4) He speaks as one who ................, (5) So long as the rain ... I stayed in office., (6) If I go to market I ................. a pen for you., (7) A child always.... magazines about ghosts., (8) He ................. to Delhi last week., (9) They ................... in Jaipur for three years., (10) They.............. here for the last two hours., (11) I ................ to her day before yesterday., (12) These students ......... cricket next Sunday., (13) It ............... when they went out., (14) Cow ................. grass., (15) We ................. to the pictures yesterday., , (to stop), (to feel), (to work), (to know), (to continue), (to bring), (to enjoy), (to go), (to stay), (to wait), (to write), (to play), (to rain), (to eat), (go), , Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets:, (1) She ................. letters yesterday., (2) The construction of new hotel ................... stopped., (3) I ................. English for three years now., (4) I ............. her for a very long time., (5) He................. away last week., (6) We................... tennis together last June., (7) I enjoy .................. a good social film., (8) The little boy admitted that he .............. the glass., (9) She forgot ............... the door when she went to market., (10) As she .................. there, someone bumped into her., (11) He will unlock the door when he ............... here., (12) He would have done it if you ............. him so., (13) He is used to ................ on a hard bed so he does not mind., (14) He managed to avoid ...........hit by the bat., , (write), (be), (study), (know), (go), (play), (watch), (break), (lock), (wait), (get), (tell), (sleep), (be), , 07, , 08, Rewrite the following with the correct forms of the verbs given within the brackets:, , (1) I (sleep) soundly and (dream) that a dog (enter) the room. I (spring) off the bed., (2) The shot (wound) the elephant. It (rush) back into the forest., (3) We (plan) to go to a hill station. Last year we (go) to Shimla. We (decide) to go somewhere else this time., (4) Railways (connect) almost all the big cities and towns. In olden days people (use) to travel on horse-back, or bullock carts. Travelling (become) easy now. We can imagine the difficulty the people (face) in the, past.
Page 255 :
Syntax: Subject-Verb Agreement, , 245, , 09, Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets:, (a) Yesterday I (go) to the market to buy a pen. I ought to have (purchase) a good one but I (choose) a cheap, one with the result that it (do) not write smoothly now., (b) I (wake) up early in the morning. I (go) out for a walk. Suddenly the wind (blow) violently. Many trees, were (bring) down., (c) The next morning his landlord (bring) him two pieces of news with his breakfast. One was that someone, had (plant) a most beautiful climbing rose in the lane, the other was that Mr. Ramesh couldn’t be (find), anywhere in the village. Everyone was (worry) about him., (d) A walk through a garden (be) good for health and mind.We (go) for stroll in the Company Garden last, Sunday. The flowers (present) a scene of colourfulness and we (feel) very happy., , 10, Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets:, , (1) His mother (die) three months ago., (2) We were taught at school that water (boil) at 212ºF., (3) He knew that I had (pass)., (4) I should be pleased if he (not come)., (5) When Sahni (be) on his way to the railway station it (begin) to rain., (6) Bakani (collect) stamps since childhood., (7) Now tests (carry) on to find out the reaction of the new medicines on animals., (8) I (go) for a walk daily in the evening. Last evening I (come) back from office rather late. Even though it, (be) 7 P.M., I still (go), for my walk as usual. On (return) home I (find) that my little son (injure) his arm, seriously. I (rush) to the nearby doctor for first aid., , 11, Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs in agreement with the subjects. Select one from those given in the, brackets:, (a) Either the mother or the daughter ................. made this pudding., (have, has), (b) A sum of fifty thousand rupees .............. paid to him for this piece of land., (were, was), (c) A variety of subjects ................... taught in this school., (is, are), (d) The father and his daughter .................... coming to us today., (is, are), , 12, Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs:, (a) I love nature.The spring season (be) the best of all seasons.There (be) freshness all around. Nature (breath), a new life and (look) colourful like a bride. Beautiful flowers (dance) merrily., (b) The Taj Mahal (be) beautiful building.The Taj (stand) on the bank of the river Yamuna. It is (make) of, white marble. It (have) four marble minarets on which the great dome (stand). Shah Jahan (build) it in, memory of his beloved queen, Mumtaz, and it (cost) over three crore of rupees., , 13, Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs., (a) Sound sleep (be) necessary for good health. Every body (dream) during sleep. Sometimes the dreams (be), pleasant and at others, unpleasant. Last week I (have) a very bad dream., I (dream) that my class, accompanied by our teachers,(go) to Shimla for the weekend., (b) Last Sunday (be) a bad day for me as I (spend ) the whole of it in bed. When I (get) up at 7 O’clock, I (have), a severe headache and (perspire). My mother (take) my temperature, I (consult) a doctor. He (check) me thoroughly.
Page 256 :
246, , English Grammar & Composition, , 14, Fill in the blanks choosing correct forms of the verbs from those given in the brackets:, (1) A flock of sheep........grazing in the ground., (2) Time and tide........for none., (3) More than five persons........signed the complaint., (4) One third of the work........lift incomplete., (5) Neither he nor his sister........invited., (6) Sachin is one of the players who........been selected for the match., (7) One of the students of our class........selected., (8) Age and experience........a man wise., (9) Ten times fifty........five hundred., (10) It is I who........to answer him., (11) The sun........in the east., (12) I........her last week at her residence., , (is/are), (wait/waits), (have/has), (was/were), (was/were), (have/has), (was/were), (make/makes), (is/are), (is/am), (rise), (meet), , 15, Fill in the blanks with correct forms of the verbs given in the brackets:, (1) What........the latest news?, (2) Fifty rupees........not a big amount., (3) The United States........a powerful nation., (4) Economics........an interesting subject., (5) Cattle........grazing in the field., (6) Neither of us........ready to go there., (7) Billiards........my favourite game., (8) What I say and what I think........my personal matters., (9) Both of them........good friends., (10) What........the news?, (11) Honesty........the best policy., (12) She........a letter now., , (is/are), (is/are), (is/are), (is/are), (is/are), (is/are), (is/are), (are/is), (is/are), (is/are), (be), (write), , 16, Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets:, Half of the apples........ripe., Half of the land........uncultivated., Barking dogs never........, A lot of food........still lying on the table., Fifty rupees........not a big sum for him., The Himalayas........a range of mountains., Neither she nor her son........arrived so far., It is I who........to bear the loss., I wish I........a writer., Your trousers........very tight., She........a letter to me last month., I wish I........a queen., , (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), , (is/are), (is /are), (bite/bites), (is/are), (is/are), (is/are), (has/have), (is/am), (was/were), (is/are), (write), (be)
Page 257 :
Syntax: Subject-Verb Agreement, , 247, , 17, Fill in the blanks with correct forms of the verbs given in the brackets:, (1) Suraj, rather than his friends........guilty., (2) Quarters of this type........three bed rooms., (3) Oil and water........not mix fully., (4) A bunch of keys........found by her., (5) His trousers........not clean., (6) A flock of sheep........grazing in the field., (7) Everyone of the students........present in function., (8) I wish I........a beautiful girl., (9) A set of combs........been lost., (10) I........cricket, when she came., (11) We........that she would visit the college soon., , (is/are), (has/have), (do/does), (was/were), (is/are), (is/are), (was/were), (was/were), (has/have), (play), (expect), , Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of the verb given in the brackets:, (1) I........Sita for a long time., (2) Who........the Taj Mahal?, (3) Did you........the poem ?, (4) Ram........here at 5 P.M. daily., (5) I........here for three years., (6) She will come here if you........him., (7) I........her letter two days ago., (8) Sita will assist you if you........her., (9) She........come till now., (10) He........here for the last five years., (11) Had she worked hard she........ ., (12) He said earth........round the sun., , (not see), (build), (learn), (come), (live), (invite), (receive), (ask), (not), (work), (pass), (move), , 18, , 19, Correct the following sentences:, , (1) Rahul as well as his sisters were present in the party., (2) Suresh and not his relatives were arrested., (3) The Principal and the Warden was against the proposal., (4) Either Ram or his friends was guilty., (5) Neither Ram nor his friend Shyam were present in the party., (6) The horse and carriage are at the gate., (7) His kindness and benevolence are well known to everyone., (8) His friend and benefactor were present there to protect him., (9) The jury was divided in their opinion in that case., (10) The wages of sin are death., (11) Three parts of the house were left for me to live., (12) Rahul together with his elder brother were present in the meeting., (13) Neither of these questions are right., (14) He qualified himself as an engineer., (15) She has enlisted herself in the nursing college.
Page 258 :
248, , English Grammar & Composition, , 20, Correct the following sentences:, , (1) Either he or I is to represent the school., (2) Neither you nor he are to go now., (3) The mob move towards the collectorate., (4) The second innings were spoiled due to fire., (5) Each hour and each minute are to be utilised by you., (6) Every young and every old were happy to receive a gift., (7) Not only the Tajmahal but also other monuments is worth seeing., (8) The house with all its furniture were auctioned at a very low bid., (9) The peacock like other birds have wings to fly. (10) There is another schools better than this., (11) The poors are never reliable., (12) All the milk were used in the preparation of sweets., (13) All the animals were given the proper diet., (14) She apprised the inspector all that have happened tonight., (15) Most of the person are reliable., , 21, Correct the following sentences:, About half of the girls was present in the hall., (2) Half of the sugar were spoiled due to heavy rains., The apparatus purchased by the Nagar Parishad were very old., The advice of his friend are indeed valuable., Men after men were coming to visit the art gallery., One month after another have passed., (7) His shoes is shining., Approximately ten sheeps were grazing in the college ground., A pair of shoes are purchased by her for her husband., There are many fishes in the aquarium., (11) Each of the sports women were given a certificate., I wish I will be the minister!, (13) She ordered as if she is my elder sister., God saves our queen!, (15) He needs not go to market., , (1), (3), (4), (5), (6), (8), (9), (10), (12), (14), , 22, Correct the following sentences:, (1) More than one girl were killed in the accident., (2) God blesses you with success!, (3) Financial help from all the quarters were received., (4) The quality of these items are appreciated by everyone., (5) The fragrance of these beautiful flowers are liked by all., (6) More workman than one are not traceable., (7) He said, “Plenty of milk are required for the party.”, (8) A lot of books and magazines was destroyed by the fire., (9) The number of students opted Hindi in RAS are generally large., (10) A number of English magazines is available in the college library., , 23, Correct the following sentences:, , (1) It is I who is responsible for the loss in the business., (2) The women who is standing there are my sisters., (3) He is one of those who does not know anything about the incident., (4) It is one of the problems that was taken care of by the civil administration., (5) Nothing but monkeys are seen., (6) No man and no woman were allowed to enter without payment.
Page 259 :
Syntax: Subject-Verb Agreement, (7), (8), (9), (10), , 249, , Much of the time were wasted by the students., More than one man were killed there., Economic cooperation between India and China are decreasing day by day., More students than one has participated in the annual function., , Spotting Errors (Verbs), 24, Rewrite the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part:, , (1) He ordered (a)/ as if he (b)/ was my master. (c), (2) God saves (a)/ the queen Victoria. (b), (3) If it was so (a)/ poetry (b)/ would cease to matter. (c), (4) The merit (a)/ of these books (b)/ are known to everyone. (c), (5) The condition of (a)/ people living in (b)/ rural area (c)/ are very bad. (d), (6) The smell (a)/of these rose (b)/ flowers are (c)/ very sweet. (d), (7) The condolence messages (a)/ received on the (b)/ death of Mrs. Gandhi (c)/ speaks highly of her, greatness. (d), , (8) Economic cooperation (a)/ between the two countries (b)/ have increased substantially. (c), (9) A band of musicians (a)/ have been engaged (b)/ for the inaugural function. (c), (10) The number (a)/ of persons interested (b)/in psychology are (c)/generally small. (d), , 25, Rewrite the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part:, (1) The manager’s comments (a)/on the preparation of the test matches (b)/ for this tour (c)/ has been, generally praised. (d), (2) The details (a)/of the incident (b)/was not known (c)/to me. (d), (3) The majority of (a)/writers never (b)/passes this stage. (c), (4) A large part of (a)/the distinctive features (b)/of the mind is due to its being (c)/ an instrument of, communication. (d), (5) A part of (a)/the mango (b)/are rotten. (c), (6) A part of (a)/the mangoes (b)/are rather. (c)/ No error (d), (7) The governing body at (a)/its first meeting (b)/ have decided (c)/to conduct the test again. (d), (8) The banker’s association (a)/has submitted a memorandum (b)/for the fulfilment of (c)/their demands. (d), (9) Five quintals of wooden coal (a)/are (b)/his annual requirement (c)/for the unit. (d), (10) Dickens have criticised (a)/the philosophy (b)/in‘Hard Times’. (c), , 26, Rewrite the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part:, (1) All his money (a)/is spent (b) /and all his (c)/hopes ruined. (d), (2) This rule may (a)/and ought to be (b)/disregarded for the time being. (c), (3) He is one of the (a)/richest man (b)/if not the richest man (c)/in the world. (d), (4) We can almost get (a)/everything in (b)/this market. (c), (5) Every (a)/Tom, Dick and Harry (b)/drink wine these days. (c), (6) He and I (a)/is partners in (b)/this firm. (c), (7) He is one of the (a)/great man (b)/that have ever lived. (c), (8) The magistrate and collector (a)/were (b)/present there (c)/on the spot. (d), (9) Horse and Carriage (a)/are (b)/waiting there (c)/for the couple. (d), (10) Rice and fish (a)/are (b)/my favourite dish. (c)
Page 260 :
250, , English Grammar & Composition, , 27, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Rewrite the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part:, (1) He is one of the (a)/tallest man (b)/if not the tallest man (c)/in the city. (d), (2) He made a blunder (a)/and worse than (b)/that a crime. (c), (3) The wheat (a)/on this farm (b)/is finer than (c)/last year. (d), (4) I scarcely have (a)/enough silk (b)/for my saree. (c), (5) Every day (a)/and every night (b)/bring its (c)/own pleasures for every one. (d), (6) He more than (a)/his parents (b)/are responsible (c)/for his bad habits. (d), (7) Bread and butter (a)/are (b)/a rich and nourishing food. (c), (8) Not only she (a)/but all her sisters (b)/has been married (c)/since long. (d), (9) There are (a)/nothing but (b)/miseries in her life. (c), (10) Either he (a)/or I is (b)/responsible for the loss. (c), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) (b), (2) (c), (3) (d), (4) (a), (5) (b), (6) (a), , I can help you keâer peien can I help you nesiee~ under no circumstances kesâ meeLe Inversion keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw, nor she does keâer peien nor does she DeeSiee~ Fme lejn kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW nor kesâ meeLe Inversion keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~, so John is keâer peien so is John efueKee peeSiee~ Fme lejn kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW so kesâ meeLe Inversion keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~, Never kesâ meeLe Inversion ueielee nw~ Dele: never had I been efueKee peeSiee~, On no account kesâ meeLe Inversion ueielee nw~ Dele: must this switch efueKee peeSiee~, Seldom had I seen efueKee peeSiee~ seldom/Hardly/ Rarely/Scarcely/Never kesâ JeekeäÙe Meg™ nesves hej Inversion, , ueielee nw~, (7), (8), (9), (10), , (e) JeekeäÙe mener nw~, (b) To such a degree kesâ yeeo Inversion ueielee nw~ Dele: he created keâer peien did he create DeeSiee~, (a) A Not only mes JeekeäÙe Meg™ nesves hej Inversion ueielee nw~ Not only did he watch equeKee peevee ÛeeefnS~, (a) No sooner mes JeekeäÙe Meg™ nesves hej Inversion ueielee nw~ Dele: No sooner did the plane land nesvee ÛeeefnS~, , Solution TYE 02, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), , He has been living in Kolkata for five years ., At the moment he is playing in the park., I wish I knew the girl’s name., She was taking a bath when the telephone rang., I have already told you that you should work hard., Ram always remembers that honesty is the best policy., Ramesh had left his house before I called on him., They always believe that love is stronger than hate., She told me that her mother had gone to the doctor half an hour before., I was washing my hands when he came., I have already told you what to do under these circumstances., It is high time you started working with full zeal.
Page 261 :
Syntax: Subject-Verb Agreement, , 251, , Solution TYE 03, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), , Ramesh passes the post-office on his way to office everyday., He was watching television when Ramesh came in., He told me that she had never met you., He has been reading since 2 O’clock., If you promise to work hard I shall allow you to go on leave., The doctor arrived just before Sita went away., The sun shines by day and the moon by night., She has been attending college since May last., You will receive your prize tomorrow., I had dinner last night at 9 O’clock., I had written a letter before I went to play., He was reading the newspaper when Ram came in., , Solution TYE 04, (a) A farmer was very fond of the two animals.When he came out for a stroll, these two creatures amused him. One, day as the farmer was walking in the garden, these pets ran away from him. He searched for them but of no, avail., (b) He was a black man. One winter morning he looked out of his window as he was dressing. He did not hate the, asleep that the flowers were resting., , Solution TYE 05, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , When they left this morning, the sun was shining., The Chairman cannot see anybody as he is dictating some letters., If it is possible we shall go to Chennai tomorrow., Ram has been suffering from fever since yesterday night., We have nothing to eat for three days., He said that he would go for a walk today in the evening., If I were you I would refuse to accept the bribe., We were surprised at the news of his defeat., He was caught while stealing the jewels., The children were pleased at the prospect of going for a picnic., She was ashamed of herself., Ravi Shankar was honoured by the Music Society., Do you like playing cricket?, Did the doctor come to see you yesterday?, Does it rain all the year round here?, , Solution TYE 06, (1), (3), (4), (6), (8), (10), (11), (13), (15), , She saw that the clock had stopped., (2) He replied that he was feeling better., Ramesh is working so hard that he is certain to succeed., He speaks as one who knows., (5) So long as the rain continued I stayed in office., If I go to market I shall bring a pen for you. (7) A child always enjoys magazines about ghosts., He went to Delhi last week., (9) They have been staying in Jaipur for three years., They have been waiting here for the last two hours., I wrote to her day before yesterday., (12) These students will play cricket next Sunday., It was raining when they went out., (14) Cow eats grass., We went to the pictures yesterday.
Page 262 :
English Grammar & Composition, , 252, Solution TYE 07, (1), (3), (5), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), , She wrote letters yesterday., (2) The construction of new hotel was stopped., I have studied English for three years now., (4) I have known her for a very long time., He went away last week., (6) We played tennis together last June., I enjoy watching a good social film., The little boy admitted that he had broken the glass., She forgot to lock the door when she went to market., As she was waiting there, someone bumped into her., He will unlock the door when he gets here., He would have done it if you had told him to so., He is used to sleeping on a hard bed so he does not mind., He managed to avoid being hit by the bat., , Solution TYE 08, (1), (2), (3), (4), , I was sleeping soundly and dreamt that a dog had entered the room. I sprang off the bed., The shot wounded the elephant. It rushed back into the forest., We are planning to go to a hill station. Last year we went to Shimla. We have decided to go somewhere else this time., Railways connect almost all the big cities and towns. In olden days people used to travel on horse-back or, bullock carts. Travelling has become easy now. We can imagine the difficulty the people faced in the past., , Solution TYE 09, (a) Yesterday I went to market to buy a pen. I ought to have purchased a good one but I chose a cheap one with the, result that it does not write smoothly now., (b) I woke up early in the morning. I went out for a walk. Suddenly the wind blew violently. Many trees were, brought down., (c) The next morning his landlord brought him two pieces of news with his breakfast. One was that someone had, planted a most beautiful climbing rose in the lane, the other was that Mr. Ramesh couldn’t be found anywhere, in the village. Everyone was worried about him., (d) A walk through a garden is good for health and mind.We went for stroll in the Company Garden last Sunday., The flowers presented a scene of colourfulness and we felt very happy., , Solution TYE 10, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), , His mother died three months ago., We were taught at school that water boils at 212º F., He knew that I had passed., I should be pleased if he does not come., When Sahni was on his way to the railway station it began to rain., Bakani has been collecting stamps since childhood., Now tests are being carried on to find out the reaction of the new medicines on animals., I go for a walk daily in the evening. Last evening I came back from office rather late. Even though it was 7 P.M., I still went for my walk as usual. On returning home I found that my little son injured his arm seriously. I, rushed to the nearby doctor for first aid, , Solution TYE 11, (a), (b), (c), (d), , Either the mother or the daughter has made this pudding., A sum of fifty thousand rupees was paid to him for this piece of land., A variety of subjects is taught in this school., The father and his daughter are coming to us today.
Page 263 :
253, , Syntax: Subject-Verb Agreement, Solution TYE 12, (a) is, is, breathes, looks, dance, (b) is, stands, made, has, stands , built, cost, , Solution TYE 13, (a) is, dreams, are, had, dreamed, had gone, (b) was, spent, got, had, was perspiring, took, consulted, checked., , Solution TYE 14, (1) is,, (7) was,, , (2) wait,, (8) makes,, , (3) have,, (9) is,, , (4) was,, (10) am,, , (5) was,, (11) rises,, , (6) have,, (12) met., , (2) is,, (8) are,, , (3) is,, (9) are,, , (4) is,, (10) is,, , (5) are,, (11) is,, , (6) is,, (12) is writing., , (2) is,, (8) am,, , (3) bite,, (9) were,, , (4) is,, (10) are,, , (5) is,, (11) wrote,, , (6) are,, (12) were., , (3) do,, (9) has,, , (4) is,, (5) are,, (10) was playing,, , Solution TYE 15, (1) is,, (7) is,, , Solution TYE 16, (1) are,, (7) has,, , Solution TYE 17, (1) is,, (2) have,, (7) was,, (8) were,, (11) had expected., , (6) is,, , Solution TYE 18, (1) have not seen,, (2) built,, (6) invite,, (7) received,, (11) would have been passed,, , (3) learn,, (8) ask,, (12) moves., , (4) comes,, (9) has not,, , Solution TYE 19, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , Rahul as well as his sisters was present in the party., Suresh and not his relatives was arrested., The Principal and the Warden were against the proposal., Either Ram or his friends were guilty., Neither Ram nor his friend Shyam was present in the party., The horse and carriage is at the gate., His kindness and benevolence is well known to everyone., His friend and benefactor was present there to protect him., The jury were divided in their opinion in that case., The wages of sin is death., Three parts of the house was left for me to live., Rahul together with his elder brother was present in the meeting., Neither of these questions is right., He qualified as an engineer., She has enlisted in the nursing college., , (5) have been living,, (10) has been working,
Page 264 :
English Grammar & Composition, , 254, Solution TYPE 20, (1), (3), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , Either he or I am to represent the school., (2) Neither you nor he is to go now., The mob moves towards the collectorate., (4) The second innings was spoiled due to fire., Each hour and each minute is to be utilised by you., Every young and every old was happy to receive a gift., Not only the Tajmahal but also other monuments are worth seeing., The house with all its furniture was auctioned at a very low bid., The peacock like other birds has wings to fly., There is another school better than this., The poor are never reliable., All the milk was used in the preparation of sweets., All the animals were given the proper diet., She apprises the inspector all that has happened tonight., Most of the persons are reliable., , Solution TYE 21, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , About half of the girls were present in the hall., Half of the sugar was spoiled due to heavy rains., The apparatus purchased by the Nagar Parishad was very old., The advice of his friend is indeed valuable., Man after man was coming to visit the art gallery., One month after another has passed., His shoes are shining., Approximately ten sheep were grazing in the college ground., A pair of shoes is purchased by her for her husband., There are many fish in the aquarium., Each of the sportswoman given a certificate., I wish I were the minister., She ordered as if she were my elder sister., God save our queen!, He need not go to market., , Solution TYE 22, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , More than one girl was killed in the accident., God bless you with success!, Financial help from all the quarters was received., The quality of these items is appreciated by everyone., The fragrance of these beautiful flowers is liked by all., More workman than one is not traceable., He said, “Plenty of milk is required for the party.”, A lot of books and magazines were destroyed by the fire., The number of students opted Hindi in RAS is generally large., A number of English magazines are available in the college library., , Solution TYE 23, (1) It is I who am responsible for the loss in the business., (2) The women who are standing there are my sisters., (3) He is one of those who do not know anything about the incident.
Page 271 :
261, , Non-Finites, , (6) efvecve Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW except to / but to veneR ueielee nw~, (a) I can do nothing but protest., (b) He did nothing but cry., (c) They did nothing but weep., (d) The dog does nothing except bark., (7) Why + Bare infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie Fme lejn kesâ ØeMve hetÚves kesâ efueS efkeâÙee peelee nw~ efpevemes Ùen peeefnj neslee nw efkeâ Fme lejn, keâe cetKe&leehetCe& keâeÙe& keäÙeeW efkeâÙee ieÙee nw? pewmes :, (a) Why hire a taxi?, (When we have sufficient room to accommodate you.), (b) Why talk to him?, (When he has openly criticized you.), peyeefkeâ Why not + infinitive mes megPeeJe/meueen oer peeleer nw~, (a) Why not consult a doctor?, (b) Why not write to your father?, (c) Why not inform your parents?, , Specific Use of Infinitives Rules, (1) efvecve Verbs kesâ yeeo meerOes ner Infinitive (With to) keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw, agree, appear aim, arrange target, attempt ask, guarantee, bother, claim, happen, care, decide learn, choose, demand, pretend condescend, determine, promise, consent, resolve prove decline to be determined, seem, fail, swear hesitate threaten, hope, undertake, long, manage neglect, offer, plan, prepare be prepared, proceed, refuse, tend, trouble (negative)volunteer, vow, (a) He agreed to pay ` 250 only., (b) They are preparing to evacuate the colony., (c) He refused to surrender., (d) I volunteered to help with bread and money., (e) They can’t afford to live in this posh area., (f) I don’t bother to answer any question., (g) We failed to contact her in time., (2) efvecve Verbs keâe ØeÙeesie Verb+Object+Infinitive Ùee Verb+Infinitive efkeâmeer Yeer Øekeâej efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw : ask, beg,, expect, would hate, help, intend, like, would like, would love, mean, prefer, want, wish. pewmes :, (a) He likes to drink well., (b) He likes his friends to drink well., (c) I want to go., (d) I want you to go., (e) I asked him to come here., (f) I asked him to speak to Mrs. James., (g) I begged to go (Please let me go)., (h) I begged him to go (Please go)., (i) I expect her to arrive tomorrow., (j) I expect to arrive tomorrow., Care, hate, like, love SJeb prefer, , kesâ yeeo, , Gerund, , keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~
Page 272 :
262, , English Grammar & Composition, , (3) kegâÚ Verbs keâe ØeÙeesie efvecve structure ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw :, advise, oblige, tell command, tempt, instruct, invite, warn, let* see*, help*, , Verb + Object + Infinitive :, forbid entitle allow, teach bribe, order, implore permit, compels induce persuade, remind urge, encourage, request train, enable, force, make* hear*, watch* feel*, notice* observe*, look at*, , (*) ueieer ngF& Verbs kesâ meeLe Infinitive ‘without to’ (Bare infinitive) keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ pewmes :, (a) He persuaded me to go with her., (b) I have trained these dogs to sniff out drugs., (c) He encouraged me to try again., (d) They forbade us to pluck the flowers., (e) These goggles will enable you to see in dim light., (f) We watched him clear the table., (g) They heard the thief crash through the door., (h) She made me do it., (i) We helped her finish the homework., Verbs, show, teach, tell kesâ, , meeLe Gkeäle Structure ceW, , Infinitive, , keâe ØeÙeesie keâjles meceÙe how keâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee DeeJeMÙekeâ, , nw~ pewmes :, (a) He showed me how to operate the machine., (b) He told me how to replace a fuse., (c) He taught me how to light a cigarette without a match box., peye keâYeer ‘Skill’ yengle common nes lees how keâe ØeÙeesie veneR Yeer efkeâÙee peelee nw~, (a) He taught me to ride., (b) He taught me to write my name., , (4) Verb + How/what/when/where/which/why + infinitive :, Gkeäle structure ceW meeceevÙeleÙee verbs; ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, (= understand, perceive), think,understand, want to know, wonder etc keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ Gmekesâ Deefleefjkeäle, Gkeäle structure ceW show+ object + wh-word + infinitive keâe Yeer ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ pewmes :, (a) He knows how to swim., (b) He discovered how to operate the machine., (c) I asked him, where to buy fruits at reasonable rate., (d) I remember when to switch off the machine., (e) Tell me what to do., (f) He wants to know how to write a good letter., (g) I learned how to write a good precis., (h) I showed him which button to press., (i) I remembered to get a ticket., (j) I decided to do it.
Page 273 :
263, , Non-Finites, , Verbs; ask, decide, forget, learn, remember, (a) She learnt to drive a car., (c) She asked to bring a copy., , kesâ yeeo meerOes ner Infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ pewmes :, (b) She decide to go to Jaipur., (d) I remembered to get a ticket., , (5) Whether + infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie verbs, want to know SJeb wonder kesâ meeLe efvecve Øekeâej efkeâÙee peelee nQ :, (a) I wonder whether to write or not., (b) I wanted to know whether to protest or keep silence., (6) Infinitive keâe the first, the second,............. the last, the only kesâ yeeo ØeÙeesie SJeb superlative degree of, adjectives kesâ meeLe ØeÙeesie efvecve Øekeâej neslee nw :, (a) Sita loves parties, she is always the first to arrive and the last to leave., (the first who comes and the last who leaves)., (b) He was the only one to survive the accident., (the only one who survived)., (c) It was the best play to be performed that year., (means the best play that was performed that year)., (7) Verbs; assume, believe, feel, suppose, consider, understand keâe ØeÙeesie efvecve structure ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw :, Verb +object + to be :, (a) I assume him to be the best athlete., (b) I consider him to be an honest person., (c) I thought her to be a dedicated teacher., (d) He is supposed to be washing the car., (8) efvecve nouns kesâ yeeo infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie meerOes ner efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Ùes nouns nQ :, ability, decision effort promise willingness, ambition, demand failure refusal wish, anxiety, determination, offer, request desire, attempt, eagerness, plan, scheme, (a) He made an attempt to walk without support ., (b) His ability to get the work done is his main assets., (c) Failure to find the fault may result in termination., (d) Their offer/plan/promise to rebuild the house was not taken seriously., (e) His unwillingness to do his work may result in his dismissal., (f) She made an effort to solve the problem., (9) Infinitive after ‘too’,, , (I) too + adjective + infinitive :, (a) He is too weak to walk. (He is so weak that he cannot walk)., (b) He is too young to get married . (He is so young that he cannot get married)., (c) The box was too heavy to be carried by me., (d) The grass was too wet to sit on., (e) The light is too dim to read by., Ghejeskeäle JeekeäÙeeW ceW too kesâ yeeo adjective ØeÙeesie nesves kesâ yeeo infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie ngDee nw~, (II) keâF& JeekeäÙeeW ceW too kesâ meeLe infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie efvecve structure ceW neslee nw :, too + adjective +a + noun + infinitive, (a) He is too shrewd a man to rely on anybody., (b) He is too experienced a driver to mind what anybody say.
Page 277 :
267, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Non-Finites, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Correct the following sentences :, (1) English is difficult to be learnt., (3) I watched her to cross the road., (5) He is better able to act than to sing., (7) Stop to write., (9) I have decided helping her., (11) I made him to polish my shoes., (13) I am looking forward to meet you soon., (15) A brave man does not fear dying., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), , Do you dare refuse me?, The act is easy to be performed., She can do nothing but to abuse him., I had sooner run than to walk., Better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven., She avoids to do her duties seriously., I got a mechanic repairing my car., The river is very deep to be crossed by the army., , Correct the following sentences :, (1) Please tell me to close it., (3) I can’t decide to get out of this trouble., (5) She appears recognising me., (7) There was no board to write., (9) She is eager to meeting me., (11) She failed winning the prize., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), , I know swim., I chanced meeting her in the art gallery., Could you tell me to explain the situation?, She hopes of passing with distinction., He went to Jaipur seeing the Jantar Mantar., I shall be glad meeting you., , 02, , 03, Correct the following sentences :, (1) I have no pen to write., (2) She has a house for furnishing., (3) I have no house to live., (4) He requested me going to Jaipur., (5) He did nothing but to talk and to laugh., (6) I will have you to remember me., (7) She was known having hidden the jewellery box., (8) I would study rather than to waste my time., (9) They bade me to go., (10) Let I sing a song., (11) I observed him to play., (12) We had him to know his mistakes., , 04, Correct the following sentences :, (1) He learned to operate the machine., (2) I asked him from where to buy shirts at reasonable rates., (3) I wonder whether go or not., (4) She pretended to look for some eatables., (5) Ramesh seems to follow us in his car., (6) He seemed to be a great musician., (7) His plan of rebuild the building was not approved by the municipality., (8) He made an effort to getting pass without copying., (9) She is too weak that she cannot walk., (10) She is enough matured to go alone., (11) She ran enough fast to catch the train., (12) He was so foolish as left his car unlocked., (13) Will you be so kind as sanction my leave?, (14) She is the only one secure 95% marks., (15) She likes to completely change the colour.
Page 278 :
268, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , English Grammar & Composition, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , English is difficult to learn., I watched her cross the road., He is better able to act than sing., Stop writing., I have decided to help her., I made him polish my shoes., I am looking forward meeting you soon., A brave man does not fear to die., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), , Do you dare to refuse me?, The act is easy to perform., She can do nothing but abuse him., I had sooner run than walk., Better reign in hell than serve in heaven., She avoids doing her duties seriously., I got a mechanic to repair my car., The river is very deep to cross by the army., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), , I know how to swim., I chanced to meet her in the art gallery., Could you tell me how to explain the situation?, She hopes to pass with distinction., He went to Jaipur to see the Jantar Mantar., I shall be glad to meet you., , Solution TYE 02, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), , Please tell me how to close it., I can’t decide how to get out of this trouble., She appears to recognise me., There was no board to write on., She is eager to meet me., She failed to win the prize., , Solution TYE 03, (1), (3), (5), (7), (8), (10), (12), , I have no pen to write with., (2), I have no house to live in., (4), He did nothing but talk and laugh., (6), She was known to have hidden the jewellery box., I would study rather than waste my time., (9), Let me sing a song., (11), We had him know his mistakes., , She has a house to furnish., He requested me to go to Jaipur., I will have you remember me., They bade me go., I observed him playing., , Solution TYE 04, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , He learned how to operate the machine., I asked him where to buy shirts at reasonable rates., I wonder whether to go or not., She pretended to be looking for some eatables., Ramesh seems to be following us in his car., He seemed to have been a great musician., His plan to rebuild the building was not approved by the municipality., He made an effort to get pass without copying., She is too weak to walk., She is matured enough to go alone., She ran fast enough to catch the train., He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked., Will you be so kind as to sanction my leave?, She is the only one to secure 95% marks., She likes to change the colour completely.
Page 286 :
English Grammar & Composition, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , 276, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Correct the following sentences :, (1) Being Sunday, I am thinking to go to a movie. (2) Remember the lessons teach by the teacher., (3) Where is the book wrote by Mr. Gupta?, (4) Ploughing his fields some old statues were found., (5) I want a wrote complaint., (6) There is no drink water in the office., (7) Having satisfied with his reply, I didn’t take any action., (8) Tired, I couldn’t work any more., (9) Left from hand to mouth, he yet maintains his standard of living., (10) Having referred to your application, I beg to write........, , 02, Correct the following sentences :, (1) In regard to my qualification, I beg to submit. (2), (3) Having injured he went to hospital., (4), (5) Walking in the forest a lion was seen., (6), (7) The ship has sunken., (8), (9) Having opened the drawer she took out a knife. (10), , Sleeping in the house, a thief entered their house., Turn to the left you can see the palace., Don’t get off a ran bus., Having been worked hard he got tired., We must provide good education to grow children., , 03, Fill in the blanks with correct form of non- finite verbs : (Infinitive/Gerund/ Participle) :, (1) His speech left me ........... ., (to think/thought/thinking), (2) Some boys like ............ the T.V., (to watch/watch), (3) Sita is good at ..............., (swim/swimming/to swim), (4) I had an aversion ............. meet., (to eat/ to eating), (5) It is wrong ............. a lie before the judge at least., (to tell/telling/have told), (6) He had rather ........... than beg., (to starve/starve/starved), (7) My greatest pleasure is ............. while alone., (singing/to sing/sung), (8) He wears a ................. look today., (worrying/worried/to worry), (9) You had better ............ nothing., (to say/saying/say/said), (10) ............ is a good exercise for the young., (to swim/swimming), , 04, Fill in the blanks with correct form of non- finite verbs (Infinitive/Gerund/Participle), (1) I watched her ........ and come often., (going/go /to go), (2) ............... is easier than reading., (to play/having played/playing), (3) I found his daughter ................... ., (to cry/crying/have cried), (4) She denied .............. any force to get him accept his fault., (used/to use/using), (5) I hate ................ and cheating., (to lie/lying), (6) He said, “He has given up ................”, (to smoke/smoking/have smoked)
Page 287 :
277, , Participle, (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , I remember ............. her in the park., She stopped ............... others., They want us ............. for the girls to arrive., ........ many times, he doesn’t want to try again now., ................ that she was early, she went to meet her friends., The book ............ on the chair is mine., Please excuse my .................. early today., She disliked my ........... on Sunday., ...................... out of the window, she saw a strange creature., , (seeing/to see), (to advise/advising/had advised), (waiting/to wait), (Failing/Failed/Having failed), (To know/Having know/Knowing), (lye/lying), (leave/left/leaving), (work/working)., (Looked/Looking/Having looked), , 05, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, (1) Being often ill (a)/ and frequently absent (b)/ she had no opportunity to complete his work (c)/ or do much, of it toto. (d), (2) Taking breakfast (a)/ he went to the office (b)/ and ordered the staff (c)/ to complete the work without any, further delay. (d), (3) Without taking proper care (a)/ the doctors would (b)/ not have been saved (c)/ the life of this patient. (d), (4) Going towards the gate (a)/ with a cup of tea (b)/ somebody switched off (c)/ the light. (d), (5) He does nothing (a)/ nothing but to find faults (b)/ with others (c)/ and laugh at them. (d), (6) The Chief Minister (a) should not let (b)/ the terrorist activities (c)/ to grow in our state. (d), (7) Many persons are coming (a)/ to his concert (b)/ to hear him to sing (c)/ the religious songs. (d), (8) Having had reached (a)/ the station, you (b)/ may make a telephone (c)/ to your boss. (d), (9) It is better to stay (a)/ at home than to go to market (b)/ when it is raining. (c), (10) When he entered the home (a)/ he found the child sleeping (b)/ and the fan moves slowly. (c), (11) He asked me to (a)/ completely forget her (b)/ but only I know it is not possible. (c), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, 1., , Solution TYE 01, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , It being Sunday, I am thinking to go to a movie., Remember the lessons taught by the teacher., Where is the book written by Mr. Gupta?, While ploughing his fields he found some old statues., I want a written complaint., There is no drinking water in the office., Having been satisfied with his reply, I didn’t take any action., Being tired, I couldn’t work any more., Living from hand to month, he yet maintains his standard of living., Referring to your application, I beg to write.…
Page 294 :
284, , English Grammar & Composition, , Exceptions, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , (a) When the noun preceding the gerund is modified by other words, use the common form of that, noun, not the possessive., Federico was pleased by Carlos’s making the Dean’s List for the first time. but, Federico was pleased by Carlos, his oldest son, making the Dean’s List for the first time., (b) When the noun preceding the gerund is plural, collective, or abstract, use the common form of, that noun, not the possessive., Professor Villa was amazed by her students working as hard as they did., The class working collaboratively was somebody else’s idea., It was a case of old age getting the better of them., (c) There are certain situations, in which the possessive and the gerund create an awkward, combination. This seems to be particularly true when indefinite pronouns are involved., I was shocked by somebody’s making that remark., This would be greatly improved by saying, instead. I was shocked that somebody would make, that remark., (d) This is also true when the ‘‘owner’’ of the gerund comes wrapped in a noun phrase:, I was thankful for the guy next door shoveling snow from my drive way., It has been adopted from Grammar Dimensions: Form Meaning, and Use. Jan Frodesen and, Janet Eyring., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Correct the following sentences :, (1) She is good at write., (3) I cannot forget you for you helping me., (5) He said, “Don’t give up to try again.”, (7) She is fond of being admire., (9) I am happy at your arrival at schedule time., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , He is afraid to lose the game., It is totally useless to cry over the past misdeeds., Would you mind to work with me?, I am sorry for me getting late., To drink being his habit, we didn’t go with him., , 02, Correct the following sentences :, (1) I enjoy to travel., (2) Check the air before to start the generator., (3) It is no good to work with him., (4) Some people prefer to spend money to earn it., (5) I am thinking to leave my job and going back to my native place., (6) She said to me, “Don’t forget to lock the door before go to bed.”, (7) I heard someone crying but I failed seeing anyone., (8) She has finished to wash the clothes., (9) I prefer to play football to reading my course books., (10) A novice can’t learnt to spelling without being help.
Page 295 :
285, , Gerund, , 03, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:, (1) Try .................. being late for office., (to avoid/avoiding), (2) We have nothing to do but ................... for her., (waiting/to wait/wait), (3) Does your wife object ................... on holidays?, (to work/to working/have worked), (4) Sita was charged and fined for ................ without lights. (driving/have driven/drove), (5) When he spoke, it was very difficult for me ............ (to understood/to understand/ understanding), (6) .................... an aim, the hunter shot the lion., (Took/ To Take/ Taking), (7) .............. his work, he went to market., (Completing/Having completed/After complete), (8) ................ inside a bus is prohibited., (To smoke/Smoking/Have smoking), (9) The students refused ............. the hostel., (leaving/to leave/lefting), (10) I had sooner ................. than walk., (ran/run/to run/running), (11) Tell me .............. this typical machine., (operation/how to operate/operating system), (12) Most of the students like ............... cricket., (to play/playing/have playing), (13) He is too young ................. this movie., (watching/watch/to watch), (14) He advised me, “You had better ............. now.”, (leaving/leave/left), (15) The office needs proper ..............., (cleanliness/cleaning/to clean), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 1, (1) She is good at writing., (3) I cannot forget you for your helping me., (5) He said, “Don’t give up trying again.”, (7) She is fond of being admired., (9) I am happy at your arriving at schedule time., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , He is afraid of losing the game., It is totally useless crying over the past misdeeds., Would you mind working with me?, I am sorry for my getting late., Drinking being his habit, we didn’t go with him., , Solution TYE 2, (1) I enjoy travelling., (2) Check the air before starting the generator., (3) It is no good working with him., (4) Some people prefer spending money to earning it., (5) I am thinking of leaving my job and going back to my native place., (6) She said to me, “Don’t forget to lock the door before going to bed.”, (7) I heard someone cry, but I failed to see anyone., (8) She has finished washing the clothes., (9) I prefer playing football to reading my course books., (10) A novice can’t learn to spell without being helped., , Solution TYE 3, (1) to avoid,, (5) to understand,, (9) to leave,, (13) to watch,, , (2), (6), (10), (14), , wait,, Taking,, run,, leave,, , (3), (7), (11), (15), , to working,, Having completed,, how to operate,, cleaning., , (4) driving,, (8) Smoking,, (12) playing,
Page 299 :
289, , Reported Speech (Direct-Indirect Narrations), , Tense of Reported Speech, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), , Direct Narration, Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Persent Perfect Continuous, Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, , Indirect Narration, Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, No change of tense, No change of tense, , Change in Future Sentences (Reported Speech), (1), (2), (3), (4), , Will / shall, Can, May, Could /should /would /might, , Would / should, Could, Might, No change, , Rule 7, peye Reporting verb, Past tense ceW nw lees Reported Speech ceW DeeÙes kegâÚ MeyoeW ceW heefjJele&ve neslee nw~ pewmes :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), , Direct Narration, This, These, Here, Hence, Hither, Now, Ago, Thus, Today, Tomorrow, Yesterday, Last week / month / year, The last fort night, The day before yesterday, , Indirect Narration, That, Those, There, Thence, Thither, Then, Before, So, That day, The next day / the following day, The previous day, The previous week / month / year, The previous fort night, The day before the previous day, , Look at the Following Solved Examples : TENSEWISE, Present Indefinite, (1) He said to me, “I never eat sweets.”, He told me that he never ate sweets., (2) He said to Hina, “I love you”., He told Hina that he loved her., , Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect, , Present Continuous, (1) Ram said to Shyam, “I am watching T.V”., Ram told Shyam that he was watching T.V., (2) They said to Rahim, “We are playing football.”, They told Rahim that they were playing football., , Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect
Page 300 :
290, , English Grammar & Composition, , Present Perfect, (1) Sita said, “I have already cooked”., Sita said that she had already cooked., (2) Ram said to Shyam, “ I have seen her today”., Ram told Shyam that he had seen her that day., , Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect, , Present Perfect Continuous, (1) Sonu said to me, “I have been reading for an hour”., Sonu told me that he had been reading for an hour., (2) Shyam said to Ram, “Sita has been playing since morning.”, Shyam told Ram that Sita had been playing since morning., , Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect, , Past Indefinite, (1) She said to Ram, “I went to Jaipur last week.”, She told Ram that she had gone to Jaipur the previous week., (2) Ramesh said to me, “I telephoned you yesterday.”, Ramesh told me that he had telephoned me the previous day., , Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect, , Past Continuous, (1) She said to me, “I was waiting for you.”, She told me that she had been waiting for me., (2) Shyam said to Sita , “You were playing tennis.”, Shyam told Sita that she had been playing tennis., , Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect, , Past Perfect, (1) He said to me, “I had completed my project”., He told me that he had completed his project., (2) She said to Meena, “Ram had already visited Agra”., She told Meena that Ram had already visited Agra., , Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect, , Past Perfect Continuous, (1) He said , “I had been playing chess for two hours.”, He said that he had been playing chess for two hours., (2) I said to you, “Ram had been waiting for you since 2 O’clock.”, I told you that Ram had been waiting for you since 2 O’clock., , Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect, , Future Indefinite, (1) Ram said to Meena, “I shall write a letter.”, Ram told Meena that he would write a letter., (2) Sita said to Kuku , “You will attend the party tomorrow.”, Sita told Kuku that she would attend the party the next day., , Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect, , Future Continuous, (1) Rahim said to Ram, “Sita will be waiting for you.”, Rahim told Ram that Sita would be waiting for him (Ram)., (2) I said to her, “I shall be writing an essay”., I told her that I should be writing an essay., , Direct, Indirect, Direct, Indirect
Page 313 :
S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Reported Speech (Direct-Indirect Narrations), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) He says, “Ram is a good player.”, (2) Rita says, “Kishore sang a song.”, (3) You will say, “Ganesh works hard.”, (4) Kali will say, “Mira will swim in the river.”, (5) He said, “Kalu reads well.”, (6) He said, “The birds are flying.”, (7) The servant said, “The guest has arrived.”, (8) The washerman said, “It has been raining since morning”., (9) The boys said, “The teacher did not come.”, (10) I said, “Ganesh was playing.”, (11) You said, “Kalu can lift the box.”, (12) The teacher said, “Mala may go.”, (13) I said, “I shall work hard.”, (14) He said, “The boys will write lessons.”, , 02, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) Sheela said, “The earth moves round the sun.”, (2) The saint said, “Man is mortal.”, (3) The teacher said, “India became free in 1947.”, (4) Mohan said, “Babar won the first battle of Panipat.”, (5) Mohan said, “Two and two make four.”, (6) Sheela said, “Truth always triumphs”., (7) He said, “Mohan could solve the sum.”, (8) She said, “It might happen.”, , 03, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) I said, “I am happy.”, (2) You said, “We are learning our lesson.”, (3) He said, “I am not to blame.”, (4) She said, “I do not care for him.”, (5) They said, “We trust in God.”, (6) I said to him, “You are always late.”, (7) You said to me, “You may go.”, (8) Sheela said to us, “You must work hard.”, (9) Ram said to me, “Sita does not like meat.”, (10) I said to him, “He must not tell lies.”, (11) He said to me, “Let us go for a walk.”, (12) You said to me, “Let us play now.”, (13) She said, “I am going now.”, (14) I said, “I know this man.”, (15) They said, “We are leaving tonight.”, (16) He said to me, “I shall see you tomorrow.”, (17) She said, “My uncle came yesterday.”, (18) I said, “I bought the book last week.”, (19) The mother said, “It will rain next month.”, (20) She said, “I went to Jaipur a week ago.”, , 303
Page 314 :
304, , English Grammar & Composition, , 04, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) He said to me, “You have made a mistake.”, (2) The students said, “We shall play a match tomorrow.”, (3) Harish said, “I am going now, mother.”, (4) The teacher said, “Honesty is the best policy.”, (5) He said to his parents, “I have done my best and can do no more.”, (6) The dying man said, “My sons, I am leaving you a treasure buried in my fields.”, (7) The Principal said, “Harish is very intelligent.”, (8) The Principal said, “Tomorrow will be a holiday.”, (9) The Prime Minister said, “National integrity will be preserved at all costs.”, (10) The Minister said, “The prices have started falling.”, (11) He said to me, “My father went to Mumbai last week.”, (12) I said to her, “I may come tomorrow.”, (13) The officer said to him, “You will be dismissed if you do not attend the office in time.”, (14) The doctor said to him, “You have fallen ill because you over-ate yesterday.”, , 05, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) He said to me, “Do you play hockey ?”, (2) I said to her, “Are you leaving tonight ?”, (3) He said to his friend, “Will you lend me fifty rupees?”, (4) He said to his son, “Have you seen the Tajmahal?”, (5) “Haven’t you got a television set ?” he asked me., (6) The servant said, “Shall I lay the table now?”, (7) “Shall I ever get married?” she said., (8) Ram said to me, “What are you doing?”, (9) She said to the stranger, “Who are you?”, (10) The teacher said to me, “Which is your pen?”, , 06, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) His father said to him, “Why did you misbehave?”, (2) I said to Sita, “Where are you going?”, (3) Ram’s mother said to him, “How have you failed in the examination?”, (4) The madam said to the boys, “Whose book is this?”, (5) She said to me, “How many boys are there in your school?”, (6) My father said to me, “Are you feeling well?”, (7) He said to her, “Can you lend me your umbrella?”, (8) I said to Harish, “Do you want to settle at Kanpur?”, (9) I said to the servant, “Where is my camera?”, (10) The teacher said to Ganesh, “Why are you not taking the examination?”
Page 315 :
305, , Reported Speech (Direct-Indirect Narrations), , 07, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) The teacher said, “Never make mischief again.”, (2) I said to Sita, “Can you keep it for me till tomorrow?”, (3) She told Ram. “Leave it with me ,but don’t come back.”, (4) The retailer said, “Where can you find such variety of clothes?”, (5) “My advice,” said our madam, “is that you should go home now.”, (6) The girl shouted, “What a funny man you are !”, (7) The old man said to his son, “What have you learnt at school?”, (8) The assistant said, “Sir, give me the list of the dealers.”, (9) Sohni said, “Rajesh, who has taken away my bike?”, (10) The child said to his mother,“Are you going to office today?’’, , 08, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) “Good morning, sir”, said Shyam to his teacher., (2) “Thank you child, for showing me the way to the hospital,” said the old lady., (3) “Wish you a happy journey,” said my wife., (4) “Hello, Ramesh, how are you doing these days?” said Ashok., (5) “Alas!,” she said, “We have lost badly in the match.”, (6) “May you live long, my son !” said my mother., (7) “This book is full of errors,” shouted Mr. Janardhan., (8) The thief said to the judge, “Please pardon me, sir.”, (9) The priest said to her, “May God help you!”, (10) The stranger said, “Good Heavens! What do I see before me !”, , 09, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) He said, “ Two and two make four.”, (2), (3) Maneesh said, “I may go to Delhi tomorrow.”, (4), (5) Sita said to me, “Is it still raining”., (6), (7) She said to me, “Is Raju your friend?”, (8), (9) She said, “Do they play chess?”, (10), , She said, “ I saw a tiger here.”, He asked me, “ Where has he gone?”, He said to me, “When will she come?”, She said to me, “Have you a car?”, Rahim said, “Who are they?”, , 10, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) Kanika said to Suresh, “Is the tea ready?”, (2) She said to me, “ Is it my book?”, (3) Tarmesh said to me, “Will you keep shut?.”, (4) Chinkoo said to him, “Get out?”, (5) The teacher said, “Hurry up, students .”, (6) He said to the President, “Please give me one chance.”, (7) She said to him, “Please cooperate me.”, (8) The teacher said to the girls, “Keep away from the wall!”, (9) She said, “What a pitiful scene?”, (10) He said, “Hurrah! I am the first.”
Page 316 :
306, , English Grammar & Composition, , 11, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) The queen said, “O, I were young again !”, (2) The Principal said, “Well done! my boys.”, (3) He said, “God save the King.”, (4) The mother said, “Long live my son!”, (5) She said to me, “Do have some drinks.”, (6) Rahul said to him, “Will you go to Jaipur?”, (7) The boy said, “Sir, may I come in?”, (8) Hari said to Rahim, “You must obey your parents.”, (9) He said, “I must go to Jaipur next week.”, (10) She said, “You need not talk to me.”, , 12, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) He said to me, “Let us go to hospital.”, (2), (3) Ramesh said, “Sarla will not dance.”, (4), (5) He said to me, “Do you know who is there?”, (6), (7) He said, “Hello, what are you doing? ”, (8), (9) She said, “Farewell my dear friends .”, (10), , She said, “Let them play.”, The professor said, “Alas! I am undone.”, He said, “Thanks for reminding me.”, She said, “Congratulations.”, He said to her, “Good morning !”, , 13, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) He says, “Mohan will write a letter.”, (2) He says to me, “I will go to Mumbai tomorrow.”, (3) He said to me, “I am reading a book.”, (4) Ram said to me, “I can teach you.”, (5) He said, “Mohan has been living here since 2000.”, (6) He said, “The sun rises in the east.”, (7), (8) I said to her, “I wrote a letter”., (9), (10) Ram says to me, “You are smart.”, (11), (12) I said to him, “Who teaches you English?”, (13), (14) Mohan said to me, “ Do not tell a lie.”, (15), , He said, “The moon revolves round the earth”., I said to her, “Have you learnt your lesson?”, He said to me, “Are you going to Jaipur?”, I said to Harsh, “Please help me.”, She said, “Good bye, Ramesh.”, , 14, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) My mother said to me, “May you live long!”, (2), (3) He said, “If I were the King!”, (4), (5) She said, “Keep this room open.”, (6), (7) Ram said, “You need not talk to me.”, (8), (9) He said, “I must go to Jaipur next month.”, (10), (11) She said to me, “Is it still drizzling?”, (12), (13) He said to me, “What is your father’s name?”, (14), (15) She said, “How old are you?”, , I said to Ram, “Let me go there.”, He said, “How intelligent Ravi is!”, The captain said, “Well done! my boys.”, He said, “What a beautiful picture?”, The teacher said, “Hurry up.”, She said, “I saw a lion here.”, Ram said to the servant, “Clean up the house.”
Page 317 :
Reported Speech (Direct-Indirect Narrations), , 307, , 15, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) He says, “I am ill.”, (2), (3) I said to him, “I went there on Tuesday.”, (4), (5) The boy said, “I saw him while I was running.” (6), (7) I said to him, “Your brother has passed.”, (8), (9) He said to me, ‘Work hard if you want to pass.” (10), (11) He said, “What a pitiful scene?”, (12), (13) The big man said, “Quite right.”, (14), (15) Ram asked Mohan, “What is the time?”, (16), (17) “Wish you a happy journey”, said Harsh., (18), (19) Sarla said, “Alas! I have failed.”, (20), , Mohan said to me, “I am doing my work.”, The teacher said to us, “The earth is round.”, She said, “You need not wail.”, I said to him, “Where do you live?”, He said to me, “Do not go there?”, She said, “Where is the hospital.”, “We’ll wait for you if you’re late”, they said., The saint said to her, “May God help you!”, The boy said, “ Hurrah! we have won the match.”, My mother said to me, “Don’t jump on my bed.”, , 16, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) Sumit said, “Father, I want to go abroad after I finish my studies here.”, [RAS], (2) I said to Sumit,“Why do you want to go abroad? Where actually do you want to go?”, (3) “Don’t go home yet,” I told my colleague, “ Remember you promised to finish your work before, leaving.”, [RAS], (4) “Please listen to me,” he answered, ‘‘I must go now because my son is very ill.”, [RAS], (5) “What a relief to know that the girl has passed !” I exclaimed, “now she can get a job.”, (6) The station master said to me, “You are very late; it is one full hour since the train left.”, [Inspectors of Income-tax], , (7) Nitin said to me, “Why don’t you come with us? Why do you want to be so unsocial”, (8) The gang leader shouted, “Keep together and run, the police are after us.”, (9) I said to my companions, “Let them not come with us if they don’t want to, let’s not wait for them any, longer”., [RAS], (10) “What a pleasant surprise !” I exclaimed on seeing John in the room, “I never expected to find you here.”, (11) I said to Harish, “The man who came to meet you asked if we could see his boss tomorrow.”, (12) He said to his Secretary, “Why don’t you carry out orders exactly ? Remember if you don’t, you will be, punished.”, (13) I said to the boy, “You have no ticket, get out before you are driven out.”, (14) The lecturer paused and said, “Those who are tired of listening to me can go. I shall not mind it.”, (15) They said, “How very awkward ! What shall we say to him?, [RAS], , 17, Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration :, (1) Madhur said to his sister, “Before I go to Delhi, I shall meet Sushila.”, [Assistants Grade], (2) Govind said to Mohit, “Do not come here again or you will get a beating.”, (3) John said to James, “Have you come here just to see me or are there some other reasons?”, (4) Abdul said, “What a lovely morning for tennis!”, [Assistants Grade], (5) The teacher said to the boy, “Since it is so warm let us go swimming.”, [Assistants Grade], (6) They said, “Mother, we are not hungry; we shall eat later.”, [Assistants Grade], (7) He said angrily to his brother, “Why don’t you do as you are told”, (8) I said to the visitor, “Don’t sit on that chair, it is broken.”, (9) My little brother said, “I wish it rains hard, so I don’t have to go to school.”
Page 318 :
308, , English Grammar & Composition, , (10) “How steep the path is !” they said, “we are quite tired.”, [Income-tax Inspectors], (11) “Neither a borrower, nor a lender be,” said the father to son., [Income-tax Inspectors], (12) “And remember always that true education means the training of the mind,” said the V.C. addressing, students., [Income-tax Inspectors], (13) The teacher said to his students, “Even in your life and conversation prove worthy of your glorious Alma, Mater.”, [Income-tax Inspectors], (14) The son said to his father reverently, “Do you expect me to have even done this sort of a mean thing.”, [Income-tax Inspectors], , (15) “Don’t hang upon me, young man, I do not like flatterers”, said the officer to his secretary., , 18, Choose the best alternative to complete the sentences given below :, (1) Please tell me :, (a) where is the bus stop, (b) where the bus stop be, (c) where stops the bus, (d) where the bus stop is, (2) I told him :, (a) what the homework was, , (c) what was to be the homework, , (b) what was the homework, , (d) what is the homework, , (3) I think :, , (a) will be the plane on time, (c) the plane to be on time, , (b) the plane will be on time, (d) it will be on time the plane, , (4) I didn’t know :, , (a) what he mean, (c) what did he meant, , (b) what did he mean, (d) what he meant, , (5) He said :, , (a) that the weather colder than usual, (c) the weather was colder than usual, , (b) the weather be colder than usual, (d) the weather it is colder than usual, , (6) I think :, , (a) today it is Wednesday, (c) today is Wednesday, , (b) that is today Wednesday, (d) today be Wednesday, , (7) He said :, , (a) that yesterday he gone downtown, (c) he go downtown yesterday, , (b) he goes downtown yesterday, (d) he went downtown yesterday, , (8) I believe :, , (a) him he is right, (c) he be right, , (b) he is right, (d) that he right, , (9) She said :, , (a) that she was hungry, (c) she be hungry, , (b) she hungry, (d) her was hungry, , (10) He told us :, , (a) that he enjoy the movie, (c) he be enjoying the movie, , (b) he enjoyed the movie, (d) that enjoyed the movie
Page 319 :
309, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Reported Speech (Direct-Indirect Narrations), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) He says that Ram is a good player., (2) Rita says that Kishore sang a song., (3) You will say that Ganesh works hard., (4) Kali will say that Mira will swim in the river., (5) He said that Kalu read well., (6) He said that the birds were flying., (7) The servant said that the guest had arrived., (8) The washerman said that it had been raining since morning., (9) The boys said that the teacher had not come., (10) I said that Ganesh had been playing., (11) You said that Kalu could lift the box., (12) The teacher said that Mala might go., (13) I said that I should work hard., (14) He said that the boys would write lessons., , Solution TYE 02, (1) Sheela said that the earth moves round the sun., (3) The teacher said that India became free in 1947., (5) Mohan said that two and two make four., (7) He said that Mohan could solve the sum., , (2), (4), (6), (8), , The saint said that man is mortal., Mohan said that Babar won the first battle of Panipat., Sheela said that truth always triumphs., She said that it might happen., , Solution TYE 03, (1) I said that I was happy., (2) You said that you were learning your lesson., (3) He said that he was not to blame., (4) She said that she did not care for him., (5) They said that they trusted in God., (6) I told him that he was always late., (7) You told me that I might go., (8) Sheela told us that we must work hard., (9) Ram told me that Sita did not like meat., (10) I told him that he must not tell lies., (11) He proposed to me that we should go for a walk., (12) You proposed to me that we should play now., (13) She said that she was going then., (14) I said that I knew that man., (15) They said that they were leaving that night., (16) He told me that he would see me the next day., (17) She said that her uncle had come the previous day ., (18) I said that I had bought the book the previous week., (19) The mother said that it would rain the following month., (20) She said that she had gone to Jaipur a week before.
Page 320 :
310, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 04, (1) He told me that I had made a mistake., (2) The students said that they would play a match the next day., (3) Harish told his mother that he was going then., (4) The teacher said that honesty is the best policy., (5) He told his parents that he had done his best and could do no more., (6) The dying man told his sons that he was leaving them a treasure buried in his fields., (7) The Principal remarked that Harish was very intelligent., (8) The Principal announced that the next day would be a holiday., (9) The Prime Minister declared that national integrity would be preserved at all costs., (10) The Minister informed that the prices had started falling., (11) He told me that his father had gone to Mumbai the previous week., (12) I told her that I might come the next day., (13) The officer warned him that he would be dismissed if he did not attend the office in time., (14) The doctor apprised him that he had fallen ill because he had over-eaten the previous day., , Solution TYE 05, (1) He asked me if I played hockey., (2) I asked her if she was leaving that night., (3) He asked his friend if he would lend him fifty rupees. (4) He asked his son if he had seen the Tajmahal., (5) He asked me if I hadn’t got a television set., (6) The servant wanted to know if he should lay the table then., (7) She wondered if she would ever get married., (8) Ram asked me what I was doing., (9) She asked the stranger who he was., (10) The teacher asked me which my pen was., , Solution TYE 06, (1) His father asked him why he had misbehaved., (2) I asked Sita where she was going., (3) Ram’s mother asked him how he had fared in the examination., (4) The madam asked the boys whose book that was., (5) She asked me how many boys there were in my school., (6) My father asked me whether I was feeling well., (7) He enquired of her if she could lend him her umbrella., (8) I enquire of Harish whether he wanted to settle at Kanpur., (9) I asked the servant where my camera was., (10) The teacher asked Ganesh why he was not taking the examination., , Solution TYE 07, (1) The teacher warned me never to make mischief again., (2) I asked Sita if she could keep it for me till the next day., (3) She asked Ram to leave it with her, but not to come back., (4) The retailer asked me where I could find such variety of clothes., (5) Our madam advised us to go home then., (6) The girl exclaimed that I was a very funny man., (7) The old man asked his son what he (the son) had learnt at school., (8) The assistant requested him to give the list of the dealers., (9) Sohni asked Rajesh who had taken away her (Sohni’s) bike., (10) The child asked his mother whether she was going to office that day.
Page 321 :
Reported Speech (Direct-Indirect Narrations), Solution TYE 08, (1) Shyam respectfully wished his teacher good morning., (2) The old lady thanked the child for showing her the way to the hospital., (3) My wife wished me a happy journey., (4) Ashok greeted Ramesh and asked how he was doing those days., (5) She exclaimed with sorrow that they had lost badly in the match., (6) My mother wished me that I might live long., (7) Mr. Janardhan shouted that, that book was full of errors., (8) The thief respectfully requested the judge to pardon him., (9) The priest blessed her that God might help her., (10) The stranger exclaimed with surprise what he saw before him., , Solution TYE 09, (1) He said that two and two make four., (2) She said that she had seen a tiger there., (3) Maneesh said that he might go to Delhi the next day., (4) He asked me where he had gone., (5) Sita asked me if it was raining till then., (6) He asked me when she would come., (7) She asked me if Raju was my friend., (8) She asked me if I had a car., (9) She asked me if they played chess., (10) Rahim asked who they were., , Solution TYE 10, (1) Kanika asked Suresh if the tea was ready., (2) She asked me whether it was her book., (3) Tarmesh asked me if I would keep shut., (4) Chinkoo ordered him to get out., (5) The teacher asked the students to hurry up., (6) He requested the President to give him one chance., (7) She requested him to cooperate her., (8) The teacher instructed the girls to keep away from the wall., (9) She exclaimed that it was a pitiful scene., (10) He exclaimed with joy that he was the first., , Solution TYE 11, (1) The queen eagerly wished that she were young again., (2) The Principal exclaimed with applause that the boys had done well., (3) He prayed that God might save the king., (4) The mother wished that his son should live long., (5) She requested me to have some drinks., (6) Rahul asked him if he would go to Jaipur ., (7) The boy respectfully asked whether he could come in., (8) Hari told Rahim that he must obey his parents., (9) He said that he had to go to Jaipur the following week., (10) She said that I need not talk to her., , 311
Page 322 :
312, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 12, (1) He suggested to me that we should go to the hospital., (2) She advised that they should be allowed to play., (3) Ramesh said that Sarla would not dance., (4) The professor exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone., (5) He asked me if I knew who was there., (6) He thanked me for reminding him., (7) He greeted and asked me what I was doing., (8) She congratulated me., (9) She bade farewell to his friends., (10) He wished her good morning., , Solution TYE 13, (1) He says that Mohan will write a letter., (2) He tells me that he will go to Mumbai tomorrow., (3) He told me that he was reading a book., (4) Ram told me that he could teach me., (5) He said that Mohan had been living there since 2000., (6) He said that the sun rises in the east., (7) He said that the moon revolves round the earth., (8) I told her that I had written a letter., (9) I asked her whether she had learnt her lesson., (10) Ram tells me that I am smart., (11) He asked me if I was going to Jaipur., (12) I asked him who taught him English., (13) I requested Harsh to help me., (14) Mohan advised me not to tell a lie., (15) She bade Ramesh good bye., , Solution TYE 14, (1) My mother prayed that I might live long., (2) I requested Ram to let me go there., (3) He wished that he would be the king., (4) He exclaimed that Ravi was very intelligent., (5) She ordered to keep that room open., (6) The captain shouted with applause that his boys had done well., (7) Ram said that I need not talk to him., (8) He exclaimed that it was a beautiful picture., (9) He said that he would have to go to Jaipur the following month., (10) The teacher asked to hurry up., (11) She asked me if it was drizzling till then., (12) She said that she had seen a lion there., (13) He asked me what my father’s name is., (14) Ram ordered the servant to clean up the house., (15) She asked me how old I was.
Page 323 :
Reported Speech (Direct-Indirect Narrations), , 313, , Solution TYE 15, (1) He says that he is ill., (2) Mohan told me that he was doing his work., (3) I told him that I had gone there on Tuesday., (4) The teacher told us that the earth is round., (5) The boy said that he had seen him while he (the boy) was running., (6) She said that I need not wait., (7) I told him that his brother had passed., (8) I asked him where he lived., (9) He advised me to work hard if I wanted to pass., (10) He forbade me to go there., (11) He exclaimed that it was a pitiful scene., (12) She asked where the hospital was., (13) The big man said that it was quite right., (14) They told me that they would wait for me if I was late., (15) Ram asked Mohan what the time was., (16) The saint wished that God might help her., (17) Harsh wished me a happy journey., (18) The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the match., (19) Sarla exclaimed with sorrow that she had failed., (20) My mother asked me not to jump on her bed., , Solution TYE 16, (1) Sumit told his father that he wanted to go abroad after he finished his studies here., (2) I asked Sumit why he wanted to go abroad and where he actually wanted to go., (3) I requested my colleague not to go home yet and to remember that he promised to finish his work, before leaving., (4) He answered politely to listen to him and that he must go then because his son was very ill., (5) I exclaimed with joy that it was a great relief to know that the girl had passed and then she would get, a job., (6) The station master told me that I was very late and it was one full hour since the train had left., (7) Nitin asked me why I did not come with them. He further asked why I wanted to be so unsocial., (8) The gang leader shouted to his followers to keep together and run because the police were after, them., (9) I told the companions that they need not come with them if they didn’t want to. I suggested that they, (the companions) should not wait for them any longer., (10) I exclaimed on seeing John in the room that it was a very pleasanst surprise, and I had never accepted, to find him there., (11) I told Harish that the man who had come to meet him, had asked if we would see his boss the, following day., (12) He asked his secretary why he did not carry out orders exactly, he warned him that if he did not, (carry out orders) he would be punished., (13) I ordered the boy to get out (as he had no ticket) before he was driven out., (14) The lecturer paused and said that those who were tired of listening to him could go and that he would, not mind that., (15) They cried out with contempt what they would tell him (by way of explanation), exclaimed that it, was very awkward.
Page 324 :
314, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 17, (1) Madhur told his sister that before going to Delhi, he would meet Sushila., (2) Govind told Mohit not to come there again or he would get a beating., (3) John asked James if he had come there just to see him or there were some other reasons., (4) Abdul exclaimed that was a lovely morning for tennis., (5) The teacher suggested the boys that they should go swimming since it was so warm., (6) They told their mother that they were not hungry, they would eat later., (7) He angrily asked his brother why he did not do as he was told., (8) I cautioned the visitor against sitting on that chair, (as) it was broken., , (9) My little brother earnestly wished that it (should) rain so hard that he would not have to go to school., (10) They exclaimed that the path was very steep and they were quite tired., (11) The father advised his son neither to be a borrower, nor to be a lender., , (12) Addressing the new graduates the Vice-Chancellor exhorted them to remember always that true, education means the training of the mind., (13) The teacher exhorted his students, ever in their life and conversation, to prove worthy of their, glorious Alma Mater., (14) The son asked his father respectfully if he expected him to have even done that sort of a mean thing., (15) Addressing the Secretary as young man, the officer advised him not to hang upon him as he (the, officer) didn’t like flatterers., , Solution TYE 18, (1) (d),, (5) (c),, (9) (a),, , (2) (a),, (6) (c),, (10) (b)., , (3) (b),, (7) (d),, , (4) (d),, (8) (b),
Page 333 :
323, , Active Voice Passive Voice, (A) Sentences with ‘Order/Command’:, , (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), , Active, Shut the window., Bring a glass of water., Finish this work., Switch off the light., Inform the police., Search the brief case., Turn him out., , Passive, Let the window be shut., Let a glass of water be brought., Let this work be finished., Let the light be switched off., Let the police be informed., Let the brief case be searched., Let him be turned out., , Order / Command Jeeues Imperative JeekeäÙeeW ceW meeOeejCeleÙee passive sentences keâe structure efvecve Øekeâej keâe neslee nw :, Let + Subject + be + V-III, Active, Passive, å, , kegâÚ JeekeäÙeeW ceW, , ‘You are ordered’, , mes Yeer JeekeäÙeeW keâes Meg¤ efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes :, , (1) Get out of this office., You are ordered to get out of this office., , Active, Passive, , (2) Bring some glassees of water for them., You are ordered to bring some glasses of water for them., , Active, Passive, , Fme Øekeâej mes, , Passive, , keâe, , structure, , efvecve neslee nw:, , You are ordered to +V-I+ object, , (B) Sentences containing Request:, , (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), , Active, Please open the door., Please help that old lady., Take this seat, please., Please give me a book., Do it for me please., Please don’t disturb me., , Passive, You are requested to open the door., You are requested to help that old lady., You are requested to take this seat., You are requested to give me a book., You are requested to do it for me., You are requested not to disturb me., , Fme Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW ceW Passive keâe structure efvecve Øekeâej keâe neslee nw:, You are requested to + V-I + object., (C) Sentences with Suggestion: Suggestion, , Jeeues Imperative sentences keâes passive ceW yeoueles meceÙe should, , be keâe ØeÙeesie efvecve Øekeâej neslee nw :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), , Active, Help the disabled., Listen to me., Help the needy and poor., Always speak the truth., Love the kids., Hear him now., Help your dear and near., Love your country ., , Passive, The disabled should be helped., I should be listened to., The needy and poor should be helped., The truth should always be spoken., The kids should be loved., He should be heard now., Your dear and near should be helped., Your country should be loved., , Fme lejn kesâ JeekeäÙeebs keâe passive ceW structure efvecve Øekeâej neslee nw :, Subject + should be + V-III
Page 334 :
324, , English Grammar & Composition, , (D) Sentences with Advice: efpeve, , JeekeäÙeeW ceW meueen keâe YeeJe neslee nw Gvekeâes Passive ceW yeoueles meceÙe You are advised, , to keâe ØeÙeesie efvecve Øekeâej neslee nw :, Active, (1) Work hard., (2) Get up early ., (3) Do not smoke., (4) Be careful., (5) Think before you speak., , Passive, You are advised to work hard., You are advised to get up early., You are advised not to smoke., You are advised to be careful., You are advised to think before you speak., , Passive of Infinitive, Active Voice ceW Infinitive Jeeues JeekeäÙeeW keâe meeceevÙeleÙee Structure efvecve Øekeâej neslee nw :, Subject + is / am / are / was / were/ have / has / had + to + V-I + object, , Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW keâe Passive structure efvecve Øekeâej nesiee :, Subject + is / am / are / was / were / have / has / had + to be + V-III + by + Agent., Look at the following solved examples:, Active, Passive, (1) I am to finish this work., This work is to be finished by me., (2) You are to write an essay., An essay is to be written by you., (3) They are to buy a TV., A TV is to be bought by them., (4) He was to sell this freeze., This freeze was to be sold by him., (5) We were to buy a car., A car was to be bought by us., (6) I am to assist him., He is to be assisted by me., (7) She has to help him., He has to be helped by her., (8) You were to bring him here., He was to be brought here by you., (9) The students have to write notes., Notes have to be written by the students., (10) Harish had to complete this work., This work had to be completed by Harish., (11) Ramesh has to repair this car., This car has to be repaired by Ramesh., (12) I have to purchase a pen., A pen has to be purchased by me., (13) You have to choose a house., A house has to be chosen by you., , Miscellaneous Structures, mes Meg¤ nesves Jeeues JeekeäÙe :, Fme lejn kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâe passive structure nesiee, , (A) It is time to + V-I + noun, , It is time + for + noun + to be + Verb-I Form, Active, Passive, (1) It is time to close the office., It is time for the office to be closed., (2) It is time to supply food., It is time for food to be supplied., (3) It is time to stop writing., It time for the writing to be stopped., (4) It is time to give the final warning., It is time for the final warning to be given., (B) There mes, , Meg¤ nesves Jeeues JeekeäÙe :, There + be form of verb + noun + infinitive, Fme lejn kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâe Passive structure efvecve neslee nw :, There + be form of verb + noun + to be + V-III., , Active structure, Passive structure
Page 336 :
326, , English Grammar & Composition, , (F) Causative Verbs: peye, , Skeâ JeekeäÙe ceW Causative verb keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw lees Fme lejn kesâ JeekeäÙe ceW subject kesâ, yeeo Causative verb Deelee nw~ pewmes:, (1), (2), (3), (4), , Active, I made him polish my shoes., He made me sing a song., I saw her go., I let him go., , Let, , kesâ meeLe, , Passive, , ceW Yeer, , to, , Passive, He was made to polish my shoes., I was made to sing a song., She was seen to go., He was let go., , keâe ØeÙeesie veneR neslee nw~, , (5), (6), (7), (8), , They made him king., He was made king., We elected him monitor., He was elected monitor by us., I found her crossing the road., She was found crossing the road., We saw her sing a song., She was seen to sing a song., (G) kegâÚ JeekeäÙe ceW They believed, People think, People say, We know, Everyone knows pewmes MeyoeW mes, JeekeäÙe Meg¤ keâjkesâ that he is ..... mes JeekeäÙe hetCe& neslee nw~ Fme Øekeâej kesâ JeekeäÙeeW keâe Passive efvecve Øekeâej mes yeve, , mekeâlee nw:, (1) It was/is believed that.............. ., (2) He is known / said / believed to be......... ., Look at the following examples:, Active, Passive, (1) They believed that Mr. Shukla was very rich. It was believed that Mr. Shukla was very rich., Mr. Shukla was believed to be very rich., (2) We know that some children go wise early. It is known that some children go wise early., Some children are known to go wise early., (3) People consider that she is intelligent., She is considered to be intelligent., It is considered that she is intelligent., (4) People say that he is a thief., It is said that he is a thief., He is said to be a thief., (5) Everyone knows that he is a gangster., It is known that he is a gangster., He is known to be a gangster., (H) Double Passive:, (1) They looted the shop and took away the money., Active, The shop was looted and the money was taken away., Passive, (2) She wrote the book and got published., Active, The book was written and got published by her., Passive, (3) The police arrested the thieves and sent them to jail., Active, The thieves were arrested and sent to jail., Passive, (I) Verbs with two objects: peye, , JeekeäÙe ceW oes object nesles nQ nce efpeme object keâes ØecegKelee osvee Ûeenles nQ Gmes subject, yeveeÙee peelee nw~ meeceevÙeleÙee JÙeefkeäleÙeeW (Indirect object) keâes ØecegKelee oer peeleer nw~, , Look at the following examples :, Active, (1) He gave me a purse., (2) Rahim teaches us English., , Passive, I was given a purse by him., A purse was given to me by him., English is taught us by Rahim., We are taught English by Rahim.
Page 337 :
327, , Active Voice Passive Voice, (3) The Principal asked him a question., (4) Rani gave him a letter., , A question was asked him by the Principal., He was asked a question by the Principal., A letter was given to him by Rani., He was given a letter by Rani., , Miscellaneous Sentences, (1) He likes people to call him, ‘Don’., He likes to be called ‘Don’., (2) Someone will serve lunch., Lunch will be served., (3) None must leave bicycles and scooters unlocked., Bicycles and scooters must not be left unlocked., (4) Students may keep the library books for two weeks only. After that they, must return them, otherwise they have to pay fine., The library books may be kept for two weeks only. After that they must be, returned otherwise fine has to be paid., (5) No one can do any thing unless someone gives us accurate information., Nothing can be done unless we are given accurate information., (6) They threw him out., He was thrown out (by them)., (7) One must do one’s duty., Duty must be done., (8) The officer wants his subordinates to obey him., The officer wants to be obeyed by his subordinates., (9) He wants that he should be treated as king., He wants to be treated as king., (10) Ram desires his wife to respect his parents., Ram desires his parents to be respected by his wife., (11) He wants someone to take photographs., He wants photographs to be taken., (12) He recommended using the bullet proof car., He recommended that the bullet proof car should be used., (13) I remember them taking me to library., I remember being taken to library., (14) We saw them go out., They were seen go out., (15) They let us go., We were let go., (16) When he arrived home, Police arrested him., When he arrived home he was arrested by police., (17) I saw her sing a song., She was seen to sing a song., (18) Brutus accused Caesar of ambition., Caesar was accused of ambition by Brutus., (19) We elected him secretary of the society., He was elected secretary of the society., (20) Her reply shocked me., I was shocked at her reply., , Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive, Active, Passive
Page 338 :
English Grammar & Composition, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , 328, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Change the Voice of the following sentences:, , Active : Present Indefinite, (1) The movie fascinates me., (2) The movie bores Jack., (3) The movie surprises them., , Active : Past Indefinite, (4) The movie bored me., (5) The movie fascinated Janu., (6) The movie surprised them., , Active: Present Continuous, (7) I am helping Shanu., (8) Jane is helping Suresh and Lily., (9) I am cleaning the bathroom., , Active : Past Continuous, (10) They were cleaning the bedroom., (11) Surabhi was cleaning the kitchen and gallery., , Present Perfect, (12) I have mailed the gift., (13) Janu has mailed the gifts., , Past Perfect, (14) Jack had directed the movie., (15) Prem had directed those movies., , Future Perfect, (16) Johni will have finished the project next month., (17) They will have finished the projects before then., , Future Indefinite, (18) I will mail the gift., (19) Janu will mail the gifts., , Future Continuous, (20) I am going to make the cake., (21) Surbhi is going to make two cakes.
Page 339 :
Active Voice Passive Voice, Active : Will/Won’t (Will Not), (22) Shanu will invite Toni to the party., (23) Shanu won’t invite Jack to the party., (Shanu will not invite Jack to the party)., , Active : Can / Can’t, (24) Mala can foretell the future., (25) Toni can’t foretell the future., (Toni can not foretell the future.), , May / May not, (26) Her company may give Kashyap a new office., (27) The lazy students may not do the homework., , Might/ Might not, (28) Her company might give Kashyap new office., (29) The lazy students might not do the homework., , Should / Should not, (30) Students should memorise English verbs., (31) Children shouldn’t smoke cigarettes., , Ought to, (32) Students ought to learn English verbs., (Negative ought to is rarely used.), , Had better / Had better not, (33) Students had better practise English everyday., (34) Children had better not drink whisky., , Must / Must not, (35) Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad., (36) Customers must not use that door., , Has to / Have to, (37) She has to practise English everyday., (38) Sarla and Mira have to wash the dishes everyday., , Doesn’t have to / Don’t have to, (39) Mira doesn’t have to clean her bedroom everyday., (40) The children don’t have to clean their bedrooms everyday., , Be supposed to / Not supposed to, (41), (42), (43), (44), (45), (46), , I am supposed to type the composition., I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book., Jackie is supposed to clean the living room., She isn’t supposed to eat candy and gum., They are supposed to make dinner for the family., They aren’t supposed to make dessert., , 329
Page 340 :
330, , English Grammar & Composition, , Should / Shouldn’t have, (47) The students should have learnt the verbs., (48) The children shouldn’t have broken the window., , Ought to have, (49) Students ought to have learnt the verbs. (Negative ought to is rarely used.), , Supposed to (Past), (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), , I was supposed to type the composition., I wasn’t supposed to copy the story in the book., Jackie was supposed to clean the living room., She wasn’t supposed to eat candy and gum., Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner., They weren’t supposed to make dessert., , May have / May not have, (56) That firm may have offered Kakitana a new job., (57) The students may not have written the paper., , Might have / Might not have, (58) That firm might have offered Kakitana a new job., (59) The students might not have written the paper., , 02, Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, [BERU 1999], (1) The Government is spending too much money on Operation Pink., (2) They have built six new helipads at Naila., (3) She always gives me calendars and diaries at new year., (4) You will have to amuse him with riddles and bed-time stories., (5) They discovered a new pill to stimulate the appetite., (6) It fascinated me., (7) A duke of the sixteenth century had killed his wife in this room., (8) He performed his symphony for the first time last week, (9) The owner himself showed them the house., (10) Have they carried out his instructions?, (11) We have to pick the fruit very early in the morning., (12) They allowed Harry to go but they did not allow Dick., (13) Fear of death oppresses some old people., (14) The judge advised me to the settle the matter out of court., (15) Rajeev chose his words with care., (16) If in the sixteenth century they could make history by building monuments, in the twentieth century they, can make it by selling and reselling them., (17) The promised Mary a new doll for her birthday., (18) No one ever taught me the rudiments of music., (29) They have proved all his calculations wrong., (20) No one has climbed this mountain before., (21) Did you grow these vegetables in your own garden ?, (22) They answered me most rudely in the shop., (23) You should switch off the electricity when changing a fuse.
Page 341 :
331, , Active Voice Passive Voice, , 03, (A) Rewrite the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) They rejected his proposal and laughed at him., (2) Who is bothering you ?, (3) One must do one’s duty., (B) Rewrite the following sentences into the Passive Voice:, 4. Two oxen pull them plough., 5. The murderer hid the knife in the grass., 6. Anyone will rob you if you are not careful., (C) Rewrite the following sentences into Passive Voice., , [RPSC Ajmer], , [RPSC Ajmer 1989], , [RPSC Ajmer 1989], , 7. He asked me to wait., 8. She is running a school these days., 9. Let them do it now., 10. Everyone knows that Mr. A is gang leader., 11. Has someone told you about your result?, (D) Put the following sentences into Passive Voice:, , [RPSC Ajmer 1989], , (12) Please sit here and wait till I return., (13) Has someone made all the necessary arrangements ?, (14) It was clear that the parents had brought the child up well., (15) They can’t put you in prison if they haven’t tried you., (16) People say that tortoises live longer than elephants., (E) Put the following sentences into Passive Voice:, , [RPSC Ajmer 1989], , (17) They did not tell me the truth about the situation., (18) They will look after you well., (19) Did they not tell you to he here by six O’clock?, (20) It surprised me to hear someone had robbed you., (F) Change the voice of the following sentences:, , [RPSC Ajmer 1989], , (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), , Did you paint these pictures in your own studio?, They have decided to increase the school fees this year., Anger provokes many people to take hasty decisions which they later regret very much., You must understand clearly that this is the last time I shall allow it., You cannot expect the children to understand these problems., , 04, Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) He will have closed his shop by 8 O’clock., (2) They will have finished the paper by 11 O’clock., (3) I shall have saved enough money to buy a house by 1990., (4) He will have advised me., (5) He can help you., (6) The child could not climb the tree., (7) You may return the book next week., (8) They might win the match., (9) We should obey our parents., (10) He would make no promise., (11) We ought to respect our teachers., (12) You must do your duty., (13) You could have solved the sum., (14) He should have helped his friend., (15) I would have attended the meeting but for the rain., (16) Father must have taken away the purse.
Page 342 :
332, , English Grammar & Composition, , 05, Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) Post this letter., (2), (3) Tell him to go., (4), (5) Cut your coat according to your cloth., (6), (7) Please shut the door., (8), (9) Hurry up, please., (10), (11) Do not smoke., (12), , Never tell a lie., Do not pluck flowers., Let him sing a song., Kindly grant me leave., Work hard., Stand up on the bench., , 06, Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) Do they like their teachers?, (2), (3) Did they win the match?, (4), (5) Is he running a race?, (6), (7) What does this word mean?, (8), (9) Who teaches you English?, (10), , Does this shopkeeper sell grocery?, Did you grow vegetables?, Were they singing songs?, Why do you blame us?, Can you solve this sum?, , 07, Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) This bottle contains milk., (2), (3) The report alarmed us., (4), (5) You cannot please everybody., (6), (7) Her failure surprised us., (8), (9) His death shocked us., (10), (11) I want to buy a house., (12), (13) It is time to take tea., (14), (15) He ran fast to win the race., , I know his father., My progress satisfied my teachers., Satish married Kanika., Stamp collection interested the boy., His servant has offended him., Women like men to flatter them., It is now time to close the shop., , 08, Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) Honey tastes sweet., (2) The rose smells sweet., (3) He hopes to win a prize., (4) Thank God., (5) May you live long!, (6) People take rice all over the world., (7) One should keep one’s promise., (8) One must endure what one cannot cure., (9) God helps those who help themselves., (10) Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones at others., , 09, Change the following sentences into Active voice from the Passive:, (1) The plants are being watered by the gardener., (2) He is not hated by me., (3) Were you consulted by him?, (4) Your kindness will never be forgotten by me., (5) The room is being swept by the sweeper., (6) Good news was being expected by us., (7) We have been insulted by her., (8) The clerk had been bribed by them., (9) Will the lesson have been taught by the teacher?
Page 343 :
333, , Active Voice Passive Voice, (10) The poor must be helped by the rich., (11) Let the poor not be teased., (12) He was offered a good job by the management., (13) The matter is being looked into by the judge., (14) The minister was being waited for by the people., (15) We were shocked at the news of his death., (16) By whom were you insulted?, , 10, Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) She has invited me., (2), (3) We have painted the doors., (4), (5) The peon has posted the letter., (6), (7) He had not seen the Taj before., (8), (9) They had prepared many plans., (10), , He has insulted you., They have won the match., The servant had already cooked food., I had sold the old newspapers., I had never seen such a lovely sight before., , Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) Should we not obey our parents?, (2), (3) How can I serve my country?, (4), (5) Have you finished the assignment?, (6), (7) Had he obtained leave?, (8), (9) What have you drawn?, (10), , Must I help him?, Could you have done it?, Has he returned the books?, Will you have read the book by tomorrow?, Who has broken the bottle?, , Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) My friends helped me., (2), (3) They wrote letters., (4), (5) A large crowd cheered the players., (6), (7) The labourers will repair the road., (8), (9) She will help us., (10), , She did not like the sari., The teacher corrected our notebooks., The teacher will teach a new lesson today., We shall serve our country., They will not disobey me., , 11, , 12, , 13, Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) It is time to say prayers., (2) It is necessary to write this essay., (3) She told me a wonderful story., (4) Somebody gave her a box of chocolates on her birthday., (5) They laughed at the blind man., (6) A car ran over a child., (7) I am listening to you., (8) We must obey the laws of the land., (9) They are watching the sports., (10) Did you make a noise ?, (11) Shalini threw the ball., (12) Shall I ever forget those happy days?
Page 344 :
334, , English Grammar & Composition, , 14, Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) The farmer will not have watered the fiels., (2) Get out of my sight., (3) We shall no more hear his voice ., (4) People will remember him., (5) A child cannot lift it ., (6) He might solve it., (7) We can buy gold, but we cannot buy sympathy. (8) You might have heard the name of Gandhiji., (9) There is no money to waste., (10) The policeman shot down the criminal with a revolver., (11) You must write your answer on both sides., (12) They don’t allow smoking here., , 15, Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) The fruit-seller sells fruit., (2), (3) My friends help me., (4), (5) Children like sweets., (6), (7) Everybody worships the rising Sun., (8), (9) He does not obey his parents., (10), , The teacher calls the roll., The doctor treats the patients., He writes poems., I do not understand this question., He sang a song., , Change the following sentences into Passive Voice:, (1) The boy is flying a kite., (2), (3) We are not wasting our time., (4), (5) The girls are drawing the pictures., (6), (7) The grandmother was telling a story., (8), (9) The magician was showing tricks., (10), , You are reading this lesson., The farmers are reaping the crops., He is deceiving me., We were expecting good news., The students were solving the sums., , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , 16, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE : 01, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), , I am fascinated by the movie., Jack is bored by the movie., They are surprised by the movie., I was bored by the movie., Janu was fascinated by the movie., They were surprised by the movie., Shanu is being helped by me., Suresh and Lily are being helped by Jane., The bathroom is being cleaned by me., The bedroom was being cleaned by them., The kitchen and gallery were being cleaned by Surbhi., The gift has been mailed by me., The gifts have been mailed by Janu., Those movie had been directed by Jack.
Page 345 :
Active Voice Passive Voice, (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), (34), (35), (36), (37), (38), (39), (40), (41), (42), (43), (44), (45), (46), (47), (48), (49), (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (58), (59), , The movies had been directed by Prem., The project will have been finished by next month by Johny., The projects will have been finished before ten., The gift will be mailed by me., The gifts will be mailed by Janu., The cake is going to be made by me., Two cakes are going to be made by Surbhi., Toni will be invited to the party by Shanu., Jack won’t be invited to the party by Shanu., (Jack will not be invited to the party by Shanu.), The future can be foretold by Mala., The future can’t be foretold by Toni., (The future cannot be foretold by Toni.), Kashyap may be given a new office by her company., The homework may not be done by the lazy students., Kashyap might be given a new office by her company., The homework might not be done by the lazy students., English verbs should be memorised by the students., Cigarettes should not be smoked by children., English verbs ought to be learnt by students., English had better be practised by students everyday., Whisky had better not be drunk by children., A passport must be applied for by tourists to travel abroad., That door must not be used by customers., English has to be practiced by her everyday., The dishes have to be washed by Sarla and Mira everyday., Her bedroom doesn’t have to be cleaned by Mira everyday., Their bedrooms don’t have to be cleaned by the children everyday., The composition is supposed to be typed by me., The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied by me., The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Jackie., Candy and gum aren’t supposed to be eaten by her., Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them., Dessert isn’t supposed to be made by them., The verbs should have been learnt by the students., The window shouldn’t have been broken by the children., The verbs ought to have been learnt by the students., The composition was supposed to be typed by me., The story in the book wasn’t supposed to be copied., The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Jackie., Candy and gum weren’t supposed to be eaten by her., Dinner was supposed to be made by them., Dessert wasn’t supposed to be made by them., Kakitana may have been offered a new job by that firm., The paper may not have been written by the students., Kakitana might have been offered a new job by that firm., The paper might not have been written by the students., , 335
Page 346 :
336, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 02, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), , Too much money is being spent on Operation Pink., Six new helepads have been built at Naila., I am always given calendars and diaries at new year by her., He will have to be amused with riddles and bed times stories., A new pill to stimulate the appetite was discovered., I was fascinated by it., The wife of a duke of the sixteenth century was killed by him in this room., His symphony was performed for the first time last week., They were shown the house by the owner himself., Have his instructions been carried out by them ?, The fruit have to be picked very early in the morning., Harry was allowed to go but Dick was not (allowed to go)., Some old people are oppressed with the fear of death., I was advised to settle the matter out of court by the judge., Words were chosen with care by Rajiv., If history could be made by building monuments in the 16th century it can be made by selling and reselling, them in the twentieth century., Mary was promised a new doll on her birthday., I was never taught the rudiments of music., All his calculations have been proved wrong., This mountain hasn’t been climbed before., Were these vegetables grown in your own garden?, I was most rudely answered in the shop., The electricity should be switched off when changing a fuse., , Solution TYE 03, (A), , (B), , (C), , (D), , (E), , (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), , His proposal was rejected and he was laughed at., By whom are you being bothered?, Duty must be done., The plough is pulled by two oxen., The knife was hidden in the grass by the murderer., You will be robbed if you are not careful., I was asked to wait., A school is being run by her these days., Let it be done by them now., Mr. A is known to be a gang leader., Have you been told about your result ?, You are requested to sit here and wait here till I return., Have all the necessary arrangements been made ?, It was clear that the child had been well brought up., You can’t be put in prison if you haven’t been tried., Tortoises are said to live longer than elephants., I was not told the truth about the situation., You will be well looked after be them., Were you not told to be here by six O’clock?, I was surprised to hear you had been robbed.
Page 347 :
337, , Active Voice Passive Voice, (F) (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), , Were these pictures painted by you in your own studio?, It has been decided to increase the school fees this year., Many people are provoked by anger to take hasty decisions which are very much regretted later., It must be understood clearly by you that this is the last time it will be allowed by me., The children cannot be expected to understand these problems., , Solution TYE 04, (1), (2), (3), (4), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), , His shop will have been closed by him by 8 O’clock., The paper will have been finished by them by 11 O’clock., Enough money will have been saved by me to buy a house by 1990., I shall have been advised by him., (5) You can be helped by him., The tree could not be climbed by the child., The book may be returned by you next week., The match might be won by them., Our parents should be obeyed by us., No promise would be made by him., Our teachers ought to be respected by us., Your duty must be done by you., The sum could have been solved by you., His friend should have been helped by him., The meeting would have been attended by me, but for the rain., The purse must have been taken away by father., , Solution TYE 05, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), , Let this letter be posted., Let him be told to go., Let your coat be cut according to your cloth., You are requested to shut the door., You are requested to hurry up., You are advised not to smoke., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), , Let a lie never be told., Let flowers not be plucked., Let a song be sung by him., You are requested to grant me leave., You are advised to work hard., You are ordered to stand up on the bench., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , Is grocery sold by this shopkeeper?, Were vegetables grown by you?, Were songs being sung by them?, Why are we blamed by you?, Can this sum be solved by you?, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), , His father is known to me., My teachers were satisfied with my progress., Kanika was married to Satish., The boy was interested in stamp collection., He has been offended with his servant., Women like to be flattered by men., It is now time for the shop to be closed., , Solution TYE 06, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , Are their teachers liked by them?, Was the match won by them?, Is a race being run by him?, What is meant by this word?, By whom are you taught English?, , Solution TYE 07, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , Milk is contained in this bottle., We were alarmed at the report., Everybody cannot be pleased with you., We were surprised at her failure., We were shocked at his death., I want a house to be bought., It is time for tea to be taken., He ran fast for the race to be won.
Page 348 :
338, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 08, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (10), , Honey is sweet when (it is ) tasted., (2) The rose is sweet when (it is) smelt., It is hoped that he will win a prize., (4) God be thanked., It is prayed that you may live long., (6) Rice is taken all over the world., Promise should be kept., (8) What cannot be cured must be endured., Those who help themselves are helped by God., Stones should not be thrown at others by those who live in glass houses., , Solution TYE 09, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , The gardener is watering the plants., Did he consult you?, The sweeper is sweeping the room., She has insulted us., Will the teacher have taught the lesson., Do not tease the poor., The judge is looking into the matter., The news of his death shocked us., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), , I do not hate him., I shall never forget your kindness., We were expecting good news., They had bribed the clerk., The rich must help the poor., The management offered him a good job., The people were waiting for the minister., Who insulted you?, , Solution TYE 10, (1), (3, (5), (7), (9), (10), , I have been invited by her., (2), The doors have been painted by us., (4), The letter has been posted by the peon., (6), The Taj had not been seen by him before., (8), Many plans had been prepared by them., Such a lovely sight had never been seen by me before., , You have been insulted by him., The match has been won by them., Food had already been cooked by the servant., The old newspapers had been sold by me., , Solution TYE 11, (1), (3), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Should our parents not be obeyed by us?, (2) Must he be helped by me?, How can my country be served by me?, (4) Could it have been done by you?, Has the assignment been finished by you?, Have the books been returned by him?, Has leave been obtained by him?, Will the book have been read by you by tomorrow?, What has been drawn by you?, By whom has the bottle been broken?, , Solution TYE 12, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , I was helped by my friends., The sari was not liked by her., Letters were written by them., Our notebooks were corrected by the teacher., The players were cheered by a large crowd., A new lesson will be taught by the teacher today., The road will be repaired by the labourers., Our country will be served by us., We shall be helped by her., I shall not be disobeyed by them.
Page 349 :
339, , Active Voice Passive Voice, Solution TYE 13, (1) It is time for prayers to be said., (2) It is necessary for this essay to be written., (3) A wonderful story was told to me., I was told a wonderful story by her., (4) A box of chocolates was given to her on her birthday., She was given a box of chocolates on her birthday., (5) The blind man was laughed at by them., (6) A child was run over by a car., (7) You are being listened to by me., (8) The laws of the land must be obeyed., (9) The sports are being watched by them., (10) Was a noise made by you ?, (11) The ball was thrown by Shalini., (12) Will those happy days ever be forgotten by me ?, , Or, Or, , Solution TYE 14, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), , The fields will not have been watered by the farmers., You are ordered to get out of my sight., His voice will be heared no more., He will be remembered ., It cannot be lifted by a child., It might be solved by him., Gold can be bought but sympathy cannot be bought., The name of Gandhiji might have been heard by you., There is no money to be wasted., The criminal was shot down by the policeman with a revolver., Your answer must be written on both sides., Smoking is not allowed here., , Solution TYE 15, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , Fruit is sold by the fruit-seller., I am helped by my friends., Sweets are liked by children., The rising Sun is worshipped by every body., His parents are not obeyed by him., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , The rolls is called by the teacher., The patients are treated by the doctor., Poems are written by him., This question is not understood by me., A song was sung by him., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , This lesson is being read by you., The crops are being reaped by the farmers., I am being deceived by him., Good news was being expected by us., The sums were being solved by the students., , Solution TYE 16, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , A kite is being flown by the boy., Our time is not being wasted by us., The pictures are being drawn by the girls., A story was being told by the grandmother., Tricks were being shown by the magician.
Page 352 :
342, , English Grammar & Composition, , Some Important Prepositions, (1) At/In/On : These are very commonly used Prepositions :, Note the use of these prepositions in reference of ‘Time’ :, (i) ‘At’ is used for a Precise Time., (ii) ‘In’ is used for Months, Years, Centuries and Long Periods., (iii) ‘On’ is used for Days and Dates., AT, IN, ON, Precise Time, Months, Years, Centuries, Days and Dates, and Long Periods, at 3 O’clock, in May, on Sunday, at 10:30 am, in summer, on Tuesday, at noon, in the summer, on 6th March, at dinner time, in 1990, on 25th January, 2007, at bed time, in the 1990s, on Christmas Day, at sunrise, in the next century, on Independence Day, at sunset, in the Ice Age, on my birthday, at the moment, in the past/future, on New Year’s Eve, Look at the following examples :, (b) That shop closes at midnight., (a) I have a meeting at 10 am., (c) Richa went home at lunch time., (d) Do you think we will go to Saturn in the future?, (e) There should be a lot of progress in the next century., (f) Where will you be on Independence Day ?, (g) Do you work on Sundays ?, (h) Her birthday is on 26th April., Note the use of the Preposition of time ‘at’ in the following expressions :, Expression, Example, at night, The stars shine at night., at the weekend, I don’t usually work at the weekend., at Christmas/Easter, I stay with my family at Christmas., at the same time, We finished the test at the same time., at present, He’s not home at present. Try later., Note the use of the Preposition of time ‘in’ and ‘on’ in these common expressions :, In, On, in the morning, on Tuesday morning, in the mornings, on Saturday mornings, in the afternoon(s), on Sunday afternoons, in the evening(s), on Monday evening, ], , uesefkeâve last, next, every kesâ meeLe At, In Ùee, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), , On, , Impotant, keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes:, , I went to Mexico last May. (not in last May), He’s coming back next Sunday. (not on next Sunday), I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter), We’ll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
Page 359 :
349, , Preposition, Affiliated with (a party) :, Bajrang Dal is affiliated with BJP indirectly., (9) Annoyed at (thing) :, He became annoyed at my laughing., Annoyed with (person) :, He is annoyed with you., (10) Antipathy to (thing) :, He has a great antipathy to wine., Antipathy against (person) : You should not have any antipathy against your friend Jack., (11) Answer to (person) :, You have to answer to me for your conduct., Answer for (action) :, He was asked to answer for the misbehaviour., (12) Arm against (danger) :, We must arm ourselves against the danger of chemical weapons., Arm with (weapon) :, He armed himself with a revolver and a knife., (13) Atone to (person) :, I tried to atone to him by offering market price of the land., Atone for (action) :, He tried to atone for the mischief he had committed., (14) Award for (action) :, He was awarded a gold medal for winning 1000 Ft. race., Awarded to (person) :, A silver medal will be awarded to the best sports girl., (15) Antidote to (medicine) :, Diamond is regarded as an antidote to the vehom of the snake., Antidote against (inflection) :Quinine is an antidote against Malaria., (16) Argue against or about, He went to argue against the topic of debate., (a matter) :, He argued well about the newly introduced bill., Argue with (person) :, Don’t argue with me unnecessarily., (17) Agree in (opinion) :, Ganesh agrees with Ram in opinion expressed by him., Agree to (proposal) :, I cannot agree to his proposal of dividing the property., Agree with (person) :, I fully agree with you on this issue., Agree on (subject) :, After a lot of discussion all agreed on the terms of agreement., (18) Accomplice with (person) : Her wife was an accomplice with the murderer., Accomplice in (act) :, His wife was an accomplice in the murder., (19) Authority for (action) :, You have no authority for instructing me as such., Authority on (subject) :, She is indeed an unquestionable authority on Physics., Authority over (person) :, He has no authority over me officially., (20) Accused of (a crime) :, He is an accused of murder., (21) Accused by (a person) :, He was accused by his wife., , B, (1) Blush for (fault) :, Blush at (praise) :, (2) Blind to (deeds, action) :, Blind in (one eye) :, (3) Born of (parents) :, Born at, in (place) :, (4) Buy from (shop) :, Buy for (person) :, (5) Beg of, from (person) :, Beg for (person) :, , She blushed for the misbehaviour of her husband., She blushed at the comments of her husband., He should not be blind to the misdeeds of his son Rakesh., His husband is blind in the right eye., He was born of an orthodox mother., He was born at general hospital at Alwar in Rajasthan., You can buy this item from any grocery shop., I bought this ball pen for my son., I begged of him to give me some time to payback., I begged some rice from him., I begged him for some rice.
Page 360 :
350, , English Grammar & Composition, , C, (1) Close to (adjective) :, His house is very close to the railway station., Close with (shut) :, She closed the door with a bang., Close down (to terminate, He closed down his shop within six months., the operation) :, Close out, He closed out the price of sugar to increase sales., (to reduce the price) :, (2) Confer about, Ram and Rahim confer together about nominating the secretary., (consult on a matter) :, Confer with, I will confer with my father in this matter., (consult with a person) :, (3) Contend for (thing) :, Mr. S.S. Shekhawat will contend for a seat in Legislative Assembly., Contend with (person) :, You should not contend with a person like Lalu Singh., (4) Consist in (remain) :, The beauty of this building consist in its style and grandeur., Consist of (composed of) : Our body consist of flesh, bone and blood., (5) Condemn to (punishment) : He was condemned to death by the judge., Condemn for (crime) :, He was condemned for murder by the court., (6) Compare to (comparing, Don’t compare water to milk., two different kinds of things) :, Compare with (comparing Kalidas was compared with Shakespeare by several, two things of same class) : renowned scholars., (7) Care for (like) :, I do not care for drinks., Care about (thing) :, She takes full care about her sarees and make up., (8) Consult on (matter) :, We were not consulted on the new issue of debentures., Consult with (person) :, You should consult with some expert before taking a final decision., (9) Controversy on (matter) : A lot of controversy was raised on this issue., Controversy with (person) : I do not have any controversy with any of the members on this, matter., (10) Confide to (to tell) :, You should not confide your secrets to any body., Confide in (to pose, I confided in him, but he deceived me., confidence) :, (11) Complain of (a thing), I complained of his misconduct to the boss., Complain to (person) :, I complained of his misbehaviour to his father., (12) Compete with (person) :, Can you compete with him ?, Compete for (job) :, I will try my best to compete for this job., (13) Cause of (problem) :, He is the main cause of all this trouble., Cause for (anxiety) :, I do not have any cause for anxiety., (14) Clothed in (dressing) :, She was clothed in a silken dress., Clothed with, She was clothed with modesty., (some quality) :, (15) Connect to (join) :, Connect the end of this rod to the other., Connect with (relation) :, I have no connection with her for the last three years.
Page 361 :
351, , Preposition, , D, (1) Displeased at (thing) :, Displeased with (person) :, (2) Disqualified for (post) :, Disqualified from, (competing) :, (3) Dwell upon (to speak) :, Dwell in (country) :, Dwell at (place) :, Dwell among (people) :, (4) Disgusted at (thing) :, Disgusted with, (person or life) :, (5) Deal with (to do with, the matter) :, Deal in (trade) :, Deal out (distribute) :, (6) Differ on (point) :, Differ with (person) :, Differ from (thing) :, (7) Die of (a disease) :, Die from (some cause) :, (8) Destined for (created for) :, Destined to (subject) :, (9) Dine with (person) :, Dine on (thing) :, (10) Dispense with (do without) :, Dispense to (distribute) :, (11) Dispose of (to sell) :, Dispose to (state of things) :, (12) Dispute with (person) :, Dispute about (thing) :, , She is not displeased at such humourous jokes., Ram is greatly displeased with Sita., She was declared disqualified for the election., He was disqualified from taking part in the competition., The Chairman dwelt upon the importance of truth and honesty., The French dwell in France., These days Ram is dwelling at his friend’s hotel., He is dwelling among the tribal., She became disgusted at your silly joke., I am very much disgusted with him., This book deals with the population problem in India ., He deals in iron scrap., The principal should deal out equal treatment to all the teachers., I totally differ on this point., I differ with you on this point., Your views entirely differ from that of mine., He died of hunger., He died from hard labour., God had destined him for the post of President of India., He is destined to such a pitiable condition., I am scheduled to dine with him tonight., I can’t dine on same kind of menu daily., Jack can’t easily dispense with her ., A judge must dispense equal justice to all., She wants to dispose of all the goods at the earliest., The news of his father’s death disposed him to a deep sorrow., Why are you disputing with your friends on such a trifle matter., There was a great dispute about the nomination of chairman., , E, (1) Embark on (a vessel) :, Embark in (new business) :, (2) Enter into (thing) :, Enter upon (new course) :, (3) Exchange for (thing) :, Exchange with (person) :, (4) Exult at (success) :, Exult over (an enemy) :, Exult in (misery) :, , She embarked on the ship for Srilanka., He has embarked in the new business with full fervour., They have entered into an agreement with Ramesh., After marriage I entered upon a new way of life., She exchanged a book for a piece of art., I want to exchange my views with you., She was exulted at her brilliant success., Our army exulted over the enemy’s force., One should not be exulted in the misery of others.
Page 362 :
352, (5) Eager for (fame) :, Eager in (to find) :, (6) Equivalent for (word) :, Equivalent to (money, :, thing), (7) Exact from (person) :, Exact in (adjective) :, (8) Expert in (doing) :, Expert at (thing) :, (9) Enquire of (person) :, Enquire into (a matter) :, (10) Entrust with (a thing) :, Entrust to (person) :, , English Grammar & Composition, She is very much eager for making a name in society., He has involved himself eagerly in pursuit of finding the cause of, miseries in life., Write a word equivalent for ‘fear’., One million is equivalent to ten lacs., Heavy fines were exacted from the unruly students., He is not exact in repayment., He is expert in repairing automobiles., He is expert at English Grammar., I enquired of him the secret of his happiness., The police enquired into the case of bank robbery., I entrusted him with my camera., I entrusted my camera to him., , F, (1) Fit out (equip) :, Fit up (furnishing) :, (2) Fascinated with (person) :, Fascinated by (thing) :, (3) False to (person) :, False of (thing, heart) :, (4) Fight for (defending) :, Fight with (together) :, Fight against (thing) :, (5) Familiar to (thing) :, Familiar with (person) :, , The ship was fitted out for Srilanka., He fitted up his house with all necessary furniture., I was fascinated with Rekha., I was fascinated by her manners and looks., One should not be false to one’s friends., He is not false of heart., Our army is ready to fight for the country., We must not fight with our friends., We must fight against the evil of illiteracy., Your looks are quite familiar to that of Sachin., I am familiar with him., , G, (1) Gaze at (look attentively) :, Gaze on (look strangely) :, (2) Grieve for (person) :, Grieve at (event) :, Grieve over (thing) :, (3) Good for (nothing) :, Good at (something) :, , Don’t gaze at these girls, they are the cops ., He stood gazing on the pathetic scene of accident., She was extremely grieved for him., Everyone was grieved at the death of Rajeev Gandhi., She grieved over my unfortunate loss., He is a good for nothing fellow., She is good at swimming., , H, (1) Held by (person) :, Held in (esteem or, contempt) :, Held at (place) :, , A condolence meeting was held by the staff yesterday., In the heart of every Indian,Gandhiji is held in great respect., A meeting was held at Hope Circus yesterday.
Page 363 :
353, , Preposition, (2) Hear of (something) :, Hear from (person) :, Hear by (post), :, (3) Happen to (person) :, Happen at (place) :, Happen on (come across) :, (4) Hidden from (view) :, Hidden by (person, thing) :, , I heard of this robbery from Sarla., I heard this robbery from Sarla., I hear by this letter about your promotion., Please tell me what happened to you in New York., This event happened at Red Square., While returning from market I happened on a gang of thieves., The Neem tree has hidden your house from direct view., My shoes were hidden by his sister., , I, (1) Introduce to (person) :, Introduce into, :, (make modifications) :, (2) Invest with (authority) :, Invest in (business) :, (3) Inquire for (a thing) :, Inquire into (matter) :, Inquire about (concern) :, Inquire of (asking) :, (4) Involve in (thing) :, Involve with (person) :, (5) Irritated at (thing) :, Irritated against (person) :, (6) Impatient at :, (unexpected thing), Impatient for, (expected thing) :, (7) Indebted for (thing) :, Indebted to (person) :, , Let me first introduce my friend to you., The UPSC has introduced many changes into the syllabus of IAS, examination., The President invested him with the honour of Bharat Ratna., I am ready to invest ` 50 lacs in this business., I went there to inquire for my lost brief case., The police will inquire into the cause of death., She came here to inquire about the health of her son., First inquire of the way, then move., She seems to be involved in some serious trouble., Don’t involve yourself with such unruly persons., I was greatly irritated at his unruly behaviour., She was extremely irritated against her husband., He became impatient at the unexpected delay., She is very much impatient for the arrival of her husband., I am indebted for your timely help., He is greatly indebted to Rani for her timely help., , J, (1) Jest at (person) :, Jest with (thing) :, (2) Judge of (giving opinion) :, Judge by (observing) :, , I don’t like to jest at a lunatic person., We should not jest with the communal thing., Without going in details, how can you judge of this matter., Judging by her qualifications, I think she is not fit for this job., , K, (1) Know by (recognise) :, Know for (quality) :, , A man is known by his actions., He is known for his foolish decisions.
Page 364 :
354, , English Grammar & Composition, , L, (1) Live at (a small town) :, Live in (in country,, big place) :, Live on (food) :, Live for (devote) :, Live with (a person) :, (2) Liable for (crime) :, Liable to (punishment) :, (3) Listen for (sound) :, Listen to (hear attentively) :, (4) Laugh at (make fun) :, Laugh with (indulge with) :, , He lives at Alwar in Rajasthan., He is living at Alwar in Rajasthan., He lives entirely on breads., We must live and die for the cause of truth., I live here with my parents., You are liable for the death of your wife., He was held liable to imprisonment for three years., I am listening for the voice of Lata Mangeshkar., We should listen to the advice of our elders., We must not laugh at our friends., Better to laugh with disabled than to laugh at disabled., , M, (1) Married to (a woman) :, Married with (a man) :, (2) Moved with (sorrow) :, Moved to (tears) :, Moved from (one’s, determination) :, Moved at (a scene) :, , Ramesh was married to Sarla., Sarla was married with Ramesh., He was actually moved with a feeling of sorrow., On hearing the news of sudden death of his wife, all moved to, tears., You can’t move me from my decision with your logics., He was greatly moved at the sight of her mother’s dead body., , O, (1) Obliged to (person) :, Obliged at (thing) :, (2) Occupied in (doing a job) :, Occupied by (thing) :, (3) Originate with (person) :, Originate in (place, cause) :, , I am very much obliged to you., I am obliged at your timely help., He is fully occupied in writing a book., That house is occupied by a marriage party., All the plannings were originated with him., A fierce fire was originated in Connaught Place yesterday., , P, (1) Part from (person) :, Part with (thing) :, (2) Prepare for (be ready) :, Prepare against (danger) :, (3) Pray for (thing) :, Pray to (make prayer) :, (4) Perish by (famine) :, Perish with (hunger) :, , I parted from my wife in Kumbh., He is not ready to part with his furniture at any cost., I am preparing for the IAS examination this year., We must prepare ourselves against the danger of water pollution., My wife prayed for my success., I prayed to God to help me in facing the unwarranted problems., Our district was perished by the drought last year., During drought the cattle perished with starvation.
Page 365 :
355, , Preposition, (5) Plead with (person) :, Plead for (thing) :, (6) Play at (cards) :, Play upon, (musical instrument) :, , He pleaded with the Principal for mercy., He pleaded for the king for mercy., They were playing at cards., Harish played upon the violin in the party., , Q, (1) Quick in (doing) :, Quick of (understanding) :, (2) Quarrel over (thing) :, Quarrel with (person) :, , He is quick in solving questions., Ramesh is quick of understanding the questions., You must not quarrel over the parental property., We must not quarrel with our friends., , R, (1) Responsible to (person) :, Responsible for (action) :, (2) Reason with (person) :, Reason about (thing) :, (3) Ready for (action) :, Ready with (something) :, Ready in (replying) :, (4) Revenge on (person) :, Revenge for (action) :, (5) Reduce to (to decrease) :, Reduce by (decrease by, an amount) :, , An MLA is responsible to the Legislative Assembly., She is responsible for the loss caused due to her neglience., I reasoned with him on each and every point in this matter., You can’t reason about the importance of self-respect ., I am ready for the match., I was totally ready with my arguments on that day., I always found her ready in her reply., He revenged himself on his enemy., I will positively revenge for the insult inflicted on me by her., His salary was reduced to Rs four thousands only., His salary was reduced by three hundred rupees per month., , S, (1) Share of (thing) :, Share with (person) :, (2) Skilful at (thing) :, Skilful in (doing a thing) :, (3) Succeed to (property) :, Succeed in (doing) :, (4) Start at (time) :, Start from (place) :, Started for (place) :, (5) Struggle for (thing) :, Struggle with (person) :, (6) Serve out (distribute) :, Serve up (to give food) :, (7) Speak for (person) :, Speak about (thing) :, , I must be paid my share of profit., I do not share my lunch with anybody., He is skilful at numbers., He is skilful in mathematical calculations., He succeeded to his uncle’s empire., This time she succeeded in IAS examination., I started at 10 o’clock in the morning., I started at 10 o’clock in the morning from Delhi., I started at 7 o’clock in the morning for Delhi., We have to struggle hard for keeping peace in the country., We should not struggle with our neighbours., Sweets were served out to the audience., A nice lunch was served up there in the function., You go there, I have already spoken for you to the secretary., He is speaking about ‘Unemployment Problem’.
Page 366 :
356, (8) Starved to (death) :, Starved with (hunger) :, (9) Suited for (action) :, Suited to (occasion) :, (10) Supply to (person) :, Supply with (thing) :, , English Grammar & Composition, She was starved to death by her husband., He starved with hunger., She is not suited for the role of vamp., Sad song does not suit to such an occasion., The Municipality is supplying water to all the colonies in the city., Government must supply poor with food and clothing., , T, (1) Thankful for (thing) :, Thankful to (person) :, (2) Think over (to consider) :, Think on (meditate) :, (3) Trust in (person) :, Trust to (thing) :, (4) Tired of (disgusted) :, Tired with (exhausted) :, (5) Talk with (person) :, Talk about (thing) :, Talk over (discuss) :, , I am really thankful for your timely help., I am very much thankful to you for your kind favour., The society agreed to think over the case in the next meeting., I have been thinking on this matter for the last many days., Trust in God and work hard., I trusted to his words, and he was right., I am tired of your daily excuses., You seems to be tired with the long run., I will talk with my father on this matter., I will talk about this matter with my parents., All the members of the society talked over the issue for many, hours., , U, (1) Useful for (thing) :, (2) Useful to (person) :, , The bag is very much useful for carrying goods., I found that these directives are useful to me for success in exam., , V, (1) Vote for (person) :, Vote on (a resolution) :, (2) Vexed with (person) :, Vexed at (thing) :, , Vote for me please., After having cast votes on the resolution, all took lunch., Why are you vexed with your wife ?, He is vexed at my jokes., , W, (1) Wait at (place) :, Wait for (person) :, (2) Wake up (to get up) :, Wake from (to be awaken) :, (3) Warn against (an action) :, Warn of (danger) :, , I will wait at church near the hospital., I will wait for you upto tomorrow., She wakes up at 6 a.m. daily., She waked from slumber and decided to take action., I have already warned you, against your such negligence., I have already warned you of the risk involved ., , Z, (1) Zealous for (a thing) :, (2) Zealous in (a cause) :, , A dedicated worker is always zealous for achieving the target., We must be zealous in the cause of humanity.
Page 367 :
357, , Preposition, , Appropriate Prepositions, kegâÚ MeyoeW kesâ meeLe meeceevÙeleÙee Skeâ efveefMÛele Preposition keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~ ÙeÅeefhe ÙeneB Yeer JeekeäÙe kesâ DeLe& keâes mecePevee, DeeJeMÙekeâ nw, leLeeefhe veerÛes efoS ieS Meyo SJeb Gvekesâ meeLe ØeÙegkeäle Prepositions keâes yeej-yeej Revise keâjves mes Prepositions keâe, mener ØeÙeesie mecePe ceW Dee peelee nw~ hejer#eeDeeW ceW Prepositions mecyevOeer Questions DeefOekeâlej efvecve hej DeeOeeefjle nesles nQ :, 1., 3., 5., 7., 9., 11., 13., 15., 17., 19., 21., 23., 25., 27., 29., 31., 33., 35., 37., 39., 41., 43., 45., 47., 49., 51., 53., 55., 57., 59., 61., 63., 65., 67., 69., 71., 73., 75., 77., , Abundance of (wealth), Accustomed to (work), Attain to (a position), Accede to (a request), Absolved from (a promise, a sin), Adhere to (principles), Abhorrent to (good nature), Assure of (a thing), Acquit (someone) of a charge, Beware of (cheating), Condemn to (death), Comply with (wishes), Despair of (success), Deprive of (something), Duty of (the country), Exception to (a rule), Envious of (a person or a thing), Elder to (some family member), Fearful of (death), Greedy of (money), Healed of (a disease), Hostile to (a person), Innocent of (a crime), Invite to (dinner), Intimate with (person), Invite to (dinner), Jealous of (a person), Knock at (the door), Mourn for (the dead), Mad with (anger), Need for (help), Notorious for (drinking, thing), Overwhelmed with (sorrow, grief), Passion for (study), Persist in (doing), Pleased with (a person), Proud of (a thing), Prefer to (a thing), Repent of (a mistake), , 2., 4., 6., 8., 10., 12., 14., 16., 18., 20., 22., 24., 26., 28., 30., 32., 34., 36., 38., 40., 42., 44., 46., 48., 50., 52., 54., 56., 58., 60., 62., 64., 66., 68., 70., 72., 74., 76., 78., , Assent to (a proposal), Avail ourselves of (an opportunity), Addicted to (drinking, wine etc.), Abstain from (food, indulgence etc)., Acquiesce (an opinion, in proposal), Afraid of (a ghost), Accession to (throne), Absorbed in (study), Acquaintance with (a person), Comply with (one’s wishes), Cured of (a disease), Coducive to (health), Desirous of (doing something), Devoid of (quality), Eligible for (a post), Excuse for (a fault), Exchange a thing with a person, Fatal to (one’s cause), Furnish with (clothes), Heir to (ancestral property), Hopeful of (success), Hunger after (fame), Intimate with (a person), Insist on a (thing), Impertinent to (elders), Insight into (a matter or thing), Keep to (the left, the point), Key to (success), Match for (a person), Motive for (an action), Need of (a thing), Occur to (mind), Pay for (one’s mistakes), Peculiar to (a person or a thing), Pity for (poor, downtrodden), Preface to (a book), Pride on (a thing), Refrain from (doing some wrong), Respectful to (a person)
Page 368 :
358, 79., 81., 83., 85., 87., 89., 91., 93., 95., 97., 99., 101., 103., , English Grammar & Composition, Rob (A person) of (a thing), Short of (money), Shocked at (a loss), Sure of (some fact), Sacred to (a cause), Trouble to (person), Want of (money), Worthy of (a reward), Search for (a thing), Work at (subject), Stick to (point), Translate into (language), Slur on (character), , 80., 82., 84., 86., 88., 90., 92., 94., 96., 98., 100., 102., , Sentence to (punishment), Side with (a person), Superior to (a thing), Search for (a thing), Triumph over (difficulties), Vain of (beauty), Wanting in (wisdom), Yield to (an enemy), Sacred to (a cause), Surrender to (enemy), Suspect of (something), Touch upon (subject), , High Frequency Prepositions, Preposition ‘FOR’ :, (A) The following nouns take the preposition ‘for’ after them : apology, appetite, aptitude, affection,, ambition, blame, candidate, contempt, craving, capacity, compassion, compensation, desire, esteem,, fitness, fondness, guarantee, leisure, liking, match, motive, need, opportunity, partiality, pretext,, passion, pity, predilection, remorse, relish., (B) The following verbs take the preposition ‘for’ after them : Atone, canvass, care, clamour, feel,, hope, mourn, pine, start, stipulate, sue wish, yearn., (C) The following adjectives and participles take the preposition ‘for’ after them : anxious,, celebrated, conspicuous, customary, designed, destined, eager, eligible, eminent, fit, good, grateful,, notorious, prepared, proper, penitent, qualified, ready, sorry, sufficient, useful, zealous., , Preposition ‘OF’ :, (A) The following nouns take the preposition ‘of ’ after them : assurance, abhorrence, charge,, distrust, doubt, experience, failure, observance, proof, result, want., (B) The following adjectives and participles take the preposition ‘of ’ after them : accused,, acquitted, afraid, apprehensive, apprised, assured, aware, bereft, bought, cautious, certain,, characteristic, composed, confident, conscious, convicted, convinced, covetous, defrauded,, deprived, desirous, destitute, devoid, diffident, distrustful, dull, easy, envious, fearful, fond, greedy,, guilty, heedless, ignorant, informed, innocent, irrespective, lame, lavish, negligent, productive,, proud, regardless, sanguine, sensible, sick, sow, subversive, sure, suspicious, tolerant, vain, void,, weary, worthy., (C) The following verbs take the preposition ‘of ’ after them : acquit, beware, boast, complain,, despair, die, disapprove, dispose, divest, dream, heal, judge, repent, taste., , Preposition ‘TO’ :, (A) The following nouns take the preposition ‘to’ after them : allegiance, approach, assent,, alternative, access, accession, antidote, antipathy, exception, incentive, indifference, invitation, key,, leniency, likeness, limit, menace, obedience, opposition, objection, obstruction, postscript, preface,, reference, resemblance, repugnance, sequel, submission, supplement, succession, traitor, temptation.
Page 369 :
Preposition, , 359, , (B) The following adjectives and participles take the preposition ‘to’ after them, (i) acceptable, accessible, accustomed, abhorrent, addicted, adequate, adjacent, affectionate,, agreeable, akin, alien, alive, amenable, analogous, applicable, appropriate, beneficial, callous,, common, comparable, condemned., (ii) conducive, conformable, congenial, consecrated, contrary, creditable, deaf, derogatory,, detrimental, devoted, disastrous, due, entitled, equal, essential, exposed, faithful, fatal, foreign,, hostile, impertinent, incidental, inclined., (iii) Indebted, indifferent, indispensable, indulgent, inimical, insensible, injured, irrelevant,, favourable, hurtful, immaterial, impervious, indigenous, liable, limited, lost, loyal, material,, natural, necessary., (iv) offensive, opposite, obedient, obliged, painful, partial, peculiar, pertinent, pledged, preferable,, prejudicial, prior, profitable, prone, relevant, repugnant, reduced, related, responsible,, restricted, sacred, subject, suitable, sensitive, serviceable, suited, supplementary, true,, tantamount., (C) The following verbs take the preposition ‘to’ after them : accede, adhere, allot, aspire, assent,, attain, allude, apologize, adapt, appoint, ascribe, attend, attribute, belong, consent, contribute,, conduce, conform, lead, listen, object, occur, prefer, pretend, refer, revert, stoop, succumb,, surrender, testify, yield., , Preposition ‘FROM’ :, (A) The following nouns take the preposition ‘from’ after them : abstinence, cessation, deliverance,, descent, digression, escape, exemption, inference., (B) The following verbs take the preposition ‘from’ after them : abstain, alight, cease, debar, derive,, derogate, desist, detract, deviate, differ, dissent, elicit, emerge, escape, exclude, preserve, prevent,, prohibit, protect, recoil, recover, refrain., , Preposition ‘IN’ :, (A) The following adjectives and participles take the preposition ‘in’ after them : accomplished,, accurate, assiduous, absorbed, abstemious, backward, bigot, correct, defective, diligent, deficient,, experienced, enveloped, fertile, foiled, honest, implicated, interested, involved, lax, proficient,, remiss, versed., (B) The following verbs take the preposition ‘in’ after them : acquiesce, delight, employ, enlist,, excel, fall, glory, increase, indulge, involve, persevere, persist., , Preposition ‘WITH’ :, (A) The following adjectives and participles take the preposition ‘with’ after them : acquainted,, affected, beset, busy, compatible, complaint, consistent, contemporary, contented, contrasted,, conversant, convulsed, delighted, deluged, disgusted, drenched, endowed, fatigued, fired, gifted,, infatuated, infected, infested, inspired, intimated, invested, overcome, popular, replete, satisfied,, touched., (B) The following verbs take the preposition ‘with’ after them : associate, bear, clash, coincide,, comply, condole, cope, correspond, credit, deluge, disagree, dispense, expostulate, fill, grapple,, intrigue, meddle, quarrel, remonstrate, side, sympathize, trifle, vie., , Preposition ‘ON’ :, The following verbs take the preposition ‘on’ after them : comment, deliberate, decide, depend,, determine, dwell, enlarge, embark, encroach, impose, insist, intrude, subsist, trample.
Page 370 :
English Grammar & Composition, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , 360, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions :, (1) Ram killed the snake ............................. a stick., (2) He lives ............... Alwar., (3) Rice is selling ................ five rupees a kilo., (4) His car ran .................... a dog., (5) He assured to stand ................... me in all circumstances., (6) I will stand ............. for my rights., (7) He put ............................ a coat of red colour., (8) He is proud ........................ his riches., (9) He lives .......................... Mumbai., (10) In general, acids act ....................... metals., (11) Ram was beaten ...................... by Mohan for no reason., (12) He sat .................... the ground., (13) He fell the tree ........................... an axe., (14) An epidemic broke ....................... in the town last year., (15) I called .................... her from a distant place., , 02, Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions :, (1) He finished the work ........................ four hours., (2) I took him ...................... a thief., (3) Mahesh is now rid ................. all his troubles., (4) He sat ..................... me., (5) He agreed ...................... my plan., (6) The cat ran ..................... the mouse., (7) He died ....................... heart failure., (8) He fell ..................... the bed., (9) They were walking ........................ the road., (10) He rushed .................... the pathway., (11) He acted according .................... my desire., (12) We did it ...................you., (13) Anil goes to office ................ car., (14) Look ................... the picture., (15) He ran ..................... the room and sat .................. his father., , 03, Correct the following sentences :, (1) You cannot prevent me to go to the market., (2), (3) I insisted him to attend the class., (4), (5) She is negligent to attend the meetings., (6), (7) He is bent to fight again., (8), (9) He succeeded to pass the examination this time., (10), (11) I cannot hinder her to enter the temple., (12), (13) Ram was disqualified to compete in this tournament. (14), (15) He was prohibited to enter the temple., (16), (17) He intends to go to Jaipur., (18), (19) He is fortunate to get a ticket., (20), , She refrains to do this work., He has a passion to learn English grammar., She persisted to write again., I am confident to win the match., I am proud to have a friend like Ram., She is desirous to leave the place., I cannot think to oppose him., You should abstain to drink now., It is very difficult to dissuade him to go there., I am hopeful to achieve success.
Page 371 :
Preposition, , 361, , 04, Correct the following sentences :, (1) She was neither ashamed nor sorry for her misbehaviour., (2) She neither objected nor approved of it., (3) Ram has no interest and passion for cricket., (4) We must prevent damage and theft of public property., (5) Please listen and reflect on this topic afterwards., (6) He asked from her a silly question., (7) The police investigated into the case., (8) Ram resembles to his father., (9) She resigned from her post., (10) Ram signed to the agreement., (11) The poet described about the nature., (12) She must love to her children., (13) We have discussed on the merits of the issue., (14) In this article the author has described about poverty., (15) She criticised upon my action without logic., , 05, Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions :, (1) Morning walk is beneficial .................. health., (2) You are not eligible ......................... this post., (3) I find no exception ..................... this rule of grammar., (4) She has a great passion .................... natural beauty., (5) You are very much weak ............... mathematics., (6) Suitable reward is an important incentive ....... hard work., (7) I am sick ...................... the whole episode., (8) He insisted ............... complaining against the officer., (9) You are to conform ............. the rules of the institute., (10) Your views don’t accord ................ mine., (11) She comes ............ a very noble family., (12) His path is beset ............ many difficulties., (13) You are addicted ................ gambling., (14) Your scheme is adverse ................. my career., (15) The court has restored the property ............... its true owner., , 06, Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions :, (1) This is subsequent ................. my application dated 5th July., (2) This is consequent ........... your application dated 10th August., (3) I am fond ............ reading newspaper., (4) You have made all preparations ................... the marriage., (5) I am proud ............. my heritage., (6) He is a descendant ............... king., (7) I have no trust ................... him., (8) She has distrust ...................... you., (9) I feel shame ............. her conduct., (10) I am much ashamed .............. my son., (11) We must provide ...................... the bad days., (12) God will provide ............... our necessities., (13) It is expected .............. you to find the solution., (14) Such rude behaviour was not expected .......... you., (15) I am disappointed ............. you.
Page 372 :
362, , English Grammar & Composition, , 07, Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions :, (1) She jumped .................. the well., (2), (3) She agreed .................. my scheme., (4), (5) He lives .............. Delhi., (6) Please close your office .................... 9.30 pm positively., (7) She goes for a walk ................. the morning daily., (8), (9) Please sit ................. the green chair., (10), (11) She is sitting ................. the roof., (12), (13) He wrote a letter ..................... a pen., (14) A Banyan tree stands ................. the Yamuna river., (15) He has a car ................... a scooter., (16), (17) I know Hindi, .................... Punjabi., (18) I haven’t seen her .................... the last three days., (19) I haven’t seen her ..................... January., (20), , There was no student .................. the class., Ram is sitting .................. the kitchen., , He is .................... the top., The dog jumped ............. the cat., The letter was written .............. Shyam., , I will go to school ................... next Monday., , She turned pale .................. fear., , 08, Insert ‘for’,‘during’ or ‘while’ in the blanks :, (1) What did Ram say about me ................ I was out of the room ?, (2) Rahim read a number of books and magazines ...................... he was ill., (3) I went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately, I began to feel ill ...................... the meal and had to go, home., (4) Please don’t interrupt me ...................... I am speaking., (5) There were many interruptions ........... the Chairman’s speech., (6) Can you lay the table ...................... I get the dinner ready?, (7) They hadn’t had anything to eat...................... they were travelling., (8) Manisha was very angry with me. She didn’t speak to me ........... a week., (9) We usually go out at weekend, but we don’t often go out ........... the week., (10) Kamlesh started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work ........... six month., (11) I need a change. I think I’ll go away ........... a few days., (12) The Chairman delivered a long speech. He spoke ........... three hours., (13) We were hungry when we came. We hadn’t had anything to eat ........... the journey., (14) We were hungry when we came. We hadn’t had anything to eat ........... eight hours., (15) We met a lot of people ................... we were on holiday., (16) We met a lot of people .................... our holiday., (17) I met Manisha ...................... I was shopping., (18) ..................... we were in Agra, we stayed at a very comfortable hotel., (19) ...................... our stay in Agra, we visited a lot of museums and galleries., (20) The phone rang three times ...................... they were having dinner., (21) The phone rang many times ...................... the night., (22) I had been away for many years. ....................... that period, many things had changed., , 09, Put ‘by’ or ‘until’ in the following sentences :, (1) I’m moving into my new house next month. I’m staying with a friend ................... then., (2) Sorry, but I must go. I have to be at home latest .................... 9 o’clock., (3) I’ve been offered a lucrative job ...... my friend. I haven’t decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to, decided ...................... next Monday.
Page 373 :
363, , Preposition, , (4) I think I’ll wait ...................... Sunday before making a final decision., (5) It’s too late to go shopping. The shops are only open ...................... 9:30 pm. They’ll be closed, ...................... now., (6) I’d better pay the electricity bill. It has to be paid ................ tomorrow positively., (7) Don’t pay the bill today, wait .................... next Monday, you can get some relief., (8) A : Have you finished redecorating your house?, B : Not yet. We hope to finish ...................... the end of this fortnight., (9) A : I’m going out now. I’ll be back at 7.30 pm. Will you still be there?, B : I don’t think so. I’ll probably have gone out ............... then., (10) Suresh has gone away. He’ll be away .................... Saturday., , 10, Put ‘at’, ‘on’ or ‘in’ in the following sentences :, (1) The telephone and the doorbell rang .................... the same time., (2) Harish and Sarla always go out for a meal ...................... their wedding anniversary., (3) Ramu is 58. He’ll be retiring from his job ...................... two years ’ time., (4) I’ve been invited to a wedding ...................... 15th August., (5) Hurry up! We’ve got to go ...................... five minutes., (6) I’m busy just now, but I’ll be with you .................. a moment., (7) Ram’s brother is a banker, but he’s out of work ........... the moment., (8) There are usually a lot of parties .............. New Year’s Eve., (9) I hope the weather will be nice ................. the weekend., (10) We travelled overnight to London and arrived ......... 5o’clock ................. the morning., (11) The course begins ...................... 27th June and ends sometime ...................... August., (12) It was quite a short novel and easy to read. I read it .......... a day., (13) He might not be at home ..... Tuesday morning but he’ll probably be there ...... the afternoon., (14) My jeep is being repaired at the garage. It will be ready ............... two hours., , 11., Choose the appropriate option and write it in the brackets., (1) The poor have to work ........ morning to evening., (a) in, , (b) to, , (c) from, , (d) before, , ( ), , (c) at, , (d) in, , ( ), , (c) to, , (d) at, , ( ), , (c) from, , (d) to, , ( ), , (c) in, , (d) with, , ( ), , (c) to, , (d) on, , ( ), , (c) at, , (d) in, , ( ), , (c) for, , (d) of, , ( ), , (c) by, , (d) from, , ( ), , (2) I go ........ swimming every morning., (a) to, , (b) for, , (3) Never laugh ........ the disabled., (a) on, , (b) from, , (4) Please wait ........ me, I am coming within five minutes., (a) for, , (b) by, , (5) He fell ........ love with Sakshi., (a) by, , (b) for, , (6) I got your parcel ........ Tuesday., (a) since, , (b) for, , (7) She was married ........ an early age., (a) for, , (b) of, , (8) His father died ........ the age of sixty three., (a) at, , (b) in, , (9) They will go to Bengalore ........ plane., (a) on, , (b) in
Page 374 :
364, , English Grammar & Composition, , (10) The man ........ a beard is my brother., (a) in, , (b) of, , (c) for, , (d) with, , ( ), , (c) of, , (d) with, , ( ), , (c) of, , (d) for, , ( ), , (c) of, , (d) in, , ( ), , (c) of, , (d) with, , ( ), , (c) for, , (d) at, , ( ), , (c) with, , (d) from, , ( ), , (c) to, , (d) for, , ( ), , (d) to, , ( ), , (c) with, , (d) in, , ( ), , (c) on, , (d) in, , ( ), , (c) by, , (d) for, , ( ), , (c) with, , (d) at, , ( ), , (c) by, , (d) with, , ( ), , (c) by, , (d) from, , ( ), , (c) to, , (d) for, , ( ), , (c) to, , (d) for, , ( ), , (c) with, , (d) by, , ( ), , (c) for, , (d) over, , ( ), , (c) with, , (d) of, , ( ), , (c) with, , (d) in, , ( ), , (c) for, , (d) in, , ( ), , (11) I am grateful ........ my friends for their moral support., (a) for, , (b) to, , (12) Gandhiji fought ........ the freedom of our country., (a) by, , (b) in, , (13) This watch is a gift ........ my uncle., (a) by, , (b) from, , (14) He spoke ........ the subject for two hours regularly., (a) in, , (b) on, , (15) They will leave the place ........10 pm, (a) on, , (b) since, , 12., Choose appropriate option and write it in the brackets :, (1) She was punished ........ stealing a saree., (a) for, , (b) by, , (2) The box belonged ........ the landlord., (a) of, , (b) with, , (3) You must finish your project ........ 5 o’clock positively., (a) in, , (b) for, , (c) till, , (4) Children are fond ........ chocolates and computer games., (a) for, , (b) of, , (5) We get rains ........ July every year., (a) for, , (b) to, , (6) His father died ........ cancer., (a) in, , (b) of, , (7) He is not popular ........ the students., (a) by, , (b) among, , (8) She has great love ........ her children., (a) for, , (b) of, , (9) He was prevented ........ going to college., (a) to, , (b) of, , (10) Listen ........ what your teachers say., (a) at, , (b) in, , (11) Please beware ........ the dog., (a) of, , (b) with, , (12) This book is a collection ........ Shakespeare’s poem., (a) for, , (b) of, , (13) They have quarrelled ........ a piece of land., (a) at, , (b) on, , 13., Choose appropriate option and write it in the brackets :, (1) She wants to get rid ........ the brown fox., (a) for, , (b) to, , (2) I was invited ........ tea by his mother., (a) for, , (b) to, , (3) You cannot see germs ........ naked eyes., (a) by, , (b) with
Page 375 :
365, , Preposition, (4) He is not interested ........ playing and skiing., (a) in, , (b) for, , (c) by, , (d) of, , ( ), , (c) by, , (d) for, , ( ), , (c) to, , (d) with, , ( ), , (c) since, , (d) at, , ( ), , (c) by, , (d) over, , ( ), , (d) among, , ( ), , (c) for, , (d) at, , ( ), , (c) to, , (d) for, , ( ), , (c) at, , (d) on, , ( ), , (c) by, , (d) for, , ( ), , (c) to, , (d) in, , ( ), , (c) from, , (d) of, , ( ), , (d) into, , ( ), , (c) behind, , (d) through, , ( ), , (c) among, , (d) at, , ( ), , (d) of, , ( ), , (c) above, , (d) on, , ( ), , (c) through, , (d) from, , ( ), , (c) along, , (d) among, , ( ), , (c) on, , (d) through, , ( ), , (c) into, , (d) over, , ( ), , (c) after, , (d) of, , ( ), , (d) behind, , ( ), , (5) He was fast asleep ........ his bed., (a) into, , (b) in, , (6) We have a very good news ........ him., (a) for, , (b) of, , (7) They have been reading ........ 7 o’clock., (a) for, , (b) in, , (8) Never quarrel .......... your friends., (a) to, , (b) with, , (9) The four brothers always quarrelled ........ themselves., (a) to, , (b) between, , (c) for, , (10) There were several policemen ........ duty on Republic Day., (a) to, , (b) on, , (11) These boys go to college ........ college bus., (a) by, , (b) on, , (12) He is not an honest man. You cannot rely ........ him., (a) to, , (b) for, , (13) He was fined ........ driving negligently., (a) to, , (b) of, , (14) He is often late ........ his dinner., (a) for, , (b) at, , (15) Try to reach the village ........ the sunset., (a) before, , (b) by, , 14., Choose appropriate option and write it in the brackets :, (1) In the month of December the temperature falls ........ 4ºC., (a) from, , (b) below, , (c) at, , (2) A jeep hit him while he was going ........ the main road., (a) on, , (b) across, , (3) She is ........ a noble family of Rajputs., (a) from, , (b) of, , (4) The case was put ........ the judge and the judge decided it within an year., (a) at, , (b) from, , (c) before, , (5) The bridge ........ this river was built in the year 1995., (a) at, , (b) over, , (6) She is suffering ........ fever., (a) with, , (b) of, , (7) We saw wounded tiger while passing ........ the forest., (a) from, , (b) through, , (8) Chairs are made ........ wood., (a) of, , (b) from, , (9) There are tall beautiful coconut trees ........ the river., (a) along, , (b) at, , (10) We are proud ........ our children., (a) on, , (b) at, , (11) Mt Abu is about five thousand feet ........ the sea-level., (a) above, , (b) along, , (c) after
Page 376 :
366, , English Grammar & Composition, , (12) His birthday is ........ next Sunday., (a) in, , (b) at, , (c) on, , (d) for, , ( ), , (c) over, , (d) through, , ( ), , (c) above, , (d) between, , ( ), , (13) Ramesh fell down while he was running ........ a bus., (a) into, , (b) after, , (14) Ramesh is the best ........ all the other players., (a) into, , (b) among, , 15, Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions :, (1) The meeting took place ........ the company’s corporate office., (at/to/on/by), (2) It was a very long voyage. We were ........ sea for 50 days., (in/at/on/by/to), (3) I was ........ reached last night., (in/on/at/by/for), (4) The train reached ........ Kolkata main station., (in/on/to/at/by), (5) I lost my passport ........ the way to India., (in/at/by/to/on), (6) He is a genius. He is ........ the black lists of many casinos., (on/in/with/by/at), (7) We reached late at the cinema so we had to sit ........ the back row., (on/in/at/to/by), (8) Is there anything interesting ........ the paper today ?, (on/by/in/at/from), (9) Have you ever been ........ Mexico ?, (in/on/by/to), (10) These books are ........ `150/- each., (in/on/with/at), (11) Some people are ........ prison for crimes they have not committed., (in/on/at/by/to), (12) I am really sorry, but you are standing ........ my way., (on/in/at/with/behind), (13) There was a very serious accident ........ the roundabout., (in/at/to/from), (14) In many countries people drive ........ the left., (in/at/by/on/to), (15) I forgot my umbrella ........ the bus., (in/into/by/onto/on), (16) I am ........ love with her., (in/on/with/from), (17) We are offering solutions ........ a price almost anyone can afford., (in/at/on/by/through), (18) He behaves just like his father. He really takes ........ him., (to/from/after/by/at), (19) That old house is being offered ........ sale., (in/at/on/for/by), (20) It is very difficult to enter ........ partnership with a person you do not know very well. (to/on/by/with/into), , Spotting Errors (Prepositions), 16., Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error in any part :, (1) He was sleeping (a)/in his room when a thief (b)/entered into his house (c)/and took away a lot of things., (d), (2) In her concluding speech (a)/she said almost nothing (b)/worth listening to. (c), (3) It was apparent for (a)/everyone present (b)/that if the patient did not receive (c)/immediate medical aid, (d)/he would die. (e), (4) He proposed me (a)/that we should go to the Disco (b)/and then have (c)/dinner at a restra. (d), (5) There appears (a)/to be a little liaison (b)/among the (c)/two groups of the society. (d), (6) The team (a)/complained to the manager (b)/against the captain (c)/and the poor facilities provided in the, hotel. (d), (7) Yesterday I met (a)/a man (b)/who was blind with the right eye. (c), (8) The principal distributed (a)/the sweet among our friends (b)/who bade him forewell. (c), (9) As per the invitation care (a)/Rahim marries with Sayra (b)/on 13th December Monday. (c), (10) The debacle of the Congress party (a)/admit no other explanation (b)/than its (c)/poor performance during, the last five years. (d)
Page 377 :
367, , Preposition, , 17., Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error in any part :, (1) The society does not (a)/hold itself responsible (b)/for the loss or damage to (c)/ any item. (d), (2) In spite of being (a)/very busy at project work (b)/he saves time (c)/to the relatives. (d), (3) Some persons (a)/get promotions (b)/even if they are not (c)/worthy for them. (d), (4) While he was returning (a)/from the office (b)/a man attacked on (c)/him with a dagger. (d), (5) The decline of her moral (a)/was caused by a lot of (b)/factors that were once (c)/fascinating to her. (d), (6) He took me to a restra (a)/and ordered for two cups (b)/of cold coffee (c)/which the waiter brought in an, hour. (d), (7) There are some animals (a)/than can live both in water and land (b)/without any difficulty. (c), (8) During his tour (a)/to the south (b)/he visited not only to Chennai (c)/but also Karnataka. (d), (9) The President Mr Kalam (a)/is much sought after (b)/by school students and (c)/is invited for many, functions. (d), (10) His mother is not well (a)/but he (b)/ does not look for her (c)/properly. (d), , 18., Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error in any part :, (1) We may have to await for (a)/a new political revival (b)/to eradicate the (c)/corruption from our, economy.(d), (2) When she was (a)/in jail (b)/she was debarred to send (c)/a letter even to her son. (d), (3) Despite of the best efforts (a)/put by the doctors (b)/the condition of the patient (c)/is detereorating from, bad to worse. (d), (4) The militant yielded for (a)/the temptation and fell (b)/into the trap (c)/of police.(d), (5) Many people in India (a)/are dying from hunger (b)/but government seems (c)/to be ignorant of such, crude fact. (d), (6) In difficult times (a)/she prefers keeping her counsel (b)/rather than wandering (c)/here and there for, relief. (d), (7) The persons who are (a)/suffering from diabetes are (b)/advised to substitute (c)/saccharine by sugar. (d), (8) He always says (a)/that he prefers to go (b)/home to stay in (c)/a hotel at night. (d), (9) Hardly had we settled down (a)/for the rest (b)/when we were started by the (c)/strange sound of trumpets., (d), (10) He was able to (a)/free himself with (b)/the debts by (c)/working day and night. (d), , 19., Choose the correct alternative with the correct choice given below each : [Income-tax Inspectors], (1) The shopkeeper does not have the toys, I was looking ...., (a) by, , (b) about, , (c) for, , (d) to, , (2) Books are very often compared .............. a granary., (a) with, , (b) to, , (c) by, , (d) at, , (c) between, , (d) among, , (3) Divide twelve mangoes ............. three boys., (a) to, , (b) for, , (4) To reach their village, they have to change ............. a small train at the junction., (a) on, , (b) to, , (c) over, , (d) into, , (5) Mohan will never pass his SSC examination ........... he works hard., (a) if, , (b) unless, , (c) since, , (d) because
Page 378 :
368, , English Grammar & Composition, (6) If you live in a corrupt society, you cannot easily rise ..... the prevailing corruption., (a) upon, , (b) over, , (c) above, , (d) beyond, , (7) It was the first time he had eaten a square meal ........ he had left the village., (a) since, , (b) for, , (c) before, , (d) although, , (c) with, , (d) towards, , (c) was dying, , (d) has died, , (c) otherwise, , (d) than, , (8) They are very grateful .................. your kindness., (a) for, , (b) to, , (9) His mother was 45, when she ......, (a) had died, , (b) died, , (10) There was nothing he could do ............... wait., (a) and, , (b) except, , 20., Insert the prepositions where they are required :, , [I.F.S.], , David felt sorry (1)..........Mrs Micowber because he was always (2)...........debt. David took books, (3)................ the invitation of Mrs Micowber (4)............... the bookstall and sold them (5)............., whatever he could get. The wife (6)............... the booksellers usually paid (7)............... the books, (8)........... shillings which David suspected she stole (9)............. her husband’s pocket when he was lying, (10)................. bed., , 21., Fill in the blanks in each of the following sentences with the appropriate prepositions :, (1) Professor Krishna will take ........... as the new Principal tomorrow., [IIT], (2) We all have to adjust ourselves .............. new circumstances., [IIT], (3) Young fans clustered ............ the film star., [IIT], (4) My son is apprenticed ............... Mr Lal, Chartered Accountant., [IIT], (5) You will always be short of money if you live ........ your means., [IIT], (6) He accused me ........... selling secret information .......... the enemy., [IIT], (7) Please write ............. ink and put your name ......... the top of the page., [IIT], (8) The man ................ pipe and long hairs is the brother ........ the girl., [IIT], (9) If you do not comply ........... the traffic regulations you will get .......... the trouble............... the police., [IIT], [IFS], [IFS], [IFS], [IFS], , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , She is now married .................... a rich merchant., I correspond .................. her regularly., The patient died ............... fever., This election is different .................. mine., , ES, , (10), (11), (12), (13), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) with,, (6) up,, (11) up,, , (2) at,, (7) on,, (12) on,, , (3) at,, (8) of,, (13) with,, , (4) over,, (9) in,, (14) out,, , (5) by,, (10) on,, (15) out.
Page 379 :
369, , Preposition, Solution TYE 02, (1) in,, (6) after,, (11) to,, , (2) for,, (7) of,, (12) for,, , (3) of,, (8) upon,, (13) by,, , (4) beside,, (9) along,, (14) at,, , (5) to,, (10) into,, (15) into, beside., , Solution TYE 03, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (14), (16), (18), (20), , You cannot prevent me from going to the market., (2), I insisted him on attending the class., (4), She is negligent in attending the meeting., (6), He is bent on fighting again., (8), He succeeded in passing the examination this time., (10), I cannot hinder her from entering the temple., (12), Ram was disqualified from competing in this tournament., I cannot think of opposing him., (15), You should abstain from drinking now., (17), It is very difficult to dissuade him from going there., (19), I am hopeful of achieving success., , Exercise 03 ceW Ssmes Verbs SJeb Adjectives keâe, Verbs kesâ yeeo ncesMee Gerund (Verb + ing), , She refrains from doing this work., He has a passion for learning English grammar., She persisted in writing again., I am confident of winning the match., I am proud of having a friend like Ram., She is desirous of leaving the place., He was prohibited from entering the temple., He intends going to Jaipur., He is fortunate in getting a ticket., , ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw efpemekesâ yeeo Infinitive keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Fve, keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~, , Solution TYE 04, (1), (2), (4), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), , She was neither ashamed of nor sorry for her misbehaviour., She neither objected to nor approved of it., (3), We must prevent damage to and theft of public property., Please listen to and reflect on this topic afterwards., (6), The police investigated the case., (8), She resigned from her post., (10), The poet described the nature., (12), We have discussed the merits of the issue., (14), She criticized my action without logic., , Ram has no interest in and passion for cricket., He asked her a silly question., Ram resembles his father., Ram signed the agreement., She must love her children., In this article the author has described poverty., , JeekeäÙe (1) mes (5) lekeâ Ellipsis in Preposition kesâ Devleie&le oes MeyoeW kesâ meeLe Skeâ ner Preposition ueieekeâj ieueleer keâer ieF& nw~ JeekeäÙe, mes (15) lekeâ ceW Transitive verb kesâ meeLe Preposition ueieeves keâer ieueleer keâer ieF& nw~, , (6), , Solution TYE 05, (1) to,, (6) to,, (11) from,, , (2) for,, (7) of,, (12) with,, , (3) to,, (8) on,, (13) to,, , (4) for,, (9) to,, (14) to,, , (5) in,, (10) with,, (15) to., , (2) upon,, (7) in,, (12) for,, , (3) of,, (8) of,, (13) from, , (4) for,, (9) at,, (14) from,, , (5) of,, (10) of,, (15) in., , Solution TYE 06, (1) to,, (6) of,, (11) against,
Page 380 :
370, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 07, (1), (6), (11), (16), , into,, at,, on,, from,, , (2) in,, (7) in,, (12) by,, (17) besides,, , (3) on,, (8) at,, (13) with,, (18) for,, , (4) in,, (9) on,, (14) beside,, (19) since,, , (5), (10), (15), (20), , in, upon,, besides,, with., , (2) while,, (7) while,, (12) for,, (17) while,, (22) During., , (3) during,, (8) for,, (13) during,, (18) While,, , (4) while,, (9) during,, (14) for,, (19) During,, , (5), (10), (15), (20), , during,, for,, while,, while,, , (2) by,, (7) until,, , (3) by, by, (8) by,, , (4) until,, (9) by,, , Solution TYE 08, (1), (6), (11), (16), (21), , while,, while,, for,, during,, during,, , Solution TYE 09, (1) until,, (6) by,, , (5) until, by,, (10) until., , Solution TYE 10, (1) at,, (6) in,, (11) on, in,, , (2) on,, (7) at,, (12) in,, , (3) in,, (8) on,, (13) on, in,, , (4) on,, (9) at,, (14) in., , (5) in,, (10) at, in,, , (2) (b),, (7) (c),, (12) (d),, , (3) (d),, (8) (a),, (13) (b),, , (4) (a),, (9) (c),, (14) (b),, , (5) (c),, (10) (d),, (15) (d)., , (2) (c),, (7) (b),, (12) (b),, , (3) (c),, (8) (a),, (13) (d)., , (4) (b),, (9) (d),, , (5) (d),, (10) (c),, , (2) (b),, (7) (c),, (12) (d),, , (3) (b),, (8) (b),, (13) (d),, , (4) (a),, (9) (d),, (14) (a),, , (5) (b),, (10) (b),, (15) (a)., , (2) (b),, (7) (b),, (12) (c),, , (3) (a),, (8) (a),, (13) (b),, , (4) (c),, (9) (a),, (14) (b)., , (5) (b),, (10) (d),, , (2) at,, (7) in,, (12) in,, (17) at,, , (3) at,, (8) in,, (13) at,, (18) after,, , (4) at,, (9) to,, (14) on,, (19) for,, , (5), (10), (15), (20), , Solution TYE 11, (1) (c),, (6) (d),, (11) (b),, , Solution TYE 12, (1) (a),, (6) (b),, (11) (a),, , Solution TYE 13, (1) (d),, (6) (a),, (11) (b),, , Solution TYE 14, (1) (b),, (6) (d),, (11) (a),, , Solution TYE 15, (1), (6), (11), (16), , at,, on,, in,, in,, , on,, No preposition,, on,, into.
Page 384 :
374, , English Grammar & Composition, , Examples :, After, , :, , Since, While, , :, :, , Although, , :, , Even if, Because, , :, :, , Even though :, , (a) We are going out to eat after we finish our work., (b) After the rain stopped, the dog ran into the mud to play., Since we have lived in Mexico, we have gone to every exhibit at the Royal Hall., (a) While I was waiting in line for my turn, I ate my lunch., (b) Shalini steamed the corn while Jack fried the steaks., Although the line was long and the wait over at least three hours, the exhibit was, indeed worth it., Even if you have already bought your ticket, you will still need to wait in queue., (a) I love her works because she uses color so brilliantly., (b) The snowman melted because the sun came out., Even though Jack fell asleep, the mobile salesman kept talking., , (C) Correlative Conjunction :, , pees Conjunctions peesÌ[s (pairs) ceW ØeÙeesie efkeâS peeles nQ, GvnW Correlative, , Conjunction keânles nQ~ pewmes: Either.......or, Neither...........nor, Both........and, Whether... or, Not, only........but also., , Remember, Correlative Conjunctions are always used in pairs. They join similar elements. When joining singular and, plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural., , Important, Coordinating Conjunctions are the simplest kind, and they denote equality of relationship between the ideas, they join. Their relatives, Correlative Conjunctions, not only denote equality, but they also make the joining, tighter and more emphatic., Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions are great when two ideas are of the same importance, but many, times one idea is more important than another. Subordinating Conjunctions are used to show which idea is, more and which is less important. The idea in the main clause is the more important, while the idea in the, subordinate clause (made subordinate by the Subordinating conjunction) is less important. The subordinate, clause supplies a time, reason, condition, and so on for the main clause., , Conjunctive Adverbs, Conjunctive Adverbs make up an even stronger category of Conjunctions. They show logical, relationships between two independent sentences, between sections of paragraphs, or between entire, paragraphs. Conjunctive Adverbs are so emphatic that they should be used sparingly; however, when used, appropriately, they can be quite effective., Such Conjunctive Adverbs are : Also, hence, however, still, likewise, otherwise, therefore, conversely,, rather, consequently, furthermore, nevertheless, instead, moreover, then, thus, meanwhile, accordingly., Examples :, , (a) If the salmon is grilled, I will have that; otherwise, I might have the chicken., (b) James has a garage full of wood working tools. He might, however, have some metric wrenches,, too., (c) I do not recommend that you play with a stick of dynamite lit at both ends. Rather, a ham, sandwich would be better for you.
Page 386 :
376, , English Grammar & Composition, , BUT, (a) To reflect a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause :, Johny lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably., (b) To reflect in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way, (sometimes replaced by on the contrary) :, The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of some intelligent counsellors., (c) To connect two ideas with the meaning of ‘with the exception of, (and then the second word, takes over as subject) :, Everybody but Jai Kishan is trying out for the team., , OR, (a) To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other :, You study hard for this exam or you will not get good marks, (b) To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives :, We can cook dinner tonight, or we can just eat leftovers., (c) To suggest a refinement of the first clause :, Saraswati College is the premier all-girls, college in the state, or so it seems to most Saraswati, College alumnae., (d) To suggest a ‘restatement’ or ‘correction’ of the first part of the sentence :, There are no tigers in this sanctuary, or so our guide tells us., (e) To suggest a negative condition :, The sayings of one of the freedom fighters was very important ‘Do or die’., (f) To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and above) :, They must approve his political style or they wouldn’t keep electing him Chairman., , NOR, The Conjunction NOR is not used as often as the other Conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor, does come up in conversation or writing. It is commonly used in the correlative pair, neither-nor (see below) :, (a) He is neither sane nor intelligent., (b) That is neither what I said nor what I wanted to say., ‘Nor’ can also be used with other negative expressions :, (c) That is not what I wanted to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt., , YET, The word YET functions sometimes as an adverb. It can be used reflecting several meanings : (i)in, addition (‘yet another cause of trouble’ or ‘a simple yet noble woman’), (ii) even (‘yet more expensive’), (iii), still (‘he is yet a novice’), (iv) eventually (‘they may yet win’), (v) and so soon as now (‘he’s not here yet’)., ‘Yet’ also functions as a Coordinating Conjunction meaning something like ‘nevertheless’ or ‘but’., (a) Jack plays basketball well, yet his favourite sport is cricket., (b) The visitors complained a lot about the heat, yet they continued to play golf here every day., , FOR, The word ‘FOR’ is most often used as a preposition. It is also used, as a Coordinating Conjunction., Beginning a sentence with the Conjunction ‘for’ should be avoided. Its function is to introduce the reason for, the preceding clause
Page 399 :
389, , Conjunctions, , Omitting ‘That’, The word THAT is used as a Conjunction to connect a subordinate clause to a preceding verb. In this, construction that is sometimes called the ‘expletive that’. Indeed, the word is often omitted to good effect, but, the very fact of easy omission causes some editors to take out the red pen and strike out the conjunction THAT, wherever it appears. In the following sentences, we can happily omit the ‘that’ (or keep it, depending on how, the sentence sounds to us) :, (a) Isabel knew [that] she was about to be fired., (b) She definitely felt [that] her fellow employees hadn’t supported her., (c) I hope [that] she doesn’t blame me., Sometimes omitting the THAT creates a break in the flow of a sentence, a break that can be adequately, bridged with the use of a comma :, (i) The problem is, that production in her department has dropped., (ii) Remember, that we didn’t have these problems before she started working here., As a general rule, if the sentence feels just as good without the THAT, if no ambiguity results, from its omission, if the sentence is more efficient or elegant without it, then we can safely omit, the that., Theodore Bernstein lists three conditions in which we should maintain the conjunction THAT :, (A) When a time element intervenes between the verb and the clause : “The boss said yesterday, that production in this department was down fifty percent.” (Notice the position of, ‘yesterday’.), (B) When the verb of the clause is long delayed : “Our annual report revealed that some losses, sustained by this department in the third quarter of last year were worse than previously, thought.” (Notice the distance between the subject ‘losses’ and its verb, ‘were’.), (C) When a second that can clear up who said or did what : “The CEO said that Isabel’s, department was slacking off and that production dropped precipitously in the fourth quarter.”, (Did the CEO say that production dropped or was the drop a result of what he said about, Isabel’s department? The second that makes the sentence clear.) .... ‘Do’s, Don’ts and, May bes of English Usage’ by Theodore Bernstein., , (D) ‘Doubt’ SJeb ‘doubtful’ kesâ meeLe mekeâejelcekeâ (affirmative) JeekeäÙeeW ceW whether keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw,, uesefkeâve Negative SJeb Interrogative JeekeäÙeeW ceW doubt Ùee doubtful kesâ meeLe ‘that’ keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee pee, , mekeâlee nw~, Look at the following sentences :, , (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), , I doubt whether she will attend the function or not., It is doubtful whether she will agree or not., I don’t know that she will agree., Is there any doubt that she will agree?, Is it doubtful that she will agree?, , keâF& yeej whether kesâ meeLe ‘as to’ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ JeekeäÙe yeveeS peeles nQ pees efkeâ ieuele nQ~, (a) I doubt as to whether she will agree or not., I doubt whether she will agree or not., (b) I can’t guess as to whether she has gone or not., I can’t guess whether she has gone or not., , Incorrect, Correct, Incorrect, Correct
Page 401 :
391, , Conjunctions, , SJeb As though keâe DeLe& neslee nw, suppose DeLee&led ‘ceeve ueerefpeS/ceevees’~ Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie keâjles, meceÙe Fme efyevog keâe OÙeeve jKeW efkeâ Fvekesâ yeeo Past conditional keâe ner ØeÙeesie nesiee, Present form keâe veneR~, Would/could/did/ was/were/had gone/knew keâe ØeÙeesie nes mekeâlee nw, uesefkeâve will/can/do/does/is/have, gone/know keâe ØeÙeesie veneR nes mekeâlee~, , (8) As if/As though : As if, , Look at the following sentences :, , (a) He behaves as if he were a king., (b) She orders as though she were the boss., (c) They asked us for arranging tea and breakfast as if they were our invitees., (9) Because, as and since : ‘Because’, ‘As’ and ‘Since’ are used to answer the question : ‘Why?’, , (i) They join two clauses in the same sentence :, (a) I lost my job because I was often late., (b) Ram resigned because he wanted to spend more time with his family., , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , (ii) ‘Because’, ‘As’ and ‘Since’ show the relationship between the two clauses, (a) Why did you resign from such a well-paid job, Ram ?, (b) Because I wanted to spend more time with my family., ‘Because’ is more common than ‘As’ and ‘Since’ when the ‘reason’ is the most important, thing. The because-clause usually placed after the main clause :, I went to Chennai for a holiday last October because I knew it would be warm and sunny, every day I was there., ‘As’ and ‘Since ’ are used when the reason is already well-known and/or less important. The, ‘As’ or ‘Since’ clause often comes at the beginning of the sentence and is separated from the, main clause by a comma :, (a) As my family had finished dinner when I got home, I went to this really good beer bar. (I’m, telling you about the beer bar. It’s not so important ‘why’ I went there.), (b) Since it’s your birthday, I’ll make you breakfast in bed. (I’m going to make you breakfast), (I know, and you know, it’s your birthday.), Since I have no money, I can’t go to the movie., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Join the following pairs of sentences using the connectors given in brackets :, (1) My father is ill. My wife is ill., (2) The teacher was not in the class. The monitor was not in the class., (3) He is poor. He is honest., (4) The book may be in the bag. It may be in the cupboard., (5) There was a violent storm. Many trees were uprooted., (6) The doctor reached. The patient died., (7) He is strong. He is brave., (8) Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender., (9) It was very dark. We could see nothing., (10) The thief saw the policeman. He ran away at once., , (both............. and), (neither ............. nor), (though ............ yet), (either ............. or), (such ............ that), (hardly ......... when), (not only ........... but also), (neither ............. nor), (so .............. that), (no sooner ............. than)
Page 402 :
392, , English Grammar & Composition, , 02, Combine each pair of sentences below into one sentence choosing the right conjunction from the following, list since, besides, lest, never, the, less, before, after, otherwise :, (1) Walk carefully.You may fall., (2) It’s raining.We won’t play the match today., (3) Don’t write.The bell has gone., (4) He was busy. He attended to me., (5) He is a rich man. He is an M.P., , 03, Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct connectors given in brackets :, (1) A student will fail .................. he does not work hard., (because, if, until, though, unless), (2) He was late .................. it was raining heavily., (while, after, so, that, when, because), (3) ................. you have any doubt, please ask me., (In case, Because,Unless, Until, Though), (4) She is more intelligent .................. her sister., (as, than,before,because, that), (5) She has changed a lot .................. I saw her last., (when, before, while,as, since), (6) She could not get the prize, ................ she tried hard for it., (yet, though, but, when, and), (7) We must leave now ............. it is getting dark., (as long as, as soon as,when, since), (8) I was taking a bath .............. somebody rang the bell., (as, while, when, as soon as, than), (9) He failed in the examination; ................., he didn’t lose heart., (moreover, then, while, nevertheless, until), (10) She tried her best; ..................., she couldn’t succeed., (besides, in case, however, instead,as long as), , 04, Fill in the blanks with suitable connectors chosen from the ones given in brackets :, (1) We want to respect others feelings................., we should respect the feelings of others., (nevertheless, similarly, on the other hand), (2) We lost the key.We had .............. to break the lock open., (still, for, therefore), (3) His parents were transferred to Agra .................... he was five years old., (when, since, while), (4) A mechanic was sent for ................ our car broke down., (since, as soon as, because), (5) The rent being very high he will not take that house; .......... it is very far away from his office., (because, moreover, still), (6) The police asked the suspect question after question, ............ he did not open his mouth., (yet, still, however), (7) I have been to the hanging garden four times, ....... I won’t mind going there again., (but, nevertheless, however), (8) ............ much I tried, I could not help him., (Though, However, As), (9) My uncle left for Mexico ....................... I was six years old., (when, since, while), (10) She was late ............ it was raining continuously., (after, because, while), , 05, Correct the following sentences :, (1) I could neither contact Lila nor Sarla., (2) Neither he plays nor reads., (3) She both accused me and my friend Shyam., (4) Ram not only built a temple but also a mosque., (5) He has visited both to New York and Mexico., (6) English is not only difficult to speak but also to write., (7) She is as much noted for her beauty as for her wisdom., (8) I have both visited America and Russia., (9) He neither knows me nor my wife., (10) Ramesh neither went to Jaipur nor Delhi.
Page 403 :
Conjunctions, , 06, Correct the following sentences :, (1) No sooner had he reached the station when the train arrived., (2) Though he is poor but he is trustworthy., (3) Hardly had she left the hospital, than it began to rain., (4) He had neither a car or a scooter., (5) There was much disturbance both in Jammu as well as in Pahalgaon., (6) One cannot be both present at New Delhi as well as at Jaipur., (7) He cannot either read nor write English., (8) She cannot run nor walk., (9) He has not any book nor any copy., (10) I have never seen her nor heard of her., , 07, Correct the following sentences :, (1) I do not know that when she will go., (2) I cannot say that where he is working now-a-days., (3) I understand she will attend the function., (4) I hope that you are well now., (5) I can assert it is right., (6) I cannot explain that why I like her so much., (7) I asked my assistant that bring a chair and my mobile., (8) I agree it is a good oportunity to invest the money., (9) As she started late, she will miss the train., (10) Since Ram is a poor fellow, he couldn’t buy a new dress., (11) The reason is because he is not well., , 08, Correct the following sentences :, (1) It was generally doubted that India would permit the use of her soil., (2) It is not doubtful whether she will attend the party., (3) Is there any doubt whether she will come ?, (4) Keep your body fit like I do., (5) You are as dear to me as her., (6) Until he works hard, he can’t pass., (7) Take an umbrella in case it may rain., (8) You wait here unless the train arrives., (9) You will succeed, if you will work hard., (10) If I had wings, I will fly to London., (11) If I won a lottery, I will buy a big house, (12) If he had worked hard, he would pass., , 09, Correct the following sentences :, (1) It is a year since I have met her., (2) It is a month since she has left for U.S.A., (3) He speaks as if he was the master., (4) Ram orders as though he would be a millionaire., (5) Five years have passed since I had seen her., (6) A year passed since his wife died., (7) I was playing when he was watching T.V., (8) I will go when he will come., (9) I went there while he awoke., (10) I will meet you before I shall leave for home., , 393
Page 404 :
394, , English Grammar & Composition, , Spotting Errors (Conjunctions), 10, Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error in any part :, (1) She was not (a)/ so well versed in English (b)/ that they (c)/ had expected. (d), (2) He not only comes (a)/ here for having lunch (b)/ but also for having a glimpse of (c)/ the beautiful sales, girls. (d), (3) I cannot permit you (a)/ to leave the class (b)/ unless the teacher comes (c)/ and instructs me in the matter., (d), (4) The patient would not (a)/ have died (b)/ when the doctor had (c)/ come in time. (d), (5) Three years have passed (a)/ that I returned from (b)/ USA and settled here. (c), (6) The captain asked (a)/ the players to go (b)/ to market and buy some fruits (c)/ as apples, oranges, bananas, etc. (d), (7) Both the rich (a)/ along with the poor (b)/ are responsible for a great many vices (c)/ with which our, country is inflicted. (d), (8) Since the festival of Diwali is approaching (a)/ so my son has bought (b)/ many fireworks (c)/ as rockets,, crackers etc. (d), (9) The thief had (a)/ hardly put the cash (b)/ in his pocket (c)/ than the owner woke up. (d), (10) No sooner did we (a)/ find out a solution (b)/ to the problem (c)/ when another problem cropped up. (d), , 11., Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error in any part :, (1) She has lots of money (a)/ and she dare not (b)/ purchase a new car. (c), (2) She is not only (a)/ sympathetic to the rich patients (b)/ but also to the poor ones. (c), (3) Because she is intelligent (a)/ therefore she secures highest marks (b)/ in her class. (c), (4) It was almost five months ago (a)/ since she wrote a letter (b)/ to me (c)/ to remind me of my promise. (d), (5) The inspector was doubtful (a)/ that the man who had been run over (b)/ by the truck had (c)/ lain there for, more than a day. (d), (6) He instructed me (a)/ that I should do (b)/ all the work as quickly (c)/ like him. (d), (7) Seldom or (a)/ ever have I sent (b)/ a beggar away without (c)/ giving him something. (d), (8) Seldom or ever (a)/ have I tried my (b)/ best to help my friends (c)/ who are in need. (d), (9) The teacher advised (a)/ the students to (b)/ go through the notes as many times as possible (c)/ lest they, would fail. (d), (10) He asked me (a)/ that why I was not appearing (b)/in the examination. (c), (11) Most of the founding fathers (a)/ of our constitution are (b)/ so reverend as Ambedkar (c)/ if not more. (d), (12) I don’t know (a)/ if any of the members (b)/ of the society is conspiring (c)/ against the chairman or not. (d), (13) This is the same dog (a)/ which bit her (b)/ while she was going (c)/ to the hospital. (d), (14) This is not (a)/ such a big problem (b)/ which cannot be solved (c)/ with some efforts. (d), (15) As he is (a)/ a perfectionist (b)/ so he always insists (c)/ on regular practice. (d)
Page 405 :
395, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Conjunctions, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1), (3), (5), (6), (7), (9), (10), , Both my father and my wife are ill., (2) Neither the teacher nor the monitor was in the class., Though he is poor, yet he is honest., (4) The book may be either in the bag or in the cupboard., There was such a violent storm that many trees were uprooted., The doctor had hardly reached when the patient died., He is not only strong but also brave., (8) Neither be a borrower nor be a lender., It was so dark that we could see nothing., No sooner did the policeman see the thief than he ran away., , Solution TYE 02, (1) Walk carefully lest you should fall., (3) Don’t write after the bell has gone., (5) He is a rich man, besides, he is an M.P., , (2) Since it’s raining,we won’t play the match today., (4) He was busy, nevertheless, he attended to me., , Solution TYE 03, (1) if,, (6) though,, , (2) because,, (7) since,, , (3) In case,, (8) when,, , (4) than,, (5) since,, (9) nevertheless, (10) however., , (2) therefore,, (7) but,, , (3) when,, (8) However,, , (4) because,, (9) when,, , Solution TYE 04, (1) similarly,, (6) still,, , (5) moreover,, (10) because., , Solution TYE 05, (1) I could contact neither Lila nor Sarla., (2) He neither plays nor reads., (3) She accused both me and my friend Shyam. (4) Ram built not only a temple but also a mosque., (5) He has visited both to New York and to Mexico., Or, He has visited to both New York and Mexico., (6) English is difficult not only to speak but also to write., (7) She is noted as much for her beauty as for her wisdom., (8) I have visited both America and Russia., (9) He knows neither me nor my wife., (10) Ramesh went neither to Jaipur nor to Delhi., , Solution TYE 06, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , No sooner had he reached the station than the train arrived., Though he is poor yet he is trustwortly., Hardly had she left the hospital, when it began to rain., He had neither a car nor a scooter., There was much disturbance both in Jammu and in Pahalgaon., One cannot be present both at New Delhi and at Jaipur., He cannot either read or write English., She cannot run or walk., He has not any book or copy., I have never seen her or heard of her.
Page 406 :
396, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 07, (1), (3), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), , I do not know when she will go., (2) I cannot say where he is working now-a-days., I understand that she will attend the function. (4) I hope you are well now., I can assert that it is right., I cannot explain why I like her so much., I asked my assistant to bring a chair and my mobile., I agree that it is a good oportunity to invest the money., As she started late, she missed the train., Since Ram is a poor fellow he can’t buy a new dress., The reason is that he is not well., , Solution TYE 08, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7), (9), (11), (12), , It was generally doubted whether India would permit the use of her soil., It is not doubtful that she will attend the party., Is there any doubt that she will come ?, Keep your body fit like me ., Or, Keep your body fit as I do., You are as dear to me as she., (6) Unless he works hard, he can’t pass., Take an umbrella in case it rains., (8) You wait here until the train arrives., You will succeed, if you work hard., (10) If I had wings, I would fly to London., If I won a lottery, I would buy a big house., If he had worked hard, he would have passed., , Solution TYE 09, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , It is a year since I met her., He speaks as if he were the master., Five years have passed since I saw her., I was playing while he was watching TV., I went there when he awoke., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , It is a month since she left for U.S.A., Ram orders as though he were a millionaire., A year has passed since his wife died., I will go when he comes., I will meet you before I leave for home., , Solution TYE 10, (1) (c) that keâer, , peien as keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee, keäÙeeWefkeâ ÙeneB JeekeäÙe keâe structure, so .... as keâe nw~, , (2) (a) not only keâe ØeÙeesie here not only for having lunch kesâ meeLe nesiee~, Not only ...... but also mes oes subjects/objects/ verbs/gerunds keâes peesÌ[e, (a), (b), (c), (d), , Not only Hari but also Krishna is playing., I have invited not only Hari but also Krishna., He not only reads but also plays., She likes not only swimming but also singing., , (3) (c) Unless keâer, , peelee nw~, , peelee nw~ pewmes:, , (Subject), (Object), (Verbs), (Gerunds), , peien until keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ meceÙe kesâ mevoYe& ceW until keâe leLee condition kesâ mevoYe& ceW unless keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee, , (4) (c) when keâer peien if keâe ØeÙeesie keâjW~ Conditional sentence keâe structure efvecveJele, If he had come to me, I would have helped him., (5) (b) that keâer, time., , neslee nw, , peien since keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~ In perfect tense ‘since’ is used for point of time and ‘for’ is used for period of, , (6) (d) as keâer peien like keâe ØeÙeesie nesiee~, as keâe ØeÙeesie nominative kesâ meeLe neslee nw,, (a) He supports a man like me., (b) He supports a man as I (support)., , peyeefkeâ like keâe ØeÙeesie objective kesâ meeLe neslee nw~ pewmes :
Page 414 :
404, , English Grammar & Composition, Affirmative, (a) He is a rich man., (b) I am innocent., (c) The boss is always right., (d) Man is mortal., (e) This knife is sharp., (f) Ram dislikes you., , Negative, He is not a poor man., I am not guilty., The boss is never wrong., Man is not immortal., This knife is not blunt., Ram does not like you., , Negative, (a) He is not an honest person., (b) You do not trust him., (c) He is not a wise fellow., (d) His habits are not good., (e) She is not a dull girl., (f) You should not deny it., , Affirmative, He is a dishonest person., You distrust him., He is a foolish fellow., His habits are bad., She is an intelligent girl., You should accept it., , (2) Using double negatives : JeekeäÙeeW ceW Negative DeLe& jKeves Jeeues oes MeyoeW keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ Yeer Affirmative keâes, Negative SJeb Negative keâes Affirmative ceW Transform efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes :, Affirmative, (a) I love her., (b) I have a car., (c) Every rose has thorns., (d) She is wise., Negative, (a) There is no smoke without fire., (b) I am not without money., (c) He left no plan untried., (d) No gains without pains., , Negative, I am not without love for her., I am not without a car., There is no rose without thorns., She is not without wisdom., Affirmative, Where there is fire there is smoke., I have money., He tried every plan., For gains one has to take pains., , (3) ‘To fail’ keâe ØeÙeesie keâjves Ùee nševes mes Yeer transformation efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes :, Affirmative, (a) He played the match., (b) He delivered his speech., (c) I saw the Taj Mahal., (d) Consult the doctor., Negative, (a) He couldn’t catch the train., (b) She didn’t fail to help the needy., (c) He couldn’t see me., (d) He couldn’t meet the chairman., , Negative, He did not fail to play the match., He didn’t fail to deliver his speech., I did not fail to see the Taj Mahal., Do not fail to consult the doctor., Affirmative, He failed to catch the train., She helped the needy., He failed to see me., He failed to meet the chairman., , (4) peye Affirmative JeekeäÙeeW ceW only/alone, as soon as, when/whenever keâe ØeÙeesie nes lees Fvekeâes negative JeekeäÙeeW ceW, transform keâjves kesâ efueS none but, no sooner ....... than, never but keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes :, Affirmative, Only/alone, As soon as, When/whenever, , Negative, None but, No sooner ..... than, Never but
Page 415 :
Transformation of Sentences, , 405, , Look at the following examples :, Affirmative, Negative, (a) Only the poor can beg like this., None but the poor can beg like this., (b) Only a fool can say like this., None but a fool can say like this., (c) The brave alone deserves the award., None but the brave deserves the award., (d) Only Ram was present there., None but Ram was present there., (e) As soon as I reached there, it started raining. No sooner did I reach there than it started raining., (f) As soon as he saw the police, he ran away. No sooner did he see the police than he ran away., (g) It always pours when it rains., It never rains but pours., Negative, Affirmative, (a) None but a girl can talk like this., Only a girl can talk like this., (b) None but Nisha can solve it., Only Nisha can solve it., (c) No sooner did the thief see the police., As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away., (d) No sooner did I hear the noise, than I came out. As soon as I heard the noise I came out., (e) It never rains but pours., It always pours, when it rains., (f) There is nobody who dislikes mangoes., Everybody likes mangoes., Miscellaneous sentences :, Affirmative, Negative, (a) It is a unique item., There is no item like this., (b) All the people wept., There was none but wept., (c) She seldom comes here., She does not come here very often., (d) He goes to office daily., He never absents himself from office., (e) We won all the matches., We didn’t lose any match., (f) His position became worse gradually., His position didn’t improve., (g) Smoking is prohibited here., Don’t smoke here., (h) Have patience please., Don’t be impatient., (i) Keep silence., Don’t make a noise., (j) A few persons were present there., Not many persons were present there., (k) Work hard lest you should fail., Work hard so that you may not fail., (l) Run fast lest you should miss the train., Run fast so that you may not miss the train., , III. Interchange of Assertive and Interrogative Sentences :, keâF& Interrogative sentences, JÙeekeâjCeelcekeâ (Grammatical) structure kesâ Devegmeej lees osKeves ceW Interrogative ueieles, nQ, uesefkeâve Gvekeâe DeeMeÙe ØeMve hetÚvee/ØeMve keâjvee veneR neslee nw~ Ssmes Interrogative sentences keâes efyevee DeLe&/DeeMeÙe keâes heefjJeefle&le, efkeâS ngS Assertive Sentence ceW yeouee pee mekeâlee nw~, Fme lejn kesâ Interrogative sentences efvecveefueefKele oes Øekeâej kesâ nesles nQ :, (1) Helping verb (Auxiliary verb) mes Meg¤ nesves Jeeues Interrogative sentences., (2) Wh-words mes Meg¤ nesves Jeeues Interrogative sentences., (1) Helping Verbs (Auxiliaries) mes Meg¤ nesves Jeeues Interrogative sentences :, (1) Interrogative sentence keâe Structure - verb +Subject + .....keâe neslee nw~, Fmes yeouekeâj Subject + verb + ... kesâ Structure ceW JeekeäÙe keâes efueKeW~, (2) Ùeefo Interrogative sentence ceW no/not Ùee DevÙe keâesF& negative word nw lees Assertive sentence yeveeles meceÙe, Gmes nše, oW~ Ùeefo Interrogative sentence ceW keâesF& negative word veneR nw lees Assertive sentence ceW Ssmee word ueieeevee nesiee~
Page 418 :
408, , English Grammar & Composition, , (4) kegâÚ Exclamatory JeekeäÙe if only mes Meg¤ nesles nQ, Ùes Jekeäle keâer FÛÚe (wish) keâes JÙekeäle keâjles nQ~ Fme lejn kesâ JeekeäÙeeW nsleg, Yeer I wish keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ FvnW Assertive ceW yeouee peelee nw~, Look at the following sentences :, (a) If only I could meet her once., Exclamatory, I wish to meet her once., Assertive, (b) If only I could once get selected., Exclamatory, I wish to get once selected., Assertive, Miscellaneous sentences :, (a) How kind of you to help me!, You were kind enough to help me., It was kind of you to help me., (b) How foolish of him to abuse the chairman!, He was foolish enough to abuse the chairman., It was foolish of him to abuse the chairman., (c) A navyman ! afraid of water., It is strange that a navyman should be afraid of water., (d) An army man and such a coward!, It is shocking that an army man should be such a coward., (e) To think of our getting married !, It is strange that we should get married., (f) To think of my seeing you in this foreign land!, It is strange that I should see you in this foreign land., , Exclamatory, Assertive, Assertive, Exclamatory, Assertive, Assertive, Exclamatory, Assertive, Exclamatory, Assertive, Exclamatory, Assertive, Exclamatory, Assertive, , Interchange Parts of Speech, JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙegkeäle Part of speech; pewmes : noun, verb, adverb, adjective; keâes otmejs ceW heefjJeefle&le keâjves mes Yeer JeekeäÙeeW keâe, transformation efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ See the following examples :, (1) Changing into Verb :, (a) Smoking is injurious to health., Smoking injures health., (b) You should give assistance to him., You should assist him., (c) Grahmbell made the invention of telephone., Grahmbell invented the telephone., (d) Her action caused disgrace to the country., Her action disgraced the country., (e) You must render help to her., You must help her., (2) Changing into Noun :, (a) Who discovered India?, Who made the discovery of India?, (b) Who invented Computer?, Who made the invention of Computer?, (c) Listen to him attentively., Listen to him with attention., , Adjective, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Adverb, Noun
Page 419 :
Transformation of Sentences, (d) She is healthy., She enjoys good health., (e) Walk carefully., Walk with care., (f) He fought courageously., He fought with courage., , 409, Adjective, Noun, Adverb, Noun, Adverb, Noun, , (3) Changing into Adjective :, (a) He confessed his guilt., He confessed that he was guilty., (b) Wine injures liver., Wine is injurious to liver., (c) Fortunately she escaped unhurt., She was fortunate to escape unhurt., (d) He solved the puzzle easily., It was easy for him to solve the puzzle., , Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Adjective, Adverb, Adjective, , (4) Changing into Adverb :, (a) His success is sure., He will surely succeed., (b) He does not intend to speak., He does not speak intentionally., (c) Sita sang a sweet song., Sita sang a song sweetly., (d) He fought with courage, She fought courageously., , Adjective, Adverb, Verb, Adverb, Adjective, Adverb, Noun, Adverb, , One part of speech mes another part of speech ceW yeouevee, Skeâ mejue keâeÙe&, keâe %eeve nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Úe$eeW keâes Noun, Verb, Adverb, Adjective Deeefo keâer, , nw uesefkeâve Úe$eeW keâes efJeefYevve parts of speech, efJeMes<eleeDeeW keâes DeÛÚer lejn mecePevee ÛeeefnS~, , Transformation of Conditional Sentences, meeceevÙeleÙee Conditional sentences kesâ oes Yeeie nesles nQ, Skeâ Yeeie ceW kegâÚ Mele& oer ieF& nesleer nw SJeb otmejs Yeeie ceW Gme Mele& keâe, heefjCeece (Result) JÙekeäle neslee nw~ Ssmes JeekeäÙeeW keâes JeekeäÙe kesâ YeeJeeLe& kesâ Devegmeej, transform efkeâÙee peelee nw~, See the following examples :, (a) If you work hard, you will pass., Unless you work hard you will not pass., Work hard and you will pass., Work hard in case you want to pass., Should you work hard you would pass., (b) Had he come to me, I would have helped him. If he had come to me, I would have helped him., (c) In case you support me, I will make a protest. If you support me, I will make a protest., Provided you support me, I will make a protest., (d) One more try and you will achieve it., If you make one more try, you will achieve it., (e) If she does not turn up, you will get the job., In case she doesn’t turn up you will get the job., Supposing she does not turn up, you will get the job., Fme lejn Conditional JeekeäÙeeW keâes Unless/Should/In case/If/Supposing etc. keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ yeouee pee mekeâlee nw~
Page 422 :
English Grammar & Composition, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , 412, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01., Convert the following Simple sentences into Compound sentences:, , [RAS], , (1) The teacher punished the boy for disobedience., (2), (3), (4), (5), , Running at top speed, he got out of breath., By his pleasant manners he gained many friends., Raleigh, taking off his cloak politely, placed it in the muddy street., In this tower sat the poet gazing on the sea., , Transform the following sentences according to the directions given:, (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , [RPSC (RAS) Ajmer], , If you do not take exercise, you will be ill., (Convert into a Compound sentence.), The moment which is lost, is lost forever., (Convert into a Simple sentence.), Self-made men are always respected., (Turn into a Complex sentence.), He will not pay unless he is compelled., (Turn into a Simple sentence.), In the absence of the cat the mice will play., (Turn into a Complex sentence.), The everyone’s surprise, the enterprise completely failed., (Convert into a Compound sentence.), You must work hard to win the first prize., (Convert into a Compound sentence.), He was very tired but he kept on working., (Turn into a Simple sentence.), His silence proves his guilt., (Turn into a Complex sentence.), Consult the dictionary and you will find the meaning of this word., (Convert into a Complex sentence.), , 02., Join the following pairs into single sentence:, (1) Storms may come. They may destroy the dam., (2) The girl has gone away. I wanted to marry her., (3) The king talked to a woman. The woman’s four sons had been killed in the war., (4) He is very clever. He cannot be deceived., (5) Hiroshima was once a prosperous town. It is now a heap of ruins., (6) The moon rose. Their journey was not ended., , [RPSC (RAS) Ajmer], , 03., Rewrite the following sentences using ‘than’ (Superlative to Comparative Degree):, (1) Switzerland is the most beautiful country in the world., (use ‘more beautiful’), (2) Delhi is the biggest city of India., (use ‘bigger’), (3) Mahima is the most beautiful girl in the class., (use ‘beautiful’), (4) Morning walk is the best exercise for us., (use ‘better’), (5) Premji Azim is the richest man in India., (use ‘richer’), , 04., Rewrite the following sentences using ‘as ……… as’ (Comparative to Positive Degree):, (1) Nikita is taller than Babita., (use‘tall’), (2) Reeta is more intelligent than Nita., (use ‘intelligent’), (3) America is richer than India., (use ‘rich’), (4) Kavita’s hair is more beautiful than Vimla’s hair., (use ‘beautiful’), (5) Alwar is bigger than Tonk., (use ‘big’)
Page 423 :
413, , Transformation of Sentences, (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , She is taller than any other girl in the school., Mohan is poorer than any other man in the village., My mother is more beautiful than any other today in our colony., Ganga is more famous river than any other river in India., Jodhpur is hotter than Shimla., , (use ‘tall’), (use ‘poor’), (use ‘beautiful’), (use ‘as famous as’), (use ‘hot’), , 05., Change the following sentences from Comparative to Superlative :, (1) Subhash Chandra Bose was greater than any other leader of India., (2) Kolkata is bigger than any other city of India., (3) Iron is heavier than any other metal., (4) Everest is higher mountain in the world., (5) Sonu is fatter than any other boy in the house., (6) Rani is better than any other girl., , (use ‘the greatest’ ), (use ‘the biggest’), (use ‘the heaviest’), (use ‘the highest’), (use ‘the fattest’), (use ‘the best’), , 06., Interchange of Exclamatory sentences to Assertive sentences :, (1) How cute she is !, (2) What a beautiful sight it is!, (3) What a stupid she is!, (4) What a big building it is!, (5) Oh that, I were the queen of Britain !, (6) O that, I were a bird !, (7) Alas! she died in an accident., (8) Bravo! you have done well., (9) Hurrah ! I won the game., (10) What an attractive person he is !, (11) What a good book it is!, (12) How fast she reads !, (13) What a fine weather it is!, (14) What a sight it is!, (15) How funny!, (16) What a hut!, (17) What a style!, (18) Oh that, I had the wings of bird!, (19) Oh, what a beautiful car to drive !, (20) If I were Miss India !, , 07., Interchange of Exclamatory sentences to Assertive sentences :, (1) Such a woman and my wife!, (2) How kind of her to help me!, (3) Fie!fie! you are a murderer., (4) How sweetly she sings!, (5) How sad was the sight of that deserted place!, (6) What a girl she is!, (7) What a lovely flower!, (8) How strange!, (9) Would that I had never left my village!, (10) Would that my son were alive!, (11) O for a cup of tea!, (12) If only I could find my lost love!, (13) A child and so brave!, (14) How clever of him to cheat her!, (15) How cool the moonlit night is!, (16) Would that I were an I.P.S. officer!, (17) If I could only see her!, , 08., Transform the following sentences into Assertive :, (1) Is this the kind of dress to wear in marriage party?, (2) Won’t you come in?, (3) Can the dumb speak?, (4), (5) Is it not a wise step?, (6), (7) Do you like to lose money?, (8), (9) Why to accuse him?, (10), , Didn’t I tell her to stay here?, Why wait for him?, Haven’t I warned you against the danger?, How can one change one’s nature?
Page 424 :
414, , English Grammar & Composition, , 09., Use the following words as Noun and as Verb :, (1) Close, (2) Court, (3) Back, , (4) Head, , (5) Light, , 10., Use the following words as Noun and as Adjective :, (1) Fast, (2) Less, (3) Like, , (4) Down, , (5) Master, , 11., Use the following words as Adverb and as Adjective :, (1) Round, (2) Next, (3) Near, , (4) Well, , 12., Transform the following Simple sentences into Compound sentences :, (1) He should work hard to pass the examination., (2) Besides making a promise, she keeps it., (3) For all the problems, he is happy., (4) The principal rusticated the boy for misbehaviour., (5) The sun having risen, the fog dispersed., (6) He died a brilliant death, leaving an example to the world., (7) Having finished his work, he went to market., (8) Owing to ill health, she could not prepare the breakfast., , 13., Transform the following Simple sentences into Complex :, (1) She owed her success to my support., (2) Wise persons do not talk nonsense., (3) His silence proves his guilt., (4) Non-vegetarians are not allowed to enter into the temple., (5) Listen to the elders., (6) We are sure to win the match., (7) Intelligent students always succeed., (8) His ambition is to become an engineer., (9) Tell me your address., (10) I have no money to spend., , 14., Transform the following Compound sentences into Complex sentences :, (1) He is a poor man, but he is honest man., (2) My brother gave me a watch and I have lost it., (3) She was very tired and so she didn’t cook food., (4) She is still in teens, but she has the wisdom of a matured woman., (5) I have lost the purse but I have found it now., (6) She is very affable and so I love her., (7) He is doing his best and I am sure of it., (8) Be sincere and you will be respected by everyone., (9) Send the money in advance or you will not get the magazine., (10) You are a teetotaller and I know it., , (5) Slow
Page 425 :
415, , Transformation of Sentences, , 15., Transform the following Affirmative sentences into Negative sentences :, (1) My sister is wise., (2) That is impossible., (3) I shall always remember your kindness., (4) He is always careful., (5) A true man is always right., (6) Sita’s voice is Harsh., (7) We like him., (8) This student is dull., (9) We are innocent., (10) She is always present ., (11) They won the game., (12) I always treat her fairly., (13) This knife is blunt., (14) Everyone was hopeful., , 16., Transform the following sentences into Negative sentences :, (1) She is a bad teacher., (2) They were doubtful whether it was her., (3) Ram is a dishonest man., (4) He is sometimes foolish., (5) My uncle is a poor man., (6) Always speak the truth., (7) I am always happy., (8) Everyone hates you., (9) Everyone hides his sorrow., (10) Everyone praised her dance., (11) I love him., (12) She had clothes., (13) Every rose has thorn., , 17., Transform the following sentences into Question form :, (1) Only the rich can buy that house., (2) Only Ram can solve this problem., (3) Only Manish came to see you., (4) As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away., (5) As soon as he saw the monkey, he fled., (6) As soon as I went inside, it began to rain., (7) Only seniors need apply., (8) He disbelieves me., (9) He failed to catch the thief., (10) It is wrong to do this work., (11) Nisha is always sure., (12) Ram will stay here., (13) She dislikes you., , 18., Rewrite the following sentences :, (1) Sachin is the best cricket player in India., (2) Mr. Ganguli is the richest man of our city., (3) Neetu is the cleverest girl of our college., (4) Hockey is the most popular game in India., (5) Akbar was the greatest muslim ruler in India., (6) Morning walk is the best exercise for young people., (7) Pt Nehru was one of the greatest leader of India., (8) Rahul Dravid is one of the best batsman of our country., (9) Indira Gandhi was the most impressive Prime Minister of India., (10) Nisha is the most intelligent student in the school., , (use ‘better’), (use ‘richer’), (use ‘cleverer’), (use ‘more popular’), (use ‘greater’), (use ‘better’), (use ‘greater’), (use ‘better’), (use ‘more impressive’), (use ‘more intelligent’)
Page 426 :
416, , English Grammar & Composition, , 19., Rewrite the following sentences using Positive Degree :, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Mumbai is the best part of our country., My brother is the wisest man in the office., Naresh is the poorest man in our village., Mr. Rohan is the most popular member in our office., Iron is the most useful metal., Bikaner is the hottest city in Rajasthan., Shatabdi Express is the fastest train., Nisha is the tallest girl of our school., Rajasthan is the most desert state of India., America is the richest country in the world., A lion is the strongest animal in the forest., , ES, , (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), , The boy was disobedient and so the teacher punished him., He ran at top speed so he got out of breath., He has pleasant manners and therefore he gained many friends., Raleigh took off his cloak politely and placed it in the muddy street., The poet sat in this tower and gazed on the sea., Take exercise otherwise you will be ill., The moment once lost is lost forever., The men who are self-made are always respected., He will pay only under compulsion., The mice will play when the cat is absent., The enterprise completely failed and it surprised everyone., You must work hard so that you may win the first prize., In spite of being very tired he kept on working., The fact that he is silent proves his guilt., Or, His silence proves that he is guilty., (15) If you consult the dictionary you will find the meaning of this word., , Solution TYE 02, (1), (2), (3), (4), , Storms may come and destroy the dam., I wanted to marry the girl who had gone away., The king talked to the woman whose four sons had been killed in the war., He is too clever to be deceived., Or, He is so clever that he cannot be deceived., (5) Hiroshima, which was once a prosperous town, is now a heap of ruins., (6) The moon rose before the end of their journey., , (use ‘good’), (use ‘wise’), (use ‘poor’), (use ‘popular’), (use ‘useful’), (use ‘hot’), (use ‘fast’), (use ‘tall’), (use ‘desert’), (use ‘rich’), (use ‘strong’)
Page 427 :
417, , Transformation of Sentences, Solution TYE 03, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , Switzerland is more beautiful than any other country in the world., Delhi is bigger than any other city in the world., Mahima is more beautiful than any other girl in the class., Morning walk is better than any other exercise for us., Premji Azim is richer than any other man in India., , Solution TYE 04, (1), (3), (5), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Babita is not as tall as Nikita., (2) Nita is not as intelligent as Reeta., India is not so rich as America., (4) Vimla’s hair is not as beautiful as Kavita’s hair., Tonk is not as big as Alwar., (6) No other girl in the school is as tall as she., No other man in the village is as poor as Mohan., No other lady in our colony is as beautiful as my mother., No other river in India is as famous as Ganga., Shimla is not as hot as Jodhpur., , Solution TYE 05, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), , Subhash Chandra Bose was the greatest leader of India., Kolkata is the biggest city of India., Iron is the heaviest metal., Everest is the highest mountain in the world., Sonu is the fattest boy in the house., Rani is the best girl., , Solution TYE 06, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17), (19), , She is very cute., She is a great stupid., I wish that I were the queen of Britain., It is sad that she died in an accident., It is joyful that I won the game., It is a very good book., It is very fine weather., It is very funny., It is a good style., I wish that I had a beautiful car to drive., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), (18), (20), , It is a very beautiful sight., It is a very big building., I wish I were a bird., It is a matter of praise that you have done well., He is a very attractive person., She reads very fast., It is a lovely sight., It is a beautiful hut., I wish that I had the wings of bird., I wish that I were Miss India., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), , She was kind enough to help me., She sings very sweetly., She is a peculiar girl., It is very strange., I wish my son were alive., I wish I could find my lost love., He was clever enough to cheat her., I wish I were an I.P.S. officer., , Solution TYE 07, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17), , It is shocking that such a woman should be my wife., It is a matter of contempt that you are a murderer., That deserted place presented very sad sight., This is a very lovely flower., I wish I had never left my village., I wish I had a cup of tea., It is strange that a child should be so brave., The moonlit night is very cool., I earnestly desire to see her.
Page 428 :
418, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 08, (1), (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , This is not the kind of dress to wear in marriage party., You come in please., (3), I told her to stay here., (5), It is useless to wait for him., (7), I have warned you against the danger., (9), One can’t change one’s nature., , The dumb can’t speak., It is a wise step., You do not like to lose money., It is wrong to accuse him., , Solution TYE 09, (1) Close, , :, , (2) Court, , :, , (3) Back, , :, , (4) Head, , :, , (5) Light, , :, , The meeting came to a close at 6 p.m., Please close the shop now., I am going to attend the court of law tomorrow., She is regularly courting her boss., He carried the load on his back., I am not going to back your arguments., He has a big head full of white hair., She headed the list of investors., There is no light in the corridor., Light the candle in the room., , Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, , Solution TYE 10, (1) Fast, , :, , (2) Less, , :, , (3) Like, , :, , (4) Down, , :, , (5) Master :, , She keeps fast on every Tuesday., He is a fast runner., I won’t be contended with less., She paid less attention to sports., You cannot see her like again., They are man of like physique and stature., I have seen the ups and downs of business., The down train was very late yesterday., She is my master., He conceived a master strategy., , Noun, Adjective, Noun, Adjective, Noun, Adjective, Noun, Adjective, Noun, Adjective, , He brought her round to my point of view., It is a round floor., What next are you planning?, I shall meet you at the next crossing., Come near and sit here., She is my near relative., Well begun is half done., You are well now., She is working in a slow manner., She is a slow worker., , Adverb, Adjective, Adverb, Adjective, Adverb, Adjective, Adverb, Adjective, Adverb, Adjective, , Solution TYE 11, (1) Round, , :, , (2) Next, , :, , (3) Near, , :, , (4) Well, , :, , (5) Slow, , :
Page 429 :
419, , Transformation of Sentences, Solution TYE 12, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), , He should work hard or he will not pass the examination., She not only makes a promise but also keeps it., Though he is in great problems, yet he is happy., The boy misbehaved so the principal rusticated him., The sun rose and the fog dispersed., He died a brilliant death and left an example to the world., He finished his work and he went to market., She was in ill health and so she could not prepare the breakfast., , Solution TYE 13, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , It was due to my support that she succeeded., The persons who are wise do not talk nonsense., The fact that he is silent proves his guilt., If you are a non-vegetarian, you can’t be allowed to enter into the temple., Listen to what the elders say., We are sure that we shall win the match., The students who are intelligent always succeed., His ambition is that he wants to become an engineer., Tell me where you live., I have no money that I can spend., , Solution TYE 14, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , He is a honest man although he is poor., I have lost the watch which my brother gave me., As she was very tired, she didn’t cook food., She has the wisdom of a matured woman, although she is still in teens., I have found the purse that I had lost., I love her because she is very affable., I am sure that he is doing his best., If you are sincere, you will be respected by everyone., You will not get the magazine unless you send the money in advance., I know that you are a teetotaller., , Solution TYE 15, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), , My sister is not a fool., I shall not forget your kindness., A true man is never wrong., We do not dislike him., We are not guilty., They did not lose the game., This knife is not sharp., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), (14), , That is not possible., He is never careless., Sita’s voice is not sweet., This student is not intelligent., She is never absent., I never treat her badly., No one was without hope.
Page 430 :
420, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 16, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), , She is not a good teacher., Ram is not an honest man., My uncle is not a rich man., I am never unhappy., There is no one who does not hide his sorrow., I am not without love for him., There is no rose without thorn., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), , They were not sure whether it was her., He is not always foolish., Never tell a lie., There is no one who does not hate you., There was none who did not praise her dance., She is not without clothes., , Solution TYE 17, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (9), (11), (13), , None but the rich can buy that house., None but Ram can solve this problem., None but Manish came to see you., No sooner did the thief see the police than he ran away., No sooner did he see the monkey than he fled., No sooner did I go inside than it began to rain., None but seniors need apply., (8) He did not believe me., He could not catch the thief., (10) It is not right to do this work., Nisha is never in doubt., (12) Ram will not go anywhere., She does not like you., , Solution TYE 18, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Sachin is better than any other cricket player in India., Mr. Ganguli is richer than any other man of our city., Neetu is cleverer than any other girl of our college., Hockey is more popular than any other game in India., Akbar was greater than any other Muslim ruler in India., Morning walk is better than any other exercise for young people., Pt. Nehru was greater than most other leaders of India., Rahul Dravid is better than most other batsman of our country., Indira Gandhi was more impressive than any other Prime Minister of India., Nisha is more intelligent than any other student in the school., , Solution TYE 19, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), , No other part of our country is so good as Mumbai., No other man in the office is as wise as my brother., No other man in our village is as poor as Naresh., No other member in our office is so popular as Mr. Rohan., No other metal is so useful as Iron., No other city in Rajasthan is so hot as Bikaner., No other train is so fast as Shatabdi Express., No other girl is as tall as Nisha., No other state of India is so desert as Rajasthan., No other country in the world is so rich as America., No other animal in the forest is as strong as lion.
Page 437 :
427, , Conditional Sentences, , 04, Fill in the blanks choosing the appropriate word from the brackets :, (1) I will stay here ......... you come., , (until/unless), , (2) ......... you work hard, you can’t secure first position., (3) If I ...... you, I would forgive him., , (Until/Unless), (was/were), , (4) If I were him, I ......... dismiss you., , (will/would), , (5) If it rains, he ........ not come., , (will/would), , (6) If you boil water it ....... to vapours, , (should/would have), (would/would have), (had invited/invited), (will/would), , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , If you are waiting for a taxi, you ........... better go there., If he had come here I ............ given him a room to stay., If she ....... me, I would have attended the function., If he tried again he ......... pass., , ES, , (7), (8), (9), (10), , (truns/will turn), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) If he came to me I would give him a pen., Or, If he had come to me, I would have given him a pen., (2) Had he invited me, I would have attended the function., (3) If he had telephoned me, I would have given him the address., (4) If a monkey came here what would you do?, (5) If I had an umbrella I would give it to her., , Solution TYE 02, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , If he works hard, he will get promotion., Unless he asks me I shall not help him., If I had a briefcase, I would lend it to her., If you heat ice, it turns to water., If you are looking for Sita, you will find her with Ram., , Solution TYE 03, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , If I were you, I would dismiss him., Until he comes back, wait for him., Unless you work hard, you can’t beat him., Suppose she does not agree, what can you do?, If he tried again, he could pass., , Solution TYE 04, (1) until,, (7) should,, , (2) Unless,, (3) were,, (4) would,, (8) would have, (9) had invited, (10) would., , (5) will,, , (6) turns,
Page 443 :
433, , Unenglish & Superfluous Expressions, , (26) Mutual friend Skeâ Unenglish expression nw, Fmekeâe ØeÙeesie keâjvee ieuele nw~ Fmekeâer peien Common friend keâe, (27), (28), (29), (30), , ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~, Free ship Ùee Lecturership keâer peien free studentship Ùee lectureship keâe ØeÙeesie mener nw~, An English teacher keâe DeLe& neslee nw A teacher who is an English (Citizen of England) Dele: An English, teacher keâer peien A teacher of English efueKevee mener nw~, Passing marks keâer peien pass marks efueKevee mener nw~, Linking road / Linking language keâer peien link road/link language efueKevee Megæ nw~, The days pass happily., , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , The time passes happily., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Correct the following sentences :., (1) He has been sick since Monday., (2) I eat my food at 8 pm., (3) There were many kinds of bag in the shop, such as paper, leather, cloth and canvas etc., (4) Ramesh said to me, “Sita was rather very happy on that day”., (5) All his family members are planning to visit Jammu and Kashmir., (6) I give key to my wrist watch at 8 p.m. daily., (7) I eat my breakfast at 7 a.m. daily., (8) He said, “Today I am feeling comparatively better”., (9) Sunita always wears blue saree on such functions generally., (10) She went to Delhi the tomorrow morning., , 02, Correct the following sentences :, (1) We eat because we may live., (2) She didn’t attend the meeting so that she was ill., (3) I took medicine, because I might get well soon. (4) Both he is a philosopher and a teacher., (5) Either he is a stupid or a rogue., (6) Others as well as Ram declares this an unethical act., (7) The females are not allowed to participate in the competition., (8) The days pass off happily., (9) With a view to study the urgent publications he joined the library., (10) Did you find your pen ? Yes, I didn’t find it so far., , 03, Correct the following sentences :, (1) I can not play football today., (2) He achieved good success in B.A. examination., (3) He sometimes comes to visit his parents., (4) Everyone will be given a certificate., (5) Have you found your lost purse?, No, I have found., (6) It is not the men, but the fair sex, responsible for the present trend in fashion., (7) Not with standing the present degradation in the society, he believes in fair means even today., (8) Inspite of increase in turn over, the profit remains the same., (9) Ram discussed the matter with so many another fellows., (10) Ram and his other friend Shyam went to Jaipur yesterday.
Page 444 :
434, , English Grammar & Composition, , Problems of Superfluous Expressions, 04, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , All the members (a)/of the club are (b)/kindly requested (c)/to attend the meeting. (d), This is the wristwatch (a)/which my uncle (b)/brought it (c)/for you. (d), She asked me (a)/where I was going to (b)/and what I had done (c)/the previous day. (d), He will leave (a)/for Mexico (b)/on Monday (c)/with bag and baggage. (d), This idea of the (a)/Home Minister’s (b)/has put everyone (c)/in serious thoughts. (d), The teacher forbade (a)/the students not to (b)/make a noise. (c), Rita, cousin sister of the (a)/MP said that she would (b)/contest the next (c)/election certainly. (d), “Harish is comparatively better (a)/today and we hope that (b)/he will recover soon” (c)/said Ramesh. (d), Yesterday in the night (a)/he came by bus (b)/and was disturbed. (c), In Jaipur she (a)/came across with many (b)/of her friends (c)/who had settled thereafter marriage. (d), , 05, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Pakistan’s support (a)/to the terrorists in India (b)/is universally condemned (c)/by all. (d), Within two hours (a)/we will approach (b)/near Agra (c)/by car. (d), Suppose if (a)/all problems are solved (b)/what would you do then? (c), When he lent me (a)/some money, he asked (b)/to return it back (c)/within a week. (d), Through out the whole year (a)/there was (b)/not a single day (c)/without any incidence of violence. (d), The recent incidents of corruption (a)/amply illustrate about (b)/ the characters of (c)/our political, leaders. (d), The thing what (a)/ you like is (b)/available in (c)/that departmental store. (d), He denied that(a)/he was not present(b)/there at the time(c)/the accident took place. (d), The PM said (a)/that it was his decision (b)/and that nobody (c)/could get it changed. (d), The students (a)/requested the teacher (b)/to repeat the question (c)/again. (d), , 06, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part:, (1) The reason why (a)/most of the people commit crime (b)/is because they are unware (c)/of the legal, complications. (d), (2) He doesn’t hardly know (a)/about the real factors (b)/that have created (c)/so many problems. (d), (3) My mother asked me (a)/if I have sufficient enough money (b)/to buy the books. (c), (4) They were quite all right (a)/when they went to the police station (b)/to lodge an FIR. (c), (5) He stayed in Jammu (a)/for a very short period of time (b)/and then went to (c)/Kolkata. (d), (6) He reimbursed back (a)/the money which I spent (b)/on his medical treatment. (c), (7) I have to attend (a)/the funeral service (b)/of my dear departed friend (c)/today. (d), (8) Unless you do not (a)/pass this examination (b)/you cannot get the job. (c), (9) I want to know (a)/whether it is (b)/the right and proper time (c)/to start this business. (d), (10) The second project (a)/of this company was equally as (b)/successful (c)/the first project. (d), , 07, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, (1) He was (a)/very friendly enough (b)/to help me (c)/when I was in trouble. (d), (2) My friend asked (a)/me if there was any place (b)/in the (c)/compartment for him. (d), (3) I know (a)/that more than hundred (b)/students have applied (c)/for freeship. (d)
Page 445 :
Unenglish & Superfluous Expressions, , 435, , (4), (5), (6), (7), , Each competitor (a)/tried his best (b)/to defeat one another (c)/in the wrestling match. (d), He put his sign (a)/at the foot of the (b)/letter and posted it (c)/immediately. (d), She ran as (a)/fastly as she could (b)/to catch the train. (c), The officer advised me (a)/to talk to the concerned clerk (b)/in case I feel any (c)/problem in the, matter. (d), (8) Many pupils of this college (a)/are working as teachers (b)/in different (c)/public schools. (d), (9) He was (a)/awarded cent percent (b)/marks in (c)/mathematics. (d), (10) All his family members (a)/are social (b)/and cooperative. (c), , 08, Read the following sentences to find whether there is any error in any part :, , RCIS, , O, T Y UR, , XE, , SOLUTIONS, , S E LF E, , TE S, , (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , To what has (a)/always puzzled me (b)/is your insincerity (c)/and carelessness. (d), According to me (a)/every student should (b)/go through the (c)/notes given by the professors. (d), One of my friends (a) /is in the teaching line (b)/and presently settled (c)/abroad. (d), Now-a-days she (a)/is living in foreign (b)/but her husband (c)/is in India. (d), Our English teacher said (a)/that we should practice (b)/regularly if we wanted to improve (c)/our, English. (d), I want to join (a)/lecturership (b)/because I think it is a (c)/peaceful profession. (d), As my neighbours (a)/are very cooperative (b)/so I do not have (c)/any problem here. (d), The passing marks (a)/are thirty there (b)/but you have secured (c)/only thirty two marks. (d), Both of them. (a)/have not (b)/turned up in (c)/the court today(d) No error. (e), We must wait (a)/for quieter time before (b)/the claims of civilisation (c)/can over ride over the claims of, the party spirit. (d), , ES, , (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1), (3), (4), (5), (6), (8), (10), , He has been ill since Monday., (2) I take my dinner at 8 pm., There were many kinds of bag in the shop, such as paper, leather, cloth and canvas., Ramesh said to me, “Sita was rather happy on that day.”, All the members of his family are planning to visit Jammu and Kashmir., I wind my wrist watch at 8 pm daily., (7) I have my breakfast at 7 a.m. daily., He said, “Today I am feeling better.”, (9) Sunita always wears blue saree on such functions., She went to Delhi the next morning., , Solution TYE 02, (1), (3), (4), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , We eat so that we may live., (2) She didn’t attend the meeting because she was ill., I took medicine, in order that I might get well soon., He is both a philosopher and a teacher., (5) Either he is a stupid or a rogue., Ram as well as others declares this an unethical act., The women are not allowed to participate in the competition., The days pass happily., With a view to studying the current publications he joined the library., Did you find your pen ? No, I didn’t find it so far.
Page 461 :
451, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Question Framing, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Frame a question to get the following answers :, Q. 1., Q. 2., Q. 3., Q. 4., Q. 5., Q. 6., Q. 7., Q. 8., Q. 9., Q. 10., , ..................................................................?, When ........................................................?, How many ................................................?, Where ......................................................?, How many ................................................?, How much ...............................................?, Whose .....................................................?, How old ...................................................?, ..................................................................?, Who .........................................................?, , Ans. Yes, I play football., Ans. He will go to Delhi next week., Ans. She has two sons and a daughter., Ans. He keeps his money in a nationalised bank., Ans. There are 366 days in the leap year., Ans. Our cow gives twenty kilo milk in a day., Ans. It (car) is mine., Ans. He (his son) is ten years old., Ans. Yes, I have paid my tuition fees., Ans. Mr. Sharma teaches us Physics., , 02, Frame a question to get the following answers :, Q. 1., Q. 2., Q. 3., Q. 4., Q. 5., Q. 6., Q. 7., Q. 8., Q. 9., Q. 10., , Why .........................................................?, Who .........................................................?, How many ...............................................?, How far ....................................................?, How much ...............................................?, What ........................................................?, Which ......................................................?, .................................................................?, What ........................................................?, .................................................................?, , Ans. He has gone to the railway station to see off his cousin., Ans. It is my friend Rajendra (at the gate)., Ans. I got three prizes., Ans. It (My village) is forty kilometers from here., Ans. We buy two kg. milk of cow daily., Ans. My hobbies are reading novels and making friends., Ans. I play football and cricket., Ans. No, she could not catch the train., Ans. He (my brother) is an engineer., Ans. Yes, we have tea in the morning., , 03, Frame a question to get the following answers :, , How far ................................................... ?, What ........................................................?, How .........................................................?, Where ......................................................?, Why .........................................................?, .................................................................?, How many ...............................................?, Who .........................................................?, Q. 9. How long .................................................?, Q. 1., Q. 2., Q. 3., Q. 4., Q. 5., Q. 6., Q. 7., Q. 8., , Ans. It (Delhi) is 160 kilometers from here., Ans. I am writing a letter., Ans. She was welcomed warmly by her friends., Ans. You can find it on the table., Ans. We eat to live., Ans. Yes , I’m afraid of ghosts., Ans. I made 58 runs yesterday., Ans. My friend has invited me., Ans. We have been living in this country for three years, only.
Page 462 :
452, , English Grammar & Composition, Ans. I go to school at seven o’ clock in the morning., Ans. Yes, there are three cinema halls in our town., Ans. I go to the cinema every Sunday., Ans. He (my father) is 55., Ans. Mr. S.K. Jain is my class teacher., Ans. I reached home at 9 p.m., , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , When .......................................................?, Is there.....................................................?, How often ................................................?, How .........................................................?, Who .........................................................?, When .......................................................?, , ES, , Q. 10., Q. 11., Q. 12., Q. 13., Q. 14., Q. 15., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , Do you play football?, How many children has she?, How many days are there in the leap year?, Whose car is it?, Have you paid your tuition fees?, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , When will he go to Delhi?, Where does he keep his money?, How much milk does your cow give in a day?, How old is your son?, Who teaches you Physics?, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , Who is at the gate?, How far is your village from here?, What are your hobbies?, Could she catch the train?, Do you have tea in the morning?, , Solution TYE 02, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , Why has he gone to the railway station?, How many prizes did you get?, How much milk of cow do you buy daily?, Which games do you play?, What is your brother?, , Solution TYE 03, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), , How far is Delhi from here?, What are you doing?, How was she welcomed by her friends?, Where can I find it?, Why do we eat?, Are you afraid of ghosts?, How many runs did you make yesterday?, Who has invited you on this occasion?, How long have you been living in this country?, When do you go to school?, Is there any cinema hall in your town?, How often do you go to the cinema?, How old is your father?, Who is your class teacher?, When did you reach home?
Page 466 :
456, , English Grammar & Composition, , Fme lejn kesâ Imperative sentence ceW yeele keâes DeefOekeâ ØeYeeJeMeeueer yeveeves kesâ efueS vekeâejelcekeâ (negative), Question tag keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~, (3) Ùeefo Imperative sentence mes keâesF& veejepeieer peeefnj keâer peeleer nw Ùee veejepeieer JÙekeäle keâjles ngS keâesF& keâLeve efkeâÙee peelee nw,, lees can’t you, Question tag ueieevee GefÛele jnlee nw~ pewmes :, (a) Use your own vehicle, can’t you ?, (b) Keep shut, can’t you?, (c) Use your own stationary, can’t you? (d) Mind your own business, can’t you?, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , (4) Let’s (Let us) mes Meg¤ ngS Jekeälee kesâ keâLeve kesâ meeLe Question tag, ‘shall we?’ ueielee nw SJeb Let him/let you/let, them mes Meg¤ Jekeälee kesâ keâLeve kesâ meeLe Question tag ‘will you’ ueiesiee~ pewmes :, (a) Let’s play, shall we?, (b) Let us sing, shall we?, (c) Let’s go, shall we?, (d) Let them play, will you?, (e) Let him work, will you?, (f) Let her cook, will you?, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Complete the following sentences by using the correct Question tags :, (1), (2), (4), (5), (7), (9), (10), (12), (14), , Everybody was watching the cricket match on TV,………?, He is a very wise man, ………?, (3) Mrs. Meena is a good teacher, ………?, We saw a rainbow in the sky yesterday, ………?, Sita is a beautiful girl,………?, (6) You should not smoke, ………?, Miss Neha does not play tennis, ………?, (8) I am older than you, ………?, You always have your lunch at 1 o’clock,………?, I can do it for you, ………?, (11) She doesn’t want to go to college today, ………?, Let’s pray to Almighty, ………?, (13) He had met you before, ………?, We couldn’t enjoy the picnic,………?, , 02, Write the letter a, b, c or d as the correct answer in the brackets :, (1) Do as I say, ………?, (a) didn’t you, , (b) won’t you, , (c) needn’t you, , (d) shan’t you, , (), , (c) can’t you, , (d) will you, , (), , (c) have you, , (d) did you, , (), , (c) aren’t they, , (d) haven’t they, , (), , (c) won’t we, , (d) shouldn’t you, , (), , (c) do they, , (d) don’t they, , (), , (c) didn’t she, , (d) haven’t they, , (), , (2) Now you can make question tags, ………?, (a) can you, , (b) won’t you, , (3) You fell on your back, ………?, (a) didn’t you, , (b) weren’t you, , (4) Few people know that you are an artist, ………?, (a) do they, , (b) don’t they, , (5) Tomorrow we will attend our college, ………?, (a) shall we, , (b) will we, , (6) The Bishnois of Rajasthan protect trees and animals, ………?, (a) have they, , (b) weren’t they, , (7) Everyone wanted a ticket, ………?, (a) didn’t they, , (b) didn’t he
Page 467 :
457, , Question Tag, (8) Let’s take a little rest before we start again, ………?, (a) will we, , (b) should we, , (c) shall we, , (d) needn’t we, , (), , (c) aren’t she, , (d) isn’t she, , (), , (c) are they, , (d) aren’t they, , (), , (c) doesn’t he, , (d) didn’t he, , (), , (c) wasn’t he, , (d) weren’t he, , (), , (c) isn’t I, , (d) don’t I, , (), , (c) doesn’t it, , (d) aren’t it, , (), , (c) aren’t she, , (d) isn’t she, , (), , (c) haven’t she, , (d) have we, , (), , (c) aren’t I, , (d) amn’t I, , (), , (c) are you, , (d) do you, , (), , (c) don’t I, , (d) do I, , (), , (b) shall we, , (c) aren’t we, , (d) shan’t we, , (), , (b) isn’t she, , (c) aren’t she, , (d) is she, , (), , (c) won’t you, , (d) needn’t you, , (), , (c) is it, , (d) doesn’t it, , (), , (c) will you, , (d) don’t you, , (), , (c) will you, , (d) should you, , (), , (c) did I, , (d) have I, , (), , (b) won’t I, , (c) aren’t I, , (d) can’t I, , (), , (b) wasn’t he, , (c) didn’t he, , (d) did he, , (), , (b) should we, , (c) could we, , (d) would we, , (), , (9) Anjali dances very well, ………?, (a) does she, , (b) doesn’t she, , (10) Both Ram and Shyam are engineers, ………?, (a) isn’t he, , (b) isn’t she, , (11) He knows nobody in the colony, ………?, (a) does he, , (b) did he, , (12) Jehangir was a great judge, ………?, (a) doesn’t he, , (b) didn’t he, , (13) I am looking after the garden, ………?, (a) amn’t I, , (b) aren’t I, , (14) It is quite hot outside today, ………?, (a) is it, , (b) isn’t it, , 03, Write the letter a, b, c or d as the correct answer in the brackets :, (1) Nisha dances very well, ………?, (a) doesn’t she, , (b) does she, , (2) We have not met before, ………?, (a) did we, , (b) didn’t we, , (3) I am senior to you, ………?, (a) do I, , (b) don’t I, , (4) You are a bit late today, ………?, (a) aren’t you, , (b) don’t you, , (5) I do not now live in this colony , ………?, (a) did I, , (b) aren’t I, , (6) We are learning English Grammar, ………?, (a) are we, , (7) She is too old, ………?, (a) doesn’t she, , (8) You will come tomorrow, ………?, (a) will you, , (b) shouldn’t you, , (9) The house needs immediate repairing, ………?, (a) does it, , (b) isn’t it, , (10) You don’t like sugar in your coffee, ………?, (a) didn’t you, , (b) do you, , (11) Open the window, ………?, (a) don’t you, , (b) aren’t you, , (12) I have already taken tea, ………?, (a) didn’t I, , (b) haven’t I, , (13) I am working hard on this book, ………?, (a) don’t I, , (14) He was asleep, ………?, (a) was he, , (15) Let us start now, ………?, (a) shall we
Page 468 :
458, , English Grammar & Composition, , 04, Complete the following sentences by using the correct Question tags :, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (10), , Delhi is not very far from Meerut ………?, (2), You are always punctual, ………?, (4), They don’t like to bathe in winter, ………?, (6), Miss Minu does not play chess, ………?, (8), You always have your lunch at 12 O’clock, ………?, I can do it for you, ………?, , Shalini is very young ………?, Students are learning swimming ………?, You should not drink wine, ………?, I am elder to you, ………?, , 05, Complete the following sentences by using the correct Question tags :, You had met me before, ………?, He is a rude man, ………?, Mrs. Saxena is a good lady, ………?, Someone might come, ………?, I needn’t write, ………?, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , He doesn’t want to go to college today, ………?, Let’s pray to God, ………?, (3), We couldn’t enjoy the picnic, ………?, (5), Everybody was watching the TV, ………?, (7), Something must be done for us, ………?, (9), He needs money, ………?, (11), Nisha need not go there, ………?, , ES, , (1), (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) weren’t they, (2) isn’ the,, (6) should you,, (7) does she,, (11) does she,, (12) shall we,, , (3) isn’t she,, (8) aren’t I,, (13) hadn’t he,, , (4) didn’t we,, (9) don’t you,, (14) could we., , (5) isn’t she,, (10) can’t I,, , Solution TYE 02, (1) b,, (7) a,, (13) B,, , (2) c,, (8) c,, (14) B., , (3) a,, (9) b,, , (4) a,, (10) d,, , (5) c,, (11) a,, , (6) d,, (12) c,, , (2) d,, (8) c,, (14) b,, , (3) c,, (9) d,, (15) a., , (4) a,, (10) b,, , (5) d,, (11) c,, , (6) c,, (12) b,, , Solution TYE 03, (1) a,, (7) b,, (13) c,, , Solution TYE 04, (1) is it,, (6) should you,, , (2) isn’t she,, (7) does she,, , (3) aren’t you,, (8) aren’t I,, , (4) aren’t they,, (9) haven’t you,, , (1) does he,, (2) shall we,, (6) weren’t they, (7) isn’t she,, (11) need I,, (12) need she., , (3) hadn’t you,, (8) mustn’t it,, , (4) could we,, (9) mightn’t they,, , (5) do they,, (10) can’t I., , Solution TYE 05, (5) isn’t he,, (10) doesn’t he,
Page 477 :
XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , S E LF E, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01. Punctuate the following sentences using capital letters where necessary :, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (10), , if you don’t understand it tell him., try try and try again., ram not shyam is responsible., oh you are here., gandhiji the father of the nation loved the poor., the answer she said is this., , (2), (4), (6), (8), , he said to me what is his name., ram and Shyam went to punjab., do what you were told., o lord help me., , 02. Punctuate the following sentences using capital letters where necessary :, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , hands up said the dy sp., follow me ordered the jailer., yes please he said., when you are ready tell me., you must you can you shall do it ., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , oh dear where have you been., she is after all an orphan., she said I cant do it., where have you been., if you try you will pass., , 03. Punctuate the following sentences using capital letters where necessary :, (1), (3), (5), (6), (7), (8), (10), , I like reading he likes playing, (2) ppp please try again he said, please move fast it is getting late, (4) I want the following items pencil rubber and a pen, he said I can’t agree with your policy divide and rule at this moment, raju do you follow me. sudha yes I do, the other girl gayatri sharma refused to accept the gift, no I don’t remember it, (9) ram is a hindu ashraf is a muslim, I saw the note welcome, , 04. Insert the correct punctuation mark in the gaps. Remember not to leave any spaces before or after the, punctuation marks :, (1) Alas, poor Bill .., (2) Do you recall in the last grammar exercise, how he fell from his horse .., (3) You may remember that he cracked his skull as he landed on the rocky ground .., (4) Shall we resume the story .., (5) I seized Bill’s lifeless wrist and felt for a pulse .., (6) Nothing .., (7) How could he have died so easily, by merely falling from a horse .., (8) What was I going to do .., (9) It was such a God-forsaken place .., (10) Help was at least a day’s ride away .., (11) Suddenly I became aware of the large, icy drops of rain on the wind .., (12) There was nothing else I could do .., (13) I would have to make camp for the night .., (14) And what a very long and very cold night it was going to be.
Page 478 :
468, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , English Grammar & Composition, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , If you don’t understand it, tell him., (2), Try, try and try again., (4), Ram, not Shyam is responsible., (6), Oh! you are here., (8), Gandhiji, the father of the Nation, loved the poor. (10), , He said to me, “What is his name?”, Ram and Shyam went to Punjab., Do, what you were told., O, Lord, help me., “The answer”, she said, “is this.”, , Solution TYE 02, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , “Hands up!”, said the Dy. SP., “Follow me!”, ordered the jailer., “Yes please”, he said., When you are ready, tell me., You must, you can, you shall do it., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , “Oh dear! where have you been.’’, She is, after all, an orphan., She said, “I can’t do it.”, Where have you been?, If you try, you will pass., , Solution TYE 03, (1), (3), (5), (6), , I like reading; he likes playing., (2) “P-p-p-please try again”, he said., Please move fast; it is getting late., (4) I want the following items : pencil, rubber and a pen., He said, “I can’t agree with your policy ‘Divide and Rule’at this moment.”, Raju : Do you follow me?, , Sudha : Yes, I do., (7), (8), (9), (10), , The other girl—Gayatri Sharma—refused to accept the gift., No, I don’t remember it., Ram is a Hindu ; Ashraf is a Muslim., I saw the note Welcome., , Solution TYE 04, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), , Alas, poor Bill!, Do you recall in the last grammar exercise, how he fell from his horse?, You may remember that he cracked his skull as he landed on the rocky ground., Shall we resume the story?, I seized Bill’s lifeless wrist and felt for a pulse., Nothing!, Could he be dead already, merely from falling off a horse?, What was I going to do?, It was such a God-forsaken place!, Help was at least a day’s ride away., Suddenly I became aware of the large, icy drops of rain on the wind., There was nothing else I could do., I would have to make camp for the night., And what a very long and very cold night it was going to be!
Page 481 :
471, , Formation of Words, Noun, Advice, Brother, Blue, Beginning, Bounty, Brute, Conscience, Circumstance, Dog, Emperor, Expectation, Example, Enemy, Earth, Essence, Elephant, Explanation, Egg, Eye, Famine, Fraud, Foot, Flower, Fear, Fable, Fever, Fate, Flesh, Grief, Grass, Hand, Hypocrite, Island, Industry, Spring, Sun, Star, Tooth, Licence, Lustre, Love, Money, Moon, Merchant, , Adjective, Advisable, Fraternal, Bluish, Initial, Bounteous, Brutal, Conscientious, Circumstantial, Canine, Imperial, Expectant, Exemplary, Inimical, Earthen, Essential, Elephantine, Explanatory, Oval, Optical, Famished, Fraudulent, Pedal, Floral, Timorous, Fabulous, Feverish, Fatal, Carnal, Grievous, Grassy, Manual, Hypocritical, Insular, Industrious, (Industrial), Vernal, Solar, Starry, Dental, Licentious, Lustrous, Amorous, Monetary, Lunar, Mercantile, , Noun, Coward, Cat, City, Calamity, Circle, College, Nose, Ocean, Offence, Omen, People, Population, Professor, Patriot, Pathos, Picture, Prejudice, Problem, Punishment, Sentence, Place, Palace, Ruin, Sedition, Service, Secretary, Study, Paradise, Series, Salt, Serpent, Superstition, Ship, Sky, , Adjective, Cowardly, Feline, Urban, Calamitous, Circular, Collegiate, Nasal, Oceanic, Offensive, Ominous, Popular, Populous, Professorial, Patriotic, Pathetic, Picturesque, Prejudicial, Problematic, Penal, Sententious, Local, Palatial, Ruinous, Seditious, Serviceable, Secretarial, Studious, Paradisiacal, Series, Saline, Serpentine, Superstitious, Naval, Etherial, , Joy, Joke, Judge, Tribe, Town, Talk, Table, Youth, Vice, Voice, , Joyous, Jocular, Judicial (Judicious), Tribal, Urban, Talkative, Tabular, Juvenile, Vicious, Vocal
Page 482 :
472, , English Grammar & Composition, , Noun, Metal, Medicine, Myth, Minister, Muscle, Merit, Night, Neighbour, Nihil, , Adjective, Metallic, Medicinal, Mythical, Ministerial, Muscular, Meritorious, Nocturnal, Neighbourly, Nihilistic, , Noun, Village, War, Title, Worth, Watch, Wood, Year, Zodiac, Zenith, , Adjective, Rural, Martial, Titular, Worthy, Vigilant, Sylvan, Annual, Zodiacal, Zenithal, , (B) Changing Noun into Verb, Noun, Authority, Assertion, Apology, Allusion, Blood, Beauty, Black, Brass, Bed, Body, Circle, Centre, Cipher, Class, Certainty, Colony, Collision, Company, Conception, Custom, Character, Danger, Drop, Enthusiasm, Excellence, Economy, Electricity, Furniture, Frost, Food, Force, Friend, Fraud, , Verb, Authorize, Assert, Apologize, Allude, Bleed, Beautify, Blacken, Braze, Embed, Embody, Encircle, Centralize, Decipher, Classify, Ascertain, Colonize, Collide, Accompany, Conceive, Accustom, Characterise, Endanger, Drip, Enthuse, Excel, Economize, Electrify, Furnish, Freeze, Feed, Enforce, Befriend, Defraud, , Noun, Hard, Harmony, Haste, Height, Idol, Justice, Knee, Loss, List, Monopoly, Magnet, Memory, Nature, Notice, Necessity, Night, Origin, Office, Perception, Patron, Peace, Person, Prison, Power, Relief, Robe, Society, Sermon, Spark, Shrine, Slave, Title, Tomb, , Verb, Harden, Harmonize, Hasten, Heighten, Idolize, Justify, Kneel, Lose, Enlist, Monopolize, Magnetize, Memorize, Naturalize, Notify, Necessitate, Be Night, Originate, Officiate, Perceive, Patronize, Pacify, Personify, Imprison, Empower, Relieve, Enrobe, Associate, Sermonize, Sparkle, Enshrine, Enslave, Entitle, Entomb
Page 483 :
473, , Formation of Words, Grass, Glory, Gold, Habit, Hand, , Graze, Glorify, Gild, Habituate, Handle, , Utility, Vapour, Verse, Vacancy, Vice, , Utilize, Evaporate, Versify, Vacate, Vitiate, , Noun, Machine, Priest, Person, Royal, Regent, Servant, Witch, , Abstract Noun, Mechanism, Priesthood, Personage, Royalty, Regency, Service, Witchery, , Adjective, Large, Lamp, Dramatic, Little, Long, Liquid, Mad, Moist, Noble, Public, Popular, Poor, Perpetual, Pure, Real, Rich, Safe, Stupid, Sweet, Solid, , Verb, Enlarge, Lamp, Dramatize, Belittle, Prolong, Liquidize, Madden, Moisten, Ennoble, Publish, Popularize, Impoverish, Perpetuate, Purify, Realize, Enrich, Save, Stupidity, Sweeten, Solidity, , Adjective, Intense, Just, Merry, Magnificent, , Noun, Intensity, Justice, Merriment, Magnificence, , (C) Changing Noun into Abstract Noun, Noun, Beggar, Coin, Coward, Cunning, Creature, Elector, Hero, , Abstract Noun, Beggary, Coinage, Cowardice, Cunningness, Creation, Electorate, Heroism, , (D) Changing Adjective into Verb, Adjective, Abundant, Able, Abusive, Bitter, Brief, Brutal, Base, Clear, Civil, Clean, Dense, Different, Double, Dramatic, Equal, Fat, Fertile, Firm, Fresh, Feeble, , Verb, Abound, Enable, Abuse, Embitter, Abbreviate, Brutalize, Debase, Clarify, Civilize, Cleanse, Condense, Differentiate, Duplicate, Dramatize, Equalize, Fatten, Fertilize, Confirm, Refresh, Enfeeble, , (E) Changing Adjective into Noun, Adjective, Adequate, Acid, Bankrupt, Brief, , Noun, Adequacy, Acidity, Bankruptcy, Brevity
Page 484 :
474, , English Grammar & Composition, , Busy, Chaste, Civil, Compulsory, Dense, Gay, Double, Grand, Hot, Humble, Local, , Business, Chastity, Civility, Compulsion, Density, Gaiety, Duplicate, Grandeur, Heat, Humility, Locality, , Notorious, Obedient, Pious, Public, Rival, Solitary, Perpetual, Splendid, Vain, Wide, Worthy, , Notoriety, Obedience, Piety, Publicity, Rivalry, Solitude, Perpetuate, Splendour, Vanity, Width, Worth, , Verb, Conceive, Commit, Compare, Precise, Predict, Precede, Pursue, Yean, Recede, Rely, Respond, Redeem, Steal, Urge, Seize, Weave, Vary, , Noun, Conception, Committal, Comparison, Precision, Prediction, Precedence, Pursuit, Yeanling, Recess, Reliance, Response, Redemption, Stealth, Urgency, Seizure, Web, Variety, , (F) Changing Verb into Noun, Verb, Acquit, Bathe, Betray, Deceive, Defy, Deny, Do, Prohibit, Heal, Know, Lend, Give, Narrate, Oblige, Move, Please, Persuade, , Noun, Acquittal, Bath, Betrayal, Deception, Defiance, Denial, Deed, Prohibition, Health, Knowledge, Loan, Gift, Narration, Obligation, Motion, Pleasure, Persuasion, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Fme lejn mes Deeheves osKee efkeâ veS Meyo keâe efvecee&Ce efkeâme lejn mes efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ veS Meyo-efvecee&Ce keâer efJeefOe SJeb Meyo keâes, efJeefYevve Part of Speech ceW yeouevee, English Vocabulary keâer Je=efæ ceW keâeheâer meneÙekeâ nw~, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01., Write the Adjective form of the following Nouns:, (1) Calamity,, (2) Coward,, (3) City,, (6) Brute,, (7) Cat,, (8) Beast,, , (4) Blue,, (9) Body,, , (5) Emperor,, (10) Brass.
Page 485 :
475, , Formation of Words, , 02., Write the Noun form of the following words:, (1) Floral,, (2) Fatal,, (3) Populous,, (6) Saline,, (7) Naval,, (8) Solar,, , (4) Inimical,, (9) Dental,, , (5) Penal,, (10) Jocular., , (4) Centre,, (9) Collision,, , (5) Bed,, (10) Nature,, , (4) Please,, (9) Oblige,, , (5) Lend,, (10) Respond,, , 03., Change the following Nouns into Verbs:, (1) Hard,, (2) Loss,, (3) Magnet,, (6) Circle,, (7) Food,, (8) Grass,, (11) Origin,, (12) Office., , 04., Change the following Verbs into Noun:, (1) Bathe,, (2) Predict,, (3) Defy,, (6) Move,, (7) Pursue,, (8) Steal,, (11) Yean,, (12) Do., , 05., Form the words as directed from the following words:, (1), (3), (5), (7), , a noun from err (verb)., a noun from precise (adjective)., a verb from office (noun)., Abstract noun from fool, poor, laugh., , [Inspectors of Income-tax], , (2) A noun from flow (verb)., (4) an abstract noun from witch (noun)., (6) Adjectives from coast, home., , 06., Use each of the following words as a noun and as a verb in your own sentences:, (1) quarrel, (6) stand, (11) train, , (2) book, (7) field, (12) work, , (3) hand, (8) chair, (13) present, , (4) lock, (9) notes, (14) record, , [IAS], , (5) water, (10) sacrifice, , 07., Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word in the second sentence in the following pairs of sentences:, (1) The corrupt politician is about to be exposed., The corrupt politician faces ……… ., (2) Most of the cups broke in transit., Most of the cups suffered ……… in transit., (3) The passengers were annoyed at the delay., The passengers expressed their ……… at the delay., (4) The Court ordered the building to be demolished., The Court ordered ……… of the building., (5) The strange word is repeated in all his poems., All his poems shows ……… of the strange word., (6) He told me not to be in such haste., He told me not to ……… so much., (7) My grandfather fell down., My grandfather had a ……… ., (8) The visitor frightened the child., The visitor gave the child a ……… look., , [Inspectors of Income-tax]
Page 486 :
476, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , English Grammar & Composition, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) Calamitous,, (6) Brutal, , (2) Cowardly,, (7) Feline,, , (3) Urban, (8) Bestial,, , (4) Bluish,, (9) Physical, , (5) Imperial,, (10) Brazen., , (2) Fate,, (7) Ship,, , (3) Population, (8) Sun,, , (4) Enemy,, (9) Tooth, , (5) Punishment,, (10) Joke., , (3) Magnetize, (8) Graze,, , (4) Centralize,, (9) Collide, , (5) Embed,, (10) Naturalize,, , (3) Defiance, (9) Obligation, , (4) Pleasure,, (10) Response,, , Solution TYE 02, (1) Flower,, (6) Salt, , Solution TYE 03, (1) Harden,, (6) Encircle, (11) Originate,, , (2) Lose,, (7) Feed,, (12) Officiate., , Solution TYE 04, (1) Bath,, (7) Pursuit,, , (2) Prediction,, (8) Stealth,, , (5) Loan,, (11) Yeanling,, , (6) Motion,, (12) Deed., , Solution TYE 05, (1) error,, (2) flow,, (6) coastal, homely,, , (3) precision, (4) witchery,, (7) folly, poverty, laughter., , (5) officiating, , Solution TYE 06, Use as a Noun:, (1) Quarrels take place over the property., (2) The books written by Mr. S.C. Gupta are very useful., (3) The hands of Mafia are many., (4) The locks of Aligarh are durable., (5) Water is necessary for life., (6) You should have taken a tough stand., (7) The field of Red Corner, China is plane., (8) This is a comfortable chair., (9) She has taken my notes., (10) The sacrifice made by Subhash Chandra Bose is indeed great., (11) The train is a good mode of travel., (12) Complete your work today positively., (13) This is a good present for her., (14) Sachin has made several records., Use as a Verb:, (1) You should not quarrel with your brother., (2) The scooter was booked for Alwar., (3) A representation was handed over to the Chairman., (4) Lock the house properly while going out., (5) He is watering the plants., (6) The inflation rate now stands at 4% only., (7) Sachin fields the ball very quickly., (8) The Home Minister chaired the meeting of M.Ps., (9) Please note down my telephone number., (10) Subhash Chandra Bose sacrificed his service and fought for independence., (11) Pakistan is training militants., (12) He works in this office., (13) She presented a wrong information., (14) Please record my dissent in this matter., , Solution TYE 07, (1) exposure,, (5) repetition,, , (2) breakage,, (6) hurry, , (3) annoyance, (7) fall,, , (4) demolition,, (8) frightening.
Page 493 :
483, , Spelling Rules, , 13, neigh, reticent, focal, alrigt, offence, , (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), , neither, magnificient, mystical, almighty, dence, , (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), , neice, deficient, vehical, allottee, deference, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Find out the wrongly spelt word:, (1) (a) rein, (b), (2) (a) efficient, (b), (3) (a) vocal, (b), (4) (a) altogether, (b), (5) (a) pretence, (b), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (a), (e), (i), (m), (q), , existence,, occurrence,, prudence,, acquaintance,, reference., , (b) attendance,, (f) persistance,, (j) vigilance,, (n) assurance,, , (c) correspondence,, (g) entrance,, (k) compliance,, (o) repentance,, , (d) magnificence,, (h) eminence,, (l) hindrance,, (p) difference,, , (b) cogent,, (f) imminent,, (j) brilliant,, (n) prominent,, (r) restaurant,, (v) beneficent., , (c) immigrant,, (g) serpent,, (k) monument,, (o) permanent,, (s) resistant,, , (d) compliment,, (h) inhabitant,, (l) pertinent,, (p) valiant,, (t) sufficient,, , (b) discussion,, (f) profession,, (j) permission,, (n) ammunition,, (r) exclusion,, (v) direction,, (z) session., , (c) decision,, (g) combination,, (k) suggestion,, (o) association,, (s) compulsion,, (w) administration,, , (d) collision,, (h) explosion,, (l) attention,, (p) determination,, (t) conclusion,, (x) resolution,, , (b) boundary,, (f) jewellery,, (j) secretary,, (n) geometry,, (r) military,, (v) necessary,, (z) beggary., , (c) contrary,, (g) gallantry,, (k) cookery,, (o) laboratory,, (s) missionary,, (w) satisfactory,, , (d) salary,, (h) secondary,, (l) corollary,, (p) literary,, (t) monastery,, (x) machinery,, , Solution TYE 02, (a), (e), (i), (m), (q), (u), , attendant,, disinfectant,, servant,, fragrant,, adjacent,, excellent,, , Solution TYE 03, (a), (e), (i), (m), (q), (u), (y), , application,, possession,, confusion,, ambition,, division,, commission,, reputation,, , Solution TYE 04, (a), (e), (i), (m), (q), (u), (y), , bravery,, slavery,, primary,, dairy,, mercenary,, mystery,, factory,
Page 494 :
484, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 05, (a), (e), (i), (m), (q), , palatial,, partial,, provincial,, crucial,, preferential,, , (b) residential,, (f) special,, (j) sacrificial,, (n) nuptial,, (r) essential., , (c) superficial,, (g) influential,, (k) financial,, (o) prejudicial,, , (d) racial,, (h) prudential,, (l) judicial,, (p) presidential,, , (b) courageous,, (f) meritorious,, (j) licentious,, (n) ferocious,, , (c) courteous,, (g) superstitious,, (k) precious,, (o) gracious,, , (d) notorious,, (h) bounteous,, (l) prodigious,, (p) conscientious,, , (b) lovable,, (f) accessible,, (j) reducible,, (n) profitable,, , (c) resistible,, (g) valuable,, (k) contemptible,, (o) discernible., , (d) blamable,, (h) eatable,, (l) forcible,, , (b) college,, (e) lineage,, (j) bridge,, (n) mortgage,, (r) lodge,, , (c) carriage,, (f) pledge,, (k) hedge,, (o) postage,, (s) passage,, , (d) message,, (h) damage,, (l) presage,, (p) village,, (t) cartridge., , (b) ferocious,, (f) ambitious,, (j) pernicious,, (n) infectious,, , (c) superstitious,, (g) vicious,, (k) atrocious,, (o) sagacious,, , (d) conscientious,, (h) fictitious,, (l) voracious,, (p) avaricious., , (b) hygiene,, (f) deceive,, (j) veil,, (n) niece,, (r) feign,, (v) priest., , (c) belief,, (g) relief,, (k) neigh,, (o) forfeit,, (s) retrieve,, , (d) achieve,, (h) conceit,, (l) yield,, (p) liege,, (t) receipt,, , (2) (b),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (b)., , (2) (a),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (c)., , (2) (c),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (c)., , Solution TYE 06, (a), (e), (i), (m), (q), , nutritious,, erroneous,, industrious,, curious,, luxurious., , Solution TYE 07, (a), (e), (i), (m), , agreeable,, movable,, changeable,, payable,, , Solution TYE 08, (a), (d), (i), (m), (q), , pillage,, manage,, budge,, package,, suffrage,, , Solution TYE 09, (a), (e), (i), (m), , malicious,, ostentatious,, delicious,, seditious,, , Solution TYE 10, (a), (e), (i), (m), (q), (u), , perceive,, chief,, thief,, brief,, surfeit,, grieve,, , Solution TYE 11, (1) (a),, , Solution TYE 12, (1) (d),, , Solution TYE 13, (1) (d),
Page 501 :
Sentence Structure and Analysis, , 491, , When to Use Which Sentence ?, Simple : The Simple sentence is ideal when what you have to say is a single thought. Without unrelated, and unnecessary words and thoughts confusing the issue, your meaning will be much easier for readers to, grasp., Compound : Use a Compound sentence when you want to show that two ideas, are related, and of equal, significance., , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Complex : Use a Complex sentence when you want to show a relationship between two or more ideas,, one of which is more important than the others are. Most of the sentences you write will probably be complex., It is up to you as a writer to decide what thoughts you wish to stress., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Pick out the Principal clause and the Subordinate clause from the following sentences :, (1) He runs as fast as possible., (2) Your shirt is better than mine., (3) She as well as I went there., (4) All that glitters is not gold., (5) He drew the revolver, took aim and fired., , 02, Pick out Relative clause from the following sentences :, (1) This is the pen, that Ram bought yesterday., (2) He, who helps the poor, is helped by Almighty., (3) I have found the purse, which I lost yesterday. (4) The dog that barks does not bite., (5) He, who serves the helpless, is always happy., , 03, Pick out the Adverb clause from the following sentences :, (1) We eat that we may live., (2) The more she gets, the more she demands., (3) The tree is so tall that an old can’t climb it up., (4) However hard she may work, she will not succeed., (5) Even if he doesn’t cooperate me, I will fight alone., , 04, Find out the Noun clause from the following sentences :, (1) Where he lives is not known to me., (2) She told me that she would not support me., (3) Please ask him, what he wants., (4) I can’t say what he does., (5) It is useless to discuss, what he utters., , 05, Pick out the Adjective clause from the following sentences :, (1) I know the place, where she is hidden., (2) This is the place, where the murder was committed., (3) The idea why she spoke so is now clear., (4) This is the hotel, that my friend built., (5) One who lives in glass house, should refrain from throwing stone at others.
Page 502 :
492, , English Grammar & Composition, , 06, State which of the following sentences are Simple, Compound or Complex :, (1) Take whatever you like., (2) I am certain that she has gone mad., (3) I am very tired for I have been walking all the morning., (4) Honesty is the best policy., (5) He acted according to my advice., (6) God made the country and man made the town., (7) She wrote a letter and posted it through her brother., (8) Write as fast as you can., (9) She as well as her sister is guilty., (10) He is the leader whom we all respect., (11) I gave her the bag because she needed it., (12) He is sure of his success., (13) I like you no less than him., (14) I don’t know the month of my birth., (15) She told me that she would come on Monday., , 07, State which of the following sentences are Simple, Compound or Complex :, (1) Joe waited for the train, but the train was late., (2) I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station, but they arrived at the station before noon and had left, on the bus before I arrived., (3) Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon and they had left on the bus before I arrived., (4) Mary and Samantha had left on the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at the bus station., (5) Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not see them at the station., (6) While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that the train was late., (7) After they left on the bus, Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station., (8) Joe waited for the train., (9) The train was late., (10) Mary and Samantha took the bus., (11) I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station., , 08, State about the following sentences, whether Simple/Compound/Complex/Mixed, and explain your, answer :, (1) I do not own a Porche., (2) When the train arrives and if Ms Langlois is on it, she will be served with a subpoena., (3) Suzanne wanted to be here, but she cannot come because her car is in the shop., (4) The football game was cancelled because of the rain., (5) The football game was cancelled because it was raining., (6) Unless my girlfriend postpones her visit from Calgary, I will not have time to study for my exam., (7) I ate the sushi and left the restaurant., (8) Call your father as soon as you arrive in Antigonish., (9) Democracy is a noble goal; it is important, however, to protect the minority from the tyranny of the, majority., (10) Ottawa is the capital of Canada, but Toronto is the capital of Ontario.
Page 503 :
493, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Sentence Structure and Analysis, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) He runs, as fast as possible, (2) Your shirt is better, than mine, (3) She went there, as well as I went there, (4) All is not gold, that glitters, (5) He drew the revolver, He took aim, He fired, , Principal clause, Subordinate clause, Principal clause, Subordinate clause, Principal clause, Subordinate clause, Principal clause, Subordinate clause, Principal clause, Principal clause, Principal clause, , Solution TYE 02, (1) that Ram bought yesterday., (3) which I lost yesterday., (5) who serves the helpless., , (2) who helps the poor., (4) that barks., , Solution TYE 03, (1) that we may live., (3) that an old can’t climb it up., (5) Even if he doesn’t cooperate me., , (2) the more she gets., (4) However hard she may work., , Solution TYE 04, (1) Where he lives., (3) what he wants?, (5) what he utters?, , (2) that she would not support me., (4) what he does?, , Solution TYE 05, (1) where she is hidden., (3) why she spoke?, (5) Who lives in glass house?, , (2) where the murder was committed., (4) that my friend built., , Solution TYE 06, (1) Complex,, (6) Compound,, (11) Complex,, , (2) Complex,, (7) Compound,, (12) Simple, , (3) Compound,, (8) Compound,, (13) Complex,, , (4) Simple,, (9) Compound,, (14) Simple,, , (5) Simple,, (10) Complex,, (15) Complex., , (2) Compound,, (7) Complex,, , (3) Compound,, (8) Simple,, , (4) Compound,, (9) Simple,, , (5) Complex,, (10) Simple,, , Solution TYE 07, (1) Compound,, (6) Complex,, (11) Simple.
Page 504 :
494, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 08, (1) This is a Simple sentence, containing only one independent clause., (2) This is a Complex sentence. At first glance, it might look like a Compound complex sentence because of the, conjunction ‘and’ joining the two dependent clauses ‘When the train arrives’ and ‘if Ms Langlois is on it’;, however, there is only one independent clause in the sentence, so it cannot be Compound., (3) This is a Mixed (Compound-complex) sentence. First, it contains two independent clauses ‘Suzanne wanted to, be here’ and ‘she cannot come because her car is in the shop’ joined by the Co-ordinating conjunction ‘but’; the, second independent clause, however, contains the dependent clause ‘because her car is in the shop’, making the, sentence Complex as well as Compound., (4) This is a Simple sentence: since it does not have a predicate, ‘because of the rain’ is a phrase rather than a clause., (5) This is a Complex sentence since it contains the dependent clause ‘because it was raining.’, (6) This is a Complex sentence, containing the independent clause ‘I will not have time to study for my exam’ and, the dependent clause ‘Unless my girlfriend postpones her visit from Calgary.’ Note the Subordinating, conjunction ‘unless’ at the beginning of the dependent clause., (7) This is a Simple sentence. It is easy to see, however, why someone might think that this is a Compound sentence,, since it contains the Co-ordinating conjunction ‘and’; however, the conjunction actually joins two predicates :, ‘ate the sushi’ and ‘left the restaurant’ -- within a single clause. The clue that you are dealing with., (8) This is a Complex sentence because it contains the dependent clause ‘as soon as you arrive in Antigonish.’ If, that information were in a phrase instead of a clause, however, the sentence would be a Simple sentence:, Call your father upon your arrival in Antigonish., (9) This is a special type of Compound sentence, where the two independent clauses : ‘Democracy is a noble goal’, and ‘it is important, however, to protect the minority ...’ are joined by a semicolon instead of a Co-ordinating, conjunction., (10) This is a Compound sentence, because it contains two independent clauses joined by the Co-ordinating, conjunction ‘and’.
Page 509 :
Synthesis of Sentences, , 499, , (A) By using Cumulative Conjunction, oes Simple sentences keâes Cumulative conjunnction Éeje peesÌ[keâj, Skeâ Compound sentence yeveeÙee peelee nw~ cegKÙe, Cumulative conjunctions efvecveefueefKele nQ:, And, both ...... and, as well as, not only ...... but also, not less than etc., , (a) Using ‘And’ :, (1) (a) I watched T.V., I watched T.V and he played football., (2) (a) The police came., The police came and the thief ran away., (3) (a) She came., She came and watched T.V., , (b) He played football., (b) The thief ran away., (b) She watched T.V., , (b) Using ‘Both ...... and’ :, (1) (a) He ate a biscuit., He ate both a biscuit and an orange., (2) (a) He is a student., He is both a student and a painter., (3) (a) She purchased a pen., She purchased both a pen and a pencil., , (b) He ate an orange., (b) He is a painter., (b) She purchased a pencil., , (c) Using ‘As well as’ :, (1) (a) Suresh is going to Jaipur., Suresh as well as Kukku is going to Jaipur., (2) (a) Saurav is playing cricket., Saurav as well as Sachin is playing cricket., (3) (a) He is intelligent., He is intelligent as well as smart., , (b) Kukku is going to Jaipur., (b) Sachin is playing cricket., (b) He is smart., , (d) Using ‘Not only ...... but also’ :, (1) (a) He is a painter., (b) He is a student., He is not only a painter but also a student., (2) (a) Ram will go to Jaipur., (b) Sita will go to Jaipur., Not only Ram but also Sita will go to Jaipur., (3) (a) Sita is intelligent., (b) Sita is beautiful., Sita is not only intelligent but also beautiful., , (B) By Using Adversative Conjunction, But, still, yet, however, where, whereas, only, while FlÙeeefo Adversative conjunctions keânueeles nQ~ Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie, oes efJejesOeeYeemeer JeekeäÙeeW keâes peesÌ[ves nsleg efkeâÙee peelee nw~ pewmes :, , (a) Using ‘But’ :, (1) (a) He is smart., He is smart but he is not intelligent., , (b) He is not intelligent.
Page 510 :
500, (2) (a) He worked hard., He worked hard but he could not pass., (3) (a) He is rich., He is rich but he is miser., , English Grammar & Composition, (b) He could not pass., (b) He is miser., , (b) Using ‘Still or yet’ :, (1) (a) I don’t support her., I do not support her still she respects me., (2) (a) He is poor., He is poor yet he is honest., (3) (a) He worked hard., He worked hard yet he failed., , (b) She respects me., (b) He is honest., (b) He failed., , (c) Using ‘However’ :, (1) (a) She did not prepare well., (b) She succeeded., She did not prepare well however she succeeded., (2) (a) Your leaves are not due., (b) You may go., Your leaves are not due however you may go., (3) (a) I do not like this pen., (b) I may buy it for you., I do not like this pen however I may buy it for you., , (d) Using ‘Nevertheless’ :, (1) (a) He is a miser., (b) He spent one lac in the marriage., He is a miser nevertheless he spent one lac in the marriage., (2) (a) He is a rich man., (b) He is not contented., He is a rich man nevertheless he is not contented., (3) (a) He is poor., (b) He is trustworthy., He is poor nevertheless he is trustworthy., , (e) Using ‘Or’ :, (1) (a) Go away., Go away or come in., (2) (a) Run fast., Run fast or you will miss the train., (3) (a) Work hard., Work hard or you will be failed., , (b) Come in., (b) You will miss the train., (b) You will be failed., , (f) Using ‘Only’ :, (1) (a) He could solve it., (b) He became hopeless., He could solve it only he became hopeless., (2) (a) Go anywhere you like., (b) You inform me., Go anywhere you like only inform me., (3) (a) You can do whatever you like., (b) You don’t make unnecessary telephones., You can do whatever you like only you don’t make unnecessary telephones., , (g) Using ‘While/Whereas’ :, (1) (a) He was playing., (b) She was watching TV., He was playing while she was watching TV.
Page 511 :
Synthesis of Sentences, , 501, , (2) (a) I was reading., (b) He was flying kites., While I was reading, he was flying kites., (3) (a) Ram won the game., (b) Shyam lost this chance., Ram won the game whereas Shyam lost this chance., , (C) By Using Causative Conjunction, peye JeekeäÙeeW ceW keâejCe heefjCeece keâe mecyevOe neslee nw, lees Causative conjunction keâe ØeÙeesie keâjkesâ Compound sentence, yeveeÙee peelee nw~ cegKÙe Causative conjunction nQ; therefore, so, for, hence etc., , (a) Using ‘Therefore’ :, (1) (a) He broke the glass., (b) He was punished., He broke the glass therefore he was punished., (2) (a) He is honest., (b) He was rewarded., He is honest therefore he was rewarded., , (b) Using ‘So’ :, (1) (a) You are late., You are late so you are fined., (2) (a) We are late., We are late so we should move fast., , (b) You are fined., (b) We should move fast., , (c) Using ‘For’, (1) (a) Everyone has to die one day., (b) Man is mortal., Everyone has to die one day for man is mortal., (2) (a) He forgave her., (b) She apologized publicly., He forgave her for she apologized publicly., , (d) Using ‘Hence’ :, (1) (a) It is very cold., (b) We purchased some winter wears., It is very cold hence we purchased some winter wears., (2) (a) He is a sincere worker., (b) He was promoted., He is a sincere worker hence he was promoted., , (D) By Using Who, When, Where, Which, In Continuative Sense, , Who, which, where, when keâe ØeÙeesie Continuative sense ceW efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees Ùes Subordinating conjunction keâer, lejn ØeÙegkeäle veneR nesles nQ SJeb Meg¤ nesves Jeeueer clause Yeer Principal clause nesleer nw~ pewmes :, (1) (a) I went to London., (b) I got a job., I went to London, where I got a job., (2) (a) I worked there for three days., (b) I received a telegram., I worked there for three days, where I received a telegram., (3) (a) There is a girl., (b) She is very intelligent., There is a girl, who is very intelligent., (4) (a) I killed a rat., (b) It was a cruel act., I killed a rat, which was a cruel act., , peye who/where/which keâe ØeÙeesie, , Continuative sense ceW, , efkeâÙee peelee nw, lees, , noun kesâ, , yeeo, , comma DeJeMÙe, , Deelee nw~
Page 514 :
504, , English Grammar & Composition, , Synthesis of a Mixed Sentence, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Mixed sentence Ssmee JeekeäÙe neslee nw efpemeceW keâce-mes-keâce oes Principal clauses nesleer nQ SJeb keâce-mes-keâce Skeâ, Subordinate clause nesleer nw DeLee&led Mixed sentence Skeâ Compound sentence ceW Subordinate clause peesÌ[keâj yeveeÙee, pee mekeâlee nw Ùee Skeâ Simple sentence, efpemes Principal clause ceevee peeS, kesâ meeLe Skeâ Complex sentence keâes mebÙegkeäle keâj, Skeâ Mixed sentence yeveeÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ Fme nsleg Coordinating SJeb Subordinating Conjunctions keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee, nw, efpevekesâ yeejs ceW efJemle=le ¤he mes Synthesis of Simple/Compound/Complex sentences ceW yeleeÙee pee Ûegkeâe nw~, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Combine these Simple sentences into a simple sentences :, (1) (a) She heard a noise., (b) She woke up., (2) (a) He saw a tiger., (b) He ran away., (3) (a) He was tired of playing., (b) He went to take bath., (4) (a) She sat on a chair., (b) She wrote a letter., (5) (a) He has two kids., (b) He has to nourish them., (6) (a) Turn to the right., (b) You will reach the railway station., (7) (a) I will go to market., (b) I want to buy a box., (8) (a) I received her message., (b) I was very happy., (9) (a) My parents were much delighted., (b) They got the news of my promotion., (10) (a) He was punished., (b) He had stolen my bag., , 02, Combine these Simple sentences into a complex sentences :, (1) (a) He is a gangster., (b) Everybody knows it., (2) (a) I informed you yesterday., (b) You should rely on it., (3) (a) I met a girl., (b) She was very beautiful., (4) (a) I met a woman., (b) Whose purse was snatched by some one., (5) (a) Tell me the time., (b) You went there on Sunday., (6) (a) I have seen the place., (b) The accident had taken place there., (7) (a) The thief saw the constable., (b) He ran sway., (8) (a) Ram is intelligent., (b) His brother Shyam is equally intelligent., (9) (a) He fled somewhere., (b) The police could not trace him., (10) (a) India is a powerful nation., (b) Pakistan is not so powerful., , 03, Combine these Simple sentences into a compound sentences :, (1) (a) He is slow., (b) He is sincere., (2) (a) He was annoyed., (b) He kept quite., (3) (a) He is a hardworker., (b) He is an intelligent man., (4) (a) I went to the market., (b) I purchased a pen., (5) (a) Get in., (b) You may fall ill., (6) (a) I shall try to help you., (b) I cannot make any promise., (7) (a) Do not walk so quickly., (b) You may fall.
Page 515 :
Synthesis of Sentences, , 505, , (8) (a) I went to the fair., (9) (a) You may have some cold., (10) (a) He got up., , (b) I bought a scenery., (b) You may have some coffee., (b) He went to the college., , 04, Convert these Compound sentences into Complex sentences :, (1) He is a poor man, but he is honest ., (2) My brother gave me a watch and I have lost it., (3) She was very tired and so she didn’t cook food., (4) She is still in teens, but she has the wisdom of a matured woman., (5) I have lost the purse, but I have found it now. (6) She is very affable and so I love her., (7) He is doing his best and I am sure of it., (8) Be sincere and you will be respected by everyone., (9) Send the money in advance or you will not get the magazine., (10) You are a teetotaller and I know it., , 05, Combine the following pairs of sentences :, (1) (a) Are you an editor?, (2) (a) She is very weak., (3) (a) He will pass., (4) (a) She is a thief., (5) (a) He heard the news., (6) (a) It may rain., (7) (a) He is a disabled., (8) (a) He did not attend the function., (9) (a) He is a liar., (10) (a) The tea is very hot., , (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), , Are you an author?, She can’t climb up the hill., It is certain., She was sentenced to prison., He became sad., We may cancel our programme., He is self-confident of winning the race., He did not inform me., It is known to everybody., One cannot drink it., , (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), , He was ill., His wife arrived., She was watching TV., You will not pass., Shyam washed the dishes., , 06, , (b) Jena ironed the clothes., (b), (b), (b), (b), , He is waiting for me., He lost his bicycle., How many times did you telephone her?, I work here., , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Combine the following pairs of sentences :, (1) (a) He was absent., (2) (a) He was cooking., (3) (a) He was washing the clothes., (4) (a) You must learn grammar., (5) (a) Hari cleaned the room., (c) Ram cooked the food., (6) (a) Jacob washed the clothes., (c) Reena put the clothes in the cupboard., (7) (a) Ram is my friend., (8) (a) He lost his purse., (9) (a) Tell me., (10) (a) This is the office., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE : 01, (1) Hearning a noise she woke up., (3) Tired of playing he went to take bath., (5) He has two kids to nourish., , (2) Seeing a tiger he ran away., (4) Sitting on a chair she wrote a letter.
Page 516 :
506, , English Grammar & Composition, , (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Turning to the right you will reach the railway station., I will go to market to buy a box., I was very happy to receive her message., My parents were much delighted to get the news of my promotion., He was punished for stealing my bag., , Solution TYE : 02, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (9), , Everybody knows that he is a gangster., You should rely on what I informed you yesterday., I met a girl who was very beautiful., I met a woman whose purse was snatched by someone., Tell me the time when you went there on Sunday., I have seen the place where the accident had taken place., As soon as the thief saw the constable he ran away. (8) His brother Shyam is as intelligent as Ram., He fled where the police could not trace him., (10) Pakistan is not so powerful as India., , Solution TYE : 03, (1), (3), (4), (6), (8), (10), , He is slow but he is sincere., (2), He is not only a hard worker but also an intelligent man., I went to the market and purchased a pen., (5), I shall try to help you but I can’t make any promise. (7), I went to the fair and bought a scenery., (9), He got up and went to the college., , He was annoyed but he kept quite., Get in or you may fall ill., Do not walk so quickly, you may fall., You may have some cold or some coffee., , Solution TYE : 04, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (7), (9), (10), , He is an honest man although he is poor., I have lost the watch which my brother gave me., As she was very tired, she didn’t cook food., She has the wisdom of a matured woman, although she is still in teens., I have found the purse that I had lost., (6) I love her because she is very affable., I am sure that he is doing his best., (8) If you are sincere, you will be respected by everyone., You will not get the magazine unless you send the money in advance., I know that you are a teetotaller., , Solution TYE : 05, (1), (3), (5), (7), (8), (10), , Are you an editor or an author?, (2) She is too weak to climb up the hill., It is certain that he will pass., (4) She is a thief so she was sentenced to prison., When he heard the news he became sad., (6) If it rains, our programme may be cancelled., Though he is a disabled yet he is self-confident of winning the race., He neither attended the function nor informed me. (9) That he is a liar is known to everybody., The tea is too hot to drink., , Solution TYE : 06, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (9), , He was absent because he was ill., When his wife arrived he was cooking., While he was washing the clothes, she was watching T.V., Unless you learn grammar you will not pass., Hari cleaned the room, Shyam washed the dishes and Ram cooked the food., Jacob washed, Jena ironed and Reena put the clothes in the cupboard., Ram, my friend, is waiting for me., (8) He not only lost his purse but also his bicycle., Tell me how many times you telephoned her?, (10) This is the office where I work.
Page 517 :
CHAPTER, , 30, PHRASAL VERBS, Phrasal verbs are part of a group of verbs called ‘multi-word verbs’. Multi-word verbs, including, phrasal verbs, are very common, especially in spoken English. A multi-word verb is a verb like ‘pick up’, ‘turn, on’ or ‘get on with’. Generally people refer to all multi-word verbs as Phrasal verbs. These verbs consist of a, basic verb + another word or words. The other word(s) can be preposition and/or adverb. The two or three, words that make up multi-word verbs form a short ‘phrase’, which is why these verbs are often all called, ‘Phrasal verbs’., The important thing to remember is that a multi-word verb is still a verb. ‘Get’ is a verb. ‘Get up’, is, also a verb, a different verb. ‘Get’ and ‘get up’ are two different verbs. They do not have the same meaning., There are three types of multi-word verbs :, (1) Prepositional Verbs, (2) Phrasal Verbs, (3) Phrasal-prepositional Verbs, , Prepositional Verbs, Prepositional verbs are made of : Verb + Preposition, As a preposition always has an object, so all Prepositional verbs have direct objects. Here are some, examples of Prepositional verbs:, Prepositional Verbs, believe in, look after, talk about, wait for, , Meaning, have faith in the existence of, take care of, discuss, await, , Examples, Direct Object, We believe in, God., He is looking after the, dog., Did you talk about, me?, She is waiting for, Mira., , Prepositional verbs cannot be separated. That means that we cannot put the direct object between, the two parts. For example, we cannot say “look the baby after.”, , Phrasal Verbs, Phrasal verbs are made from a verb plus another word or words. Many people refer to all multi-word, verbs as Phrasal verbs., Phrasal verbs are made of : Verb + adverb, Phrasal verbs can be : Transitive (direct object) or Intransitive (no direct object)., Here are some examples of Phrasal verbs :, Transitive phrasal verbs :, (a) put off (postpone) : We will have to put off the meeting., Direct Object, (b) turn down ( refuse ) : They turned down my offer., Direct Object
Page 518 :
508, , English Grammar & Composition, Intransitive phrasal verbs :, (a) get up (rise from bed) I don’t like to get up., (b) break down (cease to function) He was late because his car broke down., When Phrasal verbs are transitive (that is, they have a direct object), we can usually separate the two parts., For example, ‘turn down’ is a separable Phrasal verb., We can say: “Turn down my offer” or “Turn my offer down.”, , However, if the direct object is a pronoun, we have no choice. We must separate the Phrasal verb and, insert the pronoun between the two parts., Look at this example with the separable Phrasal verb ‘switch on’ :, (a) John switched on the radio., (b) John switched the radio on., (c) John switched it on., We can write any of the above sentences, but we can’t write the following :, John switchedless on it., Incorrect, , Phrasal-prepositional Verbs, Phrasal-prepositional verbs are made of : Verb + Adverb + Preposition, Look at these examples of Phrasal-prepositional verbs :, (a) get on with (have a friendly relationship with), : He doesn’t get on with his wife., (b) put up with (tolerate), : I won’t put up with your attitude., (c) look forward (to anticipate with pleasure), : I look forward to seeing you., (d) run out of (use up, exhaust), : We have run out of eggs., , Italic Words are Direct Objects, Because Phrasal-prepositional verbs end with a preposition, there is always a direct object. And, like, Prepositional verbs, Phrasal-prepositional verbs cannot be separated. So, we can say that Phrasalprepositional verbs are inseparable., (a) We ran out of fuel., (b) We ran out of it., , Various Phrasal Verbs and Their Uses, Act up : [misbehave (for people); not work properly (for machines) :, (a) “The babysitter had a difficult time. The children acted up all evening.”, (b) “I guess I’d better take my car to the garage. It’s been acting up lately.”, Act on : (produce effect) : In general, Acids act on metals., Act upon : (in accordance with) : The captain acting upon the secret information caught the militants., Act like : (behave in a way that’s like ...) : “What’s wrong with Bob? He’s acting like an idiot.”, Add up : (logically fit together.):, (a) “His theory is hard to believe, but his research adds up.” Note : This Phrasal verb is often negative., (b) “His theory seems, at first, to be plausible, but the facts in his research don’t add up.”
Page 519 :
Phrasal Verbs, , 509, , Add up : (find the total) : “What’s the total of those bills? Could you add them up and see?”, Add up to : (to total) : “The bills add up to ` 8570/- only. That’s more than I expected!”, Ask out : (ask for a date) : “Shalu has a new boy friend. Johny asked her out last night.”, Back down : (not follow a threat) : “Tom was going to call the police when I told him I’d wrecked his car, but, he backed down when I said I’d pay for the damages.”, Back off : (Not follow a threat) : “Tom was ready to call the police when I told him I’d wrecked his car, but he, backed off when I said I’d pay for the damages.”, Back up : (Move backward; move in reverse) :, (a) “You missed the lines in the parking space. You’ll have to back up and try again.”, (b) “The people waiting in line are too close to the door. We won’t be able to open it unless they back up.”, Back up : [drive a vehicle backwards (in reverse)] :, (a) “You’re too close! Back your car up, so I can open the garage door.”, Back up : (confirm a story, facts or information) : “If you don’t believe me, talk to Dev. He’ll back me up.”, Back up : (make a ‘protection’ copy to use if there are problems with the original) “When my computer, crashed, I lost many of my files. It’s a good thing I backed them up.”, Beg off : (decline an invitation; ask to be excused from doing something) : “At first Lily said, she would be at, the party. Later she begged off.”, Blow up : (inflate) : “We needs lots of balloons for the party. Will you blow them up?”, Bear down : (to crush by force) : “She was successful in bearing down the opposition group.”, Bear out : (verify or confirm) : “Your arguments do not bear out the facts.”, Bear up : (to face hardships bravely) : “He must try to bear up against this temporary phase of economic slump.”, Bear with : (endure to have patience) : “A good wife bear with the habits of her husband.”, Beat down : (to crush) : “He beat down the opposition with a single trick.”, Beat off : (to repulse, to drive back) : “Indian army successfully beat off the enemy forces.”, Beat up : (to beat) : “Ramesh was beaten up by Suresh for no reason.”, Blow up : (explode; destroy by exploding) :, (a) “That old building really came down quickly!”, (b) “That’s because the construction company used dynamite to blow it up.”, Blow up : (suddenly become very angry) : “When I told Jerry that I’d an accident with his car, he blew up.”, Bone up on : (review/study thoroughly for a short time) : “If you’re going to travel to the U.K., you’d better, bone up on your English.”, Break down : (separate something into component parts) : “We spent a lot of money at the supermarket., When we broke the total cost down, we spent more on cleaning supplies than food.”, Break down : (stop working/functioning) : “Shalini will be late for work today. Her car broke down on the, way.”, Break in : [enter by using force : (and breaking a lock, window etc.)]:, (a) “John’s apartment was burglarized last night. Someone broke in while John was at the movies.”, (b) “Somebody broke in to John’s apartment while she was at the movies.”, Break in : (wear something new until it’s/they’re comfortable) : “These are nice shoes, but they’re too stiff. I, hope it doesn’t take too long to break them in.”, Break in : (train; get someone/something accustomed to a new routine) : “I hope I can learn my new job, quickly. The manager hasn’t scheduled much time for breaking me in.”, Break up : (disperse; scatter) : “What time did the party break up last night?”, Break up : (end a personal relationship) :, (a) “Tom and Jassi aren’t going steady any more. They got really angry with each other and broke up.”
Page 520 :
510, , English Grammar & Composition, , (b) “Have you heard the news? Jassi broke up with Tom!”, (c) “I’m sorry to hear that their marriage broke up. I’m sure the divorce will be difficult for the children.”, Bring/take back : (return something) :, (a) “Yes, you can borrow my pen, don’t forget to bring it back to me when you’re finished.”, (b) “This book is due tomorrow. I guess I should take it back to the library.”, Bring off : (accomplish something difficult; accomplish something people had considered, impossible or unlikely) : No one thought Raju could get an A in that course, but he brought it off.”, Bring up : [mention (as a topic of discussion)] : “We planned to discuss overtime pay in the meeting. Why, didn’t someone bring that topic up?’’, Bring up : (raise; rear) : “Shalu’s parents died when she was a baby. Her grandparents brought her up.”, Brush up : on (review/study thoroughly for a short time) : “If you’re going to travel to the U.K., you’d better, brush up on your English.”, Burn down : (become destroyed/consumed by fire) : Note: For upright things trees, buildings, etc. only, ‘‘Lightning struck Mr. Kallan’s born last night. It burned down before the fire fighters arrived.’’, Burn up : (become destroyed/consumed by fire) : Note : For people and non-upright things only. ‘‘All of Mr., Kalhan’s hay burned up when his barn burned down.’’, Burn up : (cause someone to become very angry) : “Did you hear how rudely Golu talked to me? That really, burned me up!”, Butt in : [impolitely interrupt (a conversation, an action)] : “Hey, you! Don’t butt in! Wait for your turn!”, Butter up : (praise someone excessively with the hope of getting some benefit) : “I guess Mohan really wants, to be promoted. He’s been buttering his boss up all week.”, Call off : (cancel something that has been scheduled) : “We don’t have school today. The Collector called, classes off because of the snow.”, Call on : (ask someone for an answer in class) : “I don’t know why the teacher never calls on you. You always, know the answer.”, Calm down : (become calm/less agitated or upset; help someone become calm/ less agitated or upset) :, (a) “Why are you so upset? Sheela didn’t intend to spill orange juice on you. Calm down!”, (b) “I know Raju is upset, but can you calm him down? He’s making so much noise that he’s irritating, everyone in the office.”, Care for : (like; want) : Note: This Phrasal verb is usually negative though it may be used affirmatively in, questions., (a) “Would you care for something to drink? We have coffee, tea or orange juice.”, (b) “Could I have water, please? I don’t care for coffee, tea or juice.”, Care for : (take care of; supply care to; attend/watch) : “Ann’s father got out of the hospital last week. The, family is caring for him at home.”, Catch on : (develop understanding or knowledge of something) : “Bholu had never used a computer until he, took this class, but he caught on very quickly and is now one of the best students.”, Catch up (with) : (stop being behind) : “Toshu stopped to rest for a few minutes. He’ll catch up/catch up with, us later.”, Check in (to) : (register for/at a hotel, conference, etc; let someone know officially that you have arrived) :, (a) “My plane will arrive around 5:00 p.m. I should be able to check into the hotel by 6:00 or 6:30 p.m.”, (b) “When you arrive at the convention, be sure to check in at the registration desk.”, Check off : (make a mark to indicate that something on a list has been completed) : “Here are the things you, need to do. Please check each one off when you’ve finished it.”, Check out (of) : (follow procedures for leaving a hotel etc.) : “Don’t forget to take your room key to the front, desk when you check out (when you check out of the hotel).”
Page 521 :
Phrasal Verbs, , 511, , Check out : [follow procedures for borrowing something (usually for a limited period of time)] : “I’m sorry,, but you can’t take that encyclopaedia home. The library won’t allow you to check reference books out.”, Cheer up : (help someone feel less worried/ depressed/sad) : “Shalu’s brother was depressed about not, getting a promotion, so she sent him a funny card to cheer him up.”, Chew out : (scold someone severely; berate) : “Golu’s father was really angry when Tom didn’t come home, until 3:00 a.m. He chewed Tom out and then said Tom had to stay at home for three weeks.”, Chicken out : (lose the courage or confidence to do something-often at the last minute) : “Sahu said he was, going to ask Tili for a date, but he chickened out.”, Chip in : [contribute/donate (often money) to something done by a group] : “We’re going to buy a birthday, cake for our boss and I’m collecting donations. Do you want to chip in?”, Clam up : (suddenly become quiet/refuse to talk about something) : “Lila wouldn’t talk about the accident., When I asked her what happened, she clammed up.”, Come across : [find (unexpectedly)] : “I’ve lost my extra car keys. If you come across them while your’re, cleaning the room, please put them in a safe place.”, Come down with : (become ill with _____ ) : “George won’t be at the office today. He came down with the flu, over the weekend.”, Come to : (total) : “Your charges come to $124.38. Will you pay by check, in cash, or with a credit card?”, Come to : (regain consciousness) : “When I told Gita, that she’d won a million dollars, she fainted. When she, came to, I told her it was a joke and she almost hit me!”, Count on : (depend on; trust that something will happen or that someone will do as expected) “I’m counting, on you to wake me up tomorrow. I know I won’t hear the alarm.”, Cross out : (show that something written is wrong or unnecessary by making an X across it) : “We can’t, afford to buy everything on your shopping list, so I’ve crossed all the unnecessary things out.”, Cut back : (on) (use less of something) :, (a) “You drink too much coffee. You should cut back.”, (b) “You should cut back on the amount of coffee that you drink.”, Do in : (cause to become very tired) : “Those three games of tennis yesterday afternoon really did me in. I slept, for ten hours after I got home.”, Do in : (to kill; to murder) : “The policeman said that the murdered man was done in between 10 and 11, o’clock last night.”, Do over : (do something again) : “Oh, no! I forgot to save my report before I turned the computer off! Now I’ll, have to do it over!”, Drag on : (last much longer than expected or is necessary) : “I thought the meeting would be a short one, but it, dragged on for more than three hours.”, Draw up : (create a formal document) : “The Ajax and Tip-Top Banks have decided to merge. Their lawyers, will draw all the official documents up sometime this month.”, Drop off : [deliver something; deliver someone (by giving him/her a ride)] :, (a) “Yes, I can take those letters to the post office. I’ll drop them off as I go home from work.”, (b) “You don’t have to take a taxi. You live fairly close to me, so I’ll be happy to drop you off.”, Drop in : (on) [visit informally (and usually without scheduling a specific time)] : “If you’re in town next, month, we’d love to see you. Please try to drop in./Please try to drop in on us.”, Drop by : [visit informally (and usually without scheduling a specific time)] : “If you’re in town next month,, we’d love to see you. Please try to drop by the house.”, Drop out : (of) (stop attending/ leave school or an organization) : “No, Parish isn’t at the university. He, dropped out./He dropped out of school.”
Page 522 :
512, , English Grammar & Composition, , Draw out : [prolong something (usually far beyond the normal limits)] : “I thought that speech would never, end. The speaker could have said everything important in about five minutes, but he drew the speech out for, over an hour!”, Eat out : [have a meal in a restaurant] : “I’m too tired to cook . Why don’t we eat out?”, Egg on : [urge/encourage greatly toward doing something (usually something negative)] : “At first Boby and, Kaku were just having a mild argument, but Boby’s friends egged them on until they started fighting.”, End up : (finally arrive at; arrive at an unexpected place) : “We got lost last night and ended up in the next, town.”, End up : (arrive somewhere as a result or consequence) : “You’re working too hard. If you don’t take it easy,, you’ll end up in the hospital!”, Face up to : (admit to; take responsibility for) : “You can’t pretend that you’re doing OK in this course, John., Sooner or later, you’ll have to face up to the fact that you’re failing it.”, Fall through : [not happen (Note : Describes something that was planned but didn’t happen.)] : “We had, originally intended to go to Morocco for our vacation, but our trip fell through when I got sick.”, Feel up to : (feel strong enough or comfortable enough to do something) : “I know the accident was a terrible, shock. Do you feel up to talking about it?”, Figure out : (logically find the answer to a problem; solve a problem by thinking about it carefully) : “For a, long time I couldn’t understand the last problem, but I finally figured it out.”, Figure out : (understand why someone behaves the way she/he does) : “I can’t figure marry out. Sometimes, she’s very warm and friendly and sometimes she acts as if she doesn’t know me.”, Fill in : (add information to a form) : “The office needs to know your home address and phone number. Could, you fill them in on this form?”, Fill in : (on) (supply information that someone doesn’t know) : “I wasn’t able to attend the meeting yesterday,, but I understand that it was important. Could you fill me in?/Could you fill me in on what was discussed?”, Fill in for : (temporarily do someone else’s work; temporarily substitute for another person) : “Professor, Neeraj is in the hospital and won’t be able to teach for the rest of the term. Do you know who’s going to fill in, for her?”, Fill out : (complete a form by adding required information) : “Of course I completed my application! I filled it, out and mailed it over three weeks ago!”, Fill out : (become less thin; gain weight) : “Jerry used to be really skinny, but in the last year he’s begun to fill, out.”, Find out : (about) [learn/get information (about)] : “I’m sorry that you didn’t know the meeting had been, cancelled. I didn’t find out (Find out about it) myself until just a few minutes ago.”, Get across : (make something understood; communicate something understandably) : “Alan is really, intelligent, but sometimes he has problems getting his ideas across.”, Get along : (with) [have a friendly relationship (with); be friendly (toward)] : “Why can’t you and your sister, get along? Everyone else gets along with her just fine!”, Get around : (avoid having to do something) : “Tisha got around the required math classes by doing well on a, math proficiency test.”, Get around : (move from place to place) : “She doesn’t have a car. She gets around by bicycle, bus or taxi.”, Get around to : (do something eventually) : “I really should wash the dishes, but I don’t feel like it. May be, I’ll get around to them tomorrow morning.”, Get by : (survive, financially, in a difficult situation) : “It’s going to be hard to pay the rent now that you’ve, lost your job, but somehow we’ll get by.”, Get in : (enter a small, closed vehicle) : “I don’t know where Jasmine was going. She just got in her car and, drove away.”
Page 523 :
Phrasal Verbs, , 513, , Get in : (arrive) : “Do you know what time Ted’s plane gets in?”, Get on : (enter a large, closed vehicle) : “I’m sorry, but you’re too late to say goodbye to Anita. She got on the, plane about 20 minutes ago.”, Get off : (leave a large, closed vehicle) : “When you get off the bus, cross the street, turn right on Oak Street,, and keep going until you’re at the corner of Oak Hotel.”, Get off : [be excused (for a period of time) from work, class or other regularly scheduled activities] “Some, schools got President’s Day off, but ours didn’t. We had classes as usual.”, Get off : (make it possible for someone to avoid punishment) : “Everyone knew he was guilty, but his lawyer, was clever and got him off.”, Get out of : (leave a small, closed vehicle) : “There’s something wrong with the garage door opener. You’ll, have to get out of the car and open it by hand.”, Get out of : (escape having to do something) : “Liz said, that she had a terrible headache and got out of giving, her speech today.”, Get over : [finish (Note : as for individual activities, not ones that happen again and again)] : “What time do, your classes get over?”, Get over : (recover from an illness or painful experience) : “Kelly was really upset when she failed the test., She thought she would never get over feeling so stupid.”, Get rid of : (dispose of; give away or throw away) : “That shirt is really ugly. Why don’t you get rid of it?”, Get rid of : (dismiss someone; fire someone from a job; cause someone to leave) : “The treasurer of the ABC, company was spending too much money, so the company president got rid of him.”, Get up : (leave bed after sleeping and begin your daily activities) :, (a) “You’ll have to get up much earlier than usual tomorrow. We have to leave by no later than 6:00 a.m.”, (b) “I know I won’t hear the alarm tomorrow morning. Can you get me up at 6:00 a.m.?”, Give up : [Stop doing something (usually a habit)] : “He knows smoking isn’t good for his health, but he can’t, give it up.”, Give up : [decide not to try (unsuccessfully) to solve a problem] :, (a) “What’s black and white and red all over?” (b) “I give up. What?”, (c) “An embarrassed zebra!”, Go out with : (have a date with) : “You went out with Shalini last night, didn’t you?”, Go with : [look pleasing together (Note : for clothes, furniture etc.)] : “You should buy that shirt. It will go, well with your dark brown suit.”, Go with : (date regularly and steadily) : “Is Hina going with Joe? I see them together all the time.”, Goof off : (be lazy; do nothing in particular) :, (a) “Do you have any special plans for your vacation?”, (b) “No, I’m just going to stay home and goof off.”, Grow up : (spend the years between being a child and being an adult) “Did you know that Kallu grew up in, Malaysia?”, Grow up : (behave responsibly; behave as an adult, not a child) :, (a) “Lee really irritates me sometimes. He’s really silly and childish.”, (b) “I agree, I wish he would grow up.”, Hand in : (submit homework, an assignment etc.) : “You’d better get started on your report. You know that, you have to hand it in at 8:30 tomorrow morning!”, Hand out : (distribute) : “Why don’t you have a course description and list of assignments? The teacher, handed them out on the first day of class.”
Page 524 :
514, , English Grammar & Composition, , Hang up : (end a phone conversation by replacing the receiver) : “I’d like to talk longer, but I’d better hang, up. My sister needs to make a call.”, Have to do with : (be about) : “This class has to do with the behaviour of people in groups.”, Hold up : (raise; lift to a higher-than-normal position) : “The winner of the race proudly held his trophy up for, all to see.”, Hold up : (delay) : “I’m sorry I’m late. There was an accident on the freeway and traffic held me up.”, Hold up : (rob; threaten someone with harm unless he/she gives his/her money or other valuable things) :, “Shalu is very upset. When she was walking home last night, two men held her up and took her purse and, jewellery.”, Iron out : (mutually reach an agreement; mutually resolve difficulties) : “Yes, I know we disagree on lots of, things, Susan, but we can iron them out.”, Jack up : (raise/life by using a jack) : “We’ll have to jack the back of the car up before we can change the tyre.”, Jack up : [raise (used for prices)] : “The car dealer bought my old Ford for ` one lack and jacked the price up, to ` 150000.00, when they sold it.”, Jump all over : [severely scold someone; berate someone] : “Amar is really upset. His boss jumped all over, him because he’s been late for work three times this week.”, Keep on : (continue) : “I’m not ready to stop yet. I think I’ll keep on working for a while.”, Keep on : (someone) : [continue to remind someone to do something until he/she does it (even if this irritates, her/him)] : “Jack’s very forgetful. You’ll have to keep on him or he’ll never do all the things you want him to, do.”, Kick out : (expel; force someone to leave because of his/her poor performance or unacceptable behaviour) :, “Jim’s club kicked him out because he didn’t pay his dues or come to beetings.”, Knock out : (Make unconscious), (a) “The boxing match ended when one boxer knocked the other one.”, (b) “That medicine really knocked me out. I slept for 14 hours straight!”, Knock oneself out : (work much harder than normal or than what is expected) : “We completed the project on, time because of Jack. He knocked himself out to be sure we didn’t miss the deadline.”, Lay off : (dismiss someone from a job because of lack of work or money (not because of poor performance) :, “I feel really sorry Shalu’s family. Her father was laid off yesterday.”, Leave out : (forget; omit) : “Oh, no! When I made the list of those who attended the meeting, I left your name, out!”, Let down : (disappoint) : “I know I let you down when I didn’t do what I promised. I’m really sorry.”, Let up : (become less intense or slower) : “It’s been raining hard for a long time. Will it ever let up?”, Look back on : (remember; reflect on/consider something in the past) : “When they looked back on their, many years together, they realized that their marriage had been a very happy one.”, Look down on : (hold in contempt; regard as inferior) : “It’s not surprising that Ted has few friends. He seems, to look down on anyone who doesn’t like the same things that he does.”, Look forward to : (anticipate pleasantly; think about a pleasant thing before it happens) : “I’m really looking, forward to vacation. I can’t wait for it to begin!”, Look in on : (visit in order to check something’s/ someone’s condition) : “My father just came home from the, hospital. I plan to look in on him today after I finish work.”, Look into : (investigate/get more details about something) : “Someone said there was a meeting at 9:30, but I, haven’t heard anything about it. Shall I look into it?”, Look like : [resemble (in appearance)] : “Does he look like his father or his mother?”
Page 525 :
Phrasal Verbs, , 515, , Look over : [check; review] : “I think I may have some types in this report. Could you look it over?”, Look up : [find something in a reference work] : “I’m sorry, but I don’t know what that word means. I’ll have, to look it up.”, Look up : (find where someone lives or works and visit him/her) : “Thanks for giving me your brother’s, address. When I’m in Chicago next month, I’ll be sure to look him up.”, Look up to : (respect) : “Everyone looks up to John because he always makes time to help others.”, Luck out : (be unexpectedly lucky) : “Gloria was worried because she wasn’t prepared to give a report at the, meeting, but she lucked out because the meeting was postponed.”, Make fun of : [make jokes about (usually unkindly)] : “I agree that Bob looks ridiculous since he shaved his, head, but don’t make fun of him. You’ll hurt his feelings.”, Make up : [invent/create (Imaginary) information] : “Judy’s story is hard to believe. I’m sure she made it up.”, Make up : (compensate for something missed or not done by doing extra or equivalent work) : “I’m sorry I, missed the test. May I make it up?”, Make up : (with) (re-establish a friendly relationship by admitting guilt) : ‘‘Jack and his girlfriend were very, angry with each other, but last night they finally made up.”, Make out : [see/hear something well enough to understand what it means (Note : often negative.)] :, (a) “Kath’s writing is very small. I almost need a magnify glass to make it out.”, (b) “What were the last two examples that he gave? I couldn’t make them out.”, Make for : (go to or toward) : “Her teen-aged children are always hungry. As soon as they arrive home from, school, they make for the refrigerator.”, Make for : (result in; cause) : “Many hands make for light work. (If many people work together, there’s less, work for everyone.)”, Mark up : [increase the price (for resale)] : “Mrs. Britt’s import shop is profitable because she buys things, inexpensively and then marks them up.”, Mark down : [reduce the price (as an incentive to buy)] : “These shoes were really a bargain! The store, marked them down by 40%!”, Mix up : (cause to become confused) : “I didn’t complete the assignment because I didn’t know how the, directions mixed me up.”, Nod off : [fall sleep (usually unintentionally)] : “The speech was so boring that several people in the audience, nodded off before it was finished.”, Pan out : [succeed; happen as expected (for plans)] : Note : almost always negative when in statements. ‘‘I’ll, be here next week after all. My trip to chicago didn’t pan out’’, Pass away : (die) : “I was very sorry to hear that your grandfather passed away.”, Pass out : (faint; lose consciousness) : “When Kokila heard that she’d won a million dollars, she was so, shocked that she passed out.”, Pass out : (distribute) : “Everyone in the room needs one of these information sheets. Who will help me pass, them out?”, Pick out : (choose; select) : “Kelly’s grandmother especially liked her birthday card because Kelly had picked, it out himself.”, Pick up : (lift; take up) : “Those books don’t belong on the floor. Will you help me pick them up?”, Pick up : (arrange to meet someone and give her/him a ride) : “Of course we can go there together. What time, should I pick you up?”, Pick up : (get; buy) : “The children just drank the last of the milk. Could you pick some more up on your way, home this evening?”
Page 526 :
516, , English Grammar & Composition, , Pick up : (refresh; revitalize) : ‘‘He was feeling a little tired, so he drank a glass of orange juice. It picked him, up enough to finish his work.”, Pick on : (bully; intentionally try to make someone upset) : “You should be ashamed of teasing your little, brother, Tony! Pick on someone your own size!”, Pitch in : (help; join together to accomplish something) : “We’ll be finished soon if everyone pitches in.”, Pull over : (drive a vehicle to the side of the rode) : “When the policeman indicated that I should pull over, I, knew he was going to give me a ticket.”, Put away : (return something to the proper place) : “I just took these clothes out of the dryer. Will you help me, put them away?”, Put off : (postpone; delay; avoid) :, (a) “I can’t put this work off any longer. If I don’t do it soon, it’ll be impossible to finish it in time.”, (b) “When will Mr. Jack agree to a meeting? I keep asking for an appointment, but he keeps putting me, off.”, Put on : (begin to wear; don) : “It’s a little bit chilly outside. You’d better put a sweater on.”, Put on : (try to make someone believe something that is ridiculous or untrue) : “Don’t believe a word of what, Jaru was saying. He was just putting us on.”, Put (someone) out : (inconvenience someone) :“I hate to put you out, but I need a ride to the train station and, hope you can take me.”, Put up : (return something to the proper place) : “Your toys are all over the floor, Tinni. Please put them up.”, Put up : (provide someone with a place to sleep) : “There’s no need for you to check into a hotel. I’ll be happy, to put you up.”, Put up with (tolerate) : “It’s really important to come to work on time. The boss won’t put up with tardiness.”, Put back : (return something to the proper place) : “I’ve finished with these books. Do you want me to put, them back on the shelves?”, Rip off : (cheat; take advantage of; charge too much) : “Don’t even think about buying a car there. They’ll rip, you off.”, Round off : (change from a fraction to the nearest whole number) : “Round all prices off to the closest whole, rupee amount. For example round ` 83.71 off to ` 84.00.”, Run into : (meet by chance) : “Yesterday at the super market, Jan ran into her former roommate. Before, yesterday, they hadn’t seen each other for nearly five years.”, Run out of : (use the last of) : “On the way home from work, Art ran out of gas.”, Set-up : (make arrangements for something) : “You’ll see Mr. Kamas tomorrow. I’ve set a meeting up for, 9:30 a.m.”, Set back : (cause a delay in scheduling) : “We’ve had some problems with the project that have set us back at, least two days. We’ll give you a progress report tomorrow.”, Set back : (cost) : “I wonder how much Am’s new car set him back?”, Slip up : (make a mistake) : “You slipped up here. The amount should be ` 54,172.00, not ` 54127.00.”, Stand out : (be noticeably better than other similar people or things) : “Good job, Ann! Your work really, stands out!”, Stand up : (rise to a standing position) : “When the Chairperson entered the room, everyone stood up.”, Stand up : (Make a date but not keep it) : “Angela was supposed to go to the dance with Fred, but she stood, him up and went with Chuck instead.”, Show up : (arrive; appear) :“The boss was very upset when you didn’t show up for the meeting. What, happened?”, Show up : [do a noticeably better job (often unexpectedly) : than someone else] : “Everyone thought Harsha, would win, but Zean did. Actually, Zean really showed Harsha up.”
Page 527 :
Phrasal Verbs, , 517, , Stand for : (represent) : “These letters seem to be an abbreviation. Do you know what they stand for?”, Stand for : [tolerate; permit (usually negative)] : “I’m not surprised that Mrs. John rejected your report. She, won’t stand for shoddy work.”, Take after : (resemble; Note : used for people) : “Both my sister and I take after our father.”, Take/bring back : (return) :, (a) “This book is due tomorrow. I guess I should take it back to the library.”, (b) “Yes, you can borrow my pen, but don’t forget to bring it back to me when you’re finished.”, Take care of : (provide care for; watch one’s health) :, (a) “Louis has been taking care of her father since he returned home from the hospital.”, (b) “You’ve been working too hard lately. You’d better take care of yourself !”, Take care of : [make arrangements (for something to happen): ; take responsibility for] “Will you take care of, making reservations for our flight to London?”, Take off : [remove (Something you’re wearing)] : “Please take your hat off when you go inside a building.”, Take off : [leave; depart (often suddenly or quickly)] :, (a) “Was something wrong with Kelly? She took off without saying goodbye.”, (b) “When does your plane take off?”, Take off : (make arrangements to be absent from work) : “Jusan isn’t here today. She’s taking today and, tomorrow off.”, Take up : [begin (a hobby or leisure-time activity)] :, (a) “Do you like to ski?”, (b) “I’ve never been skiing, but I think I’d like to take it up.”, Tell (Someone) off : (speak to someone bluntly and negatively, saying exactly what she/ he did wrong) : “Julie, was really angry at Bob; she told him off in front of all of us.”, Tick off : (irritate someone; make someone upset or angry) : “It really ticks her off when someone is late for an, appointment.”, Tick off : [show that something has been completed by putting a tick (check) beside it] : “Here are the things, you need to do. Tick each one off when you finish it.”, Throw away : (discard; put in the garbage) : “You shouldn’t throw those newspapers away; they’re, recyclable.”, Throw out : (discard; put in the garbage) : “This food smells bad. You’d better throw it out.”, Throw out : [forcibly make someone leave (usually because of bad behaviour)] : “Those people are drunk and, making everyone uncomfortable. The manager should throw them out.”, Throw up : (vomit) : “Rau was so nervous about his job interview that he threw up just before he left for it.”, Try on : (wear something briefly to check its fit, how it looks etc.) : “I’m not sure that jacket is large enough., May I try it on?”, Try out : (use a machine briefly to determine how well it works) : “I really like the way this car looks. May I, try it on?”, Try out : (for) (try to win a place on a team or other organization) :, (a) “I know you want to be on the football team. Are you going to try out?”, (b) “If you like to sing, you should try out for the choir.”, Turn around : (move so that you are facing the opposite direction) : “Everyone turned around and stared, when I entered the meeting late.”, Turn around : (move so that someone/something is facing the opposite direction) : “I don’t want this chair, facing the window. Will you help me turn it around?”, Turn around : (make changes so that something that was unprofitable is profitable) : “The company was, doing poorly until it hired a new president. He turned it around in about six months and now it’s doing quite, well.”
Page 528 :
518, , English Grammar & Composition, , Turn down : (decrease the volume) : “Your music is giving me a headache! Please turn it down or use your, headphones!”, Turn down : (refuse) : “I thought I could borrow some money from Joe, but when I asked, he turned me, down.”, Turn in : (give/deliver/submit to someone) : “I’ve written my report, but I haven’t turned it in.”, Turn in : (go to bed) : “I’m pretty tired. I guess I’ll turn in.”, Turn in : (report or deliver wrongdoers to the authorities) : “Two days after the robbery, the thieves turned, themselves in.”, Turn off : (stop by turning a handle or switch) : “I’m cold. Do you mind if I turn the air conditioner off ?”, Turn off : [bore; repel (very informal)] : “That music turns me off. Please play something else!”, Turn on : (start by turning a handle or switch) : “It’s cold in here. I’m going to turn the heater on.”, Turn on : [interest very much; excite (very informal)] : “What kind of music turns you on?”, Turn up : (increase the volume) : “I can barely hear the T.V. Can you turn it up a little?”, Turn up : (appear unexpectedly) : “We were all surprised when Rani turned up at the party. We didn’t even, know she was in town.”, Wait on : [serve (usually customers in a restaurant, shop etc)] : “I want to make a complaint. The person who, just waited on me was very impolite.”, Wait for : (wait until someone/something arrives or is finished with something else) :, (a) “When will Jenny be finished with work? I’ve been waiting for him for almost an hour!”, (b) “I’m tired of waiting for the bus. I guess I’ll take a taxi instead.”, Wake up : (stop sleeping) : “I usually wake up around 6:00 a.m. each day.”, Wake up : (rouse someone; cause someone to stop sleeping) : “I have an important meeting tomorrow and I’m, afraid I won’t hear my alarm. Will you wake me up at 6:00 a.m.?”, Watch out for : (be careful of; beware of) :, (a) “There’s a school at the end of this block. Watch out for children crossing the street.”, (b) “If you take that road, watch out for ice during the winter.”, Wear out : (wear something/use something until it can no longer be worn/be used) :, (a) “I need a new pencil sharpener. I wore this one out.”, (b) “I suppose I should get some new shoes. I’ve almost worn this pair out.”, Wear out : (cause to become exhausted; cause to become very tired) :, (a) “I had four different meetings today. They wore me out.”, (b) “I suppose I should get some new shoes. I’ve almost worn this pair out.”, Work out : [exercise (usually in a gym etc.) to build muscles, body tone etc.] : “Instead of eating lunch on, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, Sheila goes to the recreation centre to work out.”, Work out : [solve a problem/resolve a difficult situation (usually by working together)] : “I know we, disagree on many points, but I believe we can work things out.”, Wrap up : (wear enough clothes to keep warm) : “It’s really cold today. Be sure you wrap up when you leave, the house.”, Wrap up : (finish something; bring something to a conclusion) : “We’ve been talking about the problem for, nearly three hours. I hope we’ll be able to wrap the discussion up soon.”, Write down : (record something in writing) : “Could you tell me your e-mail address again? I want to write it, down.”, Write up : (record; report in writing) : “You’ll need to make a report on your business meetings. Be sure you, write them up as soon as possible after you return from your trip.”, Zonk out : (fall asleep quickly because of exhaustion) : “I intended to go shopping after work, but I was so, tired that I zonked out as soon as I got home.”
Page 529 :
519, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Phrasal Verbs, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01., (1) Give the meaning of Phrasal verbs italicized in the following sentences and then use, them in your own sentences :, [RAS 1989 ], (a) Don’t worry. I shall try to bring him round., (c) He has promised to go into the matter., (e) You will have to make good this loss., , (b) You must make up your differences., (d) I shall stand by you through thick and thin., , (2) Make sentences by using any five of the Phrasal verbs given below :, (a) bear out, (e) pick up, , (b) take off, (f) give in, , (c) look into, (g) come round, , [RAS 1992], , (d) make for, , (3) Complete the Phrasal verb in each of the following sentences :, , [RAS 1994], , (a) If the business continues to lose money, I’m afraid we’ll have to close ........, (b) You’d better ring her ...... and tell her you’ll be late., (c) I invited her to drop ..... any time she was passing, and have a cup of tea., (d) He won’t buy the car without trying it ....... on the road first., (e) If you can’t afford it, you’ll have to do ........ it., , (4) Complete the Phrasal verbs in each of the following sentences :, , [RAS 1996], , (a) They left the bomb in the street. Many people died when it blew .........., (b) The dacoits refused to give ....... even though they were surrounded by the troops., (c) The Prime Minister pulled ......... his partymen for their rude behaviour., (d) Each time a new problem cropped ...., he rushed to his parents for advice., (e) She broke ..... when she heard the news of her son’s death., (f) The chief guest gave ........ the prizes., , (5) Make sentences by using any three of the following Phrasal verbs so as to bring out, their meanings :, [RAS 1997], back up; look over; put out; put up; lay off; see back., , (6) Make sentences by using any four of the following Phrasal verbs so as to bring out, their meanings :, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , hold up; lay off; call off; set back; calm down; bear with., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) (a) persuade to accept something, (b) finish a quarrel, (d) support or help, (e) compensate, (2) See the uses of Phrasal verbs., (3) (a) down,, (b) up,, (c) in,, (d) out,, (4) (a) up,, (b) in,, (c) up,, (d) up,, (5) See the uses of Phrasal verbs., (6) See the uses of Phrasal verbs., , (c) investigate/go in detail, , (e) without., (e) down,, , (f) away.
Page 530 :
CHAPTER, , 31, IDIOMS AND PHRASES, owefvekeâ JÙeJenej ceW ØeÙegkeäle nesves Jeeues kegâÚ cenòJehetCe& idioms SJeb phrases keâes Gvekesâ JeekeäÙe ceW ØeÙeseie keâjles ngS Deewj mejue, English ceW meaning mecePeeles ngS, veerÛes efoÙee pee jne nw~ Úe$eeW keâes Fve idioms SJeb phrases keâes OÙeevehetJe&keâ Ùeeo keâjvee ÛeeefnS~, Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie, Deehekeâer uesKeve Mewueer keâes ØeYeeJeer yeveelee nw~ Úe$eeW Éeje efJeefYevve Competitive Examinations ceW efueKes peeves Jeeues, Explanations, Essays Deeefo ceW Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie keâjves hej Deehekeâe uesKe DeefOekeâ meMekeäle, megvoj SJeb ØeYeeJeMeeueer yevesiee~, A gentleman at large (an unreliable person) : He is a gentleman at large, you must not trust him., A man of straw (a weak person) : The assistant being a man of straw, his advice were often discarded by, his colleagues., A bull in a China shop (one who causes damage) : Many political leaders have proved bulls in a China, shop in respect to the democratic fabric of the nation., A damp squib (complete failure) : The visit of our Foreign Minister to USA proved a damp squib on, terrorist issue., A green horn (inexperienced) : Though a green horn in politics, he appears to win the election this time., A stalking horse (pretence) : The demands of the trade union seem only a stalking horse to blackmail, the management., A mare’s nest (a false invention) : The involvement of politicians in the developmental scheme proved, to be a mare’s nest., A wolf in sheep’s clothing (a dangerous person pretending harmless) : Charles Shobhraj is a wolf in, sheep’s clothing for general public., ABC (very common knowledge) : He doesn’t know ABC of Physics., Above board (fair and honest) : He is a straight forward man. His financial dealings are above board., Again and again (repeatedly) : One who tries again and again gets success positively., All and sundry (without making any distinction) : He invited all and sundry in the marriage party of his, younger brother., All in all (whole-sole, most important) : The Forest Minister all in all of our department., Alpha and omega (first and last letter of Greek alphabet, means beginning and end) : The alpha and, omega of British policy was to keep the Indians divided., An eye wash (a pretence) : He does nothing without self interest, all his excuses are, but an eye wash., An iron hand (by force) : Indira Gandhi put down the opposition with an iron hand., At odds (in dispute) : The two groups of the society are at odds over the selection procedure of peons., At sixes and seven (persons who are having different opinions) : Economists are at sixes and seven on, the policy of rationing., Back and call (at the service) : Don’t worry I am at your back and call., Bag and baggage (with all goods): He returned his village bag and baggage.
Page 531 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 521, , Bated breath (in anxiety, expectancy) : Every Indian was waiting for the outcome of the cricket match, with bated breath., Bank on (depend on, count on) : You can bank on me in odd times., Between Scylla and Charybdis (choice between two unpleasant alternatives) : Don’t make haste, take, care so that in avoiding Scylla you don’t fall in Charybdis., Between the cup and the lips (on the point of achievement) : Until I got the appointment letter in hand,, I was not sure of the posting as there were many slips between the cup and the lips., Black and white (in writing) : It is always better to get every thing in black and white., Blow hot and cold (having no stand, shows favour at one time and unfavour at another) : He can’t be, relied upon as he blows hot and cold in this matter., Body and soul (entirely) : She devoted body and soul to win the medal., By fits and starts (irregularly) : Work done by fits and starts never completes in time., By hook or by crook (by any means) : I want to get this licence by hook or by crook., By leaps and bound (speedily) : The population is increasing by leaps and bounds., By & By (gradually) : She is recovering by and by after long illness., Call a spade a spade (straight talks) : He believes in calling a spade a spade., Cats and dogs (heavy rain) : It has been raining cats and dogs for the last three hours., Cock and bull story (untrue story) : All his excuses seems a cock and bull story., Confusion worse confounded (be in further worse position) : Such demonstrations and communal, speeches in present situation make confusion worse confounded., Cut and dried (readymade form) : There is no cut and dried method of English speaking., Curtain lecture (a reproof by wife to her husband) : My younger brother never pays any attention to his, wife’s curtain lecture., Egg on (to urge somebody) : The Captain egged the players on to continue the struggle., Ever and anon (now and then) : She goes to temple ever and anon., Fair and square (honest) : He is fair and square in his dealings., Fair field and no favour (equal opportunity to all) : All the staff want fair field and no favour in the, matter of transfer., Far and wide (everywhere) : Many tourists come to see the Taj from far and wide., Fabian policy (policy of delaying decisions) : Mr. Narsimha Rao always followed a Fabian policy in all, political issues., Few and far between (very rare) : His visits to his parents are few and far between because of his busy, schedule., Fire and brimstone (fearful penalties) : The USA has threatened Iraq with fire and brimstone, if she, refuses to follow the resolutions of UNO., Fire and fury (extreme enthusiasm) : The speech of the leader was full of fire and fury., First and foremost (highest priority) : To be sincere and devoted is the first and foremost requirement, of a good employee., Fishy (doubtful) : They seems to be something fishy going on., Foot the bill (bear expenses) : Although, she hosted the feast, her father had to foot the bill., Free and easy (natural and simple) : The principal found his arguments free and easy., Flesh and blood (human nature) : I am only flesh and blood as anybody else., Gall and wormwood (source of irritation) : Her remarks about his father were gall and wormwood, to him., Gird up the loin (to be ready) : We should gird up the loin to fight the poverty and menace of dowery.
Page 532 :
522, , English Grammar & Composition, , Give in (surrender) : He is a brave man , he will not give in easily., Goods and chattels (belongings of home) : On transfer he brought all goods and chattels by road., Hand and gloves (very intimate friends) : Ram and Rahim are hand and gloves to each other., Hard and fast (certain) : There are no hard and fast rules to sanction the loan in the banks., Haughty and naughty (arrogant and naughty) : The haughty and naughty attitude of the president is, not liked by any member of the society., Heart and soul (with full devotion) : He threw himself heart and soul to pass the examination., Head and shoulder (superior) : Shri Man Mohan Singh is head and shoulder above his counter parts., Helter skelter (here and there) : On arrival of the police the strikers ran helter skelter., Herculean task (a tedious job) : Getting selected in IAS is a herculean task for everybody., Hit below the belt (contrary to principles of fairness) : By making his private secretes public he hit him, below the belt., Hither and thither (here and there) : He is in the habit of putting his goods hither and thither., Hornet’s nest (raise controversy) : The speaker of Lok Sabha stirred up hornet’s nest by referring to, impending changes in several rules., Hole and corner policy (a secret policy for an evil purpose) : The officer adopted hole and corner, policy to get his P.A. transferred., Hue and cry (great noise) : A lot of hue and cry was raised in Parliament against this bill. I am ready to, move heaven and Earth to bring him to justice., Hush money (a bribe) : He managed to escape punishment by paying hush money., Ins and outs (full detail) : Before starting any new business you must know all ins and outs of it., Intents and purposes (practically) : My wife is the incharge of the house for all intents and purposes., Ivory tower (imaginary world) : Those who talk of non-violence as a useful tool in tackling the, militants live in ivory tower., Kith and kin (blood relatives) : All kith and kin were invited in the marriage of his son., Latin and Greek (unable to understand) : His speech in English was Latin and Greek to the rural folk., Law and equity (legal and moral justice) : Law and equity demands that the reservation should be based, on economic parameters., Leave no stone unturned (make all possible efforts) : I shall leave no stone unturned to get the, promotion., Length and breadth (all over) : Anti English agitation spread through the length and breadth of the, country., Life and soul (main support) : Soniya Gandhi is the life and soul of congress(I)., Like a fish out of water (in every difficult and unsuitable situation) : Ram was given an unremunerative, post. He is feeling like a fish out of water., Live-wire (energetic) : India needs live-wire scientists who can put the country on the fast track of, progress., Loaves and fish (material interests) : Now-a-days Government servants are concerned with the loaves, and fish of the office than to solve the problems of common public., Lock and key (In safe place) : He keeps jewellery under lock and key., Might and main (with all enthusiasm) : If you study with might and main you will positively secure the, success., Milk and water (weak) : The foreign policy of India is nothing more than a milk and water policy., Neck and crop (completely) : The Pak army ruined the border village neck and crop., Need of the hour (necessity of time) : Providing full security for the residents of border area is the need, of the hour.
Page 533 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 523, , Nook and corner (everywhere) : I searched her in every nook and corner., Not born yesterday (worldly wise) : You can’t befool me as I was not born yesterday., Now and then (occasionally) : I visit church now and then., Null and void (of no use, without force of application) : The law passed by legislature was declared null, and void by the Supreme Court., Odds and ends (remaining goods) : Except odds and ends, all the items have since been arranged in, order., Odds and ends (scattered things) : The thief took away all the odds and ends lying in his bed room., Often and often (frequently) : She visits her parents often and often., Once and again (repeatedly) : I have told you once and again that I have no money to purchase the car, at the moment., One’s Achilles’heel (a weak point) : Her involvement in sex scandal has been her Achilles’heel., Open and above board (very clear, transparent) : He believes in open and above board discussion on, every point before arriving at a conclusion., Order of the day (in fashion) : Sending greetings on all occasions has beome a order of the day., Out of gear (in disorder) : The strike of employees always put the government machinery out of gear., Out and out (completely) : Mahatma Gandhi was a great leader out and out., Over and above (besides) : I paid him rupees ten thousand over and above what he demanded., Over head and ears (excessively) : He is over head and ears in debt., Oily tongue (flattering words) : One should be aware of the persons with oily tongue., Part and parcel (being an important part of) : Each employee should feel himself part and parcel of the, business enterprises., Pell mell (putting one upon the other, in confusion) : He was in such a hurry that he put all the articles, pell mell and closed the room., Pick and choose (to choose selectively as per wish) : The management adopted pick and choose policy, in the promotions from clerical to assistant cadre., Pins and needles (small items) : It is unwise to use swords and scissors where pins and needles can do., Pin-money (allowance given to housewife for personal use) : My wife asked me to enhance her, pin-money., Pros and Cons (merits and demerits) : Before signing this agreement you must understand all pros and, cons well., Queer fish (strange person) : He is such a queer fish that we can’t expect anything positive from him., Rain or shine (favourable or unfavourable circumstances) : Rain or shine, I will speak oppose the, proposal., Rank and file (everyone without discrimination) : For the actual prosperity of the nation, the economic, conditions of rank and file should be improved., Rank and ruin (complete destructions) : The present drought has put the farmers at the verge of rank, and ruin., Rhyme or reason (rational cause) : He resigned from the service without any rhyme or reason., Right and left (in all ways) : The robbers looted the village right and left and fled away., Root and branch (complete) : Poverty among the public is the root and branch of all the crimes., Safe and sound (quite well) : She reached their safe and sound., Seamy side of life (immoral side of society) : The present day cinema depicts the seamy side of life in our, society.
Page 534 :
524, , English Grammar & Composition, , Speck and span (neat and smart) : Mr. J. L. Nehru was always speck and span in his dressing style., Stuff and nonsense (worthless) : The judge found all his arguments stuff and nonsense., Sum and substance (the actual theme) : The sum and substance of the paragraph must be reflected in a, good precis., Take bull by horns (to meet the danger boldly) : One should have courage to take bull by horns if one, wants to succeed in life., The die is cast (decided finally) : The die is cast there is not point of discussing over it now., The last nail in the coffin (the last action which resulted in the complete end of something) : The, reservation policy of V.P. Singh was the last nail in the coffin of Janta Party., Thick and thin (in all circumstances) : I shall support you through thick and thin., Through fire and water (in all sort of difficulties) : He can go through fire and water to achieve, his goal., Time and tide (course of time) : Time and tide waits for none., To and fro (going and coming, backward and forward) : What are the to and fro taxi charges for Alwar, to Delhi?, Toil and moil (hard labour) : It require too much of toil and moil to secure first position., Tom Dick and Harry (everyone) : Every Tom Dick and Harry knows that Mohd. Kaif is the wonderful, cricketer., To lead up the garden path (to cheat) : The tricky traders try to lead the customers up the garden path, by assuring them of warranty and good discount., Tooth and nail (with all force) : Students of general caste opposed the reservation policy tooth and nail, but, of no avail., Ups and downs (prosperity and adversity) : There are ups and downs in every business., Uphill task (difficult task) : Passing CAT examination is an uphill task., Warp and woof (essential parts of a thing) : Blood and bones are warp and woof of human body., Watch and ward (careful guard) : At least three guards are required to have perfect watch and ward of, the building., Weal and woe (prosperity and adversity) : I will abide by you in all weal and woe., Whips and spur (with greatest hurry) : He completed the project whips and spur., Why and wherefore (the basic roll season) : Please tell me the why and wherefore of your decision to, take voluntary retirement., Willy nilly (wish or not wish) : Willy nilly you are to obey the orders of your parents., Yellow press (newspapers publishing sensational news) : These days newspapers with yellow press are, earning like anything., , Idiomatic Expressions, Deb«espeer Yee<ee ceW ØeÙegkeäle nesves Jeeues kegâÚ Idiomatic expressions veerÛes efoS pee jns nQ~ Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie Deehekeâer uesKeve Mewueer keâes ØeYeeJeer, yeveelee nw~ Úe$eeW keâes Fve Idiomatic expressions keâe ØeÙeseie keâjves keâe DeYÙeeme keâjvee ÛeeefnS~ Fvekeâe ØeÙeesie keâjves hej Deehekeâe uesKeve, DeefOekeâ meMekeäle, megvoj SJeb ØeYeeJeMeeueer yevesiee~, To add fuel to the flame or fire (to make matter worse or aggravated) : The arrest of the leader of, agitators, the government only added fuel to the flame., To assume airs (to pretend superiority) : He is in the habit of assuming airs in the presence of his inlaws., To add a new feather in one’s cap (Additional success) : His success in his ICFAI exams has added a, new feather in his cap.
Page 535 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 525, , To be at sea (a person confused) : My wife is quite at sea in maths., To be in fix (in a dilemma) : The police department was in a fix about the threatning calls sent by, the militants., To be in the good books (to be in favour with a person) : A good student is always in the good books of, his teachers., To be under a cloud (to be under suspicion) : His connections with the militants have brought him, under a cloud., To be at large (free) : The man who tried to kill her is still at large., To be not worth one’s salt (not deserving) : You should not help Ramesh, he is not worth his salt., To be in tune (in agreement or mood) : The Principal asked the students, if they were in tune for, organising the annual function., To be out of sorts (to be unwell) : She had been out of sorts for several days and so could not do her, office work., To break the news (to give bad news) : He broke the news of her husband’s death very cautiously in, order to lessen the shock., To burn the midnight oil (to work upto late hours) : I have to burn the midnight oil for several days in, order to complete the work in time., To be up to (to be familiar with) : He is not up to all the tricks of this new business., To be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth (to be born in a rich family) : Indira Gandhi born with a, silver spoon in her mouth., To be worth its weight in gold (something extremely valuable) : For a hungry man a piece of bread is, often worth its weight in gold., To be lost in clouds (a person with confused or unclear thoughts) : Philosophers are often lost in clouds., To be weak or vacant in the upper storey (a feeble minded person) : I can’t assign such work to him, as, he is vacant in the upper storey., To be under a cloud (under suspicion): With the recovery of a revolver from his office has put him, under cloud., To be under one’s thumb (to be under control) : She is no more under the thumb of her mother in law., To be at daggers drawn (ready to fight) : Both the brothers are at daggers drawn., To be at a loss (to be puzzled or confused) : In interview he found himself at a loss, couldn’t answer, even very simple questions., To be at one’s wit’s end (unable to decide the right course of action) : Seeing the income tax officer at, his shop he was at his wit’s end., To be at the helm of (enjoying the best position) : Until his father was a minister he was at the helm of, affairs., To be in a fix (unable to decide): The was in a fix when the inspector discovered many irregularities in, the accouets book., To be in the teens (between the age of twelve and twenty) : Two girls still in their teens caught taking, alcoholic drinks., To be on one’s last legs (to be about to collapse) : It is wrong to say that caste system in India is on its, last legs., To be on the tenter hooks (to be in a state of distress) : When police caught him with stolen money, he, was on the tenter hooks., To be true to one’s salt (to prove faithful) : The Rajput soldiers in Akbar’s army were true to their salt., To be at loggerheads (to quarrel) : The two brothers are now at loggerheads., To bear the brunt of (to bear the main attack) : The secretary has to bear the brunt of minister’s wrath.
Page 536 :
526, , English Grammar & Composition, , To beard the lion in his own den (to attack a ferocious and powerful person in his own territory) : Only, a person like Shivaji dared to beard the lion in his own den., To bell the cat (doing anything at a great personal risk) : All can boast of their boldness, but none can, bell the cat., To blow one’s own trumpet (to speak about self, boast about self) : You can’t discuss with him, he is, always blowing his own trumpets., To break the ice (make a beginning): Everyone kept silence for sometime then Ramesh broke the ice by, asking introductions., To burn candle at both ends (to spend lavishly) : He will soon be a pauper as he is burning the candle, at both ends., To beat about the bush (to talk in an ambiguous manner) : Don’t beat about the bush, come to, the point., To build castles in the air (to make visionary schemes) : He is in the habit of building castles in the air, and so does not succeed in life., To bring to book (to call to account) : The corrupt officer was brought to book for his neglect of duty., To be at the bottom of (to be mainly responsible for) : It was found that Shanti was at the bottom of the, whole family fuss., To bury the hatchet (to make peace forgetting the past enemity) : Hindus and Muslims should bury the, hatchet for the development and prosperity of the nation., To burn one’s boats (Point of no return) : Our country has burnt the boats by declaring that we will not, talk to Pakistan., To blaze the trail (to start a movement) : Bhagat Singh blazed the trail of Indian National Movement in, Punjab youths., To brow beat (to bully) : He always tries to brow beat his colleagues who are opposed to him., To bite the dust (to be defeated) : Pakistan had to bite the dust in the war with India twice., To breathe one’s last (to die) : P. J. Nehru breathed his last in early sixties., To be nipped in the bud (to destroy in the very beginning) : All kind of evils must be nipped in the bud., To buy a pig in a poke (to purchase a thing without knowing its actual worth) : Please tell me full details, of the company, so that I may think to purchase its shares otherwise I can’t buy a pig in a poke., To come home to (to understand) : It came home to him that he was not fit for the post of police, inspector as his eye sight is very weak., To check by jowl (very near to each other) : As the space was short, so he kept all the articles check, by jowl., To cool one’s heels (to be kept waiting) : We had to cool our heels before we could meet the Prime, Minister., To cross one’s mind (to occur to oneself) : In the examination hall, it crossed my mind that I had left my, admit card in the canteen., To change hands (passing from one hand to another) : That hotel has changed hands thrice within a, short span of six months., To cast a slur upon (to disrepute) : He assured not to do anything which might cast a slur upon the, reputation of the family., To cast pearls before swine (to offer to a person such valuable things, which he does not appreciate) :, Presenting Shakespeare’s book to an illiterate is to cast pearls before swine., To catch a tartar (to catch a person who is more powerful than the catcher) : Aurangzeb soon found out, that he had caught a tartar in Shivaji.
Page 537 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 527, , To clip one’s wings (to deprive one of power) : The Prime Minister has clipped the wings of his minister, by taking away the power of spending more than two lacs on a project., To carry the day (to win a victory) : After initial setback, India carried the day in the hockey match, against Pakistan., To cut a sorry figure (to give a poor show) : The organiser cut a sorry figure in the meeting for not, giving proper feedback to The Chief Guest., To cry over spilt milk ( to repent) : Careless students often have to cry over spilt milk during the, examination days., To come to a standstill (to come to a stop) : As the car came to stand still for want of petrol the thief ran, away on foot., To come off with flying colours (to come out from a conflict with brilliant success) : Everyone was, trying for ticket of Congress party, but Ramesh came off with flying colours., To count the chickens before they are hatched (to anticipate gain prematurely, before time) : You will, feel unhappy, if you count the chickens before they are hatched., To cross one’s t’s and dot one’s i’s (to make minor changes) : His book is almost ready, he has just to, cross his t’s and dot its i’s., To cry for the moon (to aspire for an impossible thing) : Your hope for marrying with Aishwarya is like, a cry for the moon., To curry favour (to win favour by gifts or flattery) : By giving present and visiting again and again you, are trying to curry his favour., To draw the long bow (exaggerate) : In calling her the best racer of the world, her admirers draw the, long bow., To dig the grave (to tarnish, to destroy) : By taking a side of the thief, he dug the grave of his honest, image., To end in smoke/fiasco (come to nothing) : He spoke a lot about his new book but it all ended in smoke,, when the book was in the market., To feather one’s own nest (to provide first for one self) : Our leaders are busy feathering their own, nests and have no concern for the general mass., To flag a dead horse (to revive interest in old matters) : The rivals always flag a dead horse to insult, their enemies., To fall flat (to have no effect) : The Principal’s speech fell flat on the students., To get upper hand (to get the better position) : Between the two rivals, each is trying to get upper hand, in the local politics., To get into hot water (to be in a difficult situation) : The manager got into hot water participating in the, union meeting., To gild the pill (to cover an unpleasant thing by a pleasant one) : On one hand he was issued charge, sheet and the officer gild the pill by verbally praising his sincere working., To give the devil his dues (to give the credit to a bad man for his good work) : No doubt he is a haughty, man, but to give the devil his dues, he is dedicated and hard working., To give chapter and verse for a thing (to submit proof) : He can give chapter and verse for all the, allegations he made against the minister., To go on fool’s errand (to go on an expedition where only a fool can go) : The key was in his pocket and, he sent me on a fool’s errand to search the same at the shopping complex., To gain ground (to succeed slowly) : The belief in the abolition of Sati rites has gained ground., To go with tail between the legs (to go as a defeated dog, behave cowardly) : The Minister was talking a, lot about the values of honesty etc, but when Ramesh reminded him about the money paid to him for the work,, he went away with his tail between the legs.
Page 538 :
528, , English Grammar & Composition, , To get off scot free (to escape without punishment) : He got off scot free for lack of evidence., To give one a long rope (to let someone commit mistakes) : He never gives his employees a long rope, and so you will find his office neat and tidy., To give currency (to make publicly known) : The Government refused to give currency to a number of, secrets relating to national security., To get down to brass tacks (deal with the matter straight) : Instead of wasting time in discussion, please, get down to brass tacks., To give a wide berth (to avoid) : I try my best to give a wide berth to such a selfish person., To get oneself into a mess (to drift into trouble) : He seems to have got himself into a mess because of, the involvement of his wife in a criminal case., To go the dogs (to be ruined) : He went to the dogs because of his son’s involvement in the murder of a, girl., To grease the palm (to bribe) : You cannot get this contract unless you grease the palm of the officials., To have gift of the gab (art of speaking) : Ram is simply middle pass, but he has the gift of the gab., To have an iron will (strong will) : A person with iron will can achieve anything., To hold a candle to (match for, equal) : She is the daughter of a famous dancer, but she does not hold a, candle to her mother., To have brush with (to have encounter) : Our neighbours had a brush with one another over the matter, of throwing the garbage., To hang fire (remain unsolved) : The problem of poverty has been hanging fire for the last fifty, five years., To have feet of clay (full of faults) : The inquiry has revealed that most of the politicians have feet, of clay., To have thing at one’s finger tips (to know a thing thoroughly) : He has all the statistics of employment, at his finger tips., To have an axe to grind (to have a personal interest) : I am sure he has an axe to grind in this proposal., To have no backbone (to have no strength and support) : The movement against the reservation based, on caste, had no backbone and to collapsed soon., To harp on the same string (to repeat the same arguments) : Every new speaker had nothing new to say,, everyone harped on the same string of his predecessor., To keep abreast of (not to fall behind) : It is very important for the young persons, to keep abreast of all, current events., To keep one’s fingers crossed (to wait expectantly) : We should keep our fingers crossed till the last, ball is bowled., To knit the brow (to frown) : My father always knits the brow at everything I do., To kick the bucket (to die) : She had kicked the bucket after suffering from cancer for several years., To keep someone at arm’s length (to keep someone at a distance and not allow to get close) : She is not, a good girl and must be kept at arm’s length., To keep body and soul together (to maintain life) : Because of the inflation it has become difficult to, keep body and soul together., To keep the wolf from the door (to avoid starvation) : In our country the poor have to struggle hard to, keep the wolf from the door., To lose ground (fail to keep position) : He has lost ground and so his opponent has won the election., To leave no stone unturned (to make all possible efforts) : The Prime Minister has assured the country, that he shall leave no stone unturned to uplift the condition of the countrymen.
Page 539 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 529, , To live in a fool’s paradise (false hope) : It is wrong to live in a fool’s paradise and do not put hard to, achieve success., To lie in the bed one has made (to reap the fruits of one’s acts) : He has made his fortune so he must lie, in the bed he has made., To move heaven and earth (to make all possible efforts) : Prime Minister Man Mohan Singh is move, heaven and earth to find the solution of Kashmir problem., To make light of (not to care) : She is in the habit of making light of the advice of the doctors., To make both ends meet (to live within one’s earning) : Sudden increase in prices has made it difficult, for the employees to make both ends meet., To make much ado about nothing (to make a fuss over a small matter of no importance) : He is a, quarrelsome man, he makes much ado about nothing., To make hay while the sun shines (to seize the opportunity at the right time) : As the Congress party, came into power, he became chairman of UTI. He rightly says to make hay while the sunshines., To make the most of (to utilize time) : Students should make the most of their time, if they want to, secure good marks., To make sure (to ascertain) : I went to the college to make sure if our exams would commence from the, next week., To make neither head nor tail (not to understand) : The leader spoke so rapidly that the audience could, make neither head nor tail of his lecture., To nip in the bud (to destroy in the beginning) : The militancy must be nipped in the bud., To play ducks and drakes (to waste money) : He is playing ducks and drakes with parental money., To pass the buck (to blame each other) : Political parties pass the buck on to one another on all small or, big matters., To play the gallery (to gain popularity) : Every action of the political leaders aimed to play the gallery., To pull a long face (to look sad) : My son pulled a long face when he was scolded by his mother., To play truant (to be absent without permission) : It is a very bad habit of the students to play truant, from class., To put all eggs in one basket (to risk all money in one enterprise) : It is a wrong policy to put all eggs in, one basket., To pour oil on troubled water (to rectify the matter) : Both of them were fighting for the property, but, the justified decision of their mother poured oil on troubled water., To play fast and loose (repeatedly change one’s attitude) : You should not trust her, she is used to play, fast and loose with her friends., To pay off old scores (to take revenge) : By suspending the clerk on frivolous grounds the officer paid, off old scores., To pay one back in the same coin (to return like for like) : I believe in the policy of paying back in the, same coin., To put the cart before the horse (being at the wrong side) : He made a contract with the publisher,, without getting the book ready. He put the cart before the horse as such., To put a spoke in one’s wheel (to create hindrance) : Every competitor in the market is trying to put a, spoke in the wheel of others., To ripe up old sores (to revive forgotten quarrrel) : Ramesh and his wife can’t live in pleace; they are, always ripping up old sores., To rub one the wrong way (annoy) : If you rub him the wrong way, he will oppose the proposal., To read between the lines (to understand the hidden meaning) : If you go through the book seriously,, you will be able to read between the lines.
Page 540 :
530, , English Grammar & Composition, , To rule the roost (to dominate) : Today the scheduled caste ministers rule the roost in the government., To send about one’s business (to dismiss) : His employer sent him about his business when he was, caught involved in forgery., To stand ones ground (remain firm) : He did not yield to pressure and stood his ground till he won, the game., To sail under false colours (hypocrite) : We should not believe the politicians because they sail under, false colours., To set Thames on fire (to achieve something impossible) : Qualifying Civil Services examination for, you is like setting Thames on fire., To say ditto to (to agree) : You are bound to say ditto to what your boss says., To see a thing through coloured glasses (to Judge a thing with prejudiced mind) : A prejudiced man, will see the thing through coloured glasses. He can’t judge the things properly., To show the white feather (to act as a cowardice) : He will show the white feather when the real time of, action comes., To stem the tide of (to put a check) : As a true social worker, first of all you stem the tide of poverty and, unemployment., To speak volumes for (to have abundant proof) : The sacrifice made by freedom fighters speak volumes, for their true love for the country., To steal a march (to get ahead secretly) : Shalini stole a march on her friend in marketing her products, slowly and steadily., To steer clear of (to avoid) : You should try to steer clear of such nasty girls., To take people by storm (to surprise unexpectedly) : The refusal by Soniya to accept the Prime, Ministership took the nation by storm., To the backbone (thoroughly) : We need leaders who are honest to the backbone., To take wind out of another’s sails (to gain advantage by anticipation) : Intelligent Generals can gather, a lot of important information by taking wind out of enemy’s sails., To take heart (feel bold) : You must take heart and face the failures boldly., To take up arms (to fight) : We must not shy for taking up arms against the misdeeds of the public, departments., To turn the corner (to change the opinion) : He turned the corner by passing the examinations with, good marks., To take to one’s heels (to run away) : On seeing the police, the thief took to his heels., To take up the cudgels (to defend someone) : I took up the cudgels on behalf of my brother and proved, him innocent., To travel incognito (to travel under a false name) : The freedom fighters used to travel incognito., To throw out of gear (not working properly) : Our small scale units have been thrown out of gear, because of lack of infrastructure., To throw cold water (to discourage) : He tried to throw cold water on my plans., To win laurels (to win distinction) : Dr. Kalam won laurels in the world of Missiles., To worship the rising sun (to respect a person who is becoming powerful) : Everyone worships the, rising sun., To wash hands of (to have nothing to do) : I have washed hands of this affair because he has no relations, with me., To wrangle over an ass’ shadow (to quarrel over trifles) : Only foolish persons wrangle over an ass’, shadow., To wear the trousers (dominant) : It is Shalu who wears the trousers and her husband simply obeys her.
Page 541 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 531, , Frequently used Idioms and Phrases, Frequently used Idioms with verbs ‘break, carry, cast, catch, come, cut, do, fall, get, give, go, have, hold,, keep, lay, make, play, put, set, stand, take, throw, turn., , BREAK, To break cover, If you break cover, you leave a place where you have been hiding or sheltering from, attack, usually in order to run to another place., They began running again broke cover and dashed towards the road., To break a fall is to lessen the force of a fall., To break ground means to commence an undertaking., To break the heart means to afflict grievously, to cause to suffer seriously from grief., To break the ice means to start conversations. The phrase also means to get over the feeling of restraint, which one may have in the presence of a new acquaintance., To break the news to a person means to communicate news quite unexpectedly to him in such a way as, to diminish the shock : He broke the news to his wife as gently as he could that he had lost all his money due to, the failure of the bank., To break the back of a job is to have disposed of the main part of the task assigned to him., Broken health is impaired health or not in good health., Broken sleep is interrupted sleep., , CARRY, To carry one’s point is to achieve the desired goal; to overcome obstacles placed in the way; to defeat, the opposition in a public debate : Most of the reformers find it very difficult to get people to give up a long, prevailed custom, but they carry their point in the end., To carry everything or all means to win the victory or to overcome the opposition fully. How is it that of, these two persons engaged in the same business, one can scarcely get a living, while the other carries all before, him?, To carry away captive means to take away into captivity, as prisoners of war., In ancient times, many prisoners of war were led captive and forced to live as slaves., To carry a thing too far means to continue it beyond what is logical or safe. How far will this gun carry?, means, how far will a bullet shot from this gun go?, To carry matters with a high hand means to take strong measures, to exercise authority with full force., The principal of the college carried matters with a high hand and expelled two students for a trivial offence., , CAST, To cast an eye upon is to glance at : He cast a stern eye upon the two persons sitting against him, trying, to tease the girl at the reception., To cast, or throw light upon means to illuminate : After a long investigation, a woman came forward, and stated some facts which cast fresh light upon the causes of suicide committed by the man., To cast into the shade means to put into the shade; throw into the shade : A newspaper gives a thrilling, account of Godhra carnage, next day’s paper tells of more horrible things still; the latter account casts the other, into the shade., To cast a slur upon one means to cast a slight reproach upon him : Many a man brings a slur on his own, reputation by stooping to some mean or hateful act.
Page 542 :
532, , English Grammar & Composition, , To cast in one’s teeth means to retort reproachfully, to make an insulting statement to one openly : She, cast it in her husband’s teeth that she had seem him drunk, whereas later on it turned out that she had mistaken, another man for her husband., , CATCH, To catch fire is to become alight or ignited : The dry grass soon caught fire., To catch one’s eye means to attract one’s notice by being seen, to came under one’s notice or if I keep, looking at a lady till her look meets mine, I am said to catch her eye : As I looked through the novel, printer’s, several errors caught my eye., To catch a train means to arrive at the railway station in time to go by a train. If you want to catch the, train, move at once., To catch it means to get a scolding or a beating or some other unpleasant treatment., To catch at a straw. There is a proverb ‘A drowning man will catch at a straw’: When a man is in, difficulties, finding nothing substantial to lay hold of, grasps at something trifling he is said to catch at a straw., To catch a Tartar is to seize or encounter an adversary who proves too strong for him. The story goes, that in battle with the Turks an Irish soldier shouted to his comrade, ‘I’ve caught a Tartar.’ ‘Then bring him, with you’, i.e. as a prisoner. ‘But he won’t came.’ ‘Then come along yourself.’ ‘But he won’t let me.’ The fact, was that the Tartar had caught the Irishman. Hence, the general meaning of the phrase as given above., , COME, To come to close quarters means to tackle an enemy closely., To come to light is to become known., To come to pass is to happen, to occur., To come to grief is said of a person who meets with disaster or of a scheme that proves abortive., To come to hand is idiomatic for, to reach one : Her letter came to hand yesterday=it reached me, yesterday., To come to be means generally, to become important : He has come to be highly thought of means that, he has so risen in people’s esteem that they now think highly of him. His word has come to be considered of, great value., To come amiss. This means to come in an inconvenient or improper time or way. When it is said of a, man that nothing comes amiss to him, the meaning is that he is a very capable man, able to do any work or meet, any difficulty that presents itself to him. A legacy seldom comes amiss to anybody., To come home to a person means to appeal successfully to his reason or his self-interest; to touch his, feelings closely., To come to age means to become adult., To come to a head means to be ready to burst forth-said; e.g. of a conspiracy to make open. He allows, his spiteful feelings to come to a head., To come to a standstill means to bring to a standstill : When the steam was shut off, the engine soon, came to a standstill., To come to his proper level means to bring a man to his (proper) level. This expression means to bring a, vain man down from his undue estimate of himself, and teach him to esteem himself at his true level., To come to know; to get the knowledge or information : I came to know a thing, or a thing comes to my, knowledge. It is the form of these idioms that needs to be noted., To come to no good means to come to a bad end. It can be said of an idle young fellow, ‘That youth will, come to no good.’
Page 543 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 533, , To come out of a business with clean hands is sometimes said of a person who comes out perfectly, innocent while others have done misdeeds. The phrase ‘clean hands’ is in this phrase synonymous with, uprightness, innocence., To come, or fall, under one’s notice or observation: Such a worse case of small pox never fell under my, notice earlier. If such conduct as you describe comes under my notice, I shall take serious notice of it., To come short of, or fall short of means to be less than what is required or expected : When great, deficiency is meant, the word ‘far’ is introduced into the phrase. And short of, which means ‘less than’, is, sometimes used with other expressions. We have tried gold mining in India, but the results have come far short, of or fallen far short of, our expectations., To come off with flying colours means to emerge from a conflict with brilliant success. The idea, involved is this : A regiment goes into battle with its banner or colours displayed; it engages in the fight and, emerges with banner unscathed in the conflict, with colours fluttering in the breeze., At the recent examinations, Rajani came off with flying colours., To come off second best means to get the worst of it. These are similar in meaning. They mean to be, defeated in a contest or in an argument or in a legal action., , CUT, To cut short means to shorten or abridge what is likely to lengthen out., A man is said to have cut short his speech when he ceases speaking sooner than he was expected to. We also, say of a person that his life was cut short meaning that he died prematurely., To cut, or sting, to the quick. The quick is the sensitive flesh, that which is susceptible of keen feeling., The phrase means to cause acute pain., Your scoldings cut him to the quick., A reputated man is often stung to the quick by baseless imputations and slanders., To cut off in its prime means to destroy a fair thing when in its prime. Cholera cut him off in his prime., To cut the Gordian knot ‘Gordian knot’, a knot tied by Gordias, king of Phrygia, in the thong which, connected the pole of his chariot to the yoke, and which was so very intricate that there was no finding where it, began or ended. An oracle declared that he who should untie this knot should be master of Asia. Alexander the, Great, fearing that his inability to untie it would prove an ill augury, cut it as under with his sword. Hence a, Gordian knot is an inextricable difficulty; and to cut the Gordian knot is to remove a difficulty by bold or, unusual measures. And the phrase is sometimes used when an unexpected turn of affairs opens a way out of a, serious difficulty., To cut a figure; to cut a dash: To cut a figure, is to perform a conspicuous part, to attract attention either, in wonder or admiration., To cut a dash means to make a flourish or to make a vain show. Both these expressions, especially the, latter, are slightly contemptuous and rather old-fashioned., To cut and run is to be off with all possible speed. The phrase was applied first to cutting a ship’s cable, and the ship sailing off immediately from her moorings., , DO, (1) It means to perform, to accomplish, to execute a work. Do your job. I cannot do more than indicate the, line of thought which he pursued. Will you kindly show me how to do (=solve) this problem?, (2) Do also means to finish, to complete : Done is often used in the sense of completeness; so that to be, done is often means to be used up, to be exhausted. For example If a tailor to say that his thread was, done, we should understand him to mean that his supply of thread was used up and was exhausted. So,
Page 544 :
534, , English Grammar & Composition, , to have done, is to have finished. I have done writing means I have completed my writing work., To have done with is to have completed, to have no further concern with : I have now done with this, dis-respectful business., (3) Do sometimes means to bring about, to cause to happen : Have the heavy rains done your house any, damage ?, (4) Do is sometimes intransitive and means behave or act : Be careful not to do such things again., (5) Do has, in some particular context, the peculiar meaning of, to cook, to make ready a thing for eating., To do a mutton chop, is, to cook it and prepare it for eating. When it is done to a turn it is perfectly, cooked., It sometimes means cooked; so that expressions like, Are the cakes done? The rice is done, would mean, Are the cakes exhausted ? or Are the cakes cooked? The rice is all used up or the rice is cooked. In such, cases, all ambiguity is removed by the connection in which done stands in the sentence., (6) Do is at times used in conversation for, to deceive, to play a trick upon, to outwit : He felt he had been, done by designing man. Be careful as to the terms of your bargain, for that man will try to do you if he, can., (7) Do, again, sometimes means to fare, to thrive, to profit. How do you do? The first do is the auxiliary, verb., ‘Do’ is also found with the meaning to answer an end, in such expressions as : ‘That will do’, meaning, that will be enough to serve the purpose., ‘It did very well’, i.e. it suited very well, it was quite sufficient., To do good means to act in a manner that others are benefitted : Do good in all the ways you can, to all, the people you can ., He is doing well means succeeding in his new line of business., The patient has been doing well means progressing favourably., He is doing good by his lecturing means he is accomplishing good results., He is doing well by his lecturing means he is making a good deal of money by his lecturing., He is doing well in his lecturing means he is doing the work of a lecturer well., To do well out of something means to derive profit from the activity., Ramesh did well out of that investment., To do one’s best means to put forth one’s best efforts., To be well to do is to be in prosperous circumstances, to be well off., Well-to-do is sometimes put before a noun as a Compound adjective, and is also used as a noun. He is a, ‘well to do man’ means he is a prosperous man., To do one good means to be of advantage or benefit to one., These medicines did me good., To do one a favour or a kindness. A formally polite expression., Will you do me the favour of accepting this small gift ?, You will do me a kindness if you will append your name to the list of donors., To do a thing by fits and starts means to do a thing impulsively and a small portion of it at a time., To study by fits and starts is not the proper way to prepare oneself for the IAS examinations., To do a thing off-hand means to do it at once without delay or hesitation;, To do it with ease and without preparation. I gave him a difficult problem in Algebra and he did it, off-hand., To do a thing by hook or by crook means to do it by any means fair or unfair, no matter by what means.
Page 545 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 535, , Now-a-days every one wants to make money by hook or by crook. It is said that a French admiral in a, time of war once wanted to bring his warship into Waterford Bay, in the South of Ireland. At the entrance to, the bay there are two headlands, one on each side, one called Hook Head, and the other Crook Head. The, admiral declared that he would enter either ‘by Hook or by Crook’, meaning that he would pass in by keeping, near to one or other of the headlands., To do wrong means to make a blunder or to commit an error of judgement., In my opinion you have chosen the right course and you would do wrong to make a change., To do honour to, to do reverence to means to honour, to reverence., To do the honours means to act as host or hostess at a party or function., Do to death means to put to death. Byron uses the words, ‘Done to death by sudden blow.’Jack done, himself to death for his love lost., To do a city or do the sights means to visit the city., ‘done!’ said in response to a proposal means I assent, I agree., ‘No sooner said than done!’ means that as soon as a thing is proposed to anyone, he immediately, executes it, and utters this phrase as his response., To do a thing under the rose, is to do it in a secret manner. In ancient times, the rose was taken as a, symbol of secrecy and was hung up at entertainments, to indicate that nothing said there was to be, divulged., To have to do with, is to have business with, to deal with. She tried to clear herself of all blame, but she, did have something to do with that immoral act., , FALL, To fall foul of means to come into collision with., If this new manager continues his criticisms, he will soon fall foul of the Boss., To fall in love means to fall into love., The young couple quickly fell in love with each other., To fall out means to quarrel. It is wrong to fall out for the ancestral property., To fall into abeyance means to cease to be exerted or used.This law has been allowed to fall into, abeyance., To fall out of use means to cease to be used. We also say, drop out of use., As a language grows, new words are coinsed and many words fall out of use., To fall to work or set to work means to begin to do work. In these phrases work is a noun. We fell, briskly to work and finished the job in two hours., To fall a prey to means to be the victim of : When people plot against a man to ruin him and succeed in, their malicious attempts, he is said to fall a prey to their designs., Ramesh fell a prey to the ulterior designs of his colleagues and so he was not promoted., To fall to the ground means to prove useless or to become ineffective., The meeting was large, yet his motion found no support and therefore fell to the ground., To fall for something means to yield to its charms : Mira fell for a pretty dress., To fall flat means to collapse.
Page 546 :
536, , English Grammar & Composition, , GET, To get clear of means to become free from difficulty or annoyance., To get drunk means to become drunk : Where are you going to get drunk ?, To get one’s back up to become irritated., To get on means to advance; or to prosper : Let the men get on to the front., He is a hard working man. He is sure to get on in the world., To get hold of means to understand or to catch. I can’t get hold of the meaning of this passage.With great, difficulty the drowning man got hold of the rope., To get rid of; to be deprived of means quitting of a thing or to get free from a thing : To be deprived of a, thing means to have a thing taken from you which you wish to keep. Hence, we do not say that people are, deprived of a tax, they get rid of a tax or are relieved of it, or are freed from it. A man may be deprived, suddenly of his property., To get the upper hand; to get the better of. These mean to get the superiority, to prevail over. Of two rival, textile firms, one is richer and better managed than the other, and therefore soon gets the upper hand., Trickery in trade may for a time being get the better of honesty, but soon lost its credibility., To get into hot water; to be in hot water. To be in difficulty, irritating circumstances. The school, master got into hot water with the Inspector for delivering a speech favouring a political party., To get into a mess means to get into a muddle : His accounts seem to have got into a mess., To get into a scrape means to find oneself in an awkward position., The opposite is, to get out of a scrape., It is easier to get into a scrape than to get out of one., To get wind of means to hear a rumour of or to get the clue of : I got wind of the plot through hearing, their conversation ., , GIVE, To give a person to understand means to lead him to believe or to give him reason for believing a thing., To be given to understand means to be led to believe., The officer gave me to understand that there would soon be a vacancy for an assistant in his office., To give oneself to means to devote oneself to it. This phrase express the habit. Give yourself to study, and you will certainly secure good marks., If a man give himself to bad habits, nothing good can be expected of him ., To give oneself trouble about or over a thing means to take pains about it : He gave himself great, troubles over the problem of his younger brother., To give someone a bit or a piece of your mind means to scold, to find fault with, to speak or write to :He, has treated me very badly and I mean to write a letter and give him a bit of my mind., To give or show a person the cold shoulder means to treat him coldly, to receive him in cold manner., It is common to give a cold shoulder to one’s poor friends., To give chase means to pursue something that is running away., The police gave chase to the thief, but he escaped., To give way means to yield, to succumb., Only once his faithful wife gave way to emotions., His reason has given way means he has become insane., To give someone the slip means to avoid someone who is looking for you., The thief saw the policeman and took care to give him the slip.
Page 547 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 537, , To gave a thing a wide berth means to keep at a distance from it., A sailor gives a rocky headland a wide berth, i.e. he keeps his ship at a safe distance from it., To gave good measure means to give rather more than full, correct measure. When a draper selling, cloth, measures off the stipulated number of yards and then gives freely a little piece more, he is said to give, good measure. So a man rebuking or scolding another is sarcastically said to give good measure when the, rebuke or the scolding is more severe than the justice of the case demands., To give chapter and verse for a thing means to produce the proof of it. I can give you chapter and verse, for every statement I am making., To give countenance or lend coutenance to a project means to favour it, to give one’s support to it., Some of the greatest benefactors of mankind have had few friends at first to give countenance to their, inventions or discoveries., To give currency to means to make publicly known. It is wicked to give currency to a dead scandal., To give place to means to yield up one’s place to. You give place to another when you allow him to take, your place. The phrase is also used of inanimate things, customs etc. Carriages have given place to motor cars, and sailing vessels to steamers., A give-and-take policy means a policy involving mutual concessions : Now-a-days people believe in, give and policy in maintaining their relations., To give a false colouring to means to misrepresent : A man who is known to give a false colouring to, any statement will not be believed even when he speaks the truth., To give loose rein to means to give licence to, the leave without restraint. The idea is derived from, leaving a mettlesome horse unchecked by the reins. A liberine is one who give loose rein to his lusts., To give rise to means to be the cause of, to originate. The phrase is often applied to rumours or, suspicions : What gave rise to this evil rumour? I don’t know what gave rise to the idea that the capital of, country was to be changed., To give vent to means to allow to flow forth-usually said of one’s own strong pent-up feeling, as anger,, grief. I rushed out of the room to give vent to my feelings. He gave vent to his indignation in language more, vigorous than polite., To give tone to means to invigorate. In this phrase tone commonly means the healthy state of the organs, of the body. The phrase is also used metaphorically of the character or faculties. The word tonic is derived, from this use of tone., The chairman’s opening speech gave fine tone to the meeting., The Swiss, living among mountains, are a hardy and thrifty people., The very nature of their country gives tone to their character., To give or lend dignity to an occasion means to bestow social importance. The attendance of the Queens, gave dignity to the gathering., , GO, To go mad means to become mad. To go crazy is to become crazy., My dog went mad and bit several other dogs., To go blind means to become blind., If you do not take care of your sight you will go blind., To go hand in hand. When two or more persons cordially agree in pursuing the same course, they are, said to go hand in hand., In the matter of providing reservation to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes most of the political, parties go hand in hand.
Page 548 :
538, , English Grammar & Composition, , To go a long way means to go far, to go to a great length : The newspapers went a long way in criticizing, the Government., To go to law means to litigate, to seek redressal through a court of law : Several people are too fond of, going to law., To go halves; to (go) share and share alike : When two persons agree to divide a thing equally between, them, they are said to go halves or to (go) share and share alike. These phrases are commonly used of an, enterprise, and the agreement to take equal shares—of say both risk and advantage—would be made before, hand., A party of ten students set out on a fortnight’s tour and agreed to go share and share alike in the expenses., To go to great expense means to be at great expense, both mean to expand much. The city has gone to, great expense to give a suitable welcome to the President., To go out of one’s way to do a thing means to deviate from one’s ordinary course of conduct in order to, do something, generally a favour. You should be willing to go out of your way to oblige your friend., To go hard with means to press heavily upon., If Dengue breaks out again, it will go hard with the general mass., To go well with : When a person prospers, it is often said that things go well with him, or that everyone, goes well with him. Strictly speaking, to go well with means to agree with, to suit. I can’t go well with such a, quarrelsome girl. In harmonising colours, green goes well with red., To go on (sick) leave When an official obtains leave of absence from ordinary duty, he is said to go on, leave., To go on a fool’s errand means to go on an expedition such as a fool might go on, to go on an expedition, which leads to a foolish end. There were many failed expeditions to Mount Everest : Can we say that those, who took part in them were sent on a fool’s errand?, To go through fire and water for a person or purpose means to ecounter any difficulty and undergo any, risk, however great, for his sake. This man would go through fire and water to save his wife., To go to the wall means to be hard pressed, to fail, to get the worst in a contest or in the struggle of life., When the struggle comes, the weakest goes to the wall., To go to the bad means to become of depraved character, to associate with evil companions so to lose, character. To go to the dogs is also used with the same meaning. He is sure to go to the bads because he has a, company of such depraved people., To go to rack and ruin. Here rack has the same meaning as ruin, the meaning being intensified by using, both words. The phrase is used both with regard to one’s outward circumstances and also with regard to, character., The house is going to rack and ruin for want of looking after., , HAVE, To have one’s hands full (Over busy): When a man is so busily engaged that he cannot attempt, anything more, we say, he has his hands full. Do not expect him to help you; he has his hands full already., To have clean hands means to be perfectly innocent, to be a person of honesty and integrity. The phrase, is commonly used in speaking of business transactions. One who receives bribes or engages in any nefarious, scheme has not clean hands., To have to do a thing means to be forced to do it, either from necessity of circumstances or from the will, of another person., He had to cut down the tree to save his house., I had to walk two hours before I could find any shelter., To have (cash) in hand means to have cash in possession to pay.
Page 549 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 539, , To have a work in hand is to have undertaken it, to be busy in it., To have a hand, or a voice in a thing means to have some part in doing it, to have a role in doing it. To, have a finger in the pie, also means the same for the same., I am glad to say I had no hand in getting him transferred from here., You always like to have your finger in everyone’s pie means you are always meddling with the affairs of, other fellows., To have a thing at one’s finger ends means to be fully familiar with a thing or to be able to apply one’s, knowledge readily., She has the history of the World Wars at her finger ends., To have a mind to do a thing means to be willing to do it or to show willingness to do it., She could tell you the secret of the Mahal if she had a mind., To have a way of one’s own means to have one’s individual way of dealing with the thing. He has a way, of his own in dealing with the subordinates., To have one’s eye upon a thing; have an eye to a thing. Either of these phrases may be used when a, man has set a thing before him as the goal he desires or which he tries to achieve. The latter phrase also means, to supervise or to watch so as to take care of., The Headmaster of school has his eye upon the Principal’s chair., Please have an eye to the child and see that he does not go stray., To have the field before one means to have full opportunity of showing what one can do, to be, unopposed. To have the field to oneself means to be the sole worker in a particular field., To have a short memory is to be unable to remember a thing even after a short time. The phrase is often, applied to a person who says he forgets a thing while at the same time you suspect that he cannot have, forgotten it., To have the face to do a thing means to have the audacity to do it. Another slang expression is, to have, the cheek to do it., To have a difference with a person means to have mild quarrel (or difference of opinion) with him., When friendly relations are restored, the parties to the dispute, are said to have made up their difference., To have a bone to pick with one means to have a difference with him which has not yet been expressed., To have a brush with an opponent means to have a slight encounter : The President had a slight brush, with one of the secretaries at the meeting., To have had its day; to have seen better days. When an item which has been much used falls into, disuse now, we say of it that it has had its day. When an article, e.g. a car, has become worn and shabby, we say, that it has seen better days. The phrase would be use also of a person who, having been well off, had come, down in the world., Men drawn Palanquins used to carry the bride have had their day in India., To have too many irons in the fire. If a blacksmith puts so many irons into the fire that he cannot attend, to them all as they grow red hot, some will be wasted. The phrase means, to have so much work in hand that, some part of it is left undone or is done very hastily., He is sure to lose his health under the strain of overwork; he has too many irons in the fire., To have no backbone (used for a vacilliating person or one easily disheartened) : At first there was a, show of resistance to this new act passed by the Parliament, but the movement had no backbone and speedily, collapsed., To have the true or right ring means to be genuine. A perfect coin has a clear, metallic ring when let fall, on something hard., The speech of the Home Minister on Jammu and Kashmir had the right ring about it.
Page 550 :
540, , English Grammar & Composition, , HOLD, To hold one’s tongue means to be silent, not to speak., The militants ordered the captives to hold their tongue or they will be punished., To hold oneself ready or in readiness means to be ready, to be in a state of preparedness.The, commander ordered the soldiers to hold themselves ready to attack., To hold in check means to curb or restrain within limits. It is always better to hold the children in check, so that they are not spoiled by the miscreants., To hold in play means to keep a person’s attention occupied in some other task while you are doing, something which you do not wish him to know., It is a right policy to hold the foe in play while accomplishing the actual task., To hold one’s own means to maintain one’s own position against opposition candidates; to keep what, advantage one already has. The same meaning is expressed by, to hold one’s ground, or keep one’s ground,, or maintain one’s ground., In the present odd circumstances it is better to hold one’s own position instead of making new advancement., To hold up one’s head means to be able to look every man in the face. The phrase implies pride of one’s, character or position. He has no reason to be ashamed of so he can hold up his head among the so called, philantropists., To hold one’s head high means to bear oneself proudly., To hold true means to regard as true, to continue to be true. The principles of Newton holds true even, today., , KEEP, To keep within bounds means to keep within due limits., To keep happy one should keep oneself within bounds. When his passion is roused, it is hard to keep, him within bounds., To keep out of the way means to absent oneself intentionally, to avoid being in the way., She tried her best to keep herself out of the way of her paramour., To keep a thing to oneself; keep one’s own counsel. These are same and mean not to disclose the thing, that one knows : She never shares her problems with any body. She keeps things to herself., To keep a thing dark means to keep it hidden or concealed, not to disclose it or make it known to others:, She never discusses anybody about her plans but keeps everything dark., To keep oneself to oneself means to live apart, to shun society : He does not mixes with any of his, friends. He keeps himself to himself., To keep company with a person means to associate with him as a companion:, If you keep company with bad persons you will soon learn their ways., To keep to the house, or the room, or one’s room is said of a person who is ill or of one who is obliged, from any cause to remain indoors: (a) She has had a severe illness, and still keeps to the house., (b) A warrant is out for his arrest, and so Ramesh keeps to his rooms., To keep house means to manage the business of a household. This phrase is used of a woman who acts, as housekeeper., To keep open house is to be ready to entertain all guests : She is a very nice lady and keeps her house, open for all the friends., To keep a good table means to entertain one’s guests sumptuously and in the habit of providing food of, excellent quality for one’s own eating:, No one ever sees poor dinners at her house; I can tell you from long experience that she keeps a good table.
Page 551 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 541, , To keep watch; keep watch and ward means to be on the watch : We had better keep watch tonight, against thieves., To keep a sharp look-out means to maintain a keen watch : They keep a sharp look-out on boardship., To keep pace with means to keep abreast of the development, to advance or progress equally fast with :, (a) How can you expect that a child keeps pace with a full-grown man?, (b) You cannot keep pace with Renu in ‘Logics’., To break the peace; to keep the peace. These are contrary expressions:, (a) Two man quarrel and fight; they are said to break the peace., (b) They were brought before a judge and were bound over to keep the peace, i.e., to refrain thenceforth, from quarrelling., To keep one’s eyes on another person means to keep watch on him, to observe his movements and, actions : The policeman tried to keep his eye on the thief so that he might catch him stealing., To keep someone at arm’s length means to keep someone at a distance and not allow him an, opportunity of close contact : It is always better to keep the evil persons at arms length., To keep one’s head above means to avoid getting into debt or trouble so as to be overwhelmed by it : It, is always prudent to keep one’s head above water in order to be happy and free from lot of troubles., To get one’s head above water means to tide over difficulties successfully : He sold part of his property, in order to get his head above water., To keep good hours means to be habitually early in returning home at night : The opposite is, keep bad, hours or late hours : He always comes late in the night, he does not keep good hours., To keep body and soul together is to keep alive, to keep from starving., She happily eats as much as would keep her body and soul together., To keep the wolf from the door is to keep away extreme poverty, starvation, or death by hunger : In, India thousands have a daily fight to keep the wolf from the door., , LAY, To lay waste means to make desolate : A few of the finest cities of Europe have been laid waste by, bombing., To lay bare, lay open means to disclose or reveal a secret thing., He did not rest till he laid bare the whole conspiracy of his friend Pratham., To lay someone under an obligation means to do a favour so that he feels indebted : You have laid me, under a great obligation by helping me in my adversity., To lay oneself open to means to expose oneself to: By spending a lot of money on trifle occasion, he lays, himself open to the suspicion of tax authorities., To lie in wait for means to await in concealment, to be waiting as if in ambush : The murderer lady lies in, wait for her victim as the tigress, for its prey., To lay, or set, a trap means to prepare a trap and place it in a position to catch prey. It also means to, prepare a scheme to deceive another and draw him in : A hunter lays (or sets) a trap to catch elephants., To lay on the shelf means to lay aside as no longer fit for use, just as books and magazines not in use are, put on the shelves of the book case : A retired person is sometimes called as laid on the shelf. Also a question, or scheme moved and set aside, is said to be laid on the shelf, or shelved., To lay down the law means to speak in tones of authority., To lay up for a rainy day means to make provision for an adverse time and difficulty., To lay their heads together means to consult together or frame common opinion.
Page 552 :
542, , English Grammar & Composition, , MAKE, To make peace means to reconcile, to agree on a peace proposal by the parties at variance : There had, been feuds for ages between the rival groups, it was the effort of the great grand old man that finally, made peace between them., To make room means to open a space or passage, to remove obstruction., Room here means open space, while a room is an apartment : There is enough room on this road for two, cars to pass each other., To make way, make headway, or to make one’s way means to progress slowly and steadily under, difficult circumstances. To make way for is to allow space or room for., I’ve the guts to make my own way., These students are studying Russian, but they do not seem to be making much headway., The crowd made way for the ‘Hero of the game’ as he advanced., To make a hash of anything means to spoil it : The secretary made a hash on the club accounts., To make haste means to hasten, to hurry : Make haste or you will miss the train., To make friends means to win or secure the friendship of others., This man is so genial, he makes friends wherever he goes., To make a will means to make a testamentary disposal of his property : He made a will and entrusted the, same to his advocate., To make use of means to use : She has so many sandals and shoes as she will not be able to make use of, them in her life., To make love to means to make love with a woman : It was in vain that the young boy tried to make love, to Lady Diana., He makes a good soldier means he possesses qualities of a good soldier., She will make you a good wife means she possesses the qualities for becoming a good wife., To make answer means to reply., To make sure means to ascertain positively; also to make secure., To make sure of means to consider as certain ., To make terms means to come to an agreement., To make short work of means to bring to a sudden end, or to dispose of speedily : This lawyer will make, short work of his adversary’s arguments., To make amends for means to compensate for damage, injury or insult : By helping her now, he is, trying to make amends for his past misdeeds., To make an example of a person means to treat (punish) him so that the result will be a deterrent, (warning) to others : By suspending the subordinate for his misbehaviour the officer made an example of him, to others., To make a point of means doing a thing, to set it before you as a thing to be certainly done : Johni makes, a point of writing ten English pages daily., To make a clean breast of something means to disclose fully and without reserve : It is always better to, make clean breast of the whole things before the lawyer., To make a living means to earn a livelihood for oneself., To make (both) ends meet means to be able to supply the necessities of life while keeping expenditure, within income. The phrase implies that the pinch of poverty is felt : It is far better to struggle and make both, ends meet than to get into the clutches of an evil person for making quick bucks.
Page 553 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 543, , To make common cause with means to co-operate with; to unite with and share the common risk, work,, and reward : Now-a-days political parties with different ideologies make a common cause temporarily to win the, elections., To make one’s escape means to escape by one’s own efforts : He made his escape through water route., To make one’s mark means to do some noteworthy thing, which brings honour or distinction : He made, his marks by writing a very good book for the children., To leave one’s mark means to leave behind the effect of one’s work : He was not long at college before, he made his mark., Men like Jai Prakash Narain, and Lal Bahadur Shastri leave their mark on the history of our country., To make a mountain of a molehill means, to give great importance to trifles A man through great, timidity or sloth often exaggerates a small obstacle and makes a mountain out of a molehill., To make a virtue of necessity means to do a very disagreeable thing as though from duty but really, because you must do it : Knowing that the landlord would forcibly eject him from the house, he himself, delivered the key, making a virtue of necessity., To make much ado about nothing is to make a great fuss about a trifle : Mr Rehman made much ado, about nothing when he again raised the matter of throwing waste papers in front of his house by someone., To make no bones about a thing means to make no scruple about doing it. The phrase implies that the, thing is disagreeable : You need not raise imaginary difficulties, but just go and do the work and make no, bones about it., To make bold to do a thing means to venture to do a thing even though it may seem bold to do it : He, makes bold to say that Government should spend less on Highways and more on village roads., To make neither head nor tail of a thing means not to understand it or any part of it; not to be able to see, the thing clearly : She spoke so quickly and in such a confused manner that nobody could make neither head, nor tail of her sayings., To take no account of a thing means to disregard it through oversight or because it is not worth notice :, Government take no account of such senseless agitation by the gays., To make a fool of oneself means to act stupidly. To make a fool of someone is to dupe him : He went to, meet the president without any pre appointment, so he was not allowd to enter. He made a fool of himself., To make little of, light of, nothing of means to disparage, to treat as of no account., To make nothing of, has a second meaning. If a person is too stupid to learn, we say the teacher can, make nothing of him it means the teacher cannot succeed with him. If the phrase is used in reference to a, passage in a book, if I say I can make nothing of it, it means I am unable to understand it., When I talked about his health, he made light of his illness., We can make nothing of what she says, i.e., we cannot understand her., To make much of means to value highly, to treat as of great importance., To make too much of means to over-estimate. The phrase ‘to make enough of ’ is commonly used with, a negative expression., To make the best or the most of a thing means to reap the greatest advantage one can from it ; to reduce, to the least possible inconvenience : The accident was very serious, but the surgeon made the best he could of, the few appliances within his reach., To make the best of a bad bargain. When a man buys a thing which does not turn out as well as he, expected, that thing is often called a bad bargain Hence the phrase means to turn a disappointment to the best, possible account., To make hay while the sun shines Sunshiny weather is the most suitable for making hay. Hence the, phrase metaphorically means to take advantage of a favourable opportunity before it lasts, to use the, opportunity to advantage : When trade was brisk, he worked very hard, and made his fortune: he believes in, making hay while the sun shines.
Page 554 :
544, , English Grammar & Composition, , To make a tool, or cats paw of someone, is to use him as a means of attaining or accomplishing your, object : The story goes that a monkey, seeing nuts roasting at a strong fire and wishing to have them, but not, liking to burn his own paw, laid hold of the paw of the cat and by means of it pulled the nuts to himself., To make a man of someone means to elevate him, to raise him from an inferior position into an, independent and prosperous condition, so that he can act in a manly way : A rich friend of mine took up this, poor lad and kept him at school for seven years, and his education has made a man of him., To make believe means to pretend, to act under pretence : He made believe he was going off for a, month, and then unexpectedly returned in a week and found his wife messed with a fellow., To make a shift means to get along by some means, though with some difficulty : A miser will always, make a shift to save money., To make faces is to make grimaces : Most of the people make faces while looking into a mirror., To make merry means to be happy and jovial; Hence, the word merry-making., We spent our winter holidays in eating and drinking and merry-making., To make free means to take a liberty to which one has no right: (a) No one should make free to open a, letter addressed to someone else., (b) I make free to say in this gentleman’s presence, that his conduct has not been straightforward., The phrase implies boldness or impertinence, whereas the phrase, take the liberty of, does not indicate, anything disrespectful., To make free with means to treat freely or without formality., To make oneself at home means to act with as much freedom and with as little formality as if you were, at home. The phrase is used of a person who is in another person’s home so to make himself at home means to, feel him at his ease in the house so that he will move and act as freely as though he were in his own house., To make one’s mouth water. If a hungry man smells food, the saliva gathers in his mouth, and he longs, to taste the food, so the phrase means to excite a longing for. It is generally used when the thing desired cannot, be achieved and enjoyed. In this phrase, water is as used as verb : The hungry man stood gazing at the baker’s, shop and it made his mouth’s water to lump of fresh loaves., , PLAY, To play, is generally used in the sense of, to act, to operate on, e.g. the fire engine played (= poured, water) on the burning house. In such phrases as, call into play, bring into play, the word play means active, operation., The guns of the fortress were called into play and the advancement of the enemy was checked., To play truant, is to stay away, to loiter, to idle. The phrase is commonly used of a school-boy who, when sent to school goes off to play. It also sometimes means to absent oneself from duty when one is, supposed to be at his post : School boys playing truant should be punished., To play into the hands of another, is so to act as to be of advantage to another., Two contractors come to me with estimates for a work; they seem to be perfectly independent. One estimate is, much higher than the other, and even the lower one seems high; so I accept neither. Afterwards I come to know, that the contractors are friends, and that he, who gave the higher estimate, was only playing into the hands of, the other; he meant by bringing his higher estimate to induce me to close at once with the other contractor., To play at cross purposes, is said of two parties who oppose each other, or who have opposing plans, but with the same end in view., The Congress and the Communist parties have been at cross purposes for several months; yet in fact they, are both working for the same object of keeping the BJP out of power., To play fast and loose with means to disregard one’s promises or engagements.
Page 555 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 545, , To play second fiddle the phrase means to take a subordinate part, like one who plays second to a, leading performer on the violin. The phrase sometimes implies that he, who occupies the subordinate positon,, is expected to further the designs of his superior. Sometimes the phrase is to be second fiddle the instrument, being taken for the performer., Mrs. Sonia is the president of the Congress party and Mr. Man Mohan Singh is content to be second, fiddle., To play with edged tools. There is a saying, ‘Children and fools should not handle edged tools.’ Hence,, the phrase is applied to a man who has to do with a matter which requires delicate handling., To interfere in a quarrel between Ram and his wife is like playing with edged tools., To play one false means to be deceitful to him, to cheat him : I relied on her support and she played me, false., To play a double game, or act a double part These mean to do one thing openly and a different thing in, secret. The thing done openly is done to deceive, whereas the thing done in secret is the real object aimed at., (a) I do not believe in playing double game., (b) Generals often play a double game in war, but this is regarded as part of the war tactics., , PUT, ‘Put’ is also used in several idiomatic expressions as per following:, To put in mind means to remind., To put to the sword means to slay with the sword., To put to trial or to put trial means to try to check., To put a thing to the test or proof means to try it to examine it sincerely., To put to shame means to make ashamed to disgrace., To put a thing to the vote means to take a vote upon a proposal., To put (or get) things ship-shape means to settle them in an appropriate order., To put to sea means to start on a voyage., To put one’s oar in means to interfere to meddle in something., To put to use means to make use of it., To put one to silence means to silence him., To put in order means to array in orderly fashion., A mother puts her children to bed means the children go to bed., A commander puts his enemies to flight means the enemies take to flight., A magistrate puts the law in force against a criminal means the magistrate dispense the justice., To put or set one at his ease means to free him from restraint., To put one to it means to press one hard, to press him to the utmost of his powers. It, in this phrase, is, impersonal : I felt so exhausted that I was put to it not fall over., To put it to one is to lay a matter before one for his consideration that he may form an opinion upon it., This phrase would be used by one who was trying to persuade others : I put it to you, Is it wise to remain, indifferent while the Government is making great efforts to extend education?, To put a case, is to set it forward for consideration., To put down one’s foot is to make a decide stand, to resist further encroachments., To put one on his guard is to warn him., To put one on his mettle is to rouse him to do his best in trying circumstances : The cry of wolves, behind put my horse on his mettle and he brought me in safety to the village., To put one’s hand to a thing is to undertake it to begin it.
Page 556 :
546, , English Grammar & Composition, , To put a thing well is to express one’s meaning clearly and forcibly in speech or writing., To put the screw on one. This means to coerce him; particularly to restrain another in regard to, expenditure or idling : He could put the screw upon his son George., To put the cart before the horse is to begin at the wrong end to do a thing, to attempt a thing while, neglecting to do first what ought to be done first., You certainly do put the cart before the horse. You have actually brought the masons to build a house but, have not yet got the bricks., To put one’s shoulder to the wheel is to make a great effort oneself instead of looking to others, for help., To put a thing down in black and white is to put it in writing, so that a record is available : You tell me, a long story; but put down what you want in black and white; and I will weigh its merits., To put, or set, right, or to put to rights. These mean to adjust, regulate, correct, put in correct order: The, engineer soon put the damaged T.V. to rights., To put a good face, or the best construction, on a thing means to regard it in the most favourable way., The phrases are applicable to conduct, and commonly to unseemly conduct : A lawyer generally tries to put, the best face on the faults of his client., To put one out of countenance means to make him appear ashamed., To put this and that together is to infer from a conjunction of circumstances., To put forth, or throw out, a feeler: When a person brings forward a proposal or makes an observation, to elicit the opinions of others, he is said to put forth or throw out a feeler : In his statement about Pakistan in, the Lok Sabha the Prime Minister threw out a feeler to test the opinion of Parliament., To put a spoke in one’s wheel means to obstruct progress, to prove a serious barrier or hindrance :, Rahim was getting on well in business till Rehman opened a rival establishment, and that put a spoke in, Rahim’s wheel., To put something by for a rainy day means to save money for the adverse circumstances., To put someone through it means to wear him out, e.g. by long interrogation., , SET, To set a scheme on foot is to start it, to set it going., To set a thing on fire is to apply fire to it and make it burn; also to inflame- said of the passions., To set or put a thing on the fire means to place it upon the burning fire to heat or cook it.Use of ‘THE’, implies that fire was already there. You may set a kettle on the fire but you cannot set it on fire., The girl set the pot on the fire. He set the withered leaves on fire., To set store by is to value highly., To set the Thames on fire means to do something extraordinary or brilliant : Nisha is a steady worker, but never likely to set the Thames on fire., To set one’s face against means resolutely to resist : Attempts were made to draw the prince into, rebellion but he set his face against such intrigues., To set one’s house in order means to arrange one’s affairs : When he joined the new office he found, the affairs of the office in desperate confusion; it took several months to set the house in order., To set people by the ears means to provoke them to quarrel or wrangle., To be well set up means to have a good physique to have a strong and well-built body., To set one’s teeth is to determine to endure hardship.
Page 557 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 547, , STAND, To stand in another man’s shoes means to occupy another man’s place., To stand in need of means to be in need of : The house stands in need of painting., To stand in terror of means to be in terror of, to be afraid of : The old person stood in secret terror of, his son., To stand in good stead means to be of great advantage to one in a time of difficultly : The wolves were, after the traveller but his horse stood him in good stead and the traveller was able to escape., To stand one’s ground means to maintain one’s position : He tried hard to stand his ground against the, veteran lawyer but he failed., To stand to one’s guns means to persevere when hardships press., To stand in one’s own light means to act in a way that is disadvantageous to oneself : He stood in his, own light when he refused this posting., To stand to reason means to be consistent with reason and propriety of action., To stand one’s trial means to be tried in a court of law., He cannot stand it means He is not able to endure it., To stand on ceremony with means to be over punctilious in etiquette., To stand on one’s dignity means to maintain a dignified and unbending attitude., He was offended or insulted, now stands on his dignity and insists that an apology be made to him by the, offenders., , TAKE, Many idioms using take are given in Chapter iii, Section 38., To take into account means to regard, to consider : Before purchasing this house he has taken into, account all the merits and demerits of the locality., To take to task, call to account means to reprove and require explanation : Take him to task for his, negligence and unauthorised absent., To take advantage of means to use any benefit offered by; also, to get benefit by cunning means., To take a thing in hand means to undertake to do it, to attempt, to accomplish it : Several persons have, taken in hand to write the history of the country, but only a few have been successful., To take the law into one’s own hands means to punish a person supposed to be guilty without his being, legally tried., To take notice of a thing means to observe it : He listened to my logics, objections patiently, but took no, notice of them in submitting his report., To take a city by storm means to capture it through a fierce and surprised attack., To take people by storm means to captivate them unexpectedly : His singing took the audience by, storm., To take one by surprise means to come upon him suddenly., To take upon oneself means to assume or undertake some work : She takes all the reponsibility upon, herself., To be taken aback means to be taken by surprise, to be startled., To take part with means to unite or join with., To take part in is to unite or join in - said of things : Several good tennis players have consented to take, part in this tournament.
Page 558 :
548, , English Grammar & Composition, , To take another person’s part means to side with him, to defend him., To take (or pay or give) heed to means to attend to carefully : I will take heed to what my mother says., To take in good part means to receive without resentment- said of a disagreeable thing, as a rebuke or, admonition : I tried to give Johni some good advice, but instead of taking it in good part, he became unhappy., To take to one’s heels means to run away : Seeing the police, the thief took to his heels., To take to one’s bed means to be obliged to lie down in bed through illness., To take in tow means to drag along in water by means of a cable or chain., To take a statement on trust means to accept it as true without inquiry, to accept it as true believing that, he who makes it is trustworthy : One should not take any statement on trust unless we have something to prove, our contentions., To take it into one’s head; to come into one’s head means to occur to one, to suggest itself to one. The, expressions sometimes imply whimsicality : Jack took it into his head to wake up all the servants at midnight., To take pride in means to delight in, to be proud of : She takes pride in doing her stitching very neatly., To take a leaf out of another’s book means to take a hint from another’s mode of action, to adopt, another person’s plan in the hope of reaching a result like his : Ram took a leaf out of Shyam’s book in the, matter of dealing with the customers and got success., To take the bull by the horns is to grapple courageously with a difficulty that lies in your way : If you, have factious opposition to deal with, do not avoid it, but take the bull by the horns., To take a leap in the dark means to do a hazardous thing without any idea of what it may result in : It is, wrong to leap in the dark without knowing the results., To take things easy, or take it easy means to pass through life without being worried by work or, anxieties. The phrase to have an easy time of it means to be without worry or hard work. To have an easy time, of it, is because of outward circumstances; to take it easy is because of inward disposition and way of living., To take a fancy or liking, to a thing means to conceive an admiration for it or a desire to get it : She has, taken quite a fancy to my car., To take, or let, one into a secret means to make known the secret to him, he also being expected to, regard it as a secret : Two persons plan a theft but are not able to accomplish their object without a third, person; so they take a third into the secret and carry the nefarious business very cleverly., To take the lead; to get the start. When of several competitors, one at starting gets ahead of the others,, he is said to get a start . In a competition when one gets ahead and takes the leading place, he is said to take, the lead : All the boats started together, but Ramesh’s soon took the lead., To take one home means to accompany one to his home., To take care of, or look after means, to look carefully : You should take care of your old parents., To take the measure of a man means to form after careful observation a due estimate of a man : I, asked some irrelevant questions to her friend in order to take measure of him., To take the cake (or the biscuit). This is a slang expression meaning ‘to take first prize’- usually in, some absurdity., To take the bread out of another’s mouth means to deprive him of his means of living. He is said to, have taken the bread out of his friend’s mouth by getting his job.
Page 559 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 549, , THROW, To throw cold water upon a project means to discourage it, to disparage the project., To throw dust in one’s eyes. The phrase means to deceive one : He talked glibly to me about his, schemes and tried to show me that if I would lend him two thousand dollars he would soon be able to repay, me the double; but I felt that he was only trying to throw dust in my eyes., To throw off the mask is said of one who, having acted a deceitful part for a time, suddenly declares, his real intentions. His deceit was as a mask to conceal his intentions., The tenant soon threw off his masks and openly tried to dictate his terms to vacate the house., To throw up the sponge means to give up a contest, to surrender., Don’t expect him to throw up the sponge so easily., , TURN, To turn one’s back upon means to abandon, to reject or refuse unceremoniously, to change to a, directly opposite course : I am happy to note that he had turned his back upon his former vices., To turn one’s coat means to change sides, to change to the opposite party. One who does this is called a, turncoat., To turn over a new leaf. This means to change completely one’s course of action particularly changing, from bad conduct to better : After a long career of crime, the terrorist suddenly turned over a new leaf and, became a model citizen., To turn a matter over in one’s mind means to consider it carefully and look at it from all sides :You, have given a very important proposal to me; I will turn the thing over in my mind and tell you about my, opinion tomorrow., To turn the scale. When an item is being weighed with beam and scales, a little thing will finally make, one scale or the other go down. And when a man’s judgement is divided between two opinions and something, arises which makes him decide to choose one rather than the other, that something is said to turn the scale., To turn one’s hand to is to engage oneself in : This handy fellow seems to be able to turn his hand to, anything., To turn tail means to retreat ignominiously. It is said when a person behaves like a coward., To turn the day against one; to turn the fortunes of the day. These mean to reverse superiority or, success : The fall of a king from his horse in a field of battle often turned the fortunes of the day., To turn the tables on someone, is to reverse his success., To turn a thing to account is to utilize it : She had kept the trinket in...... the hope of turning it to better, account.—Dickens, To turn one’s nose at a thing means to treat it with contemptuous dislike or disgust : He has been, reduced almost to beggary, and yet he turns up his nose at any suggestion that he should work., To turn one’s head or one’s brain means to confuse him that he seems to have lost his judgement; to, make giddy or conceited, or wild or insane : The sudden good fortune has turned his head., To have a turn for means to have capacity or fitness for : This boy has a turn for classical music; send, him to a good school of Music.
Page 560 :
English Grammar & Composition, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , 550, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Directions (1-10): Each of the following idiom is followed by four meanings. Indicate which one is correct:, [RRB Ajmer, Bhopal], , (1) To put two and two together, (a) to bear the brunt of, (c) to put off, , (b) to conclude from obvious fact, (d) to put on a false appearance, , (2) To wash dirty linen in public, (a) to quarrel openly, (c) to understand the hidden meaning of the word, , (b) to clean solid lines, (d) to wash dirty clothes, , (3) To read between the lines, (a) to suspect, (c) to understand the hidden meaning of the word, , (b) to read carefully, (d) to do useless things, , (4) To face the music, (a) to prepare to give a music performance, (c) to suffer hardship, , (b) to suffer evil consequences, (d) to change the things, , (5) To leave no stone unturned, (a) to keep clean and tidy, (c) to work enthusiastically, , (b) to try utmost, (d) to change the things, , (6) Between the devil and the deep sea, (a) a deep sea diver, (c) in a dilemma, , (b) to be evil tempered, (d) a man who is drowning, , (7) To flog a dead horse, (a), (b), (c), (d), , to revive interest in a subject which is out of date, to beat a horse that is dead, to do interesting things, to try to take work from a weak horse, , (8) To bait the hook to suit the fish, (a) to prepare a box to pack the fish, (b) to do things to please others, (c) to look at things from other person’s point of view, (d) to catch fish by providing suitable food, , 02, Directions (1-10): In the following, pick out the correct meanings of the following idioms:, [RRB Bhopal, Mumbai], , (1) Take exception to, (a) different, (c) object to, , (b) to take with difficulty, (d) difficult, , (2) Through thick and thin, (a) big and small, (c) under all conditions, , (b) large object, (d) thin and fat
Page 561 :
551, , Idioms and Phrases, (3) Sitting on the fence, (a) unbalanced, (c) coward, , (b) uncomfortable, (d) between two opinions, , (4) An axe to grind, (a) difficult job, (c) private ends to serve, , (b) hard labour, (d) punishment, , (5) His wit’s end, (a) finished, (c) comedy, , (b) confused, (d) very intelligent, , (6) To be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth, (a) to be born in a rich home, (c) to be fed milk with a silver spoon, , (b) to be born in a jeweller’s home, (d) to be a first born child, , (7) A hard nut to crack, (a) difficult things require extra effort, (c) a difficult problem solved effortlessly, , (b) a difficult problem to solve, (d) costly things need careful handling, , (8) From hand to mouth, (a) something repeated often, (c) to survive without saving, , (b) consuming food, (d) hitting someone by hand on the mouth, , (9) To beat about the bush, (a) not to come to the point, (c) easily achieved success without much effort, , (b) vigorous search for the culprit, (d) working hard to achieve the goal, , (10) To burn one’s fingers, (a) to get injured in an accident, (c) to suffer from meddling in something, , (b) to pay a heavy price, (d) to get a burn injury on the hands, , 03, Directions (1-11) : In the following questions, four alternatives are given for the idioms/phrases. Choose the, one which best expresses the meaning of the given idiom/phrase:, [RRB Ajmer, Kolkata, Patna], (1) To make mincemeat, (a) copy the appearance of somebody, (c) refute utterly, , (b) take care of something, (d) have the same opinion, , (2) To carry all before one, (a) finish quickly, (c) be free from danger, , (b) make a promise, (d) be completely successful, , (3) To run riot, (a) befool other, (c) criticise other, , (b) be violent in action, (d) behave in an undisciplined way, , (4) To carry the conviction, (a) be extremely fond of anything, (c) feel displeasure, , (b) bear the proof of the truth, (d) make overtures of reconciliation, , (5) To hold, (a) show unwillingness, (c) stop by threats of violence, , (b) keep at a distance, (d) endure hardship or danger
Page 562 :
552, , English Grammar & Composition, (6) To come round, (a) to get well, (c) to succeed, , (b) to reach a roundabout, (d) to reach and understanding, , (7) A white elephant, (a) an elephant with white skin, (c) a costly and useful thing, , (b) a costly thing, (d) a costly but useless thing, , (8) To meet one’s waterloo, (a) to meet a strong adversary, (c) to meet one’s final defeat, , (b) to die fighting, (d) to die an ignoble death, , (9) To set the Thames of fire, (a) to wreak evil on something, (c) to do a heroic deed, , (b) to destroy with fire, (d) to try to do the impossible, , (10) To smell a rat, (a) to see hidden meaning, (c) to misunderstand, , (b) to smell bad odour, (d) to suspect a trick or deceit, , (11) To rise like a phoenix, (a) to resemble a phoenician, (c) to rise with a new life, , (b) to get up with a start, (d) to rise with anger, , 04, Directions ( 1-10): In the following questions, out of the given alternatives, choose the one which has meaning, of sense of the idiom/phrase given at the question place:, [RRB Bhopal, Income Tax Inspectors Exam], (1) On the spur of the moment, (a) at once or without any kind of deliberation, (c) open to blame, , (b) in accordance with the prevailing style, (d) on the side of something undesirable, , (2) To go hard with one, (a) to remain neutral, (c) to be unreliable, , (b) to be busy over trifles, (d) to prove a serious matter, , (3) To keep house, (a) to keep pace with, (c) to waste time, , (b) to be silent about one’s own purpose, (d) to manage the business of the household, , (4) To talk over, (a) to consider, (c) to understand, , (b) to discuss, (d) to think over, , (5) To show one’s white feather, (a) to show arrogance, (c) seek peace, , (b) to show signs of cowardice, (d) to become polite, , (6) To rule the roost, (a) to domineer, (c) to run away, , (b) to surrender, (d) to fight, , (7) To turn down, (a) give up, (c) follow, , (b) reject, (d) throw, , (8) He is out and out a liar, (a) surely, (c) basically, , (b) consistently, (d) thoroughly
Page 563 :
553, , Idioms and Phrases, (9) She is a clever girl and she can put two and two together., (a) make a formal statement, (c) draw a logical conclusion, , (b) took very thoughtful, (d) count very well, , 05, Directions (1-9) : In the following questions, out of the four alternatives, choose the correct meaning of the, following idioms/phrases:, [Income Tax Inspectors], (1) To cut one short, (a) to insult one, (c) to interrupt one, , (b) to criticise one, (d) to love one, , (2) To nail one’s colours to the mast, (a) to understand the fact, (c) to mishandle something, , (b) to refuse to surrender, (d) to accept the proposal, , (3) Beside the mark, (a) out of assumptions, (c) beyond the reach, , (b) beyond the imagination, (d) irrelevantly, , (4) To put a good face on, (a) to smile graciously, (c) to bear up courageously, , (b) to be lucky in a business, (d) to treat others politely, , (5) A far cry, (a) a disadvantageous thing, (c) a long way off, , (b) an unfounded claim, (d) a thing which is neglected by all, , (6) I am pissed off with the behaviour of my employers., (a) in a very delicate state, (c) to delay inordinately, , (b) annoyed or bored, (d) very pleased or happy, , (7) He is really up in the creek without his friends and family members, (a), (b), (c), (d), , in serious difficulties, forced to do a very hard work, in a situation of failure, shy or modest, , (8) He is a silver tongued doctor and patients listen to him., (a), (b), (c), (d), , speaking in a helpful but authoritative language, speaking in a way that make people angry, speaking in a way that annoy or bore the people, speaking in a way that charms persuade people, , (9) Every piece of furniture in her house in an apple-pie order., (a) very neatly arranged, (c) kept in a disorganised way, , (b) painted in light colours, (d) very delicately arranged, , 06, Directions (1-10) : Use the following idioms in your own sentences:, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , To play with fire, To burn one’s boats, To live in an ivory tower, To carry the day, To get along, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , To come across, To read between the lines, To differ with, To skip over, To fall out, , [IAS]
Page 564 :
554, , English Grammar & Composition, , 07, Directions (1-12) : Use the following idioms in your own sentences:, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), , To have an axe to grind, To burn one’s boat, To burn the candle at both ends, To bury the hatchet, Through thick and thin, The Alpha and Omega, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), , [IAS, PCS, CDS], , To have many irons in the fire, To play second fiddle, To laugh in one’s sleeve, To keep at an arm’s length, Off and on, Tooth and nail, , 08, Directions (1-5) : Given below are four alternatives for the idiom/phrase in italics in the sentence. Choose the, one which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrase in italic:, [Assistant Grade, Income Tax Inspectors], (1) We kept our fingers crossed till the final results were declared., (a) kept praying, (c) felt sacred, , (b) waited anxiously, (d) kept hopeful, , (2) The smell from the kitchen makes my mouth water., (a) makes me giddy, (c) stimulates my appetite, , (b) makes me vomit, (d) makes me sick, , (3) My friend got the sack from his first job., (a) resigned, (c) was dismissed from, , (b) got tired of, (d) was demoted from, , (4) I stepped forward fully determined to take the bull by the horns., (a) to act without any hesitation, (c) to meet the danger boldly, , (b) to be fully alive, (d) to act without preparation, , (5) He was unable to account for the deficit in the firm’s bank balance., (a) to give a satisfactory explanation, (c) maintain accounts properly, , (b) speak the truth about, (d) give the accounts for, , 09, Directions (1-12) : Make the correct meaning of the idioms from the alternatives given below:, (1) Will-o-the-wisp, (a) to cut in a childish way, (c) to have desires unbacked by effort, (e) yearning of the spirit, , [SBI PO, CDS], , (b) acting in a foollish way, (d) anything which eludes or deceives, , (2) A snake in the grass, (a) a hidden enemy, (c) very ferocious enemy, (e) an reliable person, , (b) unforeseen happening, (d) unrecognizable danger, , (3) To look down one’s nose at, (a) to show anger, (b) to backbite, (c) to insult in the presence of other, (d) to regard with half-hidden displeasure or contempt, (e) None of the above, , (4) Hobson’s choice, (a) excellent choice, (c) choice to live or die, (e) first choice, , (b) no choice at all because their is only one thing to take or not, (d) big man’s choice
Page 565 :
555, , Idioms and Phrases, (5) To have a chip on one’s shoulder, (a) to be boastful, (c) to have treated unfairly, (e) signs on the shoulder showing timidity, , (b) to be deserving of piece, (d) to have deep cut wound on the shoulder, , (6) To flog a dead horse, (a) to try to achieve an impossible thing, (c) to beat a horse that is dead, (e) to act in a foolish way, , (b) to try to table work from a weak horse, (d) to revive interest in a subject which is out of date, , (7) To be lost in the cloud, (a) to be concealed from the view, (c) to be perplexed, (e) to meet with one’s clouds, , (b) to find oneself in a very uncomfortable position, (d) to fly deep in the clouds, , (8) To fish in troubled waters, (a) to indulge in evil conspiracies, (c) to be perplexed, (e) to make the most of a bad bargain, , (b) to aggravate the situation, (d) to catch fish in disturbed waters, , (9) To make the wind out of another’s sails, (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), , to defect the motives of another, to cause harm to another, to anticipate another and to gain advantage over him, to manoeuvre to mislead another on the high seas, None of the above, , (10) To wrangle over an ass’s shadow, (a) to do something funny, (c) to waste time on pretty things, (e) to act in a foolish way, , (b) to quarrel over the possession of an ass, (d) to quarrel over trifles, , (11) To fly off the handle, (a) to dislocate, (c) to lose one’s temper, (e) to act in a way unmindful of consequences, , (b) to be indifferent, (d) to be airborne, , (12) To bring one’s eggs to a bad market, (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), , to fail in one’s plans because one goes to the wrong people for help, to bring one’s commodities to a market where there is no demand for them, to show one’s talent before audience which is incapable of appreciating them, to face a humiliating situation, to act when the opportunity is lost, , 10, Directions (1-10) : Frame sentences to bring out the meaning of the following:, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , On the horns of a dilemma, Take a leaf out of somebody’s book, Jack of all trades, In accordance with, To bear up, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , A wild goose chase, Play into someone’s hands, To nip in the bud, To take to one’s heels, Through thick and thin, , [PCS]
Page 566 :
556, , English Grammar & Composition, , 11, Directions (1-8) : Frame sentences to bring out the meaning of the following:, (1), (3), (5), (7), , To curry favour, To blow one’s own trumpet, Take to heels, To be up and doing, , (2), (4), (6), (8), , [PCS], , To bury the hatchet, A man of show, In the long run, To make up one’s mind, , 12, Directions (1-10) : Frame sentences to bring out the meaning of the following:, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , Hold out an olive branch, To beat about the bush, Win the rubber, To make a clean breast of, To lose heart, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , [IAS, PCS], , Read between the lines, Off and on, Out of the wood, To be at loggerheads, Bury the hatchet, , 13, Directions (1-9) : Frame sentences to bring out the meaning of the following:, [IAS, PCS], , (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , Ill at ease, Prime of life, A burning question, To laugh in one’s sleeves, In full swing, , (2), (4), (6), (8), , Man of letters, To fish in troubled waters, To turn over a new leaf, Toe the line, , 14, Directions (1-9) : Frame sentences to bring out the meaning of the following:, (1), (3), (5), (7), (8), , At the eleventh hour, A red letter day, To burn the candle at both ends, To show the white feather, The sword of Democles, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (9), , [IAS, PCS], , Bag and baggage, To play the second fiddle, Turn down, An apple of discord, At sixes and sevens, , 15, Directions (1-12) : Frame sentences to bring out the meaning of the following:, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), , Null and void, Ad hoc, A cold war, A red letter day, To have no axe to grind, To have many irons in the fire, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), , [PCS], , On the horns of a Dilemma, Take your time, Hot line, To mince words, A bone of contention, A public secret, , 16, Directions (1-11) : Frame sentences to bring out the meaning of the following:, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), , Break the ice, Make hay while the sun shines, Cry over spilt milk, A wet blanket, Blow one’s own trumpet, Put the eggs in one basket, , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , Keep the wolf from the door, A rainy day, Kill two birds with one stone, Cold blood, Fall upon, , [IAS]
Page 567 :
557, , Idioms and Phrases, , 17, Directions (1-10) : Choose the correct meanings of the following idioms from the alternatives given below:, [SBI PO], , (1) To fight tooth and nail, (a) making every possible effort to win, (c) to fight heroically, (e) to lose every thing while engaged in fighting, , (b) to fight cowardly, (d) to fight a losing battle, , (2) To let the grass grow under one’s feet, , [SBI PO], , (a) to miss the opportunity, (b) to let things go on in their natural way, (c) to be indolent and let others take advantage of one’s indolence, (d) to idle away the time; to delay and linger, (e) to move very cautiously in order to avoid harming anything, , (3) Melting pot, (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), , [CDS], , an earthen vessel, a cooking utensil, an iron cauldron, a witch’s brewing pot, circumstances in which things may changed greatly, , (4) To be a good Samaritan, (a) a religious person, (c) to be obedient, (e) to be law abiding, , [CDS], , (b) a genuinely charitable person, (d) a citizen of Samaritan, , (5) To fly off the handle, (a) to dislocate, (c) to take off, (e) to be indifferent, , [CDS], , (b) to lose one’s temper, (d) to be airborne, , (6) The Alpha and Omega, (a) a Shakespearean play, (c) a Greek song, (e) a beautiful object, , [CDS], , (b) beginning and end, (d) a Swiss watch, , (7) Merry as a cricket, (a) to enjoy a game of cricket, (c) to be carefree, (e) to be good at sports, , [CDS], , (b) to dance and sing, (d) to be extremely cheerful, , (8) To make one’s pile, (a) to construct one’s house, (c) to make a fortune, (e) to hit one’s target, , [CDS], , (b) to make a successful career, (d) to keep up rubbish, , (9) To blaze a trail, (a) to set on fire, (c) to be annoyingly noise, (e) to be vehemently opposed, , [CDS], , (b) to blow the trumpet, (d) to initiate work, , (10) Gift of the gab, (a) talent for speaking, (c) to get something free, (e) talent for dancing, , [CDS], , (b) to win a prize, (d) to distribute gifts
Page 568 :
558, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , English Grammar & Composition, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) (b), (2) (a), , (3) (c), (4) (b), (5) (b), (6) (c), (7) (a), (8) (b),, , Solution TYE 02, (1) (c), (2) (c), (3) (d), (4) (c), (5) (b), (6) (a), (7) (b), (8) (c), (9) (a), (10) (c)., , Solution TYE 03, (1) (c), (2) (d), (3) (d), (4) (b), (5) (d), (6) (d), (7) (d), (8) (c), (9) (c), (10) (d),, (11) (d),, , Solution TYE 04, (1) (a), (2) (d), (3) (b), (4) (d), (5) (b), (6) (a), (7) (a), (8) (b),, , Solution TYE 05, (1) (c), (2) (b), (3) (d), (4) (c), (5) (c), (6) (b), (7) (a), (8) (d), (9) (a),, , Solution TYE 06, (1) USA is playing with fire by helping the government of Iraq., (2) I came across that girl while I was going to USA., (3) They have burnt their boats and taken the final plunge., (4) If you read between the lines, you will find that he never meant to over rule your decision., (5) If you describe someone as living in an ivory tower, you mean that they have no knowledge or experience of, the practical problems of everyday life. They don ’t really, in their ivory towers, understand how pernicious, drug crime is., (6) The opposition differed with the government over the question of disinvestment., (7) For the time being, the Congress seems to have carried the day (To be winner), (8) She should skip over the past and should reinvented a new life., (9) They seemed to be getting along fine., (10) She fell out with her husband., , Solution TYE 07, (1) He suspects that your friend has an axe to grind in this proposal., (2) He has too many irons in the fire means he is involved with many activities., (3) The freedom fighter will not go back now from their decision. They nor burnt their boats and taken the final, plunge., (4) He hates the thought of playing second fiddle to Ramesh. Playing second fiddle to someone means to be, treated as less important., (5) He will soon come to road for he is burning the candle at both ends. (To spend lavishly), (6) He laughed in his sleeves at the foolish behaviour of the wife of his close friend., (7) India and Pakistan must bury the hatchet for the prosperity and progress of both the countries.
Page 569 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 559, , (8) Unloyal friends must be kept at an arm’s length., (9) I will abide by my wife through thick and thin., (10) I have been visiting her off and on (occasionally)., (11) The Alpha and Omega of Mahatma Gandhi’s life was to improve the pitiable condition of the untouchables., (12) She opposed me tooth and nail but could not succeeded., , Solution TYE 08, (1) (b), (2) (c), (3) (c), (4) (c), (5) (a),, , Solution TYE 09, (1) (d), (2) (d), (3) (d), (4) (b), (5) (c), (6) (a), (7) (c), (8) (e), (9) (c), (10) (d),, (11) (c), (12) (a),, , Solution TYE 10, (1) Mahatma Gandhi and other leaders were on the horns of a dilemma at the time of the division of the country, in 1947., (2) He wondered if his boss had deliberately sent him on a wild goose chase. (Searching for a thing that have no, chance to be found.), (3) The young generation must take a leaf out of old generation’s books in the matter of observing moral values., (4) The terrorists are playing into our enemy’s hands., (5) Ramesh is jack of all trades, but master of none., (6) Unlawful activities must be nipped in the bud., (7) The Assam accord was not in accordance with the expectations of the common mass., (8) When he saw the police, he took to his heels., (9) In present time of uncertainty, one must be ready to bear up against all disasters and misfortunes., (10) Good friends abide with each other through thick and thin., , Solution TYE 11, (1) It seems that by presenting such a costly gift, he is trying to curry favour with her., (2) It is believed that the Naxalites will bury the hatchet, once the accord is reached., (3) One should not always blow one’s own trumpet., (4) He is merely a man of show, the real boss is his elder brother., (5) As he saw her father, he took to his heels., (6) Honesty and sincerity pay in the long run., (7) One must be up and doing if one wish to achieve success in life., (8) Mrs Soniya Gandhi has made up her mind to fight the BJP., , Solution TYE 12, (1) The Bush administration is holding out an olive branch in the matter of Iraq., (2) He was unable to read between the lines to get the true meaning of the letter., (3) It is of no use to beat about the Bush before the interview board., (4) I visit my native place off and on., (5) The Australians have won the rubber., (6) Kashmir is still not out of the wood.
Page 570 :
560, , English Grammar & Composition, , (7) This militant made a clean breast of the secrets before the Suprintendent of Police., (8) USA and Iraq are at loggerheads now-a-days., (9) We should never lose hearts in adverse circumstances., (10) India and Pakistan must bury the hatchet for the peace and prosperity of both the nations., , Solution TYE 13, (1) The Finance Minister is ill at ease in his new office under the present financial crisis., (2) Dr Abdul Kalam, the President of India, is a man of letters., (3) He is a young man. He is in the prime of life., (4) When two countries fight with each other, the other nations try to fish in troubled waters., (5) The Kashmir problem is a burning question., (6) The notorious terrorist Saudagar Lal turned over a new leaf of life by starting a new business., (7) He laughed in his sleeves at the foolish behaviour for his boss’ wife., (8) India refused to toe the line of USA in the matter of Iraq., (9) The trade fair is in full swing at Pragati Maidan., , Solution TYE 14, (1) The police party reached there at the eleventh hour., (2) People are leaving Kashmir bag and baggage., (3) 26th January is a red letter day in the history of India., (4) I do not like to play the second fiddle in any matter., (5) He will soon be in trouble for he is burning the candle at both ends., (6) My request for leave has been turned down by the boss., (7) When Ramesh asked him to argue in public he showed the white feather., (8) Kashmir is an apple of discord between India and Pakistan., (9) The fear of a war between India and Pakistan is hanging like a sword of Democles on the citizens of both the, countries., (10) A thief entered my quarter and left everything at sixes and sevens., , Solution TYE 15, (1) The recent Act for granting reservation based on religion was declared null and void by the court., (2) The political parties were on the horns of a dilemma on the point of granting reservation to the upper class., (3) She was given ad hoc posting., (4) You must take your own time to take final decision in the matter., (5) A cold war has been continuing between India and Pakistan since long., (6) There is a hot line (telephone line) between India and Pakistan., (7) August 15th, is a red letter day in the history of India., (8) A sycophant always minces words of flattery before his boss., (9) He has no axe to grind in this project, whatever is being done by him, is in the name of humanity., (10) Kashmir has been a bone of contention between India and Pakistan since long., (11) He is a man of multiple business. He has many irons in the fire., (12) The murder of the college girl is a public secret now.
Page 571 :
Idioms and Phrases, , 561, , Solution TYE 16, (1) India and Pakistan have broken the ice by playing cricket matches after a long interval., (2) The poor have to put a daily fight to keep the wolf from the door., (3) He is a successful businessman. He believes in making hay while the sun shines., (4) He is a prudent man. He believes in saving for a rainy day., (5) It is useless to cry over spilt milk now., (6) By asking the opposition to support the bill, P.M. slapped his critics.Thus he killed two birds with one stone., (7) Ramesh is a wet blanket, do not include him in the list of picnic goers., (8) Cold blooded murders have become very common now-a-days., (9) Some leaders are in the habit of blowing their own trumpet., (10) He will have to fall upon me for help., (11) One must play safe and so must not put all eggs in one basket., , Solution TYE 17, . (1) (a), (2) (d), (3) (e), (4) (b), (5) (b), (6) (b), (7) (d), (8) (b), (9) (d), (10) (a),
Page 577 :
Spotting the Errors, (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , 567, , When she comes (a)/to see us (b)/she usually will bring (c)/some thing with her. (d)/No error (e), Why did you (a)/not told me (b)/that the meeting (c)/was postponed ? (d)/No error (e), I did not want (a)/him to have spent (b)/all the money at (c)/the fair yesterday. (d)/No error (e), The assistant (a)/is never found (b)/wherever the manager (c)/want him. (d)/No error (e), He picked up (a)/the books (b)/and put it (c)/on the table. (d)/No error (e), They decided (a)/to talk it over (b)/at dinner. (c)/No error (d), , 02, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read the following sentences to find error. The error will be in one part of the sentence., (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , I am not hungry (a)/beside (b)/I do not like eggs. (c)/No error (d), Economics are (a)/now-a-days included as a subject (b)/in all colleges. (c)/No error (d), When he (a)/had got what (b)/he wanted (c)/he has gone home. (d)/No error (e), Of the two proposals (a)/we think (b)/the second is (c)/the most attractive. (d)/No error (e), If I wrote (a)/to my father now (b)/he will receive (c)/the letter tomorrow. (d)/No error (e), This road is (a)/worst than (b)/any other road (c)/of the city. (d)/No error (E), The driver as well as (a)/the conductor are (b)/responsible for this accident. (c)/No error (d), Some peoples (a)/feel that (b) no progress is possible (c)/without discipline. (d)/No error (e), She told (a)/her mother that (b)/she is busy. (c)/No error (d), After listening to (a)/little of songs (b)/she switched off (c)/the radio. (d)/No error (e), , 03, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read the following sentences to find error. The error will be in one part of the sentence., (1) We erect monuments (a)/in the memory of great leaders (b)/lest their achievements (c)/might be forgotten., (d)/No error (e), (2) He will not escape (a)/punishment unless (b)/he does not speak (c)/the truth. (d), (3) Being a cold day (a)/neither my friend (b)/nor I was (c)/in a mood to go to market. (d)/No error (e), (4) Such students (a)/who have not submitted (b)/their T.C. will not be allowed (c)/to appear in the, examinations. (d)/No error (e), (5) I went to the librarian and cashier (a)/and they gave me (b)/all facilities required (c)/to complete the, project. (d)/No error (e), (6) Milk is (a)/the most perfect (b)/food in the world. (c)/No error (d), (7) What is there (a)/which is a secret (b)/between you and me. (c)/No error (d), (8) By the death of Rajeev Gandhi (a)/a great statesman and politician (b)/were lost. (c)/No error (d), (9) You had better (a)/to stop (b)/your work (c)/for some time. (d)/No error (e), (10) A severe cold (a)/prevented the president (b)/being present (c)/at the function. (d)/No error (e), , 04, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read the following sentences to find error. The error will be in one part of the sentence., (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , I dislike (a)/my child (b)/watching T.V. (c)/all the time. (d)/No error (e), These people (a)/get their bath water (b)/from the river (c)/and their drink water from a well. (d), It was evident (a)/to me that there (b)/was any mistake (c)/in that account. (d)/No error (e), He does not seem (a)/to be aware (b)/as to (c)/his merits. (d)/No error (e), He declared (a)/at the top of his (b)/voice that (c)/it was not possible. (d)/No error (e)
Page 578 :
568, , English Grammar & Composition, , (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Crossing the road (a)/a car knocked (b)/him down. (c), The captain (a)/with all his team (b)/were held responsible. (c), Bangladesh has come (a)/into existence (b)/thirty years ago. (c), No sooner did (a)/she saw me (b)/than she came up (c)/and spoke to me. (d)/No error (e), No monument in the world (a)/is so beautiful (b)/as the Taj Mahal. (c)/No error (d), , 05, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read the following sentences to find error. The error will be in one part of the sentence., (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), , Many a man (a)/have been (b)/working under me. (c)/No error (d), I told him (a)/the story (b)/in details (c)/to make him understand it fully. (d)/No error (e), Different authorities (a)/defines (b)/intelligence in different ways. (c)/No error (d), The old man (a)/told his sons (b)/that there was no such thing (c)/like luck. (d)/No error (e), Everyone knows (a)/that the tiger (b)/is faster (c)/of all animals. (d)/No error (e), Sakshi wrote an essay (a)/so well that (b)/her teacher was (c)/very pleased with her. (d)/No error (e), The conference was (a)/attended (b)/by more than one hundred delegates(c). No error (d), This is (a)/one of the most (b)/interesting book (c)/I have ever read. (d)/No error (e), Ram was happy (a)/that Rita and her sister was going (b)/by the same train (c)/the next day. (d) No error, (e), (10) The only criteria (a)/to judge (b)/a person (c)/is to observe his behaviour. (d)/No error (e), , 06, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error. The error, if any, will be in one, part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, then the answer is E., [Bank PO], , (1) No country can long endure (a)/if its foundations (b)/were not laid deep (c)/in the material prosperity., (d)/No error (e), (2) Mahatma Gandhi did not solve (a)/all the future problems (b)/but he did solve (c)/problems of his own, age. (d)/No error (e), (3) We now look forward for (a)/some great achievements (b)/which to some extent (c)/can restore the, country’s prestige once again. (d)/No error (e), (4) While Mahendra was away (a)/on a long official tour (b)/his office receive an important letter (c)/which, was marked ‘Urgent’. (d)/No error (e), (5) We will pack not only (a)/the material properly (b)/but will also deliver it (c)/to your valued customers., (d)/No error (e), (6) We cannot handle (a)/this complicated case today (b)/unless full details are not given (c)/to us by now., (d)/No error (e), (7) According to one survey (a)/only those forests which were (b)/not under village management, (c)/succumbed from fires recently. (d)/No error (e), (8) Our school is making (a)/every possible effort (b)/to provide best facilities (c)/and personal attention for, each child. (d)/No error (e), (9) We have done everything (a)/that could be done (b)/to avert the storm (c)/which is now coming on. (d)/No, error (e), (10) Jayesh loved his Guru immensely (a)/and gave him fullest loyalty, (b)/yet he had his own (c)/ independent, way of thinking. (d)/No error (e)
Page 579 :
569, , Spotting the Errors, , 07, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in it. The error, if any, will be in, one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. It there is no error, then the answer is E., [Bank PO, RRB Trivendrum], , (1) This laboratory of physicists is (a)/not only equipped with (b)/all state-of-the-art instruments (c)/but also, with outstanding physicists. (d)/No error (e), (2) No method of making other (a)/ people agree to (b)/your view point is (c)/as effective as this method., (d)/No error (e), (3) I was pretty sure that (a)/he would support me (b)/for changing the age-old (c)/and static structure of our, organization.(d), (4) I did not like his (a)/comments on my paper (b)/but I had no alternative (c)/as I had agreed to keep quiet., (d)/No error (e), (5) The report is candid in admitting (a)/that the investment by the government (b)/in health and family, planning (c)/have eroded considerably. (d)/No error (e), (6) He tried as he could (a)/,but Naveen did not (b)/succeed in getting (c)/his car to start up. (d)/No error (e), (7) Foolishly Madhu threw (a)/some water on the electric heater (b)/when it catches fire and (c)/she got a, shock. (d)/No error (e), (8) Rajesh was expecting (a)/a telegram from his uncle (b)/which would inform (c)/him whether he went or, not. (d)/No error (e), (9) Either of the plans (a)/suits him and therefore (b)/he decided not to (c)/go out yesterday. (d)/No error (e), (10) Inspite of the rumors (a) of an impending takeover (b)/by the government, (c)/Ramlal bought more shares, of that company. (d)/No error (e), , 08, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or idiomatic error in it., [TC, RRB Kolkata], , (1) Our housing society comprises (a)/six block and thirty flats (b)/in an area of (c)/about thousand square, meters. (d)/No error (e), (2) They took to (a)/reading ‘Times’ (b)/for better knowledge (c)/of the facts. (d)/No error (e), (3) As I was to reach early (a)/I preferred train (b)/instead of (c)/bus. (d)/No error (e), (4) He did not go (a)/to the city on foot (b)/he went there (c)/by the train. (d)/No error (e), (5) One of the most (a)/widely spread (b)/bad habit (c)/is the use of tobacco. (d)/No error (e), (6) Myself and Ramanujam (a)/will take care of (b)/the function (c)/on Saturday. (d)/No error (e), (7) All the doctors (a)/were puzzled on the (b)/strange symptoms (c)/reported by the patient. (d)/No error (e), (8) India is in no way (a)/inferior than the USA (b)/in the fertility of soil (c)/and richness of resources. (d)/No, error (e), (9) The visitors (a)/complained at (b)/the poor accommodation (c)/they were given. (d)/No error (e), (10) Amit’s habit of (a)/delaying his work (b)/put his colleagues (c)/to a lot of trouble. (d)/No error (e)
Page 580 :
570, , English Grammar & Composition, , 09, Directions (Q. 1 -10) : One part of following sentences has an error, point out the portion carrying error in the, answer sheet. It case no error is there mention accordingly., [RRB Patna, Mumbai, ASM], (1) I have been to a few of his lectures (a)/but understood little of (b)/what he has said. (c)/No error (d), (2) Not only the bandits robbed (a)/the traveller of his purse (b)/but also wounded him grievously. (c)/No, error (d), (3) The old woman has had the best medical facilities available (a)/but she will not be cured (b)/unless she, does not have a strong desire to live. (c)/No error (d), (4) Frozen foods are so popular today (a)/that many people wonder (b)/how they ever lived without them., (c)/No error (d), (5) We should never be (a)/cent per cent sure of our success (b)/in any walk of our life. (c)/No error (d), (6) Smith including (a)/all the members of his family (b)/goes to the church every Sunday. (c)/No error (d), (7) The students of now-a-days (a)/hesitate to talk (b)/to their teachers. (c)/No error (d), (8) If you would have (a)/practised regularly (b)/you would have won the match. (c)/No error (d), (9) Kanchenjungha is one of the (a)/beautiful peak (b)/of the (c)/Himalayan range. (d)/No error (e), (10) He is one of the (a)/most intelligent (b)/student (c)/I have ever taught. (d)/No error (e), , 10, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in it . The error, if any, will be in, one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, then the answer is E., [RRB, Secunderabad, ASM/TC], , (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Radha with (a)/her brothers (b)/and sisters (c)/are present here. (d)/No error (e), Men (a)/proposes (b)/but God (c)/disposes. (d)/No error (e), He gets (a)/up (b)/early at (c)/the morning. (d)/No error (e), The house (a)/is built (b)/in an (c)/attractive manner. (d)/No error (e), She worn (a)/a necklace (b)/studded (c)/with diamonds. (d)/No error (e), None (a)/of these (b)/students (c)/was there. (d)/No error (e), He (a)/was not (b)/blind (c)/from birth. (d)/No error (e), I said (a)/that a interesting (b)/face could (c)/also be pretty. (d)/No error (e), He love (a)/his father (b)/and his father (c)/also loved him. (d)/No error (e), Milking used (a)/to be a task (b)/or a duty cost (c)/on him. (d)/No error (e), , 11, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in it . The error, if any, will be in, one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, then the answer is E., (1) The doctor (a)/did not (b)/ask Mohan (c)/the time. (d)/No error (e), (2) How do (a)/Vinoba appeal (b)/to the (c)/landlords? (d)/No error (e), (3) Bats are (a)/sometime seen (b)/ in our (c)/ houses. (d)/No error (e), (4) I am glad (a)/Rex never saw (b)/a trained (c)/police dog jump. (d)/No error (e), (5) His (a)/son met (b)/him (c)/on the door. (d)/No error (e), (6) The plane (a)/was to (b)/take of (c)/at 6 a.m. (d)/No error (e), (7) This is (a)/our attitudes (b)/towards (c)/Ahimsa and Truth. (d)/No error (e), (8) I caught him (a)/from the hand (b)/and began (c)/to plead. (d)/No error (e), (9) We ought (a)/not to (b)/speak ill (c)/for others. (d)/No error (e), (10) Radha works (a)/harder than (b)/I did (c)/her age. (d)/No error (e)
Page 581 :
571, , Spotting the Errors, , 12, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in it . The error, if any, will be in, one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. It there is no error, then the answer is E., (1) Krishna is (a)/the taller (b)/boy (c)/in the class. (d)/No error (e), (2) Bhima was (a)/the man (b)/who all (c)/the Indians loved. (d)/No error (e), (3) I can (a)/neither read (b)/or speak (c)/Hindi. (d)/No error (e), (4) I have been (a)/suffering from (b)/fever since (c)/three days. (d)/No error (e), (5) The committee (a)/is divided (b)/over (c)/this issue. (d)/No error (e), (6) The Planning Commission expects (a)/the Gross Domestic Product to (b)/grow by a satisfactory (c)/rate, during the year. (d)/No error (e), (7) The language used for writing text books (a)/differs from other forms of writing (b)/in its preference on, (c)/simplicity over style. (d)/No error (e), (8) One of the basics of good writing (a)/is to have a (b)/clear understanding of the target audience (c)/and its, requirements. (d)/No error (e), (9) This is an (a)/excellent site for (b)/a stadium which we (c)/should like to acquire. (d)/No error (e), (10) If you absent (a)/from college, your (b)/name is likely to be (c)/struck off the rolls. (d)/No error (e), , 13, Directions (Q. 1-10) : There is a mistake in each of the following sentences. Find out the part in which the, mistake occurs., (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , [RRB, Bhubaneshwar, ASM], , The man (a)/is (b)/a (c)/social animal. (d), Twenty five kilometers (a)/from Bhubaneshwar to Cuttack (b)/are (c)/a long distance. (d), The institute (a)/imparts training (b)/in (c)/the French. (d), Looking forward (a)/to meet (b)/you (c)/soon. (d), Pass on (a)/the salt, (b)/please, (c)/do you ? (d), He is (a)/a mason (b)/who (c)/built my house. (d), I cannot (a)/make from (b)/what you are saying (c)/about him. (d), What (a)/you will think (b)/if school boys (c)/make fun of you ? (d), The minister’s speech (a)/has been reported (b)/to the newspaper. (c)/No error (d), No sooner (a)/we reached there (b)/than it started raining. (c), , 14, Directions (Q. 1-10) : The following sentences contain errors in grammer, usage, diction (choice of words), and idiom. Some sentences may be correct. No sentence has more than one error. Select the numbered part that, according to you contains the error. Its number is the answer., [RRB, Mumbai], (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), , Being a very cold day (a)/I would (b)/not go out for (c)/a morning walk. (d), Such an act of cruelty (a)/had never (b)/be commited (c)/before. (d), If you will/insist (a)upon (b)/challenging me, (c)/I will fight it out alone. (d), Fifty years (a)/have passed (b)/since (c)/Subhash Chandra Bose had died. (d), A good house (a)/and a good bank (b)/account is what (c)/he wants. (d), Of all the (a)/other teachers the (b)/students respected the history (c)/teacher the most. (d)
Page 582 :
572, , English Grammar & Composition, , (7), (8), (9), (10), , He is one of those persons (a)/who listen (b)/to all advice but keep/his (c) own counsel. (d), No one but (a)/he knew (b)/who was (c)/setting the question paper. (d)/No error (e), A box (a)/of apples are (b)/in (c)/the car. (d), The principal threatened to (a)/inform to (b)/his father about (c)/his misdeeds. (d), , 15, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in it . The error, if any , will be, in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the answer is E., [Stenographers Allahabad (U.P.)], , (1) Sharad was entrusted with (a)/the task of co-ordination yesterday (b)/but due to certain difficulties (c)/he, does not do it. (d)/No error (e), (2) One should make (a)/his best efforts if (b)/one wishes to achieve (c)/success in this organization. (d)/No, error (e), (3) Having deprived from their (a)/homes in the recent earthquake (b) they had no other option but (c)/to take, shelter in a school. (d)/No error (e), (4) The technician reminded (a)/them to have a (b)/throughly cleaning of the (c)/machine after use. (d)/No, error (e), (5) The villager told (a)/us where was the (b)/temple and even led (c)/us to the spot. (d)/No error (e), (6) The person who (a)/they are referring (b)/to is none other (c)/than my close friend. (d)/No error (e), (7) Mahesh was kind enough (a)/to inform us about the (b)/conspiracy but declined to (c)/name the person, behind it. (d)/No error (e), (8) He told the policeman (a)/that he would rather (b)/starve to stealing to get (c)/what he had been aspiring, for. (d)/No error (e), (9) In spite of the workload yesterday (a)/Nitin manages to play (b)/it cool and continued (c)/with his work as, usual. (d)/No error (e), (10) The demand of the workers’ (a)/union that the dismissed (b)/employee to reinstated, has (c), been accepted, by the management. (d)/No error (e), , 16, Directions (Q. 1-10) : (i) In this section a number of sentences are given. The sentences are divided in three, separate parts and each one is labelled (A), (B), (C). Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error in any, part. No sentence has more than one error. When you find an error in any one of the parts [(A), (B) or (C)] indicate, your response. You may feel that there is no error in a sentence. In that case letter (D) will signify a ‘No error’, response. (ii)You are to indicate only one response for each item. (If you indicate more than one response, your, answer will be considered wrong.) Error may be in grammar, word usage or idioms. There may be a word missing or, there may be a word which should be removed. (iii) You are not required to correct the error. You are required only to, indicate your response., [CDS 1998], (1) Thinking that he has finally found (a)/someone with similar interests, (b)/the scholar tried to strike up a, conversation. (c )/ No error (d), (2) Earlier this year, (a)/Constantan had entered the news via a video-tapted interview (b)/telecasted by, commercial television channel. (c)/No error (d), (3) If you permit me to speak the truth, (a), I shall say without hesitation (b)/that you have done a mistake., (c)/No error (d), (4) My friend is so rich that (a)/he is having six houses in Mumbai (b)/and four in Pune. (c)/No error (d), (5) He asked me (a)/if I am ill (b)/and I answered that I was not. (c)/No error (d)
Page 583 :
Spotting the Errors, , 573, , (6) He lost his new knife (a)/shortly after (b)/he bought it. (c)/No error (d), (7) The ultimate problem of Physics (a)/is to reduce matter by analysis (b)/to its lowest condition or, divisibility. (c)/No error (d), (8) By the time (a)/she finished typing (b)/it was not hardly ten. (c)/No error (d), (9) He like (a)/his companions (b) were deceived. (c)/No error (d), (10) He told me that you had left the school (a)/a year ago (b)/and seeking for a job. (c)/No error (d), , 17, Directions (Q. 1-10) : (i) In this section, a number of sentences are given. The sentences are underlined in three, separate parts and each one is labelled as (A), (B) and (C). Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error, in any part. No sentence has more than one error. When you find an error in any one of the given parts 9 (A), (B) or, (C)] indicate your response. You may feel that there is no error in a sentence. In that case letter (D) will signify a ‘No, error’ response. (ii) You are to indicate only one response for each item. (If you indicate more than one response,, your answer will be considered wrong.) Errors may be in grammar, word usage or idioms. There may be a word, missing or there may be a word which should be removed. (iii) You are not required to correct the error., You are required only to indicate your response., (1) As I prefer coffee than tea (a)/my friends always take the trouble (b)/to get a cup of coffee, whenever I visit, them. (c)/ No error (d), (2) There has been (a)/little change in the patient’s condition (b)/since he was moved to the special ward., (c)/No error. (d), (3) The king was perturbed (a)/to found evidence (b)/against his own queen. (c)/No error (d), (4) They begged her (a)/not to go but she was determined (b)/ and left the castle. (c) /No error (d), (5) They cook meal, (a)/lay the table, (b)/clean the house and iron the clothes. (c)/No error (d), (6) No sooner did (a)/the doctor enter the house (b)/then the patient died. (c)/No error (d), (7) The drawing room was a mess (a)/with all the furnitures (b)/scattered in total disarray. (c)/No error (d), (8) The gap between what he preaches (a)/and what he practises is too wide (b)/to be accepted by anyone. (c)/, No error (d), (9) While flying over India (a)/we had glimpses of the two sources of her culture (b)/Ganges and Himalayas., (c)/No error (d), (10) This picture (a)/is the best (b)/of the two. (c)/No error (d), , 18, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In this section, a number of sentences are given. These sentences are marked in three, parts indicated by the letters (A), (B), and (C). Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error in any part of, it. No sentence has more than one error. When you find an error in any one of the parts (A), (B) or (C), select that part, as your answer. You may feel that there is no error in a sentence. In that case letter (D) will signify a ‘No error’, response. Errors may be in grammar, word usage or idioms. There may be a word missing or there may be a word, which should be removed., (1) Finishing the work (a)/he was allowed rest (b)/for half an hour. (c)/ No error (d), (2) The pirates, who had hidden the treasure on the island, (a)/went back again (b)/because they thought they, can now remove it with safety. (c)/No error (d), (3) In those early days (a)/the West paid lip-service (b)/to United Nations. (c)/ No error (d), (4) Ten Shillings (a)/was charged (b)/by him for the service. (c)/No error (d)
Page 584 :
574, , English Grammar & Composition, , (5) To an amusing degree (a)/he was addicted to read the jokes in punch aloud (b)/even when he was alone., (c)/No error (d), (6) Why not stop the first man you meet next and ask, (a)/“could you tell me (b)/what the time is?” (c)/No, error (d), (7) The invention of the internal combustion engine (a)/is considered to be (b)/a most unique development., (c)/No error (d), (8) Put off (a)/the fire (b)/quickly. (c)/No error (d), (9) A fight (a)/took place (b)/on the board of the ship. (c)/No error (d), (10) Hardly the rains started (a)/when a child in the corner (b)/sent out a piercing wail. (c)/No, error (d), , 19, Directions (Q. 1-10) : (i) In this section, a number of sentences are given. The sentences are in three separate, parts and each one is labelled (A), (B), (C). Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error in any of these, part. No sentence has more than one error. When you find an error in any one of these parts choose that part as your, response. You may feel that there is no error in a sentence, in that case choose (D) as your response. Errors may be in, grammar, word usage of idioms. There may be a word missing or a word which should be removed., (1) Don’t think you can say unpleasant things (a)/about someone behind his back (b)/and not found out. (c), /No error (d), (2) The Americans speak (a)/different from us (b)/ though our grammar is the same. (c)/No error (d), (3) This is an instance (a)/of the blind (b)/leading the blinds. (c)/No error (d), (4) He took to drink (a)/to lessen (b)/his mental worries. (c)/No error (d), (5) My father could lead (a)/a full and happy life (b)/ without spending lot of money. (c)/No error (d), (6) All India Radio broadcasted (a)/a very good programme (b)/this morning. (c)/No error (d), (7) There were so much cattle (a)/on the road that (b)/it was difficult to drive safely. (c)/No error (d), (8) What, could have provoked him to behave (a)/in such a rude manner (b)/at dinner last night? (c)/No error, (d), (9) They were rich zamindars in the thirties (a)/but now they have fallen on the evil days (b)/and have lost, much of their property. (c)/No error (d), (10) The foreign ambassador was (a)/both noted for his charming manners (b)/as well as his wide knowledge of, languages. (c)/No error. (d), , 20, Directions (Q. 1-10 ) : (i) In this section, a number of sentences are given. The sentences are divided in three, separate parts and each one is labelled (A), (B), (C). Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error in any, part. No sentence has more than one error. When you find an error in any one of the given parts [(A), (B) or (C)], indicate your response according. You may feel that there is no error in a sentence. In that case letter (D) will signify, a ‘No error’ response. (ii) You are to indicate only one response for each item. (If you indicate more than one, response, your answer will be considered wrong. Errors may be in grammar, word usage or idioms. There may be a, word missing or there may be a word which should be removed. (iii) You are not required to correct the error. You are, required only to indicate your response., (1) The news of the disturbance (a)/was braodcasted (b)/the same evening. (c)/ No error (d), (2) Everyone visiting the house asked the young girl (a)/how could she kill the wolf (b)/single handed and, without a weapon. (c)/No error (d)., (3) While walking slowly in the park (a)/on a quiet summer afternoon (b)/a mad dog suddenly attacked him, from behind. (c)/No error (d)
Page 585 :
Spotting the Errors, , 575, , (4) Since the attachment of air-conditioned sleeping cars to all important trains. (a)/travelling became very, pleasant (b)/especially during the summer season. (c)/No error (d), (5) It is the newspapers (a)/that exposes us to the widest range (b)/of human experiences and behaviour., (c)/No error (d), (6) The method suggested in the lecture (a)/enables a student to learn more quickly (b)/and to have, remembered for a longer period of time. (c)/No error (d), (7) Last month we celebrated (a)/the wedding of our sister for whom (b)/we have been looking for suitable, alliance for three years. (c)/No error (d), (8) A leading textile manufacturer, one of the fastest growing in the industry. (a)/is looking for a marketing, manager (b)/to look up the marketing network of the company. (c)/No error (d), (9) There was very heavy rain last night. (a)/and the rivers have over flown their banks. (b)/ causing severe, hardship to the people living by them. (c)/No error (d), (10) The government warned the shopkeepers (a)/that if they persist in charging unfair prices (b)/ their licences, would be cancelled. (c)/No error (d), , 21, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any error in it. The error, if any will be in, one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E) (Ignore the errors, of punctuation, if any.), (1) Kamlesh asked the dealer (a)/what was the price (b)/of that bicycle and whether (c)/it is really made in, Germany ? (d)/No error (e), (2) While luminaries of the dance world (a)/has no dearth of opportunities to display their art, (b)/upcoming, dancers suffer from (c)/an unfortunate lack of exposure. (d)/No error (e), (3) Scarcely had I (a)/finished washing the car (b)/than the master came (c)/and asked me to clean the floor of, the house. (d)/No error (e), (4) The job is much worse than I expected (a)/if I would have realised (b)/how awful it was going to be (C)/I, would not have accepted it.(d)/No error (e), (5) I am trying to finish (a)/this letter for the last one hour (b)/I wish you would (c)/go away or stop disturbing, me. (d)/No error (e), (6) I offered him part-time work (a)/ but he turned it over (b)/saying that he would (c)/rather wait for a, full-time job. (d)/No error (e), (7) He fixed a metal ladder (a)/for the wall below his window (b)/so as to be able to (c)/escape if there was a, fire. (d)/No error (e), (8) The foremost criteria of selection we adopted (a)/were the number of years of training (b)/a dancer had, received (c)/under a particular guru. (d)/No error (e), (9) He refused to disclose to his friends (a)/whether he will leave (b)/for England immediately (c)/after, finishing his studies. (d)/No error (e), (10) Despite for her protests (a)/I decided (b)/to buy the saree (c)/which she did not like. (d)/No error (e)
Page 586 :
576, , English Grammar & Composition, , 22, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or idiomatic error in it, . The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the, answer is (E). (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.), (1) The principle of equal justice (a)/for all is one of (b)/the corner stones of our (c)/democratic way of life., (d)/No error (e), (2) The trust has succeeded (a)/admirably in raising (b)/money for (c)/future programmes. (d)/No error (E), (3) Honesty, integrity and being intelligent (a)/are the qualities which (b)/we look for when (c)/ we interview, applicants. (d)/No error (e), (4) In order to save petrol, (a)/motorists must have to (b)/be very cautious (c)/while driving along the, highways. (d)/No error (e), (5) If the by-stander had not been (a)/familiar with first-aid techniques,(b)/the driver which had met (c)/with, the accident would have died. (d)/No error (e), (6) Not one of the children (a)/has ever sang (b)/on any occasion (c)/in public before. (d)/No error (e), (7) Neither the earthquake (a)/nor the subsequent fire (b)/was able to dampen (c)/the spirit of the residents., (d)/No error (e), (8) The customer scarcely had (a)/enough money to pay (b)/to the cashier (c)/at the cash counter. (d)/No error, (e), (9) The apparently obvious solutions (a)/to most of his problems (b)/were over look by (c)/many of his, friends. (d)/No error (e), (10) By arresting the local criminals (a)/and encouraging good people (b)/we can end (c)/hostilities of that area., (d)/No error (e), , 23, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In this section ten sentences are given. Each sentence has three parts, indicated by (A), ,(B) and (C). Read each sentence to find out whether there is an error. If you find an error in any one of the parts, [(A),, (B) or (C)]. Indicate your response by blackening the letter related to that part in the answer sheet provided. If a, sentence has no error, indicate this by blackening (D) , which stands for ‘No error’. Errors may be in grammar,, appropriate word usage or idioms., [NDA 1998], (1) The flicker of light from the gas lamps (a)/indicated that the night (b)/was barely passed. (c)/ No error (d), (2) India was committed to keep maintaining peace (a)/and solving all outstanding problems (b)/ with her, neighbours through dialogue. (c)/No error (d), (3) Being the second Saturday of the month, (a)/he got up late and spent the whole day at home, (b)/doing his, share of the household chores. (c)/No error (d), (4) As economic restructuring in Central and Eastern Europe progresses, (a)/an estimated 15 million people, may be out of work (b)/by the end of the year. (c)/No error (d), (5) Such of those who have not paid the fees, (a)/the circular says, (b)/will not be permitted to attend classes., (c)/No error (d), (6) There is a good British Library in the city (a)/and anyone interested in books (b)/can avail of the facility., (c)/No error (d), (7) Those who are excessively careful (a)/for their health (b)/are not generally healthy. (c)/ No error (d), (8) Once we have agreed on (a)/the fundamentals, there will hardly be (b)/anything left to discuss about., (c)/No error (d), (9) I did ask him (a)/where you were (b)/but he didn’t tell me. (c)/No error (d), (10) I will wait for you (a)/at the office (b)/till you will finish your work. (c)/No error (d)
Page 587 :
577, , Spotting the Errors, , 24, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or idiomatic error in, it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, then, the ansser is E. (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.), (1) We had swam (a)/across the river (b)/before (c)/the sunsets. (d)/No error (e), [SBI PO], (2) Madhuri is (a)/more prettier (b)/than her (c)/ younger sister. (d)/No error (e), [SBI PO], (3) A cell (a)/is the smallest (b)/identifiable unit of life and cannot be (c)/seen with a naked eye. (d)/No error, (e), [IIT Kharagpur], (4) If a student needs advices about (a)/careers, (b)/he or she should consult (c)/the Career officer. (d)/No, error (e), [IIT Kharagpur], (5) Had they have been in (a)/my condition, (b)/they would have felt (c)/miserable and thought of committing, suicide. (d)/No error (e), [RRB, Kolkata], (6) The Secretary of the worker’s union (a)/remarked that the present government is so selfish (b)/that it cared, very little (c)/about solving anyone else’s problem. (d)/No error (e), [RRB, Kolkata], (7) He don’t know (a)/the difference between (b)/a ship and a submarine. (c)/No error (d), [SSC Clerical], , (8) Yesterday I met an old friend (a)/when I am going (b)/to the market. (c)/No error (d), (9) Cattles (a)/were grazing (b)/in the meadows (c)/near our farm. (d)/No error (e), (10) You are really (a)/senior than (b)/me (c)/in age. (d)/No error (e), , [SSC Clerical], [BSRB Clerical], [BSRB Clerical], , 25, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or idiomatic error in it, . The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. It there is no error, then, the ansser is E. (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.), (1) Make haste (a)/lest (b)/you should not miss (c)/the train. (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Clerical], (2) Many of us (a)/do not know (b)/to swim (c)/at all. (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Clerical], (3) His car is (a)/more bigger than (b)/that of any of us. (c)/No error (d), [SSC Clerk Grade], (4) One of my uncles (a)/is a doctor / in America. (c)/No error (d), [SSC Clerk Grade], (5) This machine looks (a)/good but is very (b)/badly designed (c)/and doesn’t work good. (d)/No error (e), [IIT Kharagpur], , (6) He is well-known for both (a)/his kindness (b)/as well as (c)/his understanding. (d)/No error (e), [IIT Kharagpur], , (7) Ramu closely (a)/resembles to his father (b)/not only in physical features. (c)/but also in habits. (d)/No, error (e), [SBI PO], (8) After he had read the two first chapters (a)/of the novel (b)/he felt like reading (c)/the book at one sitting., (d)/No error (e), [SBI PO], (9) India is (a)/one of the leading (b)/film producing country (c)/in the world. (d)/No error (e), (10) Hardly had (a)/I left the house (b)/then it began (c)/to rain. (d)/No error (e), , [CSRB Patna], [CSRB Patna], , 26, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or, idiomatic error in it . The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If, there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.), (1) He told me (a)/that he wrote a letter (b)/to his superior (c)/for a certain reason. (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Clerical Bhopal]
Page 588 :
578, , English Grammar & Composition, (2) The teacher told the boys (a)/that one (b)/ought to work hard (c)/to earn one living (d)/No error. (e), [BSRB Clerical Bhopal], , (3) The obstacles to which (a)/Gandhiji had to surmount (b)/were mostly (c) on the moral and spiritual, grounds (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Lucknow], (4) Unless you do not (a)/take care of your health (b)/you will continue (c)/to suffer (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Lucknow], , (5) After Ravi (a)/read the (b)/magazines, and newspapers and watched the TV programme, he decided (c)/to, go out and meet some old friends. (d)/No error (e), [RRB Kolkata], (6) Everyone agrees that (a)/the Ganga is the holiest (b)/of all other rivers (c)/of India (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Bhopal Clerical], , (7) The issues are (a)/complex and (b)/has been obscured (c)/by other factors. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna], , (8) The bus was (a)/hired by (b)/the ladies (c)/for its picnic. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna], (9) If (a)/it snowed tomorrow (b)/we’ll go (c)/skating. (d)/No error (e), [SBI PO], (10) A quarrel arose between the five members (a)/and for a time (b)/it appeared as if the party (c)/had been, heading for a split. (d)/No error (e), [SBI PO], , 27, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or idiomatic error in it, . The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the, answer is (E). (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.), (1) We had swam (a)/across the river (b)/before (c)/the sun sets. (d)/No error (e), [SBI PO], (2) Madhuri is (a)/more prettier (b)/than her (c)/younger sister. (d)/No error (e), [SBI PO], (3) Everyone of (a)/the staff members present here (b)/has given a day’s pay (c)/as their contribution to the, fund. (d)/ No error (e), [CSRB Patna], (4) Found guilty (a)/on murder (b)/the accused was (c)/sentenced to death. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna], , (5) The criminal was (a)/sentenced to death (b)/and was hung for his crime. (c)/No error (d), [SSC Clerical], , (6) He said that (a)/he will help me (b)/to secure a decent job. (c)/No error (d), [SSC Clerical], (7) The recent symposium on censorship (a)/indicated that to refrain with saying or writing (b)/something,, others might object, (c)/to, is a form of self-censorship. (d)/No error (e), [RRB Kolkata], (8) The Indian way (a)/of thinking is superior (b)/to most of the (c)/countries of the world. (d)/No error (e), [RRB Kolkata], , (9) I am certain that none (a)/of these two books (b)/is useful to the (c)/students of the 8th standard. (d)/No, error (e), [BSRB Lucknow], (10) The lawyer asked me (a)/where had I (b)/kept clothes (c)/before taking a dip in the river. (D)/No error (e), [BSRB Lucknow], , 28, Directions (Q.1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or idiomatic error in it, . The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. It there is no error, then, the ansser is E. (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.), (1) Like most young (a)/women living at homes, I can’t really (b)/talk about my ideas or what I really feel, to, my parents. (c)/No error (d), (2) The minister conferred /(a) with his colleagues (b)/and agreed that the new projects on education, (c)/should be sanctioned immediately. (d)/No error (e), [RRB Kolkata], (3) Sunil is (a)/a best student (b)/in our class (c)/at present. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna]
Page 589 :
579, , Spotting the Errors, (4), (5), (6), (7), , It is in 1929 (a)/that we first (b)/flew to (c)/the United States. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna], Being a (a)/fine day we went out (b)/for picnic (c)/at Okhla. (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Clerical], Many a man (a)/have been (b)/working (c)/under me. (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Clerical], Please explain to me (a)/how is a digital computer (b)/different from (c)/an analog computer. (d)/No, error (e), [IIT Kharagpur], (8) I’ll work for you (a)/as long as (b)/you’ll pay (c)/well. (d)/No error (e), [IIT Kharagpur], (9) Had you informed me earlier (a)/I would have (b)/certainly purchase (c)/the car for you. (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Lucknow], , (10) It was seven o’clock (a)/in the evening that (b)/the train steamed (c)/into the station. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna], , 29, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or idiomatic error in it, . The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the, answer is (E). (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.), (1) Even if he had been driving more slowly (a)/it will have been quite impossible (b)/to avoid the accident., (c)/No error (d), [Investigators], (2) Would you please (a)/stop from smoking (b)/while the ceremony (c) is in progress. (d)/No error (e), [Investigators], , (3) When I offered him to help (a)/which he needed, (b)/he persisted in refusing it (c)/so I left him to his fate., (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Clerical Bhopal], (4) He reminded me (a)/that he has (b)/often told me not to (c)/play with fire. (d)/No Error (e), [BSRB Clerical Bhopal], , (5) Our country need (a)/a number of (b)/self sacrificing and (c)/devoted political leaders. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna], , (6) Instead of (a)/his busy and hard life (b)/he still retains (c)/freshness and robustness. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna], , (7) The smuggler yielded (a)/for the tempatation (b)/and fell into (c)/the police trap. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna], , (8) The girl said (a)/that she preferred (b)/the blue gown (c)/than the black one. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna], , (9) Of the two principles (a)/he put forward, the last one (b)/was the more (c)/difficult to understand. (d)/No, error (e), [IIT Kharagpur], (10) All of us (a)/surprised (b)/to see an old man of (c)/sixty taking part in the Marathon held last month. (d)/No, error (e), [IIT Kharagpur], , 30, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or, idiomatic error in it . The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. It, there is no error, then the answer is E. (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.), (1) The new railway line will greatly improve (a)/transport and communication (b)/in eastern part of the, country (c)/No error (d), [SSC Clerical], (2) The receptionist asked me (a)/who do I want (b)/to meet in the office. (c)/No error (d), (3) At last (a)/he was married (b)/with a poor girl (c)/No error (d), (4) She said (a)/that she will help me (b)/whenever I was in difficulty. (c)/No error (d), (5) Neither Rakesh (a)/nor I are leaving (b)/for Hyderabad. (c)/No error (d), , [SSC Clerical], [BSRB Clerical], [BSRB Clerical], [SBI PO]
Page 590 :
580, , English Grammar & Composition, (6) Death (a)/is preferable (b)/than life. (c)/No error (d), [SBI PO], (7) We were still talking (a)/about what we should do (b)/when we heard (c)/the children shouting. (d)/No, error (e), [BSRB Clerical Bhopal], (8) As soon as the peon rings (a)/the first bell (b)/then all the students assemble (c)/on the playground for, prayer. (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Clerical Bhopal], (9) Have you (a)/turned detective (b)/that you keep your eye (c)/on me like this ? (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Clerical Bhopal], , (10) She asked him (a)/what it was that made him (b)/so much stronger and braver (c)/than any man. (d)/No, error (e), [BSRB Clerical Bhopal], , 31, Directions (Q. 1-9) : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or idiomatic error in it ., The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the, answer is (E). (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.), (1) Being that he (a)/is interested in getting himself examined (b)/by a heart specialist (c)/we must try our best, to take him to a reputed doctor. (d)/No error (e), [RRB Kolkata], (2) The college is (a)/hoding special lectures for their students (b)/and teachers so that they (c)/may get, enlightened about the economic problems (d)/No error (e), [RRB Kolkata], (3) A cell (a)/is the smallest (b)/identifiable unit of life and cannot be (c)/seen with a naked eye. (d)/No error, (e), [IIT Kharagpur], (4) If a student needs advices about (a)/carreers, (b)/he or she should consult (c)/the Career officer. (d)/No, error (e), [IIT Kharagpur], (5) Many a man (a)/have been (b)/working (c)/ under me. (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Clerical], (6) To our surprise (a)/we noticed that (b)/every soldier and every sailor (c)/was in his place (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Lucknow], , (7) Neither he nor I (a)/was able to (b)/finish the task within (c)/the time limit. (d)/No error (e), [BSRB Lucknow], , (8) No sooner we entered (a)/than he got up (b)/and left the room. (c)/No error (d), [SSC Clerical], , (9) The villagers fled away their houses (a)/when they saw (b)/the flood water rising. (c)/No error (d), [SSC Clerical], , 32, Directions (Q. 1-10) Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or idiomatic error in it ., The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the, answer is (E). (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any.), (1) I know (a)/he is having (b)/a lot of books (c)/on how to improve English. (d)/No error (e), [IIT Kharagpur], , (2) The theory of relativity is (a)/so complicated (b)/as we cannot describe (c)/it in a few sentences. (d)/No, error (e), [IIT Kharagpur], (3) After the brief appearence before the waiting crowds, (a)/he was taken (b)/to the Governor chamber (c)/for, the swearing in ceremony. (d)/No error (e), [RRB Kolkata], (4) Congress dissidents and (a)/a wide range among the (b)/opposition has mounted a (c)/campaign to have, the President renominated. (d)/No error (e), [RRB Kolkata], (5) If I would have (a)/worked regularly (b)/I would have passed (c)/the examination. (d)/No error (e), [CSRB Patna], , (6) The gentleman (a)/together with his (b)/wife and daughter (c)/were drowned. (d)/No error (e), (7) No man (a)/in our country (b)/is as rich (c)/as he is. (d)/No error (e), , [CSRB Patna], [BSRB Clerical Bhopal]
Page 593 :
583, , Spotting the Errors, , keâer peien ‘was’ DeeSiee~ ÙeneB subject of the verb, captain nw, pees singular nw~, peye JeekeäÙe ceW past time adverbs ‘ago, yesterday’ etc. neW, lees Present Pefect keâe ØeÙeesie veneR efkeâÙee peelee nw~, , (7) (c) ‘were’, (8) (a), , change ‘has come’ to ‘came.’, (9) (b) ‘saw’, , keâer peien ‘see’ ØeÙegkeäle keâjW~ did kesâ meeLe verb keâer Ist form DeeSieer~, , (10) (d) No error., , Solution TYE 05, , keâer peien ‘has’ DeeSiee~ ‘Many a’ is followed by singular verb., keâer peien ‘detail’ DeeSiee~, ‘defines’ keâer peien ‘define’ ØeÙegkeäle keâjW~ peye subject, ‘authorities’ plural nw lees verb Gmekesâ Devegmeej ner nesieer~, ‘like’ keâer peien ‘as’ ØeÙegkeäle keâjW~ ‘such’ kesâ meeLe meeceevÙeleÙee ‘as’ keâe ØeÙeesie neslee nw~, ‘of all animals’ keâer peien ‘than any other animal’ nesvee ÛeeefnS~, ‘an essay’ keâer peien ‘the essay’ nesvee ÛeeefnS~ ÙeneB essay particular nes ieÙee nw~, , (1) (b) ‘have, , (2) (c) ‘details’, (3) (b), (4) (d), (5) (d), (6) (a), (7), (8), (9), (10), , (d), (c), (b), (a), , No error., Change ‘book’ to ‘books’. ‘one of’ is always followed by plural noun., change ‘was’ to ‘were’, as the subject ‘Rita and her sister’ is plural., Change ‘criteria’ to criterion’, criteria keâe singular criterion neslee nw~, , Solution TYE 06, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , (c), (b), (a), (c), (a), (c), (d), (d), (e), (d), , Change ‘were not’ to ‘are not’., Change ‘all the future problems’ to ‘the problems of the future’., Change ‘forward for’ to forward to’., Change ‘receive’ to ‘received’., Change Part (A) to ‘We will not only pack’., Avoid using double negative. Part (C) should be ‘unless full details are given’., Change ‘from’ to ‘to’. Part (D) should be ‘succumbed to fires recently’., Change ‘for’ to ‘to’. Part (D) should be ‘and personal attention to each child’., No error., Delete independent. Part (D) should be ‘way of thinking’., , Solution TYE 07, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), , (d), (a), (c), (e), (d), (d), , The word ‘physicists’ is meaningless., Change Part (A) to ‘No other method of making’., Change Part (C) to ‘in changing the age-old’., No error., Change ‘have’ to ‘has’ the verb should agree with the subject ‘investment’., Change ‘his car to start up’ to ‘his car start up’., , (7) (c) Change ‘when it catches fire’ to ‘when it caught fire’, meb%eeDeeW keâe JeekeäÙe kesâ tense kesâ meeLe agreement nesvee DeeJeMÙekeâ, , keäÙeeWefkeâ JeekeäÙe Past tense ceW nw Deewj FmeceW ØeÙegkeäle, nw~, , (8) (d) Change ‘he went or not’ to ‘he had gone or not’., (9) (b) Change suits him and therefore’ to ‘suited him therefore’. Superfluous use of and. Incorrect use of, tense., (10) (e) No error.
Page 595 :
Spotting the Errors, (7), (8), (9), (10), , (d), (b), (a), (c), , 585, , Change ‘from’ to ‘by’. Wrong use of preposition., Change ‘a’ to ‘an’. Wrong use of article., Change ‘love’ to ‘loved’ or used to love’. Wrong use of verb tense., Change ‘a duty cost’ to ‘a duty cast’., , Solution TYE 11, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , (d), (a), (b), (d), (d), (c), (b), (b), (d), (d), , Change ‘the time’ to ‘about the time’. Wrong use of preposition., Change ‘How do’ to ‘How did’. Wrong use of tense verb ., Change ‘sometime’ to ‘sometimes’. Wrong use of word., Change ‘police dog jump’ to ‘police dog jumping’., Change ‘on the door’ to ‘at the door’. Wrong use of preposition., Change ‘of ’ to ‘off ’. Wrong use of phrase., Change ‘attitudes’ to ‘attitude’., Change ‘from the hand’ to ‘by the hand police’. Wrong use of verb phrase., Change ‘for’ to ‘of ’. Wrong use of preposition., Change ‘her age’ to ‘at her age’., , Solution TYE 12, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), , (b), (c), (c), (c), (b), (e), , Change ‘taller’ to ‘tallest’. Wrong use of degree of adjective., Change ‘who’ to ‘whom’. Wrong use of pronoun., Change ‘or’ to ‘nor’. Wrong use of conjunction., Change ‘since’ to ‘for’. For used for period of time., Change ‘is divided’ to ‘are divided’. Here, committee is not used as Collective noun as a unit., No error., , (7) (c) Change ‘in its preference on’ to ‘in its preference to’. Wrong use of preposition. Preference kesâ, Preposition kesâ ¤he ceW ‘to’ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw~, , heMÛeeled, , (8) (e) No error., (9) (d) Change ‘should like to acquire’ to ‘would like to acquire’., (10) (a) Change ‘If you absent’ to ‘If you absent yourself’. Absent be used reflexively., , Solution TYE 13, (1) (a) Delete ‘The’.Wrong use of definite article ‘The’., (2) (c) Change ‘are’ to ‘is’. Wrong use of verb. Here, twenty five kilometers is used as a unit, so singular verb, is used., (3) (d) Change ‘the French’ to ‘French’. Do not use definite article ‘the’ before name of language., (4) (b) Change ‘to meet’ to ‘to meeting’. Wrong use of infinitive., (5) (d) Change ‘do you’ to ‘won’t you’. It is a request., (6) (b) Change ‘a mason’ to ‘the mason’. Wrong use of article., (7) (b) Change ‘make from’ to ‘make out’. Wrong use of preposition or phrasal verb ., (8) (b) Change ‘you will think’ to ‘will you think’. Proper use of Inversion is necesary in questions., (9) (d) No error., (10) (b) Change ‘reached there’ to ‘did we reached there’. Wrong use of inversion.
Page 596 :
586, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 14, (1) (a) It should be ‘It being a very cold day’. This is the problem of dangling participle., (2) (c) Change ‘be’ to ‘been’., (3) (a) Change ‘will insist’ to ‘insist’. Do not use will after if in such Conditional Type of sentences., (4) (d) Delete had. It should be Subhash Chandra Bose died., (5) (c) Change ‘is’ to ‘are’. Wrong use of singular verb. When two nouns are joined with the conjunction ‘and’, use plural verb JeekeäÙeeW ceW ‘is’ kesâ meeLe hej ‘are’ keâe ØeÙeesie nesvee ÛeeefnS~, (6) (d) Delete ‘the’ before most.Wrong use of article ‘the’., (7) (c) Change‘keep his’ to ‘keep their’. Pronoun their refer to ‘those persons’ not ‘he’., (8) (e) No error., (9) (b) Change ‘are’ to ‘is’. Wrong use of plural verb with singular subject ‘box’., (10) (b) delete ‘to’ after inform., , Solution TYE 15, (1), (2), (3), (4), , (d), (b), (a), (c), , Change ‘he does not do it’ to ‘he did not do it’. Wrong use of tense., Change ‘his best’ to ‘one’s best’. Wrong use of pronoun. one keâe possessive one’s neslee, Change ‘deprived from’ to ‘deprived of’. Wrong use of preposition., Change ‘throughly’ to ‘through’. Unnecessary use of adverb., , (5) (b) Indirect speech ceW Interrogative word kesâ yeeo subject Deelee nw Deewj, told us where the temple was and even led us to the spot., , nw, ve efkeâ his., , efheâj verb. So it should be : The villager, , (6) (d) Change ‘than’ to ‘but’., (7) (e) No error., (8) (c) Change ‘to’ to ‘than’. rather kesâ, , yeeo than keâe ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee peelee nw, ve efkeâ to keâe, , (9) (b) Change ‘manages to play’ to ‘managed to play’. Wrong use of tense verb. JeekeäÙe Past tense structure hej, , DeeOeeefjle nw~, , (10) (c) Change ‘to reinstated’ to ‘be reinstated’., , Solution TYE 16, (1) (a) It should be ‘Thinking that he had finally found’. The sentence is in Past tense so to use Present perfect, is incorrect., (2) (c) It should be ‘telecast by a commercial television channel’. The Past of telecast is telecast., (3) (c) It should be ‘that you have made a mistake’ or ‘you have committed a mistake’., (4) (b) It should be ‘he has six houses in Mumbai’. Generally, the verb ‘have’ is not used in continuous form., (5) (b) It should be ‘if I was ill’. If the reporting verb is in Past , the tense of the reported speech be also Past., (6) (c) It should be ‘he had bought it’. For the action completed first, use Past perfect tense., (7) (b) It should be ‘is to reduce matter by an analysis’. Use article a/an before countables., (8) (c) It should be ‘it was hardly ten’. Hardly has negative meaning. Avoid using double negative ., (9) (c) It should be ‘was deceived’. If two nouns are joined with; like , in addition to, together with, etc., the, verb will be as per the Ist noun., (10) (c) It should be ‘and were seeking a job’. Use Past verb before seeking.
Page 597 :
Spotting the Errors, , 587, , Solution TYE 17, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , (a), (d), (b), (d), (d), (c), (b), (d), (c), (b), , Part (A) should be: ‘As I prefer coffee to tea’. Prefer always take preposition ‘to’., No error., Part (B) should be : “.....to find evidence.....”, No error., No error., Change ‘then’ to ‘than’. Than is used here in conjunctions., Noun ‘furniture’ can’t be pluralise as ‘furnitures’. Part (b) should be : “.....with all the furniture’., No error., Insert definite article ‘the’ as. ‘The Ganges and the Himalayas’., Change to ‘is the better.....’. For the comparison of two, use Comparative degree., , Solution TYE 18, (1) (a) Change the Part (A) to ‘After he finished the work’., (2) (c) Change ‘can’ to ‘could’ as. ‘Because they thought that they could now remove it with safety’. The, sentence is in Past tense., (3) (c) Insert ‘the’ before United Nations., (4) (b) Change ‘was’ to ‘were’., (5) (b) Part (B) should be, ‘he was addicted to reading the jokes in punch aloud’. Gerund form is used in such, sentence structure., (6) (a) Use either first or next in the sentence. Part (B) should be, ‘Why not stop the first man you meet and ask’, Or ‘Why not stop the man you meet next and ask’., (7) (c) ‘Unique’ cannot be compared. Part (C) should be, ‘a unique development’., (8) (a) Put out means to extinguish. Part (A)should be, ‘Put out.’, (9) (c) Part (C) should be, ‘on the deck of the ship’., (10) (a) Always use auxiliary had after hardly. Part (A) should be, ‘Hardly had the rains started’., , Solution TYE 19, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , (c), (b), (c), (a), (c), (a), (a), (a), (a), (c), , Change ‘and not found out’ to ‘and are not found out’. Use of verb is necessary here., Change ‘different’ to ‘differently’. Incorrect use of verb in place of adverb., Change ‘leading the blinds’ to ‘leading the blind’. The blind means the blind people., Change ‘took to drink’ to ‘took to drinking’., Change ‘lot of money’ to ‘a lot of money’as ‘A lot of’ is a phrase., Change ‘broadcasted’ to ‘broadcast’. Broadcasted is the past of broadcast., Change ‘much’ to ‘many’. Much is used for uncountables., Change ‘What, could have provoked him’ to ‘What provoked him’. Incorrect use of Perfect tense., Change ‘They were rich zamindars in thirties’. to ‘They had been rich zamindars in thirties’., Change ‘as well as’ to ‘and’. Incorrect use of conjunction as well as., , Solution TYE 20, (1) (b) Change ‘broadcasted’ to ‘broadcast’., (2) (b) Change ‘how could she kill’ to ‘how she could kill’. Incorrect use of inversion in Indirect speech., (3) (a) Change ‘While walking slowly in the park’. to ‘While he was walking slowly in the park’. This is a, problem of unrelated participle., (4) (b) Change ‘travelling became very pleasant’. to ‘travelling has become very pleasant’. Incorrect use of, tense.
Page 598 :
588, (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), , English Grammar & Composition, (b), (c), (c), (c), (b), , Change ‘exposes’ to ‘expose’. Incorrect use of singular verb., Change ‘and to have remembered for’ to ‘and to remember for’. Incorrect use of Perfect tense., Change ‘we have been looking for’ to ‘we had been looking for’. Incorrect use of tense., Change ‘look up the marketing’ to ‘look after the marketing’. Incorrect use of Phrasal verb., Change ‘have overflown’ to ‘have overflowed’. Part (b) should be ‘and the rivers have overflowed their, banks’., (10) (b) Change ‘persist’ to ‘persisted’. The sentence structure is in Past., , Solution TYE 21, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , (d), (b), (c), (b), (a), (b), (b), (a), (b), (a), , Change ‘it is really made’ to ‘it was really made’. Incorrect use of tense in Indirect speech., Change ‘has no dearth of ’ to ‘have no dearth of ’. Incorrect use of verb., Change ‘than’ to ‘when’. Incorrect use of than with ‘scarcely’., Change ‘if I would have realised’ to ‘if I had realised’. See the structure of Conditional sentences., Change ‘I am trying’ to ‘I have been trying’. Incorrect use of tense., Change ‘but he turned it over’ to ‘but he turned it down’. Incorrect use of Phrasal verb., Change ‘for the wall below’ to ‘against the wall below’. Incorrect use of preposition., Change ‘criteria’ to ‘criterion’. Criteria is plural of criterion., Change ‘will’ to ‘would’. The sentence structure is in Past., Delete ‘for ’. Incorrect use of preposition., , Solution TYE 22, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , (a), (d), (a), (b), (c), (b), (c), (b), (c), (d), , Change ‘principal’ to ‘principle’. Incorrect use of word., Change ‘future programmes’ to ‘its future programme’., Change ‘Honesty, integrity and being intelligent’ to ‘Honesty, integrity and intelligence’., Change ‘must have’ to ‘have to’ or ‘must’., Change ‘which’ to ‘who’.‘who’ is used for living persons., Change ‘sang’ to ‘sung’. Incorrect past participle of verb., Change ‘was able to dampen’ to ‘could dampen’., Change ‘enough money’ to ‘any money’., Change ‘were overlook’ to ‘were overlooked’. In passive structure IIIrd form of the verb is used., Change ‘hostilities of that area’ to ‘hostilities in that area’., , Solution TYE 23, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , (c), (a), (a), (d), (a), (c), (b), (c), (b), (c), , Change ‘was’ to ‘had’. Incorrect use of tense., Change ‘to keep maintaining’ to ‘to maintaining’., Change ‘Being the second’ to ‘It being the second’. It is a problem of unrelated participle., No error., Change ‘Such of those who have not paid the fees’ to ‘They who have not paid the fees’., Insert himself after avail. Avail is used reflexively., Change ‘for’ to ‘of ’ “.... of their health...”, Omit ‘about’. Part (C) should be : “....anything left to discuss.”, Change pronoun ‘you’ to ‘he’. Part (B) should be : “..... where he was.”, Part (C) should be : “...... till you finish your work.” In such type of sentences don’t use will after; when,, as soon as, till, after, as etc.
Page 605 :
595, , Cloze Test/Cloze Passage, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), , (a) devious, (a) interest, (a) sanctions, (a) closed, (a) smashed, (a) purchaser, , (b) blunt, (b) taxes, (b) refunds, (b) detached, (b) seized, (b) victim, , (c) tactful, (c) principal, (c) feet, (c) attached, (c) dismantled, (c) investor, , (d) pretentious, (d) returns, (d) fines, (d) impounded, (d) frozen, (d) offender, , 02, Directions (1-4) : Fill up the blanks in the passage given below with the most appropriate word from the, options given for each blank :, At the time The White House was as serene as a resort hotel out of season. The corridors were (1)...... in, the various offices. (2)...... gray men on waistcoats talked to one another in low-pitched voices. The only color, or choler, curiously enough, was provided by President Eisenhower himself. Apparently, his (3)...... was, easily set off; he scowled when he (4)...... the corridors., [CAT Nov 2004], (1) (a) striking, (b) hollow, (c) empty, (d) white, (2) (a) quiet, (b) faded, (c) loud, (d) stentorian, (3) (a) laughter, (b) curiosity, (c) humour, (d) temper, (4) (a) paced, (b) strolled, (c) stormed, (d) prowled, , 03, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Fill up the blanks in the passage below with the most appropriate word from the options, given for each blank :, Someone (1)........at the door. A lady opened it. A stranger was standing at the (2)........He said, “Madam,, please excuse me for.......... (3) you. May I ask you something ? I (4)......by your house everyday on my, (5).........to work, I have (6).........that every day you hit your son on (7).........head with a loaf of bread.” The, lady replied, “Yes, that’s (8).......”. The stranger asked, “This morning, I saw you (9)......him with a chocolate., Why (10)......? The lady replied, ‘‘Today is his birthday. Therefore I hit him with a sweet thing.”, (1) (a) pointed, (b) knocked, (c) looked, (d) moved, (e) stood, (2) (a) fence, (b) gate, (c) compound, (d) door, (e) step, (3) (a) disturbing, (b) harassing, (c) asking, (d) enquiring, (e) worrying, (4) (a) wait, (b) watch, (c) stand, (d) pass, (e) connect, (5) (a) office, (b) steps, (c) legs, (d) journey, (e) way, (6) (a) decided, (b) felt, (c) noticed, (d) remembered (e) surprised, (7) (a) your, (b) his, (c) my, (d) our, (e) fore, (8) (a) right, (b) obvious, (c) surprising, (d) clear, (e) funny, (9) (a) feeding, (b) bestowing, (c) giving, (d) hitting, (e) offering, (10) (a) bread, (b) then, (c) so, (d) change, (e) thus, , 04, Directions (Q. 1-15) : Fill up the blanks in the passage below with the most appropriate word from the options, given for each blank :, Erosion in nature is a beneficent process without which the world would have died long ago. The, same process (1).....by human mismanagement has become one of the most. (2).....and destructive forces, that had ever been. (3).....by man.What is (4).....known as (5).....erosion or denudation is a universal, (6).....which through thousands of years (7).....carved the earth (8).....its present shape. Denudation is an, early and (9).....process (10).....soil formation where by the (11).....rock material is continuously broken
Page 606 :
596, , English Grammar & Composition, , (12).....and sorted out by wind and water until it becomes (13).....for colonisation (14).....plants. Plants by the, binding (15).....of their roots bring denudation almost to a standstill., [CDS], (1) (a) started, (b) accelerated, (c) adopted, (2) (a) drastic, (b) degrading, (c) vicious, (3) (a) produced, (b) released, (c) caused, (4) (a) normally, (b) generally, (c) usually, (5) (a) geological, (b) ecological, (c) natural, (6) (a) aspect, (b) phenomena, (c) experience, (7) (a) has, (b) had, (c) have, (8) (a) to, (b) in, (c) into, (9) (a) inevitable, (b) important, (c) accurate, (10) (a) at, (b) in, (c) for, (11) (a) basic, (b) early, (c) original, (12) (a) up, (b) down, (c) off, (13) (a) natural, (b) necessary, (c) suitable, (14) (a) of, (b) by, (c) for, (15) (a) forces, (b) effect, (c) powers, , 05, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Fill up the blanks in the passage below with the most appropriate word from the options, given for each blank :, The king of Rampur was not (1).....The following story proves that. Once he paid a (2)........to a town, away from his capital., The king’s staff governing the town welcomed the king. As per the king’s desire a (3)........of the, renowned people of the town was called at night. The people (4)........the king and bestowed their praise on, him and all sat down to listen to (5).......the king had to tell them., Suddenly the lantern gave away. It became very dark. “Light the lantern !” ordered the king to his, servants. Five minutes passed. The king shouted to know there was (6).......in lighting the lantern. “My Lord, I, am (7).........to lay my hand on the match box. It is so dark!” replied the servant . “Fool !” screamed the king, (8).......... . If that is the case, why (9)........you light the candle first? You can certainly (10)......the match box, with the help of the candle., (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), , kind, homage, meeting, bowed, carefully, difficulty, unable, loudly, must, watch, , (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), , cruel, visit, majority, surrendered, about, time, looking, angrily, should, try, , (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), , generous, donation, procession, greeted, which, patience, confident, anxiously, don’t, touch, , (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), , wise, fund, survey, offered, all, delay, ready, happily, did, light, , (e), (e), (e), (e), (e), (e), (e), (e), (e), (e), , brave, contribution, list, complained, what, haste, trying, pertinently, do, locate, , 06, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Fill up the blanks, in the passage below with the most appropriate word from the options, given for each blank :, Tea prices in the domestic (1).....continue to rule high in the (2).....year despite the expectation of a, (3).....production as compared to the previous year. According to a preliminary assessment (4).....on the, weather (5).....in recent months. Tea output in1990 may reach 740 million kg as (6) .....700 million kg. last
Page 607 :
597, , Cloze Test/Cloze Passage, , year. During the past three months, tea prices have generally shown an (7)..... . Unlike last year, when tea, prices rose dramatically, this year, prices seem to have (8).....at a rather high level. In the subsequent four, months, the (9).....average price showed a downtrend, but in September the prices have (10).....hardened to a, considerable extent., [Assistant Grade], (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), (a), , sector, last, higher, conducted, outbursts, above, downtrend, increased, monthly, then, , (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), , production, first, maximum, based, outbreak, per, increment, surfaced, weekly, never, , (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), (c), , area, second, optimum, shared, conditions, to, reduction, synchronised, daily, again, , (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), (d), , market, current, large, strategy, forecast, compared, uptrend, moderated, annual, since, , (e) flour, (e) general, (e) lower, (e) carried, (e) pattern, (e) against, (e) upgrade, (e) stabilised, (e) quarterly, (e) now, , 07, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Fill up the blanks in the passage below with the most appropriate word from the options, given for each blank :, Each species has its special place or habitat. An (1).....bird-watcher can look at (2).....forest, meadow,, lake, swamp or field and (3).....almost exactly what birds he (4).....find there (5).....birds are found all over the, world; other (6).....themselves to certain areas. Still (7).....migrate from one country to another in (8).....in, search of warmth and (9).....and then return in spring (10).....the season is more favourable., [SSC Stenographer Grade C], , (1) (a) experience, (2) (a) the, (3) (a) predict, (4) (a) should, (5) (a) more, (6) (a) keep, (7) (a) some, (8) (a) winter, (9) (a) seeds, (10) (a) while, , (b) expert, (b) some, (b) suggest, (b) must, (b) some, (b) entrust, (b) others, (b) summer, (b) crops, (b) until, , (c) advanced, (c) a, (c) prophesy, (c) might, (c) most, (c) confine, (c) few, (c) spring, (c) fruit, (c) after, , (d) active, (d) certain, (d) calculate, (d) will, (d) all, (d) involve, (d) all, (d) autumn, (d) food, (d) when, , 08, Directions (Q. 1-20) : Fill up the blanks, in the passage below with the most appropriate word from the options, given for each blank :, I noticed George Ramsay at the restaurant. He was staring into space. He looked as though the burden of, the whole world sat on his shoulders. I (1).....at once that his unfortunate brother (2).....trouble again. I, suppose every family has a black.(3).....Tom had been a (4).....trial to his family (5).....twenty years. He had, begun life decently enough he went (6).....business, married and had two children. The Ramsays were, (7).....respectable people and there was every (8).....to suppose that Tom Ramsay would have a useful and, (9).....carrier. But one day without warning, he (10).....that he did not like to work and that he was not suited, (11).....marriage. He wanted to enjoy (12).....He would listen (13).....no advice. He left his wife and his (14)....., He had (15).....money and he spent two happy years in the various capitals of Europe. Rumours of his, (16).....reached his relations from time to time and they were (17).....He certainly (18).....a very good time., They shook their heads and asked what (19).....when his money was spent. They soon found out that he was, broke and wanted to (20).....home., [MBA Entrance]
Page 608 :
598, (1) (a) believed, (2) (a) had been causing, (3) (a) goat, (4) (a) sore, (5) (a) since, (6) (a) into, (7) (a) utterly, (8) (a) reason, (9) (a) profitable, (10) (a) said, (11) (a) to, (12) (a) himself, (13) (a) to, (14) (a) job, (15) (a) a little, (16) (a) habits, (17) (a) deeply, (18) (a) has, (19) (a) would happen, (20) (a) come back, , English Grammar & Composition, (b) suspected, (b) was causing, (b) sheep, (b) bitter, (b) for, (b) for, (b) perfectly, (b) cause, (b) bad, (b) announced, (b) for, (b) idleness, (b) in, (b) house, (b) little, (b) doings, (b) shocked, (b) had, (b) happened, (b) go, , (c) agreed, (c) will case, (c) wolf, (c) sweet, (c) in, (c) to, (c) wholly, (c) point, (c) honourable, (c) wrote, (c) with, (c) others, (c) with, (c) relatives, (c) no, (c) whereabouts, (c) disappointed, (c) will have, (c) will happen, (c) settle, , 09, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered. These, numbers are printed below the passage and against each five words are suggested one of which fits the blanks, appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case :, Desire and action are often coordinated in that desire may the person to action or that desire may (1)....the, person to action or that desire may be (2).....from action . If P is seen as trying to do X, it is often inferred that, P desires X. However, desire and action are not (3).....coordinated. The person may desire X without (4).....in, any action directed towards the attainment of X. This event happens when X appears (5).....or when the other, effects resulting from the action (6).....to attain X are sufficiently undesirable as to (7).....the desire for X., Sometimes, of course, no action is necessary; the desire may or may not be (8).....quite independently of P’s, action. Furthermore, a given desire may lead to different actions, depending upon the environmental, requirements. Actions are (9).....not only by desire, but also by the way the person (10).....the causal structure, of the environment., [SBI PO], (1) (a) dampen, (b) hinder, (c) indulge, (d) arouse, (e) prohibit, (2) (a) expelled, (b) ceased, (c) abstained, (d) refrained, (e) inferred, (3) (a) invariably, (b) hopefully, (c) deliberately (d) purposely, (e) negatively, (4) (a) wanting, (b) associating (c) engaging, (d) supporting, (e) exhibiting, (5) (a) manageable (b) valuable, (c) unattainable (d) reachable, (e) approachable, (6) (a) hostile, (b) necessary, (c) incidental, (d) insensible, (e) detrimental, (7) (a) express, (b) appreciate, (c) reciprocate (d) damage, (e) negate, (8) (a) realised, (b) hypothesised (c) verbalised, (d) criticised, (e) actualised, (9) (a) projected, (b) determined (c) controlled, (d) galvanised, (e) pronounced, (10) (a) downgrades (b) fabricates, (c) develops, (d) sees, (e) enlarges
Page 609 :
599, , Cloze Test/Cloze Passage, , 10, Directions (Q. 1-15) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered. These, numbers are printed below the passage and against each three words are suggested one of which fits the blanks, appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case :, One day while I was discussing a new strategy to locate the wild dogs, a forgest guard at Sariska informed, me that about 15-16 metres to the right of Pandupole road, a chital lay killed apparently by wild dogs. This was, difficult to (1) ....... because wild dogs usually do not leave, (2) ...... any kill. They finish it, (3) ..... to the bone., Still an examination would, (4) .....interesting information and vital clues about the, (5) .....so I proceeded in, the direction pointed, (6) ..... by the guard, Scanning the area I, (7) .....across the dead Chital. The, (8) ..... had, been opened but not (9) ..... eaten. Its owner had, (10) ..... dressed the dinner ready for eating. I looked about, for marks and (11) ..... I found them, the marks, (12) ..... indicated the presence of a canine. But, (13) Jackals or, wild dogs? Since Jackals were active in Sariska independently, (14) ..... Chital-kills, the actual presence, (15), the wild dog still remained doubtful., [CDS], (1) (a) presume, (2) (a) behind, (3) (a) up, (4) (a) prove, (5) (a) predator, (6) (a) out, (7) (a) found, (8) (a) body, (9) (a) now, (10) (a) probably, (11) (a) when, (12) (a) frankly, (13) (a) what, (14) (a) having, (15) (a) about, , (b) believe, (b) away, (b) over, (b) reveal, (b) chital, (b) to, (b) located, (b) corpse, (b) yet, (b) surely, (b) where, (b) openly, (b) which, (b) hunting, (b) of, , (c) know, (c) after, (c) off, (c) involves, (c) man-eater, (c) at, (c) came, (c) carcass, (c) at all, (c) really, (c) which, (c) clearly, (c) who, (c) making, (c) regarding, , 11, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following sentences there are some blanks which are numbered. Below the, sentences you are given a choice of three words (a), (b), (c), one of which is the most appropriate. Choose the best, word as your answer :, It is one of the tragic ironies of our age that the rocket which could have been symbol of humanity’s, aspirations for the stars, has become one of the weapons threatening to destroy civilisation. This state of affairs, has (1).....a difficult moral problem to (2).....wishing to take an active (3).....in the development of, astronautics, (4).....almost all research on rockets (5).....now carried out by military (6).....and is covered by, various (7).....classifications. The technical problems involved (8).....designing long-range guided missiles, are (9).....identical with those involved in the (10).....of reconnaissance rockets., [UPSC Assistant Provident Fund], , (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , (a) produced, (a) those, (a) part, (a) when, (a) was, , (b) caused, (b) others, (b) position, (b) for, (b) are, , (c) presented, (c) men, (c) interest, (c) where, (c) is
Page 610 :
600, (6) (a) establishments, (7) (a) secret, (8) (a) in, (9) (a) hardly, (10) (a) launching, , English Grammar & Composition, (b) officers, (b) security, (b) with, (b) never, (b) construction, , (c) centres, (c) defence, (c) for, (c) practically, (c) deployment, , 12, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered. These, numbers are printed below the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank, appropriately. Find out the appropriate words :, New industries supported by foreign interests (1).....offer (2).....salaries to their employees at all levels of, responsibility than (3).....locally-owned industries. They need (4).....people and are (5).....to pay high wages to, (6).....them. Local industries often (7).....the high salaries offered by foreign-supported industries, arguing, that this will (8).....raise all wages to an excessive level. Workers in local industries, seeing the sharp (9)..... in, job-pay will agitate for an improvement in their salaries. This eventually will drain the resources and, (10).....their profitability., [Bank PO Madras], (1) (a) hardly, (b) reluctantly (c) seldom, (d) never, (e) usually, (2) (a) disproportionate(b) better, (c) proportionate (d) comparable, (e) unreasonable, (3) (a) did, (b) could, (c) do, (d) their, (e) does, (4) (a) local, (b) several, (c) more, (d) talented, (e) less, (5) (a) willing, (b) bound, (c) forced, (d) reluctant, (e) authorised, (6) (a) entertain, (b) retain, (c) enrich, (d) hire, (e) bribe, (7) (a) uphold, (b) imitate, (c) protest, (d) pay, (e) accept, (8) (a) hardly, (b) considerably (c) not, (d) unreasonably (e) artificially, (9) (a) difference, (b) cut, (c) hike, (d) decrease, (e) injustice, (10) (a) augment, (b) fulfil, (c) enhance, (d) lower, (e) check, , 13, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These, numbers are printed below the passage and against each five words are suggested one of which fits the blank, appropriately. Find out the appropriate words :, Belief systems the framework upon which cultures and societies function. It is the bond that, (1).....civilizations together, and it is the small voice (2).....each of us that urges us to be (3).....to what we have, been taught. We cannot (4).....our spiritual teachings from our learning, nor can we separate our beliefs about, who and what we are (5).....our values and our behaviours. We ask that educational systems (6).....our right to, religious freedom and our right to live in harmony tribal beliefs vary, as does the (7).....to which a tribe, embraces (8).....traditional cultural beliefs (9).....tribal group has distinct and unique beliefs that are basic to, that tribe’s culture. Most tribes cling to the old teachings because they know that once gone it means the, (10).....of their culture., [Bank PO], (1) (a) compels, (b) holds, (c) makes, (d) breaks, (e)completes, (2) (a) outside, (b) around, (c) about, (d) inside, (e) near, (3) (a) true, (b) habitual, (c) accurate, (d) graceful, (e) upright, (4) (a) see, (b) separate, (c) upset, (d) distinguish (e) search, (5) (a) near, (b) on, (c) from, (d) about, (e) across, (6) (a) recognise, (b) destroy, (c) diminish, (d) reach, (e) infer
Page 611 :
601, , Cloze Test/Cloze Passage, (7) (a) capacity, (8) (a) for, (9) (a) many, (10) (a) mark, , (b) nearness, (b) their, (b) all, (b) regeneration, , (c) practise, (c) itself, (c) one, (c) death, , (d) extent, (d) about, (d) several, (d) tradition, , (e) principle, (e) its, (e) each, (e) mistake, , 14, Directions (Q. 1-10 ) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered. These, numbers are printed below the passage and against each five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank, appropriately. Find out the appropriate words in each case :, Faced with an (1).....number and variety of products on the market, managers are finding it more difficult, to (2).....demand and plan production and orders (3)..... As a result, (4).....forecasts are increasing and along, with them, the costs of those errors., Many managers today, (5).....speed is the (6).....have turned to one or an other popular production, scheduling system. But these tools tackle only part of the problem. (7).....really needed is a way to, (8).....forecasts and simultaneously redesign planning processes to (9).....the impact of (10).....forecasts., (1) (a) equal, (b) exact, (c) optimum, (d) unanimous, (e) unprecedented, (2) (a) ignore, (b) meet, (c) predict, (d) accept, (e) register, (3) (a) immediately (b) quickly, (c) accordingly (d) positively, (e) spontaneously, (4) (a) inadequate, (b) buoyant, (c) frequent, (d) inaccurate, (e) exorbitant, (5) (a) consider, (b) neglecting, (c) visualising, (d) believing, (e) notwithstanding, (6) (a) problem, (b) answer, (c) source, (d) outcome, (e) lacuna, (7) (a) one, (b) that’s, (c) what’s, (d) managers, (e) companies, (8) (a) ignore, (b) obtain, (c) vitiate, (d) negate, (e) improve, (9) (a) rationalise, (b) substantiate (c) minimise, (d) counter, (e) tolerate, (10) (a) dangerous, (b) absolute, (c) unpredicted (d) erroneous, (e) popular, , 15, Directions (Q. 1-10 ) : In the following passage at certain points, you are given a choice of three words marked, (a), (b), (c). Choose the best word from these three and indicate your choice :, From that moment his life became intolerable. He passed his days in apprehension of each succeeding, night; and (1).....night the vision (2).....back again. As soon as he (3).....locked himself up in his room he, (4).....to struggle; but in vain. An (5).....force lifted him up and pushed him (6).....the glass, as if to call the, phantom and before long he saw it (7).....in the spot where the crime was (8).....lying with arms and legs, outspread the way the body (9).....found. Then the dead girl (10).....and came toward him with little steps just, as the child had done when she came out of the river., (1) (a) all, (b) each, (c) every, (2) (a) comes, (b) come, (c) came, (3) (a) had been, (b) had, (c) was, (4) (a) strives, (b) strived, (c) strove, (5) (a) compelling, (b) irresistible, (c) overwhelming, (6) (a) upon, (b) towards, (c) against, (7) (a) laid, (b) lying, (c) laying, (8) (a) perpetrated, (b) done, (c) committed, (9) (a) has been, (b) had been, (c) was, (10) (a) stood up, (b) raised up, (c) rose up
Page 612 :
602, , English Grammar & Composition, , 16, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered. These, numbers are printed below the passage and against each five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank, appropriately. Find out the appropriate words in each case :, Do women (1).....leadership differently from what men do ? And it so, will feminine leadership, (2).....where (3).....leadership does not ? A recent study suggests somewhat paradoxically that female, managers (4).....their male (5).....even when the personal characteristics of both are very (6).....of the two, schools of thought, the structuralist theory argues that men and women do not receive the same treatment in, the workplace and that stamping out (7).....bias would stamp out the observed (8)..... In contrast, the, socialisation theory contends that men and women experience work differently because men seek work as, more (9).....to their lives. These (10).....explanations, apart, today business appears to be undergoing a, feminisation of leadership., [PO], (1) (a) exercise, (b) undertake, (c) authorise, (d) empower, (e) tolerate, (2) (a) affect, (b) succeed, (c) compete, (d) progress, (e) dominate, (3) (a) traditional, (b) charismatic, (c) masculine, (d) benevolent (e) authoritarian, (4) (a) outlive, (b) outcast, (c) outwork, (d) outstand, (e) outdo, (5) (a) employees, (b) subordinates, (c) managers, (d) counterparts (e) superiors, (6) (a) minimal, (b) distinct, (c) unique, (d) similar, (e) constant, (7) (a) employment (b) ulture, (c) gender, (d) class, (e) category, (8) (a) variations, (b) discriminations (c) resemblances (d) distortions, (e) equalities, (9) (a) needy, (b) desperate, (c) preliminary, (d) trivial, (e) central, (10) (a) contradictory (b) corresponding (c) discriminating (d) analogical, (e) identical, , 17, Directions (Q. 1-6) : In the following sentences at certain points you are given a choice of three words one of, which is most appropriate. Choose the best word out of the three words—one of which is most appropriate. Mark the, letter, viz, (a), (b), (c) relating to this word :, Smallpox, the most devastating and feared pestilence in human history, is making its last stand in two, remote areas of Ethiopia, one in the desert and one in the mountains., As of the end of August (1).....five villages had experienced cases (2).....the preceding eight weeks. More, (3).....necessary, the oneset of the last (4).....case was on 9th August. (5).....man is the only known (6).....of, the smallpox virus, the disease should be eliminated forever when the last infected person recovers. [NDA], (1) (a) rarely, (b) the, (c) only, (2) (a) in, (b) about, (c) of, (3) (a) necessary, (b) important, (c) urgent, (4) (a) found, (b) remembered, (c) known, (5) (a) because, (b) when, (c) while, (6) (a) culprit, (b) reservoir, (c) producer, , 18, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered. The, numbers are printed below the passage and against each five words are suggested one of which fits the blank, appropriately. Find out the appropriate words :, The world economy is in recession, the deepest and the most widespread (1).....the 1930s. There are, (2).....of (3).....in the industrial countries, but most serious economic (4).....anticipate the rates of growth and, levels of economic activity will remain low.
Page 613 :
603, , Cloze Test/Cloze Passage, , In all that has been written about world (5).....the (6).....have been overwhelmingly and narrowly, economic. Few have (7).....the human consequences in more than a superficial manner. Not a single, international study has (8).....the recession’s (9).....on the most vulnerable half of the world’s population—the, children., The need for (10).....clearly the contrast between world economic conditions and child welfare has thus,, become even more urgent in the last few years. The world scale of current child distress also makes it artificial, to restrict the analysis of causes to the national level., (1) (a) in, (b) for, (c) by, (d) before, (e) since, (2) (a) risks, (b) glimmers, (c) studies, (d) tips, (e) histories, (3) (a) development (b) downfall, (c) recovery, (d) slackness, (e) impact, (4) (a) analysts, (b) journalists, (c) surveys, (d) findings, (e) students, (5) (a) development (b) economy, (c) wars, (d) recession, (e) conflicts, (6) (a) emphasis, (b) aims, (c) glimpses, (d) supposition, (e) preoccupations, (7) (a) delved, (b) taught, (c) propagated (d) investigated (e) manifested, (8) (a) understood, (b) analysed, (c) highlighted (d) prepared, (e) planned, (9) (a) analysis, (b) undercurrents (c) impact, (d) overtures, (e) study, (10) (a) chalking out (b) curbing, (c) bringing out (d) implementing (e) propagating, , 19, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered . The, numbers are printed below the passage and against each four words are suggested, one of which fits the blank, appropriately. Find out the appropriate words :, Many parents greet their children’s teenage years with needless dread. While teens (1)......assault us with, heavy-metal music (2)......outlandish clothes and spend all (3)......time with friends, such behaviour, (4)......adds up to full scale revolt. Teenage (5)......according to Psychologist Laurence Steinberg, has been, (6)......exaggerated. Sociologist Sanford Dombusch agrees. “The (7)......that teenagers inevitably rebel is a, (8)......that has the potential for great family (9)......”says Dornbusch. He believes the notion can, (10)......communication during this critical time for parents to influence youngesters., [Assistant Grade], , (1) (a) can, (2) (a) show, (3) (a) her, (4) (a) sporadically, (5) (a) rebellion, (6) (a) always, (7) (a) complaint, (8) (a) myth, (9) (a) ruin, (10) (a) destroy, , (b) must, (b) dress, (b) his, (b) always, (b) subversion, (b) never, (b) surmise, (b) story, (b) downfall, (b) suffocate, , (c) may, (c) put, (c) their, (c) infrequently, (c) mania, (c) greatly, (c) accusation, (c) fact, (c) harm, (c) damage, , (d) should, (d) flaunt, (d) our, (d) scarcely, (d) revolution, (d) hardly, (d) idea, (d) reality, (d) defeat, (d) injure, , 20, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered. The numbers, are printed below the passage and against each five words are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately., Find out the appropriate words :, Nations which have (1)....programmes of economic development often run into unsuspected barriers, which threaten and often (2)....the (3)....needed growth of the economy. Industrialisation (4)....productivity, fails to respond and the nations goals of rising standard of living for its people are (5)...., [BPO]
Page 614 :
604, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , English Grammar & Composition, (a) decided, (a) activate, (a) positively, (a) falters, (a) postponed, , (b) progressed, (b) deteriorate, (b) hopefully, (b) deviates, (b) frustrated, , (c) insisted, (c) halt, (c) alarmingly, (c) fluctuates, (c) suspended, , (d) embarked, (d) cut, (d) deceptively, (d) lowers, (d) criticised, , (e) initiated, (e) enlighten, (e) deseprately, (e) dissolves, (e) fulfilled, , 21, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered. The, numbers are printed below the passage and against each four words are suggested, one of which fits the blank, appropriately. Find out the appropriate words :, For generations man has (1)......against the wilds to create a world where only he (2)......whether animals, and plants survive or are (3)......out. Earlier we accepted as self-evident that any (4)......in our environment, brought about by science and technology must be improvements (5)......the world of our (6)......However,, many people all over the world have begun to feel that (7)......are going too far and that we should try to, (8)......some of the world’s original life before we find it (9)......too late. The same science which had led us, away from nature is now (10)......the miracle of creation., [Delhi Police], (1) (a) faced, (b) stood, (c) struggled, (d) challenged, (2) (a) decides, (b) thinks, (c) advises, (d) observes, (3) (a) taken, (b) wiped, (c) put, (d) thrown, (4) (a) differences, (b) increments (c) changes, (d) replacements, (5) (a) in, (b) at, (c) over, (d) for, (6) (a) aborigins, (b) ancients, (c) successors, (d) ancestors, (7) (a) overselves, (b) we, (c) us, (d) some, (8) (a) demolish, (b) cherish, (c) save, (d) renovate, (9) (a) occurs, (b) sounds, (c) seems, (d) gets, (10) (a) unfolding, (b) discussing, (c) arguing, (d) narrating, , 22, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered. These, numbers are also printed below the passages and against each five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks, appropriately find out the appropriate words in each case :, The latest stage of the continuing (1)....between India and the United States on the nuclear issue is now, punctuated with pleasing diplomatic observations. Our latest round of talks with the American Deputy, Secretary of State is “positive and encouraging”. The US Deputy Secretary of State remarked that none or us, are pleased to have any clouds over the (2).... . We in India know that these clouds have (3)....towards the, sub-continent from the West. The US can easily disperse the clouds if it wants. But the economic sanctions are, still in place. The US is only (4)....trying to come to terms with the fact that the nuclear weapons are not the, (5)....of the Permanent Members of the Security Council. If they do not recognise India as a nuclear power,, then what is it that they are (6)....to ? India will not (7)....by their derecognising the nuclear tests both sides can, happily close (8)....eyes and agree to (9)....what has happened . The fact that India is a sovereign nation, entitled to take decision beneficial for its own security, has not been altered by the tests. The US has come, round to (10)....that India has some say in this matter., [Bank PO], (1) (a) adversaries, (b) negotiations (c) strifes, (d) strategies, (e) disputes, (2) (a) relationship, (b) struggle, (c) matter, (d) talks, (e) countries, (3) (a) formed, (b) eclipsed, (c) ruined, (d) covered, (e) floated, (4) (a) spontaneously (b) generously (c) grudgingly (d) gracefully, (e) willingly
Page 615 :
605, , Cloze Test/Cloze Passage, (5) (a) threats, (6) (a) prepared, (7) (a) gain, (8) (a) their, (9) (a) imitate, (10) (a) expecting, , (b) creations, (b) objecting, (b) differ, (b) our, (b) undo, (b) suspecting, , (c) properties, (c) pointing, (c) flourish, (c) naked, (c) cherish, (c) accepting, , (d) monopoly, (d) clinging, (d) suffer, (d) inward, (d) reiterate, (d) advocating, , (e) possession, (e) planning, (e) develop, (e) both, (e) ignore, (e) rejecting, , 23, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following passage there are blanks each of which has been numbered. These, numbers are printed below the passages and against each five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks, appropriately find out the appropriate words :, Although John Wisdom’s writings in Philosophy show clearly the influence of Wittgentstein, they, nevertheless also display a (1)....originality. Despite the (2)....and difficulty of his style, a careful reading of, Wisdom is seldom (3)....He is unique kind of genius in Philosophy., This essay is an excellent example of Wisdom’s repeated attempts to (4)....the ultimate bases of, philosophical perplexity. A great deal of the time Wisdom is (5)....interested in finding out why, metaphysicians feel (6)....to utter such strange sentences e.g., “Time is unreal”, ‘‘There are no material, things”, etc. According to Wisdom such sentences are both false (and perhaps meaningless) and year. (7)...., Even more than Wittgenstein, Wisdom has stressed the ‘The rapeutic conception of Philosophy, a view that, comes out clearly in this essay where the emphasises that analogy between philosophical and neurotic distress, (8)....them with other kinds of problems., The reader who is interested in gaining a fuller (9)....with Wisdom’s thought is referred to his famous, article ‘gods’ in Philosophy and Psycho-analysis. Other Minds is Wisdom’s most....(10).... discussion of a, single topic and in many ways his finest work., [Bank PO], (1) (a) concise, (b) virtual, (c) marked, (d) limited, (e) relative, (2) (a) individuality (b) novelty, (c) originality, (d) complexity, (e) creativity, (3) (a) unprofitable (b) useful, (c) advantageous (d) unreliable, (e) durable, (4) (a) jettison, (b) delimit, (c) augment, (d) fortify, (e) explore, (5) (a) admirably, (b) primarily, (c) advertently (d) reluctantly, (e) happily, (6) (a) depressed, (b) confined, (c) alluded, (d) compelled, (e) adapted, (7) (a) illuminating (b) damaging, (c) confusing, (d) critical, (e) unreliable, (8) (a) compelling, (b) associating (c) contrasting (d) describing, (e) advocating, (9) (a) comparison, (b) analysis, (c) agreement, (d) elaboration, (e) acquaintance, (10) (a) projected, (b) sustained, (c) prolonged, (d) prolific, (e) attributed, , 24, Directions (Q. 1-6) : In the following sentences at certain points you are given a choice of three words one of, which is most appropriate. Choose the best word out of the three . Mark the letter, viz, (a), (b) or (c) relating to this, word on your answer sheet :, One summer a Brazilian farmer took his donkey, pele, with him to town (1)....the market place, a, small boy began (2)....Pele with a, stick and the donkey struck (3)....injuring the boy with a kick on the, head. The police chief (4)....the farmer arrested. The (5)....wept so profusely in the jail cell that the, police chief changed his mind and locked up the (6)....instead. The charge against the animal was attempt to, murder., (1) (a) at, (b) on, (c) in, (2) (a) teaching, (b) tormenting, (c) playing
Page 616 :
606, (3), (4), (5), (6), , English Grammar & Composition, (a) back, (a) has, (a) donkey, (a) donkey, , (b) backward, (b) ordered, (b) boy, (b) boy, , (c) forward, (c) had, (c) farmer, (c) farmer, , 25, Directions (Q. 1-15) : In the following passage at certain points, you are given a choice of three words marked, (a), (b), (c) . Choose the best word from these three :, The most attractive and unique feature of crossword puzzle is that it is a game one can play alone! There, are several kinds of crossword puzzles. One kind is the prize competition in which the (1)....who finds the, correct answers gets a big prize (2)....the answers are very hard to find, since several (3)....appear equally, appropriate : bad, mad or sad for (4)....in the clue sentence, people are seldom popular. Such (5)....attract, people who are fond of gambling because by (6)....a small entry fee, they can win big prizes. The (7)....type of, crossword puzzle is one in which (8)....is only one possible answer to every clue. But (9)....answer is elusive, and calls for some detective work (10)....our part. The clue gives only hints about the word A (11)....like ‘Mate, changes to flesh for food’ (12)....elude you till you realise that any changing the (13)....of ‘mate’ you get, ‘meat’. Your comprehension and your (14)....knowledge are put to the test. The effort to (15)....such, crossword is an intellectual exercise., [CDS], (1) (a) person, (b) actor, (c) persons, (2) (a) though, (b) although, (c) but, (3) (a) letters, (b) words, (c) alphabets, (4) (a) assumption, (b) illustration, (c) example, (5) (a) competitions, (b) puzzles, (c) races, (6) (a) paying, (b) buying, (c) giving, (7) (a) another, (b) second, (c) two, (8) (a) this, (b) their, (c) there, (9) (a) am, (b) this, (c) any, (10) (a) on, (b) in, (c) upon, (11) (a) puzzle, (b) word, (c) clue, (12) (a) will, (b) did, (c) shall, (13) (a) lettering, (b) words, (c) spelling, (14) (a) general, (b) overall, (c) common sense, (15) (a) solve, (b) dissolve, (c) think of, , 26, Directions (Q. 1-15) : In the following passage at certain points, you are given a choice of words marked as, (a), (b), (c)and (d) . Choose the best word out of these four :, Our scientific spirit must be shocked not only by the (1)......of fabulous (2)......and (3)......poverty, but also, by those of intense holiness and (4)......superstition. In our relations with one another, we have (5)......to apply, scientific and social wisdom. The failure is (6) large (7)......our society. Some social (8)......like untouchability, are (9)......simply because the spirit in us is oppressed by the force of (10)......These are practised by, (11)......kindly persons, who have ceased to feel and whose understanding is (12)......any tradition. There are, millions in our country today who use scientific (13)......and yet (14)......superstition as mystical revelation, and adhere to absured social customs..15..the name of tradition., [Assistant Grade], (1) (a) phenomenon (b) contrasts, (c) existence, (d) comparison, (2) (a) property, (b) prosperity, (c) resources, (d) wealth
Page 617 :
607, , Cloze Test/Cloze Passage, (3) (a) common, (4) (a) religious, (5) (a) attempted, (6) (a) writ, (7) (a) in, (8) (a) abuses, (9) (a) allowed, (10) (a) opinion, (11) (a) fairly, (12) (a) stupefied, (13) (a) discoveries, (14) (a) consider, (15) (a) on, , (b) rampant, (b) blind, (b) refused, (b) written, (b) on, (b) ceremonies, (b) approved, (b) habit, (b) very, (b) sanctified, (b) devices, (b) decry, (b) for, , (c) grovelling, (c) popular, (c) succeeded, (c) wrought, (c) among, (c) function, (c) tolerated, (c) society, (c) otherwise, (c) subsidized, (c) apparatus, (c) declare, (c) in, , (d) growing, (d) prevailing, (d) failed, (d) wrapped, (d) for, (d) obligations, (d) resisted, (d) custom, (d) somewhat, (d) substantiated, (d) machines, (d) revere, (d) with, , 27, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In the following passage at certain points, you are given a choice of words marked as, (a), (b), (c)and (d). Choose the best word out of these four :, There is an old story told (1)......a man who (2)......into a drunken sleep. His friend stayed by him as long, as he (3)......but being compelled to go and fearing that he might be in want, the friend hid a (4) ......in the, drunken man’s garment. When the drunken man (5)......not knowing that his friend had (6)......jewel in his, garment he wandered about in (7)......hungry. A long time afterwards the two men met again and the friend, told the poor man about the jewel and advised him to look (8)......it. Like the drunken man of the story people, (9)......about suffering in this life of birth and death (10)......of what is hidden away in their inner nature. Pure, and untarnished, the price-less treasure of God., [SSC Clerks], (1) (a) of, (b) to, (c) with, (d) by, (e) that, (2) (a) left, (b) felt, (c) fail, (d) fell, (e) gone, (3) (a) might, (b) can, (c) would, (d) had, (e) could, (4) (a) garment, (b) drink, (c) jewel, (d) treasure, (e) sleep, (5) (a) slept, (b) recovered, (c) covered, (d) drinking, (e) realised, (6) (a) taken, (b) presented, (c) substituted, (d) replaced, (e) hidden, (7) (a) vain, (b) search, (c) sleep, (d) poverty, (e) persuit, (8) (a) for, (b) to, (c) at, (d) in, (e) with, (9) (a) search, (b) wonder, (c) wander, (d) trouble, (e) unknown, (10) (a) conscious, (b) unconscious (c) knowingly (d) expected, (e) useless, , 28, Directions (Q. 1-10 ) : In the following passage at certain points, you are given a choice of five words marked, as (a), (b), (c), (d)and (e) . Choose the best word out of these five :, The (1)......of a survey by the National institute of (2)......health give (3)......for (4)...... . According to the, survey about 14 million people in Indian are affected (5)......mental (6)......at any point of time. In the case of, mentally ill, it is (7)......enough difficult to (8)......them, let alone (9)......them. The most (10)......are those in, the (11)......areas, for whatever (12)......for the mentally sick exist are concentrated around major urban, centres., (1) (a) verdicts, (b) decisions, (c) judgements (d) measures, (e) findings, (2) (a) spiritual, (b) psychical, (c) social, (d) physical, (e) mental, (3) (a) food, (b) cause, (c) purpose, (d) support, (e) reinforcement, (4) (a) alarm, (b) discontent, (c) fear, (d) dissatisfaction (e) vexation
Page 618 :
608, , English Grammar & Composition, (c) serious, (c) dislocation, (c) often, (c) identify, (c) cure, (c) careless, (c) forest, (c) avenues, , (d) fatal, (d) confusion, (d) hardly, (d) select, (d) advice, (d) abandoned, (d) suburban, (d) remedies, , (e) important, (e) involvement, (e) never, (e) rehabilitate, (e) treat, (e) serious, (e) metropolitan, (e) solicitations, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , (b) strong, (b) perturbation, (b) occasionally, (b) recognize, (b) guide, (b) neglected, (b) rural, (b) advantages, , ES, , (5) (a) dangerous, (6) (a) disorder, (7) (a) seldom, (8) (a) cure, (9) (a) facilitate, (10) (a) indifferent, (11) (a) urban, (12) (a) facilities, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) (b), (2) (a),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (d)., , (3) (d),, , (4) (a)., , (3) (a),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (e),, , (6) (c),, , (7) (b),, , (8) (a),, , (9) (d),, , (10) (c)., , (1) (b), (2) (c), (3) (a), (4) (b), (5) (b),, (11) (c), (12) (a), (13) (c), (14) (a), (15) (a)., , (6) (b),, , (7) (a),, , (8) (c),, , (9) (a),, , (10) (c),, , Solution TYE 02, (1) (c), (2) (a),, , Solution TYE 03, (1) (b), (2) (b),, , Solution TYE 04, , Solution TYE 05, (1) (d), (2) (b),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (e),, , (6) (d),, , (7) (a),, , (8) (b),, , (9) (c),, , (10) (e)., , (3) (a),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (e),, , (7) (d),, , (8) (e),, , (9) (a),, , (10) (c)., , (3) (a),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (c),, , (7) (b),, , (8) (a),, , (9) (d),, , (10) (d)., , (3) (b),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (a),, , (7) (b),, , (8) (a),, , (9) (a),, , (10) (b), (11) (b),, , Solution TYE 06, (1) (d), (2) (d),, , Solution TYE 07, (1) (b), (2) (c),, , Solution TYE 08, (1) (b), (2) (b),, , (12) (a), (13)(a), (14) (a), (15) (a), (16) (b), (17) (b), (18) (b), (19) (a), (20) (a)., , Solution TYE 09, (1) (d), (2) (a),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (a),, , (8) (a),, , (9) (a),, , (10) (d)., , (3) (a),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (a),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (c),, , (8) (c),, , (9) (c),, , (10) (a), (11) (a),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (a),, , (7) (a),, , (8) (a),, , (9) (b),, , (10) (a)., , Solution TYE 10, (1) (b), (2) (a),, , (12) (c). (13)(b), (14) (a), (15) (b)., , Solution TYE 11, (1) (b), (2) (a),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (a),
Page 619 :
609, , Cloze Test/Cloze Passage, Solution TYE 12, (1) (e), (2) (b),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (a),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (c),, , (8) (d),, , (9) (a),, , (10) (d)., , (3) (a),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (a),, , (7) (d),, , (8) (e),, , (9) (e),, , (10) (c)., , (3) (c), , (4) (d),, , (5) (d),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (c),, , (8) (e),, , (9) (c),, , (10) (d)., , (3) (b),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (b),, , (8) (c),, , (9) (b),, , (10) (a)., , (3) (c),, , (4) (e),, , (5) (d),, , (6) (d),, , (7) (a),, , (8) (b),, , (9) (e),, , (10) (a)., , (3) (c),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (a),, , (6) (b)., , (3) (d),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (a),, , (8) (b),, , (9) (c),, , (10) (c)., , (3) (c),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (a),, , (6) (c),, , (7) (d),, , (8) (a),, , (9) (a),, , (10) (b)., , (3) (e),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (b)., , (3) (b),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (a),, , (6) (d),, , (7) (b),, , (8) (c),, , (9) (d),, , (10) (a)., , (3) (e),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (d),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (d),, , (8) (a),, , (9) (e), , (10) (c)., , (3) (a),, , (4) (e),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (a),, , (8) (b),, , (9) (e),, , (10) (b)., , (3) (a),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (a)., , (3) (b),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (a),, , (7) (b),, , (8) (c),, , (9) (b),, , (10) (a), (11) (a), , (5) (d),, , (6) (a),, , (7) (b),, , (8) (a),, , (9) (c),, , (10) (b), (11) (a),, , Solution TYE 13, (1) (b), (2) (d),, , Solution TYE 14, (1) (e), (2) (c),, , Solution TYE 15, (1) (c), (2) (c),, , Solution TYE 16, (1) (a), (2) (b),, , Solution TYE 17, (1) (c), (2) (c),, , Solution TYE 18, (1) (e), (2) (a),, , Solution TYE 19, (1) (c), (2) (d),, , Solution TYE 20, (1) (d), (2) (d),, , Solution TYE 21, (1) (c), (2) (a),, , Solution TYE 22, (1) (b), (2) (a),, , Solution TYE 23, (1) (c), (2) (d),, , Solution TYE 24, (1) (c), (2) (b),, , Solution TYE 25, (1) (a), (2) (c),, , , (12) (c), (13) (c), (14) (a), (15) (a),, , Solution TYE 26, (1) (c), (2) (c),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (a),, , (12) (b), (13) (b), (14) (a), (15) (c)., , Solution TYE 27, (1) (a) (2) (d), , (3) (e), , (4) (c), , (5) (b), , (6) (e), , (7) (a), , (8) (a), , (9) (c), , (10) (b), , (3) (b),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (a),, , (7) (c),, , (8) (c),, , (9) (c),, , (10) (b), (11) (b), (12) (a)., , Solution TYE 28, (1) (e), (2) (e),
Page 621 :
611, , Phrase Substitution or Sentence Improvement, , (3) In addition to enhanced their reputation through strategic use of philanthropy, companies are, sponsoring social initiatives to open new markets., (a) of enhancing their reputations, (c) to enhancing their reputation, (e) No correction required, , (b) to having enhance their reputation, (d) to have their reputation enhancing, , (4) Technology must use to feed the forces of change., (a) must be used to feed, (c) must use having fed, (e) No correction required, , (b) must have been using to feed, (d) must be using to feed, , (5) The crime has growth rapidly in Russia since the disintegration of the communist system., (a) rapid crime has grown, (c) crimes grow rapidly, (e) No correction required, , (b) crime has grown rapidly, (d) crimes have been rapidly grown, , 02, Directions (Q. 1-5) In the following questions, each sentence has an bold word or phrase followed by four, alternatives. You are to choose the one that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence, if it is substituted for the, bold word or phrases., (1) Veterinarians usually give dogs an anesthetic so that they don’t cry out in pain., (a) gulp, , (b) flip, , (c) yelp, , (d) purr, , (2) City taxes are based on an estimate of the value of one’s property., (a) appraisal, , (b) forecast, , (c) diagnosis, , (d) outline, , (3) Although buses are scheduled to depart at a certain hour, they are often late., (a) listed, , (b) requested, , (c) obligated, , (d) loaded, , (4) Because light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder., (a) prolong, , (b) traverse, , (c) repel, , (d) precede, , (5) When students do not have time to read a novel before class, they read an outline of the plot instead., (a) an article, , (b) a synopsis, , (c) a critique, , (d) an essay, , 03, Directions (Q. 1-5) Which of the phrases (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below each sentence should replace the, phrase that are bold to make the sentence grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is, mark (e) as the, answer., (1) The performance of our players was rather worst than I had expected., (a) bad as I had expected, (c) worse than expectation, (e) No correction required, , (b) worse than I had expected, (d) worst than was expected, , (2) It is always better to make people realise the importance of discipline than to impose them on them on, , it., (a) impose it with them, (c) imposing them on it, (e) No correction required, , (b) impose them with it, (d) impose it on them, , (3) The crops are dying it must not had rained., (a) must had not, (c) must not have, (e) No correction required, , (b) must not be, (d) must not have been
Page 622 :
612, , English Grammar & Composition, (4) They were all shocked at his failure in the competition., (a) were shocked at all, (c) had all shocked by, (e) No correction required, , (b) had all shocked at, (d) had been all shocked on, , (5) He is too impatient for tolerating any delay., (a) to tolerate, (c) at tolerating, (e) No correction required, , (b) to tolerating, (d) with tolerating, , 04, Directions (Q. 1-10) Look at the bold part of each sentence. Below each sentence are given three possible, substitutions for the bold part. If one of them (a) , (b) or (c) is better than the bold part, select that part as your, response. If none of the substitution improve the sentence, choose (d) as your response. Thus, a ‘No improvement’, response will be signified by the letter (d)., (1) Just before the commencement of the examination, the invigilator advised us from copying or indulging, in any other malpractices., (a) against, , (b) upon, , (c) about, , (d) No improvement, , (2) The whole country is disappointed over the defeat of the cricket team., (a) on, , (b) above, , (c) by, , (d) No improvement, , (3) If he joins the coaching class so late, I am afraid it will be hard for him to catch up with the others., (a) speed up, (c) get in line, , (b) join up, (d) No improvement, , (4) If a definite care for cancer is discovered in few years it is unlikely that it will be a simpler or safer affair, than that of diabetes., (a) in some few years, (c) after few years, , (b) in the next few years, (d) No improvement, , (5) The tourists insured their luggage because they assumed it must be stolen., (a) will be, (c) might be, , (b) was going to be, (d) No improvement, , (6) By the end of May each year the agricultural produce comprising wheat and gram goes to the market., (a) to markets, (c) into a market, , (b) to market, (d) No improvement, , (7) The old man looked with caution before he crossed the busy street., (a) cautiously before, (c) cautiously when, , (b) at cautiously when, (d) No improvement, , (8) Make haste lest you should not be caught in the storm., (a) that you should not be, (c) you should be, , (b) you can be, (d) No improvement, , (9) The contesting candidates agreed to seek a common platform while canvassing for votes., (a) have, (c) find, , (b) share, (d) No improvement, , (10) The new bank clerk kicked off a row with a colleague., (a) out a, (c) up a, , (b) on to a, (d) No improvement
Page 623 :
613, , Phrase Substitution or Sentence Improvement, , 05, Directions (Q. 1-10) Look at the bold part of each sentence. Below each sentence are given three possible, substitutions for the bold part. If one of the alternatives (a), (b) or (c) is better than the bold part, indicate your, response accordingly against the corresponding letter (a) , (b) or (c). If none of the substitution improve the sentence,, indicate (d) as your response. Thus, a ‘No improvement’ response will be signified by the letter (d)., (1) Other countries have eradicated this disease ten years ago., (a) eradicated, (c) did eradicate, , (b) had eradicated, (d) No improvement, , (2) We were not the wiser for all his effort to explain the case to us., (a) none, (c) nevertheless, , (b) neither, (d) No improvement, , (3) If I stood alone in defence of truth and the whole would world is banded against me and against truth, I, would fight them all., (a) will be banded, (c) banded, , (b) were banded, (d) No improvement, , (4) During his long discourse, he did not touch that point., (a) touch upon, (c) touch of, , (b) touch on, (d) No improvement, , (5) He died in the year 1960 at 11 pm on 14 July., (a) on 14th July in the year 1960 at 11 p.m., (c) at 11 p.m. on 14 July in the year 1960, , (b) in the year 1960 on 14th July at 11 p.m., (d) No improvement, , (6) For all our powers of reason and understanding we know a little about life’s secrets., (a) a little of life’s secrets, (c) nothing about life’s secrets, , (b) little about life’s secrets, (d) No improvement, , (7) You have come here with a view to insult me., (a) to insulting me, (c) for insulting me, , (b) of insulting me, (d) No improvement, , (8) This matter admits of no excuse., (a) admits to, , (b) admits for, , (c) admits, , (d) No improvement, , (9) He has not and can never be in the good books of his employer because he lacks honesty., (a) has not and cannot be, (c) has not been and can never be, , (b) has not and can never been, (d) No improvement, , (10) The logic of the Berlin Wall already had been undermined, but when the news came through that the, wall itself had been opened I jumped into a car., (a) had been undermined already, (c) had been already undermined, , (b) had already been undermined, (d) No improvement, , 06, Directions (Q. 1-7) In each of these questions some part of the sentence or the whole sentence is bold. Five, choices numbered (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) and (e) rephrasing the bold part follow each sentence. If the original part itself, seems better than the alternatives and ‘no change’ is desired, choose answer (a) and if not, choose one of the other., For each sentence, consider the requirement of standard written English. Your choice should be correct and effective, expression, not awkward or ambiguous. If a choice changes the meaning of the original sentence, do not select it.
Page 624 :
614, , English Grammar & Composition, (1) If the present trend continues the cost of a good personal computer system even can be as low as ` 15,000, soon., (a) No change., (b) even soon can be as low as `15,000, (c) can soon be as low as `15,000, (d) as low as even ` 15,000 soon can be, (e) as low can soon be even ` 15,000, , (2) As the message of the freedom struggle could not be spread over the government controlled radio, it, effectively was carried to the masses by the press., (a) No change., (b) it was effectively carried to the masses by the press, (c) by the effective press it was carried to the masses, (d) it was carried to the effective masses by the press, (e) to the effective masses it was carried by the press., , (3) From a study of University enrolment figures over the past decade, evidence is that women are, increasingly opting for professional courses., (a) No change, (b) the increasingly opting for professional courses by women is evidence, (c) evidently it is increasing the enrolment of women in professional courses, (d) it is evident that women are increasingly opting for provisional courses, (e) women are increasingly opting for professional courses, that is evident, , (4) The new draft legislation seeks to ensure that some of the profits form the commercialisation of, biodiversity goes to the know how actually possessed by local communities., (a) No change, (b) goes to the actual communities who possess the local know how, (c) actually goes to the communities that possess the know how locally, (d) to the local communities that possess the know how actually, (e) goes to the local communities that actually possess the know how, , (5) The rapid fall in birthrate achieved by China over the 1980s is placing a retiring strain on many old, workers who must retire now from the workforce., (a) No change, (b) places a strain on the old workers as they retire from the workforce, (c) is placing a strain on the workforce now as many old workers retire, (d) is placing many old workers on a strain as they must retire from the workforce, (e) is placing many old workers who must retire as a strain on the workforce, , (6) A recently carried out mega-analysis of two decades of published research does not suggest that there, should be an association between coffee drinking and coronary ailments., (a) No change, (b) suggests that there is no association between coffee drinking and coronary ailments, (c) suggests for no association between coffee drinking and coronary ailments, (d) any association between coffee drinking and coronary ailments is not suggests, (e) shows that coffee drinking should not be suggested to have an association with coronary ailments
Page 625 :
615, , Phrase Substitution or Sentence Improvement, , (7) In relation to the forthcoming parliamentary election the EC clarified that as no legislation had been, formulated, there was no question of raising the official ceiling on election expenses of candidates., (a) No change, (b) raising the ceiling on official election expenses of candidates could not be questioned, (c) no question had been raised regarding the official ceiling on election expenses of candidates, (d) the official ceiling on election expenses of candidates should be raised, there is no question, (e) there was no need to question the official ceiling on election expenses of candidates, , 07, Directions (Q. 1-10) Which of the following phrases (a) , (b) , (c) and (d) given below each sentence should, replace the phrase that are bold to make the sentence grammatically correct ? If the sentence is correct as it is, mark, (e) as the answer., [Bank PO], (1) It is true that there has been a considerable decline in rural poverty., (a) has been considerably declining, (c) have been considered decline, (e) No correction required, , (b) was considerably a decline, (d) has a considerable decline, , (2) They have been attending classes since the term began., (a) would attend, (c) would be attending, (e) No correction required, , (b) had attended, (d) should attend, , (3) He considers the new assignment as more challenging than much of the other assignments., (a) none for the other’s, (c) more of the other, (e) No correction required, , (b) most of the other, (d) rest of the other, , (4) Resolutions must be introducingquickly to repeal the outdated laws., (a) be introducing to quick repeal, (c) be quickly introduced to repeal, (e) No correction required, , (b) have to be introduced to quick repealing, (d) be quick introducing to repeal, , (5) The driver didn’t accede at the demand of the people as he was aware of the risk involved in it., (a) was not accede at the demand, (c) was not acceded by the demand, (e) No correction required, , (b) didn’t accede at demanding, (d) didn’t accede to the demand, , (6) Though his actions were severe criticisum he didn’t lose his temper., (a) were severely criticised, (c) were at severely criticising, (e) No correction required, , (b) had severely criticised, (d) had severe criticised, , (7) Yogic exercises and meditation seems to be a help modern men and women deal effectively with, anxiety., (a) seem to help, (c) seem to have help, (e) No correction required, , (b) seems to be helping, (d) seems to help, , (8) Despite all the complaints against him, we must admit that his behaviour with other has always, , courteous., (a) had always courteous, (c) has always been courteous, (e) No correction required, , (b) have always courteous, (d) has always been courteously
Page 626 :
616, , English Grammar & Composition, (9) Whom did you intend to to offer the job besides the two young boys?, (a) Who are you intending to, (a) Who do you intend for, (e) No correction required, , (b) Whom do you intended to, (d) Whom had you been intended for, , (10) She always behaves as if she has not care at all about my feelings., (a) as though she will not, (c) as far as she doesn’t, (e) No correction required, , (b) as if she doesn’t, (d) like if she does not, , 08, Directions (Q. 1-15) Look at the bold part of each sentence. Below each sentence are given three possible, substitutions for the bold part. If one of them (a) , (b) or (c) is better than the bold part, indicate your response, against the corresponding letter (a) , (b) or (c) . If none of the substitutions improves the sentence, indicate (d) as, your response. Thus, (a) ‘No improvement’response will be signified by the letter (d)., (1) Being given to understand that there is a vacancy of an assistant in the firm, an application was, submitted by me., (a) an application has been submitted by myself, (c) I submitted an application, , (b) an application by me was submitted, (d) No improvement, , (2) She drives her car at eighty miles each hour., (a) an hour, (c) hourly, , (b) every hour, (d) No improvement, , (3) I hope it will not rain when they have started their journey., (a) they will have started their journey, (c) they start their journey, , (b) they will start their journey, (d) No improvement, , (4) After a six-hour marathon session, the two political parties are united together., (a) joined, (c) united, , (b) together, (d) No improvement, , (5) I gave my niece a children’s very colourfully illustrated encyclopedia., (a) a very colourfully illustrated children’s encyclopedia., (b) a child’s very colourfully illustrated encyclopedia., (c) an illustrated child’s very colourful encyclopedia., (d) No improvement, , (6) Nearly everyone suffers when unemployment rises., (a) Everyone nearly, , (b) Nearly all, , (c) Nearly each one, , (d) No improvement, , (7) If you wrote to me earlier, I would have easily solved your problem., (a) were writing, , (b) had written, , (c) have written, , (d) No improvement, , (c) at all understand, , (d) No improvement, , (8) Can’t you never understand what has been said ?, (a) ever understand, , (b) rather understand, , (9) The limestone formations suggest that in the distant past, the area was a vast sea filled with creatures that, absorb calcium compounds from the water., (a) absorbs, , (b) absorbed, , (c) had absorbed, , (d) No improvement, , (c) is my book, , (d) No improvement, , (10) He asked me where was my book., (a) my book was, , (b) my book is
Page 627 :
617, , Phrase Substitution or Sentence Improvement, (11) Suddenly she became conscious regarding the presence of a stranger in the room., (a) about, , (b) of, , (c) over, , (d) No improvement, , (12) This is the first time in my memory that the river has overflown the banks., (a) overflew, (c) overflowed, , (b) has overflowed, (d) No improvement, , (13) What I learned is that freedom is really the result of how you will remove obstacles., (a) you would remove, (c) you remove, , (b) you can remove, (d) No improvement, , (14) The workers are waiting for their pay packet since morning., (a) would be waiting, (c) have been waiting, , (b) were waiting, (d) No improvement, , (15) Ensure to contact with as many teachers as possible., (a) contact, , (b) contact on, , (c) contact to, , (d) No improvement, , 09, Directions (Q. 1-6) Look at the bold part of each sentence. Below each sentence are given in three possible, substitutions for the bold part. If one of them (a) , (b) or (c) is better than the bold part, indicate your response on, the Answer Sheet against the corresponding letter (a) , (b) or (c) . If none of the substitutions improves the sentence,, indicate (d) as your response on the answer Sheet. Thus, a ‘No improvement’ response will be signified by the letter, (d)., [NDA], (1) I can’t tackle this problem which with all its complications have confused me., (a) has, , (b) had, , (c) will have, , (d) No improvement, , (2) My friend would have missed the train if he had not hurried., (a) had missed, , (b) has missed, , (c) missed, , (d) No improvement, , (c) is it, , (d) No improvement, , (3) We have plenty of time isn’t it?, (a) haven’t we, , (b) have we, , (4) The criminal as well as his accomplice was arrested., (a) were, , (b) are being, , (c) have been, , (d) No improvement, , (5) The world’s population will continue to grow when the birthrate exceeds the death-rate., (a) as long as, , (b) unless, , (c) until after, , (d) No improvement, , (6) Until he does not ask for an apology, I am not going to reinstate him., (a) does ask for, , (b) asked for, , (c) asks for, , (d) No improvement, , 10, Directions (Q. 1-10) Which of the following phrases (a) , (b) , (c) and (d) given below each sentence should, replace the phrase that are bold to make the sentence grammatically correct ? If the sentence is correct as it is, mark, (e) as the answer., [Bank PO], (1) All the members of the club were assembled to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the club., (a) had assembled to celebrate, (c) had been assembled for celebrating, (e) No correction required, , (b) were assembling to celebrate, (d) assembled to celebration, , (2) Increased productivity necessary reflects greater efforts made by the employees., (a) Increase in productivity necessary, (c) Increase of productivity necessary, (e) No correction required, , (b) Increased productivity is necessary, (d) Increased productivity necessarily
Page 628 :
618, , English Grammar & Composition, (3) The earnest appeal by the staff members that the salaries be subjected to up ward revision were, rejected by the industrialist., (a) upwardly revision was rejected, (c) upward revising were rejectable, (e) No correction required, , (b) upward revision was rejected, (d) upwardly revision was rejectable, , (4) Speculations and hypothesising are the most essential and well known aspects of inventions., (a) hypothesis has been, (c) hypothesis makes, (e) No correction required, , (b) hypothesising needs, (d) hypothesising confronts, , (5) The alarming report of the building collapse made everyone spell bound., (a) alarmed report, (c) reporting alarm, (e) No correction required, , (b) alarmed reporting, (d) reported alarm, , (6) Your good gestures will highly appreciate., (a) will be highly appreciate, (c) will be highly appreciated, (e) No correction required, , (b) will be high appreciative, (d) would be high appreciation, , (7) Yogic exercise seems to be help urban population deal effectively with stress., (a) seems to be helpful, (c) seems to help, (e) No correction required, , (b) seems to be helped, (d) seemed to be of helping, , (8) They fell very proudly that their team had won the match., (a) feel very proudly, (b) felt very pride, (e) No correction required, , (c) feel very pride, , (d) felt very proud, , (9) The pedestrians must to be very cautious while crossing the road., (a) should have to, (c) should have, (e) No correction required, , (b) must be, (d) are required to be, , (10) I am sure that he has recovered from his illness and he will accompany us to the picnic spot., (a) and that he will accompany, (c) but he will accompany, (e) No correction required, , (b) and that he will be accompanied, (d) although he will accompany, , 11, Directions (Q. 1-10) In these questions, which of the phrases (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below should replace, the phrase bold in the following sentence to make the sentence grammatically meaningful and correct. If the sentence, is correct as it is and no correction is required, mark (e) as the answer., [Indian Bank PO], (1) He will be greatly surprised if he was felicitated by his staff members, (a) if he will have felicitated, (c) if he is felicitated, (e) No correction required, , (b) unless he was felicitated, (d) if he would have felicitated, , (2) Did you know when shall he be leaving for higher studies to the USA?, (a) should he be left, (c) he would be left, (e) No correction required, , (b) he would be leaving, (d) would he have left
Page 629 :
619, , Phrase Substitution or Sentence Improvement, (3) The labour contractors reported that they had finished the work of building the stone wall., (a) had been finished, (c) could be finished, (e) No correction required, , (b) was finished, (d) has finished, , (4) For want of financial resources, he was unable to continue his studies., (a) unabled to continue, (c) unable to have continued, (e) No correction required, , (b) unable to be continued, (d) unable to continuing, , (5) He complained of being unjustily treatment., (a) of being unjustly treated., (c) that unjust treatment being given, (e) No correction required, , (b) for being injustice in treatment., (d) for being unjustly treatment., , (6) The donation amount was such that as I was expected him to donate., (a) so that as I expected, (c) such as that I expect, (e) No correction required, , (b) such that I expected of, (d) exactly as I had expected, , (7) It is pity that no one in the family disapproves by his getting up late., (a) disapproved by his getting up, (c) disapproved that he is getting up, (e) No correction required, , (b) disapproves of his getting up, (d) disapproved why he got up, , (8) He is less likely to win unless he practised rigorously and regularly., (a) until he practised, (c) unless he practises, (e) No correction required, , (b) unless he practise, (d) unless he does not practise, , (9) Because it was a stormy night, be dare not to go out in the dark., (a) dared not to go, (c) dared not to have gone, (e) No correction required, , (b) dare not went, (d) dare not goes, , (10) Just when they reach the station, the train had departed., (a) Just before they reach, (c) Just when they had reached, (e) No correction required, , (b) After they just reach, (d) Just before they reached, , 12, , Sentence Improvement, Directions (Q. 1-15) In these questions look at the bold part of each sentence. Below the sentence are given, three possible substitutions for the bold part. If any one of substitutions (a), (b) or (c) is better than the bold part,, choose that substitution as your response. If none of the substitutions improves the sentence, choose (d) as your, response. Thus, a ‘No improvement’ response will be signified by the letter (d)., [CDS], (1) The sun was shining such brightly that Leela had to put on her sun-glasses., (a) very, , (b) too, , (c) so, , (d) No improvement, , (c) was, , (d) No improvement, , (2) If I were you, I would report the matter at once., (a) be, , (b) am, , (3) The document is concerning your health and that of your family., (a) concerns with, , (b) is concerned with, , (c) concerns, , (d) No improvement
Page 630 :
620, , English Grammar & Composition, (4) The lady laid out a special dinner for her husband on his birthday., (a) laid, , (b) laid up, , (c) laid by, , (d) No improvement, , (5) Epidemics are likely to break off in the areas from where flood-water has receded., (a) break out, , (b) break up, , (c) break in, , (d) No improvement, , (c) upon his, , (d) No improvement, , (c) very big, , (d) No improvement, , (6) There is no objection to him joining the party., (a) on him, , (b) to his, , (7) You are too big to go out alone., (a) big enough, , (b) so big, , (8) One of my old friends has invited me for tea in the evening., (a) To take tea, , (b) to tea, , (c) on tea, , (d) No improvement, , (9) Hardly had he saddled the horse than the mare broke loose and galloped down the hill., (a) that, , (b) when, , (c) than, , (d) No improvement, , (10) The speaker tried to work up the emotions of his audience., (a) round, , (b) off, , (c) in, , (d) No improvement, , (11) Until the sky is overcast, I take my raincoat with me., (a) When, , (b) Even if, , (c) Whenever, , (d) No improvement, , (12) His discourse about the meteorology was very stimulating., (a) on, , (b) of, , (c) concerning, , (d) No improvement, , (c) admitted to, , (d) No improvement, , (c) don’t you ?, , (d) No improvement, , (13) Mira told her brother that she had made a mistake., (a) said to, , (b) pleaded to, , (14) You don’t want a beggar to look happy isn’t it ?, (a) aren’t you ?, , (b) do you ?, , (15) The instructor told the student to hold the club lightly to keep his eye on the ball but should not use too, much force., (a) and not, , (b) and not to, , (c) still not to, , (d) No improvement, , 13, Directions (Q. 1-11) In these questions look at the bold part of each sentence. Below the sentence are given, three possible substitutions for the bold part. If any one of substitutions (a) , (b) or (c) is better than the bold part,, choose that substitution as your response. If none of the substitutions improves the sentence, choose (d) as your, response. Thus, a ‘No improvement’ response will be signified by the letter (d)., (1) It is no good to cry over spilt milk., (a) It is no good crying, (d) No improvement, , [NDA], , (b) It is of no good to cry (c) It is of no good crying, , (2) He has been working off and on for several years to compile a dictionary., (a) on or off, , (b) on and off, , (c) regularly, , [SBI PO], , (d) No improvement, , (3) Rohit assured Sunita that he would look at her work while she was on leave., (a) would overlook, , (b) would look after, , (c) will look, , [BSRB], , (d) No improvement, , (4) Newton wanted to know why did the apple fall to the ground., (a) know that why did the apple fall, (c) know that why the apple fell, , (5) He was extremely unhappy because of the inordinately delay., (a) the inordinate delaying, (c) the inordinately delaying, , [CBJ], , (b) know why the apple fell, (d) No improvement, (b) the inordinate delay, (d) No improvement, , [Bank PO]
Page 631 :
621, , Phrase Substitution or Sentence Improvement, (6) There is no more room for you in this compartment., (a) There is no more accommodation, (c) There is no more seat, , [Section Officer], , (b) There is no more space, (d) No improvement, , (7) When he arrived to attend the wedding of his brother, he had been dressed in dark suit., (a) dressed, , (b) was dressed, , (d) No improvement, , (c) count him on, , (d) No improvement, , (8) I can always count on him in times of difficulty., (a) count at him, , (b) count on he, , [BSRB Patna], , (9) Sunita told me that she would not mind to stand and eating the lunch., (a) to stand and eat, (c) standing and eat, , [NDA], , (c) had dressed, , [Income Tax], , (b) standing and eating, (d) No improvement, , (10) Modern industrialised communities have lost touch with the soil and do not experience that joy which, nature gives and the rich glow of health that which comes from contact with mother earth., [CBI], (a) which comes from contact with., (c) which flows how from contact with, , (b) which comes out from contact with, (d) No improvement, , (11) He has been receiving no other message than an urgent telegram asking him to rush his village, immediately., [Bank PO], (a) asking him rushing at his village, (c) asking him to rush to his village, , (b) asked him to rush his village., (d) No improvement, , 14, Directions (Q. 1-7) In these questions look at the bold part of each sentence. Below the sentence are given, three possible substitutions for the bold part. If any one of substitutions (a) , (b) or (c) is better than the bold part,, choose that substitution as your response. If none of the substitutions improves the sentence, choose (d) as your, response. Thus, a ‘No’ ‘improvement’ response will be signified by the letter (d)., (1) Each of our students pay their tuition fee at the beginning of the month., (a) student pay their, , (b) students pays their, , (c) students pays his, , [Asstt Grade], , (d) No improvement, , (2) I told him clearly that he hadn’t ought to do that to me., (a) ought not to have done, (c) ought not has done, , [Bank PO], , (b) ought not done, (d) No improvement, , (3) The fast train come a halt to before crossing the bridge., (a) came before to a halt, (c) came to halts before a, , (4) I took the cycle which he has bought yesterday., (a) that he bought yesterday, (c) that which he had bought yesterday, , [BSRB], , (b) came to a halt before, (d) No improvement, [Stenographers], , (b) that he had bought yesterday, (d) No improvement, , (5) The practical importance of the role of the industrialist in the establishment of the new order is greater than, the economist and the politician., [Railways], (a) of the economist and politicians, (c) that of the economist and the politician, , (b) that of the economists and the politicians, (d) No improvement, , (6) The poor villagers have waited in the bitter coller more than four hours now., (a) has been waiting, (c) have been waiting, , (7) They succeeded without hardly making any effort., (a) hardly without making, (c) without making, , [IES], , (b) had waited, (d) No improvement, [CBI], , (b) with hardly making, (d) No improvement
Page 632 :
622, , English Grammar & Composition, , 15, Directions (Q. 1-6) In these questions look at the bold part of each sentence. Below the sentence are given, three possible substitutions for the bold part. If any one of substitutions (a) , (b) or (c) is better than the bold part,, choose that substitution as your response. If none of the substitutions improves the sentence, choose (d) as your, response. Thus, a ‘No improvement’ response will be signified by the letter (d)., (1) He was urgently in need to get his eye operation., (a) of an eye operation, (c) for eye to be operated, , [CBI], , (b) for operation on eye, (d) No improvement, , (2) By definition, make a map is to select certain features as relevant and ignore others., (a) To make a map by definition, (c) Map making is defined as, , (3) We demonstrated to them how we were prepared the artistic patterns., (a) are prepared, (c) had prepared, , [RBI], , (b) In making a map, the definition, (d) No improvement, [SBI PO], , (b) have prepared, (d) No improvement, , (4) Asking me why was I absent, I was punished by the Headmaster., , [CBI], , (a) why was I absent, was I punished by the Headmaster., (b) why I was absent, was I punished by the Headmaster., (c) why I was absent, the Headmaster punished me., (d) No improvement, , (5) Do you remember to meet her at my house last year ?, (a) remember of meeting her, (c) remember having met her, , [UDC], , (b) remember about meeting her, (d) No improvement, , (6) If you had attended the meeting, you would have benefitted a great deal., (a) would benefit, , (b) could benefit, , (c) benefited, , [Stenogarphers], , (d) No improvement, , 16, Directions (Q. 1-8) In these questions look at the bold part of each sentence. Below the sentence are given, three possible substitutions for the bold part. If any one of substitutions (a) , (b) or (c) is better than the bold part,, choose that substitution as your response. If none of the substitutions improves the sentence, choose (d) as your, response. Thus, a ‘No improvement’ response will be signified by the letter (d)., (1) Although partially destroyed, the experts were able to infer from what remained that the treasure was, buried in the cave., (a) Although partially destroyed, the experts had inferred, (b) Destroyed partially, the experts were able to infer, (c) Although it had been partially destroyed, the experts were able to infer, (d) No improvement, , [RBI], , (2) The Principal lamented that though a detailed report was submitted to the management a month ago, no, action is being taken so far., [Bank PO], (a) no action had taken, (c) any action had been taken, , (b) no action has been taken, (d) No improvement, , (3) May I know who did accompany you to the bus station ?, (a) who accompanied you, (c) whom did you accompany, , (b) must be, (d) No improvement, , [BSRB]
Page 633 :
623, , Phrase Substitution or Sentence Improvement, , (4) Leaving aside little room for misinterpretation, the senior politician offered clarification about his role in, the past elections., [Bank PO], (a) Leaving less room for, (c) Having left less room for, , (b) Leaving little room for, (d) No improvement, , (5) We should take up the first item, let us begin this song., (a) this song begin us, (d) No improvement, , [UDC], , (b) us begin with this song (c) this song begin us, , (6) Any able bodied man is eligible for the job., (a) Any able bodied men are, (c) Any able bodied men have been, , [NDA], , (b) Each able bodied man is, (d) No improvement, , (7) I, your brother and you will be partners in the business., (a) I, you and your brother, (d) No improvement, , [NDA], , (b) You, your brother and I (c) You, I and your brother, , (8) While we would like that all Indian children to go to school, we need to ponder why they do not., (a) all Indian children, (c) if all the children of India, , (b) that all the Indian children, (d) No improvement, , [CDS], , 17, Directions (Q. 1-5) In these questions look at the bold part of each sentence. Below the sentence are given, three possible substitutions for the bold part. If any one of substitutions (a) , (b) or (c) is better than the bold part,, choose that substitution as your response. If none of the substitutions improves the sentence, choose (d) as your, response. Thus, a ‘No improvement’ response will be signified by the letter (d)., (1) I think in my opinion that all those who claim to be honest are not really so., (a) In my opinion, (c) It is my believing, , (b) It seems to me, (d) No improvement, , [CBI], , (2) Will you lend me few rupees in this hour of need., (a) borrow me a few rupees, (c) lend me a few rupees, , [Section Officers], , (b) lend my any rupees, (d) No improvement, , (3) Hold hands of your child while crossing the road., (a) your child’s hands, (c) hand of your child, , (b) your child’s hand, (d) No improvement, , [CBI], , (4) Have you not reached in time, we would have lost our lives?, (a) Had you not reach, (c) Had you not reached, , [Bank PO], , (b) If you have not reached, (d) No improvement, , (5) You must accustom yourself with new ideas., (a) accustomed with, (c) accustom yourself to, , (b) accustom to, (d) No improvement, , [NDA], , 18, Directions (Q. 1-10) In these questions look at the bold part of each sentence. Below the sentence are given, three possible substitutions for the bold part. If any one of substitutions (a) , (b) or (c) is better than the bold part,, choose that substitution as your response. If none of the substitutions improves the sentence, choose (d) as your, response. Thus, a ‘No improvement’ response will be signified by the letter (d)., [CDS], (1) The climate of Delhi is somewhat like Jaipur., (a) like Jaipur’s, , (b) as Jaipur’s, , (c) as Jaipur, , (d) No improvement
Page 634 :
624, , English Grammar & Composition, (2) His brother never has and never will be dependable., (a) never had, , (b) never has been, , (c) was never being, , (d) No improvement, , (3) If you would have remembered to bring the map, we would not have lost our way., (a) had remembered, , (b) were remembering, , (c) remembered, , (d) No improvement, , (b) carry out, , (c) carry of, , (d) No improvement, , (b) was drowned, , (c) was sunk, , (d) No improvement, , (c) beg off your leave, , (d) No improvement, , (4) You must carry on my order., (a) carry off, , (5) The boat was drowned., (a) was drown, , (6) Now I must beg leave of you., (a) beg your leave, , (b) beg of your leave, , (7) When describing the accident he was in tears., (a) In describing, , (b) When he was describing (c) As describing, , (d) No improvement, , (8) The two thieves distributed the loot between themselves., (a) among themselves., , (b) amongst themselves, , (c) with themselves., , (d) No improvement, , (9) The preservation of peace is necessary., (a) maintenance of peace (b) establishment of peace (c) persuasion of peace, , (d) No improvement, , (10) The spirit of democracy had sped into our way of thinking., (b) permeated, , (c) soaked into, , (d) No improvement, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , (a) leaked into, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) (d),, , (2) (b),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (b)., , (2) (a),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (b)., , (2) (d),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (e),, , (5) (a)., , (1) (a),, , (2) (c),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (a),, , (7) (a),, , (8) (c),, , (9) (b),, , (10) (d)., , (1) (a),, , (2) (a),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (a),, , (8) (d),, , (9) (c),, , (10) (b)., , (1) (c),, , (2) (b),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (e),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (a)., , Solution TYE 02, (1) (c),, , Solution TYE 03, (1) (b),, , Solution TYE 04, , Solution TYE 05, , Solution TYE 06
Page 635 :
625, , Phrase Substitution or Sentence Improvement, Solution TYE 07, (1) (e),, , (2) (e),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (d),, , (6) (a) ,, , (7) (a),, , (8) (c),, , (9) (e),, , (10) (b)., , (1) (c),, (6) (d),, , (2) (a),, (7) (b),, , (3) (c),, (8) (a),, , (4) (c),, (9) (b),, , (5) (a),, (10) (a),, , (11) (b),, , (12) (d),, , (13) (c),, , (14) (c),, , (15) (a)., , (2) (d),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (a),, , (1) (a),, , (2) (d),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (e),, , (5) (e),, , (6) (c),, , (7) (c),, , (8) (d),, , (9) (b),, , (10) (a)., , (1) (c),, , (2) (b),, , (3) (e),, , (4) (e),, , (5) (a),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (b),, , (8) (c),, , (9) (a),, , (10) (d)., , (1) (c),, (6) (b),, , (2) (d),, (7) (d),, , (3) (b),, (8) (b),, , (4) (a),, (9) (b),, , (5) (a),, (10) (d),, , (11) (c),, , (12) (a),, , (13) (d),, , (14) (b),, , (15) (b)., , (2) (d),, (7) (b),, , (3) (b),, (8) (d),, , (4) (b),, (9) (b),, , (5) (b),, (10) (a),, , (2) (a),, (7) (c)., , (3) (b),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (c),, , (2) (c),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (c),, , (1) (c),, , (2) (b),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (d),, , (7) (b),, , (8) (a)., , (2) (c),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (c),, , (1) (a),, , (2) (b),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (d),, , (7) (b),, , (8) (d),, , (9) (a),, , (10) (b)., , Solution TYE 08, , Solution TYE 09, (1) (a),, (6) (c)., , Solution TYE 10, , Solution TYE 11, , Solution TYE 12, , Solution TYE 13, (1) (a),, (6) (c),, , (11) (c)., , Solution TYE 14, (1) (c),, (6) (c),, , Solution TYE 15, (1) (a),, (6) (d)., , Solution TYE 16, , Solution TYE 1, (1) (a),, , Solution TYE 18
Page 637 :
627, , Ordering of Sentences, , (2) (A) Experts such as Larry Burns, head of research at GM, reckon that only such a full hearted leap will allow, the world to cope with the mass mootorisation that will one day come to China or India., (B) But once hydrogen is being produced from biomass or extracted from underground coal or made from, water, using nuclear or renewable electricity, the way will be open for a huge reduction in carbon, emissions from the whole system., (C) In theory, once all the bugs have been sorted out, fuel cells should deliver better total fuel economy than, any existing engines., (D) That is twice as good as the internal combustion engine, but only five percentage points better than a, Diesel hybrid., (E) Allowing for the resources needed to extract hydrogen from hydrocarbon, oil, coal or gas, the fuel cell has, an efficiency of 30%., (a) CEDBA, (c) AEDBC, , (b) CEBDA, (d) ACEBD, , 02, Directions (Q. 1-3) : The sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent, paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the given, choices to construct a coherent paragraph :, [CAT November, 2004], (1) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), , He felt justified in by passing Congress altogether on a variety of moves., At time he was fighting the entire Congress., Bush felt he had a mission to restore power to the presidency., Bush was not fighting just the democrats., Representative democracy is a messy business and a CEO of the White House does not like a legislature, of second guessers and time wasters., (a) CAEDB, (c) CEADB, , (b) DBAEC, (d) ECDBA, , (2) (A) The two neighbours never fought each other., (B) Fights involving three male fiddler crabs have been recorded, but the status of the participants was, unknown., (C) They pushed or grappled only with the intruder., (D) We recorded 17 cases, in which a resident that was fighting an intruder was joined by an immediate, neighbour, an ally., (E) We, therefore, tracked 268 intruder males until we saw them fighting a resident male., (a) BEDAC, (c) BDCAE, , (b) DEBAC, (d) BCEDA, , (3) (A) In the west, Allied Forces had fought their way through Southern Italy as far as Rome., (B) In June 1944, Germany’s military position in II World War appeared hopeless., (C) In Britain, the task of amassing the men and materials for the liberation of Northern Europe had been, completed., (D) The Red Army was poised to drive the Nazis back through Poland., (E) The situation on the Eastern front was catastrophic., (a) EDACB, (c) BDECA, , (b) BEDAC, (d) CEDAB
Page 638 :
628, , English Grammar & Composition, , 03, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In these questions, each passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth, sentences are given in the beginning. The middle four sentences in each have been removed and jumbled up. These, are labelled P,Q,R and S. You are required to find out the proper sequence of the four sentences from the given, [CDS], alternatives (a), (b), (c) and (d) :, (1) S1 : In 1945, America faced two powerful enemies in the World War., S6 : This was the weapon that ended the second World War., P : America found conventional weapons insufficient to crush them., Q : These were Germany and Japan who posed strong opposition to America., R : The result of this was the production of the Atom bomb., S : The government ordered scientists to conduct research and produce a new, deadly weapon., The proper sequence should be :, (a) Q P S R, , (b) P Q R S, , (c) Q P R S, , (d) P Q S R, , (2) S1 : Advertising is also advantageous to the consumer in that if it increases the sale of goods, industry, prospers and prices may be reduced., S6 : Advertising of this particular kind is planned to stimulate new wants or to induce buyers to change their, habits., P : There is no obvious connection, for example between a picture of a smiling girl and a certain brand sweets., Q : The advertiser’s assumption is that by looking at such pictures, the consumer would be influenced to buy, his products., R : On the other hand, much of the canvassing of which the consumer is the object does not convey, information but endeavours merely to draw the public attention to certain products., S : But most people like looking at pictures of pretty girls., The proper sequence should be :, (a) R Q S P, , (b) S P R Q, , (c) R P S Q, , (d) S Q R P, , (3) S1 : We are living in an age in which technology has suddenly ‘annihilated distance.’, S6 : In that event, we should be dooming ourselves to wipe each other out., P : We have never been so conscious of our variety as we are now that we have come to such close quarters., Q : Physically we are now all neighbours, but psychologically we are still strangers to each other., R : Are we going to let this consciousness of our variety make us fear and hate each other ?, S : How are we going to react ?, The proper sequence should be :, (a) Q P S R, , (b) Q P R S, , (c) P R Q S, , (d) S R P Q, , (4) S1 : Mom was pleased to receive your wishes on her birthday., S6 : Your Mom has forgotten all the bitterness and sends her blessings to you., P : Girl ! wishes are more powerful than any things in the world., Q : Both of us had forgotten the day., R : Your letter holds a proof of it., S : It was your letter and the card which reminded us of it., The proper sequence should be :, (a) P S Q R, , (b) Q R S P, , (c) R Q S P, , (5) S1 : A century ago, the cinema was just a mechanical toy., S6 : Finally, it has evolved as the century’s most potent and versatile art form., P : Thus, it gained respectability and acceptance., , (d) Q S P R
Page 639 :
629, , Ordering of Sentences, Q : It gradually came to be considered as an art form of the new era., R : By the 1920s, even its worst critics had to take it seriously., S : Later it was viewed as an extension of photography., The proper sequence should be :, (a) P Q R S, , (b) S Q R P, , (c) S P Q R, , (d) Q R S P, , 04, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Rearrange the following four sentences (A), (B), (C) and (D) in the proper sequence to, form a meaningful paragraph then mark the correct sequence as your answer :, [Agriculture Officers’ Conducted by BSRB], , (1) (A) It also gives rise to a feeling of antimosity among the different sections of society., (B) In a democratic system, frequent use of power is never desirable, it on the part of government or the people., (C) Therefore, citizens should never resort to violent ways and means in democracy, though they have the, right to oppose the government., (D) It destroys the stability and security in public life., (a) DBAC, (e) DCBA, , (2) (A), (B), (C), (D), , (b) BDAC, , (c) BDCA, , (d) DACB, , He was so busy with them that he did not get time to eat., Thousands of people came to him and asked different types of questions., No one cared to see that he had his food or rest that night., Swami Vivekanand once stayed in a small village., (a) BCDA, (e) ABCD, , (b) CBAD, , (c) DBAC, , (d) DBCA, , (3) (A) The facts speak for themselves so they need exposition only, not demonstration., (B) At the present moment, it is widely recognised that India holds the balance in the world-wide competition, between rival ideologies., (C) It is not, of course, only in geographical sense that India is in a key position., (D) India’s key position simply needs pointing out., (a) DACB, (e) DABC, , (b) CDAB, , (c) BCDA, , (d) BDAC, , (4) (A) This feeling of an extensive group gives rise to a fellow feeling, a feeling of brotherhood among the, citizens., (B) This feeling takes up beyond the bounds of family, caste, religion and region and helps us develop a broad, perspective that we all of us together constitute an extensive group called the nation., (C) National integration is the feeling among all the citizens of a country that they are all a part of one nation ., (D) We do not then limit our thinking to our own caste or religion, but think about all our fellow citizens., (a) CDAB, (e) CBAD, , (b) CABD, , (c) CDBA, , (d) CBDA, , (5) (A) The peasant, the shoemaker, the sweeper and such other lower classes of India have much greater, capacity for work and self-reliance than you., (B) Remember that the nation lives in the cottage., (C) They are producing the entire wealth of the land without a word of complaint., (D) This process of production is going through long ages., (a) BDAC, (e) ADCB, , (b) BDCA, , (c) DCBA, , (d) BACD
Page 640 :
630, , English Grammar & Composition, , 05, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In questions 1 to 5, there are six sentences marked S 1 , S 6 , P,Q,R,S. The positions of S 1 and, S 6 are fixed as the first and last sentence of the passage. You are required to choose one of the four alternatives given, [NDA], below every passage which would be most logical sequence of the sentences in the passage :, (1) S 1 : His wrist watch had gone out of order., S 6 : His estimate appeared reasonable., P : He took it to a watch repairer., Q : He gave an idea of the likely cost of the replacement based on the examination of the watch., R : He found that some parts needed replacement., S : The repairer opened the outer case and checked the parts., The proper sequence should be :, (a) P Q S R, , (b) R Q S P, , (c) P S R Q, , (d) R P S Q, , (2) S 1 : Now-a-days, soap is going almost out of use as a washing agent., S 6 : There are better washing agents than soap,but scientists are not yet sure if their use is harmless to man., P : They produce lather due to the presence of calcium salts in water., Q : Its place has been occupied by a new range of chemicals, called detergents., R : So, they are called soapless soap., S : Detergents are not soap because they are not sodium or potassium derivatives of fatty acids, as normal, soap is., The proper sequence should be :, (a) S Q R P, , (b) Q S R P, , (c) S Q P R, , (d) Q P R S, , (3) S 1 : Our house is high up on the Yorkshire coast, and close to the sea., S 6 : Between the two, shifting backwards and forwards at certain seasons of the year, lies the most horrible, quicksand on the shores of Yorkshire., P : One is called the North spit and one the South., Q : The sand hills here run down to the sea and end in two stretches of rock, sticking out opposite each other., R : This one leads through a dark plantation of fir-trees, and brings you out between low cliffs to the loneliest, and ugliest little bay on all our coast., S : There are beautiful walls all around us in every direction except one., The proper sequence should be :, (a) S Q R P, , (4) S 1, S6, P, Q, , (b) Q S P R, , (c) Q P S R, , (d) S R Q P, , :, :, :, :, , Unhappiness and discontent spring not only from poverty., We suffer from sickness of spirit and hence we should discover our roots in the eternal., Man is a strange creature fundamentally different from other animals., If they are undeveloped and unsatisfied, he may have all the comforts of the wealth, but will still feel that, life is not worthwhile., R : He has far horizons invariable hopes, spiritual powers., S : What is missing in our age is the soul, there is nothing wrong with the body., The proper sequence should be :, (a) P R Q S, (c) S P Q R, , (b) S P R Q, (d) P R S Q, , (5) S 1 : Before we left Bareilly jail, a little incident took place which moved me then and is yet resh in my, memory., S 6 : This spontaneous act of courtesy and the kindly thought that prompted, it touched me and I felt very, grateful to him.
Page 641 :
631, , Ordering of Sentences, , P : He told me the packet contained old German illustrated magazines., Q : The superintendent of Police of Bareilly, an Englishman, was present there and as I got into the car, he, handed to me rather shyly a packet., R : I had never met him before, nor have I seen him since and I do not even know his name., S : He said that he had heard that I was learning German and so he had bought these magazines for me., The proper sequence should be :, (a) R Q P S, , (b) Q P S R, , (c) Q P R S, , (d) R Q S P, , 06, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Each passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth sentences are given in the, beginning. The middle four sentences in each have been removed and jumbled up. These are labelled P, Q, R and S., You are required to find out the proper order for the four sentences :, [Engineering Service], , (1) S 1 : Our ancestors thought that anything which moved itself was alive., S 6 : Therefore, some scientists think that life is just a very complicated mechanism., P : This philosopher Descartes thought that both men and animals were machines., Q : But a machine such as a motorcar or a steamship moves itself, and as soon as machines which moved, themselves had been made, people asked, “Is man a machine ?”, R : And before the days of machinery that was a good definition., S : He also thought that the human machine was partly controlled by the soul action on a certain part of the, brain,while animals had no souls., The proper sequence should be :, (a) P R S Q, , (b) R P Q S, , (c) P S Q R, , (d) R Q P S, , (2) S 1 : On vacation in Tangier, Morocco, my friend and I sat down at a street cafe., S 6 : Finally, a man walked over to me and whispered, “Hey buddy ... this guy’s your waiter and he wants your, order., P : At one point, he bent over with a big smile, showing me a single gold tooth and a dingy fez., Q : Soon I felt the presence of someone standing alongside me., R : But this one wouldn’t budge., S : We had been cautioned about beggars and were told to ignore them., The proper sequence should be :, (a) S Q R P, (c) Q S R P, , (b) S Q P R, (d) Q S P R, , (3) S 1 : The heart of the pump of life., S 6 : All this was made possible by the invention of the heart lung machine., P : They have even succeeded in heart transplants., Q : Now-a-days surgeons are able to stop a patient’s heart and carry out complicated operations., R : A few years ago it was impossible to operate on a patient whose heart was not working properly., S : If the heart stops we die in about five minutes., The proper sequence should be :, (a) S R Q P, (c) S Q P R, , (b) S P R Q, (d) S R P Q, , (4) S1 : In 1934, William Holding published a small volume of poems., S 6 : But Lord of the flies which came out in 1954 was welcomed as “a most absorbing and instructive tale’’., P : During the World War II (1939-45) he joined the Royal Navy and was present at the sinking of the, Bismarck., Q : He returned to teaching in 1945 and gave it up in 1962 and is now a full-time writer.
Page 642 :
632, , English Grammar & Composition, , R : In 1939, he married and started teaching at Bishop Wordsworth’s School in Salisbury., S : At first his novels were not accepted., The proper sequence should be :, (a) R P Q S, , (b) R P S Q, , (c) S R P Q, , (d) S Q P R, , 5. S1 : Sunbirds are among the smallest of India birds., S 6 : Our common sunbirds are the purple sunbird, the glossy black species, and purple rumped sunbird, the, yellow and maroon species., P : Though, they are functionally similar to the humming birds of the New World, they are totally unrelated., Q : They do eat small insects too., R : They are also some of the most brilliantly-coloured birds., S : Sunbirds feed on nectar mostly and help in pollination., The proper sequence should be :, (a) S Q P R, , (b) R P S Q, , (c) Q P R S, , (d) P S R Q, , 07, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In questions 1 to 5 each passage consists of six sentences. The first and the sixth sentences, are given in the beginning. The middle four sentences in each have been removed and jumbled up. These are labelled, P, Q, R and S. You are required to find out the proper order for the four sentences :, [CDS], , (1) S1 : There are numerous kinds of superstitions in different parts of the country., S 6 : A dog’s howling predicts death— this is a typical superstition., P : But people go on respecting it through force of blind custom., Q : Most of them have a bearing on ‘‘luck’’—good or bad., R : Superstitions, usually have their origin in fear and ignorance., S : Nobody remembers now how a superstition first started in remote ages., The proper sequence should be :, (a) Q P R S, , (b) R S P Q, , (c) R S Q P, , (d) Q S P R, , (2) S1 : Society in every country shapes itself out of it own initiative., S 6 : And our Indian women are as capable of doing it as any in the world., P : No one can or ought to do this for them., Q : Our part of duty lies in imparting true education to all men and women in society., R : Woman must be put in a position to solve their own problems in their own way., S : It will not be then necessary to pull down or set us anything in society by coercion., The proper sequence should be :, (a) S R Q P, , (3) S1, S6, P, Q, , (b) Q R S P, , (c) Q S R P, , (d) S R P Q, , :, :, :, :, , Many people believe that it is cruel to make use of animals for laboratory studies., It is in view of these facts that the Government of India has banned the export of monkeys to America., They point out that animals too have nervous systems like us and can feel pain., These people, who have formed the Anti-vivisection Society, have been pleading for a more humane, treatment of animals by scientists., R : Monkey, rabbits, mice and other mammals are used in large numbers by scientists and many of them are, made to suffer diseases artificially produced in them., S : We can avoid such cruelty to animals if we use alternative methods such as tissue culture, gas, chromatography and chemical techniques., The proper sequence should be :, (a) Q P R S, , (b) P R Q S, , (c) Q R S P, , (d) P S Q R
Page 643 :
633, , Ordering of Sentences, (4) S1, S6, P, Q, R, S, , :, :, :, :, :, :, , A spider’s web, after a shower of rain, is a very beautiful thing., They are also feared because their bites may have unpleasant effects like a rash on the skin., This explains partly why spiders are thoroughly disliked., But no poet has ever sung of the beauty of the spiders, for most spiders are not beautiful., On the contrary, most of them are rather unattractive, if not ugly !, Poets have sung about the beauty of the spider’s webs, comparing the water drops on them to ropes of, pearls., The proper sequence should be :, (a) S P Q R, , (b) Q S R P, , (c) Q R S P, , (d) S Q R P, , (5) S1 : We are what our thoughts have made us., S 6 : If good impressions prevail, the character becomes good, if bad it become bad., P : And so take care of what you think., Q : Every man’s character is determined by the sum total or these impressions., R : Every work we do, every thought that we think, leaves an impression on the mind-stuff., S : Thought live, they travel far., The proper sequence should be :, (a) S P R Q, , (b) R Q S P, , (c) P R S Q, , (d) R Q P S, , 08, Directions (Q. 1-8) : In each of the questions below four sentences are given which are denoted by (A), (B), (C), and (D). By using all the four sentences you have to frame a meaningful para. The correct order of the sentences is, your answer. Choose from the five alternatives the one having the correct order of sentences and mark it as your, answer :, [SBI Probationary Officers’], (1) (A) Now under liberated economy they are learning to compete domestically and globally., (B) In India corporations until recently achieved success by avoiding competition, using protected and, regulated domestic markets., (C) The trend is irreversible., (D) Business leaders are preparing themselves to meet competitive challenges, and to avoid being swept, away., (a) ABDC, (e) BADC, , (b) BDCA, , (c) BDAC, , (d) CDBA, , (2) (A) Recovery was given inadequate attention and consequently some bank branches regularly incurred heavy, losses and their parent bodies had to bale them out., (B) As a result, banks indulged in extensive lending to borrowers who had little or no potential to make, repayments., (C) To fulfil the social objectives laid down by the masters of nationalisation, banks were asked to lend to, identified priority sectors., (D) 1992-93 results showed that the loss making branches of public sector banks increased from 10000 to, 13000 and the quantum of losses showed at ` 3,369 crores., (a) BACD, (e) CDBA, , (b) DABC, , (c) CBAD, , (d) BCAD, , (3) (A) However, different rulers and governments dealt with the different groups in a compartmentalised manner., (B) Various situational and political changes have taken place over the past three and half centuries., (C) This tendency resulted in deeply embedded fragmented South American Society which became even, more prominent in the period 1948 until the commencement of the new constitution on May 19, 1994., (D) South Africa is a racially divided society since the first European settlers arrived in 1652., (a) BDAC, (e) BACD, , (b) DBAC, , (c) CABD, , (d) ACDB
Page 644 :
634, , English Grammar & Composition, , (4) (A) Such a system will help identify and groom executives for positions of strategists., (B) Evaluation of performance is more often than not done for the purpose of reward or punishment for past, performance., (C) They must become an integral part of the executive evaluation system., (D) Even where the evaluation system is for one’s promotion to assume higher responsibilities it rarely, includes items that are a key for playing the role of strategists effectively, e.g., the skills for playing the, role of change agent and creative problem solving., (a) DBAC, (e) CDBA, , (b) DCBA, , (c) ABCD, , (d) BDCA, , (5) (A) Finally, the bureaucratic organisation took over from the pioneering enterprise., (B) The nineteenth century was the age of entrepreneur, the self-made man., (C) Thoughtful business administration took over from action centred business entrepreneurship., (D) In the twentieth century the rational executive took command., (a) DBAC, (e) DBAC, , (b) CABD, , (c) BDCA, , (d) BCDA, , (6) (A) But categorisation schemes are not always helpful in determining what one can do with or about, organisational culture., (B) Much of the literature on organisational cultures is focused on categorising types of cultures., (C) It has taken the understanding of corporate culture far beyond what used to be called the informal, organisation., (D) This literature is both interesting and informative., (a) BDAC, (e) DBAC, , (b) BADC, , (c) BCDA, , (d) DABC, , (7) (A) Much of the argument that goes on around the alternative solution occurs because people hold different, perceptions of the problem., (B) One of the reasons that Japanese managers are perceived as making superior decisions compared to, Western managers is that they spend a great deal of effort and time determining that the problem is, correctly defined., (C) Unfortunately, too often in the West, managers assume that the initial definition of the situation is correct., (D) Up to half the time in meetings is spent in asking “Is this the real problem ?”, (a) BDCA, (e) ABCD, , (b) BCDA, , (c) CBDA, , (d) ACDB, , (8) (A) Participation involves more than the formal sharing of decisions., (B) Through anticipation, individuals or organisations considers trends and make plans, shielding institutions, from trauma of learning by shock., (C) Innovative learning involves both anticipation and participation., (D) It is an attitude characterised by cooperation, dialogue and empathy., (a) BCAD, (e) ACBD, , (b) ABCD, , (c) DACB, , (d) CBAD, , 09, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Rearrange the following five sentences (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E) in the proper sequence, so as to form a meaningful paragraph and then answer the questions given below them :, [Bank PO], (A) A study to this effect suggests that the average white-collar worker demonstrates only about twenty five, percent listening efficiency., (B) However, for trained and good listeners it is not unusual to use all the three approaches during a setting,, thus, improving listening efficiency.
Page 645 :
635, , Ordering of Sentences, , (C) There are three approaches to listening; listening for comprehension, listening for empathy and listening, for evaluation., (D) Although, we spend nearly half of each communication interaction listening, we do not listen well., (E) Each approach has a particular emphasis that may help us to receive and process information in different, settings., (1) Which sentence should come SECOND in the paragraph ?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (2) Which sentence should come FIFTH in the paragraph ?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (3) Which sentence should come FOURTH in the paragraph ?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (4) Which sentence should come FIRST in the paragraph ?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (5) Which sentence should come THIRD in the paragraph?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , 10, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Rearrange the following five sentences (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E) in the proper sequence to, form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them :, [PO], (A), (B), (C), (D), , The history of mankind is full of such fightings between communities, nation and people., From the primitive weapons of warfare, man has advanced to the modern nuclear weapons., Ever since the dawn of civilisation, man has been fighting with man., A modern war is scientific in character, but the effect is the same, wiping human existence out of this, earth., (E) The only difference now seems to be in the efficiency of the instruments used for killing each other., (1) Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence ?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (2) Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence ?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (3) Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence ?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (4) Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence ?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (5) Which of the following should be the FIFTH (last) sentence ?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , 11, Directions (Q. 1-7) : In each of the following questions, the first and the last parts of the passage are numbered, S 1 and S 6. The rest of the passage is split into four parts and named P, Q, R and S. These four parts are not given in, their proper order. Read the sentences and find out which of the four combinations is correct. Then find the correct, [SSC Clerks], answer :, (1) S1, P, Q, R, , :, :, :, :, , “As matter of fact”, said the boy modestly, “I’m a spaceman.”, “You can’t see it from here.”, “From another planet.”, “I’m a spaceman”, he said again.
Page 646 :
636, , English Grammar & Composition, , S : George and Cathy stared at the boy., S 6 : Cathy gasped, George gave a shout of laughter., (a) PSRQ, , (b) QPSR, , (c) RQPS, , (d) SRQP, , (2) S1 : I suddenly it began to climb swiftly and the next I knew it was speeding eastward again till it became a, speak in the blue morning., P : I didn’t know what force they could command, but I was certain it would be sufficient., Q : My enemies had located me, and the next thing would be a cordon round me., R : This made me do some savage thinking., S : The aeroplane had seen my bicycle, and would conclude that I would try to escape by the road., S 6 : In that case there might be a chance on the moors to the right or left., (a) RQPS, , (3) S1, P, Q, R, S, S6, , :, :, :, :, :, :, , (b) QPSR, , (c) PSRQ, , (d) SRQP, , His penance grew harder, he abjured even fruit., Then the water, too, that the girl offered him in leaf-cups lay untouched, Birds pecked at them as they lay rotting at his feet., She gathered wild blossoms and laid them humbly before him., The girl mused in sorrow: ‘Is there nothing left for me to do’., The ascetic took no notice., (a) RQPS, , (b) SRQP, , (c) QPSR, , (d) PSRQ, , (4) S1 : In other words, grammar grows and changes and there is no such things as correct use of English for the, past, the present, and the future., P : “The door is broke.”, Q : Yet this would have been correct in Shakespeare’s time !, R : Today, only an uneducated person would say, “My arm is broke.”, S : For example, in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, there is the line., S6 : All the words that man has invented are divided into eight classes which are called parts of speech., (a) PSQR, , (b) SPRQ, , (c) QPSR, , (d) RSPQ, , (5) S1 : There is no transportation system in any city that can compare in efficiency with the circulatory system of, the body., P : The larger one goes from the heart to the various parts of the body., Q : If you will imagine two systems of pipes, one large and one small, both meeting at a central pumping, station, you’ll have an idea of the Circulatory system., R : These pipes are called arteries, veins and capillaries., S : The smaller system of pipes goes from the heart to the lungs and back., S 6 : Arteries are blood vessels, in which blood is going away from the heart., (a) QSPR, , (6) S1, P, Q, R, S, , (b) PQSR, , (c) RSQP, , (d) SPRQ, , :, :, :, :, :, , Gandhiji’s first political fast was made soon after his return from Africa., He had also received help from their man’s sister., This was when the poor labourers of the cotton mills of Ahmedabad were on strike., He was a friend of the largest mill-owner., Gandhi had made the strikers promise to remain on strike until the owners agreed to accept the decision of, an arbitrator., S 6 : He did not fast against the mill-owners, but in order to strengthen the determination of the strikers., (a) SRPQ, , (b) QSRP, , (c) RPQS, , (d) PQSR
Page 647 :
637, , Ordering of Sentences, , (7) S1: A certain young man was entrusted to the care of a teacher., P : ‘This dullard will come to grief, if i send him away without a single lesson’, thought the teacher., Q : He was so dull of the mind that he could not, even in three months’ time, learn as much as a single lesson., R : The young man came to ask the teacher’s permission to go home., S : “It’s my business to provide a good education to my pupils to get on in life.”, S 6 : The teacher asked him to wait., (a) QPSR, , (b) PSRQ, , (c) SRQP, , (d) RQPS, , 12, Directions (Q. 1-7) : In each of the following questions, the first and the last part of the sentence are numbered, S 1 to S 6 respectively. The rest of the sentence is split into four parts and named P, Q, R and S. These four parts are not, given in their proper order. Read the sentence and find out which of the four combinations is correct. Then find the, correct answer and indicate on the Answer-Sheet., (1) S1: A study, P : success increases, Q : concludes that, R : and chances for, S : commitment to future tasks, S 6 : future success., (a) RQPS, , (2) S1, P, R, S6, , :, :, :, :, , (b) SRQP, , Putting it another way, what we see as our, we are constantly resetting, wins and losses., (a) RQSP, , (b) QPRS, , (c) QPSR, , (d) PSRQ, , Q : our goals throughout our lives, S : in response to, (c) PRSQ, , (d) RSQP, , (3) S1: Studies of Nobel laureates show that., P : or encounter professional, Q : and have strained relationship with friends and colleagues, R : they often publish less frequently, S : after winning the prize, S 6 : envy and rivalry, (a) SRQP, , (b) RQPS, , (4) S1 : There is, Q : from one nation, S : of independence, (a) SPQR, , (b) PRSQ, , (5) S1 : People who, Q : no way of taking, S : have no weaknesses., (a) PSQR, , (d) PSRQ, , (c) QPRS, , (d) RSPQ, , P : are terrible, R : there is, S 6 : advantage of them., (b) RSPQ, , (6) S1 There are, Q more ants, S, than, (a) PSQR, , (c) QPSR, , P : no such thing, R : as the gift, S 6 : to another., , (c) SPRQ, , (d) QSRP, , P any other kind of, R land animal, S 6 in the world., (b) RSPQ, , (c) SPRQ, , (d) QSPR
Page 648 :
638, (7) S1, P, Q, R, S, S6, , English Grammar & Composition, :, :, :, :, :, :, , For sometime, it was commonly assumed, after the treaty of Versailles, that Germany had caused World War I by her aggressive acts, by scholars and laymen alike, and by encouraging Italy in her aggression., (a) PRQS, , (b) SPQR, , (c) QPRS, , (d) QPSR, , 13, Directions (Q. 1-6) : Put the given sentences in each of the following questions in proper order :, (1) (A), (B), (C), (D), , His mother was dead., They had not sent him the sad information., Probably they knew his deep love for her., When Gandhi returned to India his son Hiralal was four., (a) DCAB, , (2) (A), (B), (C), (D), , (d) DCAB, , (b) CBDA, , (c) BCDA, , (d) CABD, , (c) BDCA, , (d) DBCA, , I will give you a copy of it., The book was published in New York., It is a very interesting book., It deals with mankind’s political future., (a) DCBA, , (4) (A), (B), (C), (D), , (c) DBAC, , It results from a carefully revised plan., Men work together for a cause or purpose., Team work does not just happen., It must be clearly known to them., (a) BCAD, , (3) (A), (B), (C), (D), , (b) DABC, , (b) CBDA, , He had inherited that money from an uncle., Mr Maini was an innocent man., It was regarding investing ten thousands rupees in my firm., He agreed to my proposal., (a) DCAB, , (b) BADC, , (c) CDAB, , (d) BDCA, , (5) (A) His elbow was bleeding., (B) He had a few bruises on his left hand., (C) I went into the crowd and was relieved to see that he wasn’t very badly injured., (D) A crowd gathered around my brother before he could stand up., (a) BCDA, , (6) (A), (B), (C), (D)., , (b) DABC, , (c) BADC, , (d) DCBA, , They were generally fed in the afternoon., But father said that it was most interesting to see them being fed., Gopal wanted to see the tigers and the lions first., When we entered the gate it was difficult to decide which way to go first., (a) ACDB, , (b) DCBA, , (c) BCDA, , (d) CBAD
Page 649 :
639, , Ordering of Sentences, , 14, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Rearrange in each of the following five sentences A, B, C, D and E in the proper sequence, so as to form a meaningful paragraph; then answer the questions given below them :, (1) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), , She said that she was a school teacher and a social worker., Then for sometime we discussed her plans for schooling of the children living in slums., Our conversation now took another direction., She also said that social work was her hobby only and not the job., I asked Meena about her occupation., (i) Which of the following should be the Second sentence?, (a) B, , (b) D, , (c) C, , (d) E, , (e) A, , (d) C, , (e) D, , (d) E, , (e) None of these, , (d) E, , (e) None of these, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (ii) Which of the following should be the Fourth sentence?, (a) E, , (b) A, , (c) B, , (iii) Which of the following should be the First sentence?, (a) A, , (b) C, , (c) D, , (iv) Which of the following should be the Last sentence ?, (a) C, , (b) D, , (c) B, , (v) Which of the following should be the Third sentence ?, (a) A, , (2) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), , (b) B, , (c) C, , But he added that there was a good deal to be said in favour or it., Govind asked what it was., Gopal told Govind that India would not progress until the caste system was abolished., Govind expressed hits surprise on hearing that there was a good deal to be said in favour of it., Gopal observed that there was truth in what he said., (i) Which of the following should be the Last sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (ii) Which of the following should be the First sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (iii) Which of the following should be the Second sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (iv) Which of the following should be the Fourth sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (v) Which of the following should be the Third sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (3) (A) Seema’s parents died in her early childhood., (B) Her uncle who had been kind to her was dead., (C) She spent most of her first ten years with her unkind aunt., (D) She always treated her wickedly and not as a loving niece., (E) Her three cousin sister also treated her as servant., (F) Despite such ill treatments, she grew up as sensitive and self-reliant lady., (i) Which of the following should be the Second sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (d) D, , (e) F
Page 650 :
640, , English Grammar & Composition, (ii) Which of the following should be the Last sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) E, , (e) F, , (d) E, , (e) F, , (d) E, , (e) F, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (iii) Which of the following should be the First sentence?, (a) B, , (b) C, , (c) D, , (iv) Which of the following should be the Fifth sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) D, , (v) Which of the following should be the Fourth sentence?, (a) B, , (b) C, , (c) D, , (4) (A) It is fixed on Tuesday., (B) We have, therefore, called him for interview., (C) Due to his illness he lost that job., (D) Ramesh was working in a factory., (E) Hence, he has applied for a job in my office., (i) Which of the following should be the First sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (ii) Which of the following should be the Second sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (d) D, , (e) E, , (iii) Which of the following should be the Third sentence?, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (iv) Which of the following should be the Fourth sentence?, (a) A, , (5) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (F), , (b) B, , (c) C, , Some of the world’s highest peaks are in the Himallayas., The Himalayas are beautiful mountains to the north of India., Therefore, we call them the Himalayas of the ‘abodes of snow’., The highest peak is Mount Everest., Thy stretch for two thousand miles from Kashmir to Assom., The top of the mountains are covered with snow., (i) Which of the following should be the First sentence?, (a) B, , (b) E, , (c) C, , (d) A, , (e) D, , (ii) Which of the following should be the Second sentence?, (a) B, , (b) C, , (c) E, , (d) D, , (e) A, , (d) E, , (e) C, , (d) A, , (e) C, , (d) C, , (e) B, , (iii) Which of the following should be the Third sentence?, (a) B, , (b) D, , (c) A, , (iv) Which of the following should be the Fifth sentence?, (a) A, , (b) F, , (c) B, , (v) Which of the following should be the Last sentence?, (a) D, , (b) A, , (c) E
Page 651 :
641, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Ordering of Sentences, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) (c),, , (2) (a)., , Solution TYE 02, (1) (d),, , (2) (a),, , (3) (b)., , (2) (c),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (d)., , (2) (c),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (e),, , (5) (d) ., , (2) (d),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (c)., , (2) (c),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (a)., , (2) (c),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (a)., , (2) (c),, (8) (d)., , (3) (b),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (c),, , (2) (a),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (b)., , (2) (a),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (e)., , (2) (d),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (a),, , (6) (b),, , (2) (a),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (c),, , (6) (d),, , (2) (d),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (d),, , (6) (b)., , Solution TYE 03, (1) (a),, , Solution TYE 04, (1) (b),, , Solution TYE 05, (1) (c),, , Solution TYE 06, (1) (c),, , Solution TYE 07, (1) (d),, , Solution TYE 08, (1) (e),, (7) (b),, , (6) (a),, , Solution TYE 09, (1) (e),, , Solution TYE 10, (1) (c),, , Solution TYPE 11, (1) (c),, (7) (a)., , Solution TYE 12, ,, , (1) (c),, (7) (d)., , Solution TYE 13, (1) (b),, , Solution TYE 14, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , (i) (e),, (i) (b),, (i) (a),, (i) (d),, (i) (b),, , (ii) (d), (ii) (c),, (ii) (d),, (ii) (c),, (ii) (c),, , (iii) (d),, (iii) (a),, (iii) (b),, (iii) (e),, (iii) (c),, , (iv) (c),, (iv) (e),, (iv) (b),, (iv) (b)., (iv) (b),, , (v) (d) ., (v) (d)., (v) (d)., (v) (d).
Page 653 :
643, , Double Blanks in A Sentence, , (3) Trying to .......... a team without a good and simple system is like trying to drive a car without a steering, wheel .........., (a) form, working, (c) organise, empowering, (e) achieve, developmental, , (b) place, exploratory, (d) make, guidance, , (4) .......... members of a group often .......... influence the outcome of a consensus forecast., (a) Fixed, exert, (c) Oral, legitimately, (e) Dominant, unduly, , (b) Majority, rightly, (d) Minority, Inadvertently, , (5) Transforming .......... bureaucracies into dynamic, this task of customer-driven organisations is .......... under, prevailing circumstances., (a) ideal, important, (c) inefficient, challenging, (e) lethargic, insurmountable., , (b) lazy, undesirable, (d) civilised, ineffective, , 02, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In each of the following sentences there are two blank spaces in the given sentences., Below each sentence there are five pair of words denoted by numbers (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e). Find out which pair, of words can be filled up in the blanks in the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence meaningfully, complete :, (1) The Deputy Manager........to resign because all his proposals were......down by his superiors., (a) planned, thrown, (c) began, kept, (e) threatened,turned, , (2) The counter clerk was very busy and.........not pay.......to Sameer’s request., (a) can, help, (c) had, cash, (e) certainly,acceptance, , [Bank PO], , (b) could, cooperation, (d) did, attention, , (3) He was initially.............at the suggestion but was soon..........it himself., (a) anger, rejecting, (c) impressed, negating, (e) suspicious, trusting, , [Bank PO], , (b) gave, held, (d) willing, knocked, , [SBI PO], , (b) shocked, advocating, (d) thrilled, propagating, , (4) Shalini was not..........by the criticism and paid no............even when her best friend talked against her., [SBI PO], , (a) bothered, attention, (c) threatened, warning, (e) shaken, indication, , (b) troubled, brained, (d) deterred, heed, , (5) She was..........because all her plan had gone............ ., (a) happy, selected, (c) distraught, awry, , [Asstt Grade], , (b) dejected, splendidly, (d) frustrated, magnificentlly, , (6) He preaches liberal views but in practice, he is not...............and is..........narrow minded than almost any, other person., [Bank PO], (a) tough, openly, (c) ambitious, hardly, (e) approachable, less, , (b) tolerant, more, (d) acceptable, genuinely
Page 654 :
644, , English Grammar & Composition, , (7) Ravi.........a bit........he was not invited by his friend to attend the party., (a) annoyed, before, (c) expressed, than, (e) surprised,about, , [Bank PO], , (b) angered, since, (d) grumbled, when, , (8) He is...........to...........any kind of work with due sincerity., (a) fond, perform, (c) determined, undertake, (e) willing, ignore, , [BSRB Clerk], , (b) reluctant, entrust, (d) eager, avoid, , (9) Children are more........than adults, it is........their quickness in learning a new language. [Indian Bank PO], (a) intelligent, disproved by, (c) conservative, seen in, (e) resourceful, proportionate to, , (b) adaptable, reflected in, (d) susceptible, demonstrated in, , (10) ......of crops was due to continuous.............. ., (a) Loss, draught, (c) Failure, drought, (e) None of these, , (b) Ruin, draft, (d) Depreciation, drift, , 03, Directions (Q. 1-9) : In each of the following sentences there are two blank spaces in the given sentences., Below each sentence there are five pair of words denoted by numbers (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e). Find out which pair of, words can be filled up in the blanks in the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence meaningfully complete, :, (1) Prabha’s.........in athletics yielded rich......as she got a scholarship., (a) performance, money, (c) behaviour, appreciation, (e) failure, disappointment, , [SBI PO], , (b) defeat, results, (d) excellence, dividends, , (2) The police........any attempt of arson by.....at the trouble spot quite in time., (a) squashed, surrounding, (c) predisposed, visiting, (e) pre-empted, arriving, , [SBI PO], , (b) made, encircling, (d) thwarted, presenting, , (3) The......imposed for non-payment was too......for it to bring in improvement in collection., (a) fine, severe, (e) punishment, harsh, , (b) toll, simple, , (c) penalty, low, , (4) Somesh......me coming to his table, he smiled and.......me a chair., (a) found, signalled, (e) welcomed, took, , (b) met, sat, , (c) looked, gave, , [Bank of Mah PO], , (d) saw, offered, , (5) The leaders were.....needed by those to.....they addressed., (a) angrily, who, (e) joyfully, when, , (b) readily, which, , (c) scarcely, whom, , [Bank PO], , (d) rarely, where, , (6) I am not.....to sell you my house unless you offer a more.......price., (a) agree, better, (e) None of these, , (b) prepared, realistic, , (c) ready, correct, , [Asstt Grade], , (d) having, actual, , (7) Due to.......rainf All this year, there will be........cut in water supply., (a) scanty, substantial (b) meagre, least, (e) abundant, considerable, , (c) sufficient, no, , [SBI PO], , (d) damage, cruel, , [BSRB Clerk], , (d) surplus, abundant
Page 655 :
645, , Double Blanks in A Sentence, , (8) In a changing and........unstructured business environment, creativity and innovation are being ........., demanded of executives., [MBA Entrance], (a) excessively, rapidly, (c) increasingly, moderately, (e) highly, speedily, , (b) highly, extremely, (d) progressively, increasingly, , (9) We are......to have him.....here to make this function a great success., (a) happy, have, (c) sure, come, (e) wonderful, again, , [Bank PO], , (b) unhappy, arrive, (d) pleased, over, , 04, Directions (Q. 1-18) : In each of the following sentences there are two blank spaces in the given sentences., Below each sentence there are five pair of words denoted by numbers (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e). Find out which pair of, words can be filled up in the blanks in the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence meaningfully complete, :, (1) To......yourself from.....wear warm clothes., (a) prohibit, heat, (e) prevent, ice, , (b) protect, cold, , [BSRB Officers], , (c) save, heat, , (d) suffer, cold, , (2) We.........him with many promises, but nothing would.....him., (a) tempted, influence, (e) negotiated, please, , (b) provoked, desicate, , (c) attracted, fascinate, , [N Bank PO], , (d) gave, deprive, , (3) In his......., he followed the.....course., (a) agony, funny, (c) hurry, diversified, (e) bewilderment, appropriate, , [SBI PO], , (b) ignorance, wrong, (d) predicament, proper, , (4) The construction of the hall has been.......because of the.......cement in the market., (a) held, non-availability, (c) hampered, shortage, (e) completed, disappearance, , (5) Only when..........failed, the police resorted to....., (a) efforts, power, (c) persuasions, force, (e) manipulations, arrests, , [Bank PO], , (b) denied, restrictions, (d) prevented, supply, [Bank PO], , (b) arrests, imprisonment, (d) power, punishment, , (6) The partners broke off as they found each other......of......breach of promise., (a) faulty, severe, (c) guilty, flagranst, (e) None of these, , (b) responsible, serious, (d) accused, rigid, , (7) They wanted to....all these books, but they could not find.....time to do so., (a) cover, almost, (c) dispose, some, (e) buy, some, , [BSRB Clerk], , (b) pursue, necessary, (d) read, sufficient, , (8) Though he is reputed for his technical...., his books were sadly........of the work of others as he lacked, originality., [Bank PO], (a) advice, unconscious, (c) knowledge, ignorant, (e) dependence, indicative, , (b) skill, independent, (d) expertise, derivative
Page 656 :
646, , English Grammar & Composition, , (9) He had managed to........several times, but was finally........by the police., (a) deceive, cheated, (c) escape, arrested, (e) abscond, kidnapped, , (b) defend, acquitted, (d) cheat, robbed, , (10) The candidate’s .......at the polls was.....as he won with a striking margin., (a) claim, unrealistic, (c) image, real, (e) candidature, inappropriate, , (11) In......of International matters, there is always an element of risk in.....one might do., (a) view, whichever, (c) defence, wrong, (e) spite, whatever, , [SBI PO], , (b) victory, overwhelming, (d) strategy, unsuccessful, [Bank PO], , (b) many, doing, (d) case, whatever, , (12) We must prevent endangered wild animal species from becoming.....in order that our future generation, may.....the great diversity of animal life., [Bank PO], (a) rare, escape, (c) volatile, notice, (e) extinct, enjoy, , (b) outdated, know, (d) powerful, protect, , (13) We cannot....such a/an.....act of violence., (a) tolerate, insipid, (c) commit, magnificent, (e) neglect, insignificant, , [SBI PO], , (b) consider, important, (d) pardon, egregious, , (14) The secretary.........the society’s funds,.....he was dismissed., (a) misplaced, soon, (c) pirated, therefore, (e) None of these, , (15) The.......words of the mother comforted the........child., (a) harsh, naughty, (c) soft, energetic, (e) None of the above, , [Asstt Grade], , (b) rolled, thus, (d) misappropriated, so, [SBI PO], , (b) sweet, happy, (d) melodious, playful, , (16) Santosh looked very happy and.........when he heard that his proposed scheme was.......by the committee., (a) energetic, rejected, (c) satisfied, stalled, (e) overwhelming, received, , (b) elated, accepted, (d) disconsolate, approved, , [SBI PO], , (17) It is indeed........that fifty years after independence, we have failed to.......a suitable education or, examination system., (a) bed, produce, (c) sad, evolve, (e) None of these, , (b) improper, create, (d) objectionable, present, , (18) The bandit...........the traveller of his purse, gold and.......him grievously., (a) snatched, hurt, (c) demanded, beat, (e) None of these, , (b) stole, injured, (d) robbed, wounded, , [BSRB Clerk]
Page 657 :
647, , Double Blanks in A Sentence, , 05, Directions (Q. 1-17) : In each of the following sentences there are two blank spaces in the given sentences., Below each sentence there are five pair of words denoted by numbers (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e). Find out which pair, of words can be filled up in the blanks in the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence meaningfully, complete:, (1) It is.......for every tax payer to.....the tax returns to the Income Tax Department., (a) necessary, lodge, (e) worthwhile, evade, , (b) binding, pay, , (c) obligatory, submit, , [RBI], , (d) possible, remit, , (2) The.....of glory lead but to the...... ., (a) ways, happiness, (c) paths, grave, (e) None of these, , (b) acts, prosperity, (d) achievements, suffering, , (3) If we do not take........care in our industry, we will have to........a grave problem., (a) normal, experience, , (b) proper, face, , (c) adequate, catch, , (d) intensive, aggravate, , [Bank PO], , (e) preventive, solve, , (4) He shifted to his late parent’s house not because of the.....it provided but for purely.........reasons., (a) convenience, sentimental, (c) reasons, monetary, (e) benefit, extraneous, , (b) satisfaction, aesthetic, (d) comforts, personal, , (5) The increasing revival of dramatic classics is to one critic,.......; it seems to him a sign of ........of the modern, theatre., [MBA Entrance], (a) auspicious, resurgence, (c) incomprehensible, paradox, (e) None of these, , (b) tragic, anaemia, (d) astounding, liveline, , (6) The activities of the association have.........from the.........objectives set for it in the initial years. [SBI PO], (a) grown, simple, (c) details, grand, (e) increased, perverse, , (b) deviated, original, (d) emerged, total, , (7) Those suffering from glaucoma find that their.......vision is.......and that they can no longer see objects not, directly in front of them., [MBA], (a) optical, distorted, (c) prephrastic, demurred, , (b) peripheral, impaired, (d) peripatetic, diminished, , (8) .........the broker had warned him that the stock was a..........investment, he insisted on buying a thousand, shares., [SBI PO], (a) because, prudent, (b) since, negligible, (e) although, precarious, , (c) because, speculative (d) as, vulnerable, , (9) Due to......rainfall this year, they had to.....cut in water supply., (a) scantly, lift, (b) heavy, regulate, (e) inadequate, impose, , (c) regular, clamp, , (10) He is so.....that everyone is always......to help in his work., (a) helpful, reluctant, (c) adamant, enthusiastic, (e) magnanimous, eager, , (b) aloof, cooperative, (d) miserly, ignorant, , [BSRB], , (d) sufficient, enforce, [RBI]
Page 658 :
648, , English Grammar & Composition, , (11) Instead of.........prove your worth by......something., (a) begging, demanding (b) talking, doing, (e) donating, demanding, , (c) worrying, paying, , [Bank PO], , (d) writing, reading, , (12) The great scientist........himself with ability and modernation all......the conference., (a) felt, about, (e) presented, though, , (b) displayed, in, , (c) disclosed, besides, , [Bank PO], , (d) conducted, through, , (13) The speech........with subtle threats has resulted in........tension in the sensitive areas of the city., [Bank PO], , (a) started, reduced, (b) replete, increased, (e) followed, continuous, , (c) full, escalating, , (d) forced, dissolving, , (14) The minister felt that the........made by the committee was.....even though similar schemes had worked, earlier., (a) decision, gainful, (b) choice, profitable, (e) recommendation, infeasible, , (c) acceptance, approved (d) election, acceptable, , (15) We can.......to travel by air, but we.......train journey., (a) spend, enjoy, (e) become, accept, , (b) desire, commute, , (c) afford, prefer, , [SBI PO], , (d) decide, undertook, , (16) He was convinced that people were driven by........motives that he believed there was no such thing as a, purely........act., [SBI PO], (a) personal, vengeful, (c) altruistic, praiseworthy, (e) sentimental, divine, , (b) personal, eternal, (d) ulterior, selfless, , (17) I don’t.........I shall be.......to go., (a) know, able, (c) think, able, (e) feel, available, , [Bank PO], , (b) consider, desirous, (d) believe, liking, , 06, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicates that something has, been omitted. Beneath the sentence there are four alternatives. Choose the alternative that best fits the meaning of, the sentence as a whole :, (1) The ......... tactics of the party drove the community ........ and all hell broke loose., (a) dilatory, berserk, , (b) timely, crazy, , (c) opportune, wild, , (d) apposite, excited, , (2) The female members of the group later.......... and went on to become divas., (a) joined, , (b) distended, , (c) distorted, , (d) disbanded, , (3) The chief........ him of his administrative powers and ............ him to the Bahamas., (a) invested, shipped, (c) incremented, sent, , (b) augmented, deported, (d) divested, deported, , (4) The valley was winding with the faint camp-fires of the scattered.......... ., (a) twigs, , (b) schools, , (c) coteries, , (d) contingents, , (5) The Republicans thought Adams a far-seeing statesman and a/an.........politician., (a) bacchanalian, , (b) neurotic, , (c) aphasic, , (d) astute, , (6) They feared that they might....... develop the.........raiding activity of the tribe into regular operation., (a) abruptly, spontaneous, (c) knowingly, spurious, , (b) incidentally, resplendent, (d) inadvertently, spurious
Page 659 :
649, , Double Blanks in A Sentence, , (7) Her sister, of whose..........and delicacy she was sure her opinion could never be shaken, was the talk of the, town now., (a) turpitude, , (b) rectitude, , (c) loose morals, , (d) wickedness, , (8) She denounced the fiendish pronouncements of the General as the........schemes of ..........and power-crazy, radical., (a) spurious, lenient, , (b) radical, beguiled, , (c) loose, morals, , (d) beneficial, high-strung, , (9) Already............tensions between the ethnic group and the refugees were..........last week after fresh riots, broke out., (a) reducing, toned down, (c) attenuated, driven away, , (b) low, sparked off, (d) escalating, aggravated, , (10) The spirit of the New year Eve’s celebrations was...........by the downpour of rains, much to their.............. ., (a) aggravated, delight, , (b) fired up, joy, , (c) dampened, chagrin, , (d) blown out, valour, , 07, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Each sentence in the questions has one or two blanks, each blank indicates that, something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are four lettered words or sets of words. Choose the word or set of, words for each blank that best fits into the meaning of the sentence as a whole :, (1) She stoically revealed that armed robbers had ransacked the home and .......... added that her grandparents, could not survive., (a) euphemistically, , (b) gravely, , (c) soberly, , (d) miserably, , (2) Ronnie was shocked to see his score in mathematics, getting one mark short was nothing short of a .......... ., (a) parody, , (b) heresy, , (c) travesty, , (d) carrion, , (3) He cleverly drew upon the.......... motives of his colleagues and made them contribute to the .......... fund., (a) miserly, sincere, , (b) insular, relief, , (c) craven, justice, , (d) altruistic, dubious, , (c) diverse, sparse, , (d) imperfect, random, , (4) The world is .........., its suffering.......... ., (a) perfect, sincere, , (b) just, scarce, , (5) There were two baskets kept for the garbage’s disposal, one was marked ..........and one was marked, ..........to simplify matters., (a) low, high, (c) parasitic, renevable, , (b) upward, downgraded, (d) biodegradable, recyclable, , (6) The task of the special committee was to put a .......... to the accelerating spread of the highly contagious, disease across the .......... states., (a) spur, far-flung, (c) brake, contiguous, , (b) hold , warring, (d) downclamp, factions, , (7) Aimed at putting a check on .......... disruptions to the WTO proceedings, the Riot Guards made it clear that, they can match the protestors’efforts stone by stone, .......... ., (a) rational, bridge by bridge, (c) putrid, hour by hour, , (b) justified, day by day, (d) irrational, brick by brick., , (8) Our initial days at Rockford were .........., quite surprising, the head boy was the biggest .........., and we, earned the nickname of the ‘Peevish Batch’., (a) calm, mediator, (c) turbid, arbiter, , (b) tempestuous, dissenter, (d) sane, leader, , (9) The poet .......... the beauty of the courtesan with his lyrical melodies., (a) condemned, (c) scorned, , (b) disparaged, (d) extolled
Page 660 :
650, , English Grammar & Composition, , (10) To the dismay of her friends, her father .......... shouted at the authorities and hurled .......... abuses at them., (a) vociferously, vituperative, (c) malignantly, carnal, , (b) gently, decibel, (d) cowardly, harsh, , 08, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Each sentence in the questions has one or two blanks, each blank indicates that, something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are four lettered words or sets of words. Choose the word or set of, words for each blank that best fits into the meaning of the sentence as a whole :, (1) A .............. is a.................... ., (a) norm, standard, (c) student, school, (e) thesis, superstition, , (b) knowledge, mistake, (d) doctrine, follower, , (2) A ........... shade of distinction is a ................. ., (a) beautiful, vindication, (c) subtle, nuance, (e) entire, paradox, , (b) complete, profanity, (d) thorough, prejudice, , (3) ............. flattery is known as ...................... ., (a) regular, maturity, (c) servile, adulation, (e) cowardly, temerity, , (b) indiscriminate, encomium, (d) unasked for, gratitude, , (4) At some private schools pupils are under the ............. of a ........... ., (a) guidance, palladium, (c) coaching, verity, (e) consensus, mentor, , (b) tutelage, preceptor, (d) assiduity, palladium, , (5) A large .............. centre is a/an ............. ., (a) district, affliction, (c) civic, utarchy, (e) educational, indignity, , (b) transport, automobile, (d) shopping, emporium, , (6) .............. persons are inclined to .............. ., (a) obese, corpulence, (c) domineering, temperance, (e) cowering, effrontery, , (b) generous, leanness, (d) vacillating, determination, , (7) A .............. is a temporary ................. ., (a) deviation, rest, (c) respite, relief, (e) feint, spell, , (b) shambles, journey, (d) paradox, enchantment, , (8) .......... language may also be termed ............ ., (a) eloquent, exiguous, (c) abusive, scurrilous, (e) denunciatory, peripatetic, , (b) frenzied, placid, (d) contumelious, flattering, , (9) A ........... of small stones is called a ............... ., (a) design, numismatist (b) collar, tiara, (e) pattern, mosaic, , (c) seller, connoisseur, , (d) mound, lithograph, , (10) Suzerainty is ........ control over a .......... state., (a) full, democratic, (e) economic, federate, , (b) domestic, backward (c) central, unified, , (d) political, dependent
Page 661 :
651, , Double Blanks in A Sentence, , 09, Directions (Q. 1-12) : Each sentence in the questions has one or two blanks, each blank indicates that, something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are four lettered words or sets of words. Choose the word or set of, words for each blank that best fits into the meaning of the sentence as a whole :, (1) To encourage colonial peoples in their aspirations to attain independence before it is ........ proved that a, .............. state will evolve instead of anarchy is unforgivable., (a) unchanged, formidable, (c) succinctly, redoubtable, (e) unequivocally, mobile, , (b) certainty, sympathetic, (d) incontrovertibly, viable, , (2) Human memory is not ............. especially on ancienty happenings that smack of the .............. ., (a) infallible, mythological, (c) confidant, fanciful, (e) noteworthy, fanciful, , (b) dependable, simple, (d) reliable, inventive, , (3) Athletes have so perfected their techniques in track and field events that the ........... becomes ............ before, record books can be published., (a) announcement, public, (c) time, authentic, (e) result, universal, , (b) meet, official, (d) fantastic , commonplace, , (4) Like the .......... part of an iceberg, much of what is really interesting in the capital is not...... ., (a) inner, known, (c) greater, dangerous, (e) lower, penetrable, , (b) submerged, visible, (d) upper, viable, , (5) Hence the word sophistry has an unfavourable ......... and means arguing deceitfully, attempting to turn a, poor case into a good one by means of clever but ................ reasoning., (a) denotation, ingenuous, (c) connotation, specious, (e) impact, cogent, , (b) meaning, ingenious, (d) significance, vague, , (6) He warned the workers against supporting these antisocial policies, which he declared would ............ rather, than ............. the plight of the common people., (a) rescue, destroy, (e) protract, inhibit, , (b) encourage, defy, , (c) aggravate, alleviate (d) empower, improve, , (7) The defense proposes to show that the incident that the prosecution so ........... rejects as did indeed take, place, is indeed historical fact., (a) blithely, undesirable, (c) cautiously, factual, (e) positively, inevitable, , (b) cavalierly, apocryphal, (d) persuasively, ignorance, , (8) We have criticized our university students for preferring the security of political silence and the safety of, ............ to the excitement of social ............ and humanitarian action., (a) acquiescence, dissent, (c) concealment, revolution, (e) security, insecurity, , (b) college, adventure, (d) tolerance, antagonism, , (9) The practice of painting slogans on rock faces, once a thriving industry in Britain, has fallen into ............., but there has recently been a/an ........... in Country Antrim., (a) oblivion, demand, , (b) misuse, artisan, , (c) disfavor, puheaval, , (d) mediocrity, surfeit, , (e) disuse, recrudescence
Page 662 :
652, , English Grammar & Composition, , (10) Curiously enough the very passages which set out to clarify only .........; the details are served up in, ................... three-page paragraphs which stupefy the reader., (a) adumbrate, excessive, (c) mystify, stimulating, (e) obfuscate, monolithic, , (b) obscure, succinct, (d) disturb, compact, , (11) Oddly enough .............. the prestige of the United States in such countries as Britain, France and Italy is, considered important here, Congress has been ............. about supplying funds to the U.S. Information, Agency in these countries., (a) in as much as, chary, (c) while, generous, (e) although, niggardly, , (b) since, delaying, (d) whereas, wasteful, , (12) The increasing revival of dramatic classics is, to one critic, ............... ; it seems to him a sign of the ............., of the modern theatre., (a) Inconceivable, revival, (c) suspicious, resurgence, (e) incomprehensible, fatuousness, , (b) deplorable, anemia, (d) astounding, uselessness, , 10, Directions (Q. 1-11) : Each sentence in the questions has one or two blanks, each blank indicates that, something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are four lettered words or sets of words. Choose the word or set of, words for each blank that best fits into the meaning of the sentence as a whole, (1) It is a well-known ................ that the lover of the sea craves for dry land- the age- old....... to be where we are, not., (a) belief, antipathy, (e) paradox, yearning, , (b) anomaly, demiurge (c) credo, inspiration, , (d) contention, duplicity, , (2) Why should a university ............... the values which are supposedly basic to its functioning and give an, honourary doctorate to one who has not distinguished himself in a/an ............. manner?, (a) deflate, scholarly, (e) debase, academic, , (b) foretell, worldly, , (c) vilify, collegiate, , (d) abuse, doctrinaire, , (3) Such stalling tactics are ........... to all fens and cannot be ........... ., (a) repugnant, condoned, (c) injurious, explained, (e) understandable, countenanced, , (b) anathema, ascertained, (d) unfair, superseded, , (4) The ........... of democratic freedom is dialogue and the ............. interchange of diverse ideas., (a) deterioration, untrammeled, (c) essence, unhampered, (e) epitome, discriminating, , (b) height, restrained, (d) alienation, compulsory, , (5) Although there were ............ circumstances in this particular violation of the law, the judge ruled that there, had to be strict ............ or there would be no law at all., (a) extraordinary, complaisance, (c) tantalizing, adherence, (e) questionable, observation, , (b) specific, obedience, (d) extenuating, compliance, , (6) In spite of all ............ , in spite of penalties for examinees when cheaters were caught, there is evidence of, the ..... of the rigid rules of external help on civil service tests., (a) threats, encompassment, (c) temptation, flouting, (e) discouragement, acceptance, , (b) surveillance, vulnerability, (d) precautions, circumvention
Page 663 :
653, , Double Blanks in A Sentence, , (7) Hungarians may grumble about the difficulty of acquiring cars, but they point quickly to a compensation:, the ............... look of their tree-lined avenues and the absence of ............. exhaust fumes., (a) calm, superfluous, (c) tranquil, copious, (e) uncluttered, noxious, , (b) otiose, poisonous, (d) anomalous, fetid, , (8) In architecture, much more than in any of the other fine arts, there is a marked time lag between the, .................. of ideas and their ............... in the shape of completed building., (a) settlement, fruition, (c) tradition, modernization, (e) emergence, appliction, , (b) creation, welcoming, (d) dawn, practicability, , (9) In analyzing the ............. teen age population, Madison Avenue has decided that it is eminently receptive to, the ............... of advertising., (a) proliferating, buncombe, (c) diminishing, fantasy, (e) viable, syndrome, , (b) ubiquitous, mystique, (d) burgeoning, blandishments, , (10) No matter how ......... the Russians are of wish to appear, they, as well as we, know that to survive it is, necessary to reach agreements which may .............. mutual sacrifices., (a) fatuous, necessitate, (c) refractory, obliterate, (e) intransigent, entail, , (b) bellicose, evade, (d) indifferent, subsume, , (11) Into the limited space given him a headline writer must compress the ............... of the news and he must do it, without ......... ., (a) synopsis, reservations, (c) magnitude, distortion, (e) bias, apology, , (b) gist, ambiguity, (d) totality, hedging, , 11, Directions (Q. 1-12) Each sentence in the questions has one or two blanks, each blank indicates that, something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are four lettered words or sets of words. Choose the word or set of, words for each blank that best fits into the meaning of the sentence as a whole :, (1) For some years past, French governments had been .................. and divided, and French parliaments had, been incoherent and.............., (a) inarticulate, responsive, (c) weak, inchoate, (e) vacillating, irresponsible, , (b) untable, domineering, (d) many, few, , (2) Scientific imagination is a specific intellectual power that is ..................... in every population that has, learned to be ................... about the mechanisms governing the physical world., (a) encouraged, wary, (c) latent, curious, (e) language, diffident, , (b) evoked, self-deprecatory, (d) growing, self-possessed, , (3) In diplomatic .................. the ................. sought by on government from another to the name of a proposed, ambassador is known as an “agreement.”, (a) dealing, understandings, (c) circles, permission, (e) language, interpretation, , (b) parlance, assent, (d) channels, condition
Page 664 :
654, , English Grammar & Composition, , (4) Camille Pissarro, eldest of France’s great impressionist ................ that included Monet, Manet, Rennoir,, and Degas, was both the movement’s ......... and its saint., (a) cabal, doyen, (c) entity, defector, (e) brotherhood, demon, , (b) sodality, gadfly, (d) hierarchy, patriarch, , (5) The westerlies normally cross the United States at altitudes from 10,000 to 50,000 feet along the Canadian, border, acting as a ............... to Arctic winds and giving the Middle Atlantic States relatively .............., winters., (a) counterpart, unsettled, (c) counterpart, unsettled, (e) deterrent, cold, , (b) propellant, mild, (d) buffer, temperate, , (6) But even Mr. Moses, one of the most ......... public servants of our time, is at a loss to convey in words the, size, the imaginative engineering............. that built this contribution to the welfare of family and industry., (a) tongue-tied, miracle, (c) unappreciated, technique, (e) articulate, ingenuity, , (b) dedicated, appositeness, (d) public-spirited, skill, , (7) Among the younger people there are complaints that the sight of ex-Nazis flourishing recommends ......... to, youth, that it instills, instead of needed moral values, the dubious precept that ............. is the best policy., (a) precepts, intolerance, (c) emulation, honesty, , (b) desperation, dishonesty, (d) cynicism, expediency, , (8) Even as ................. machines free men from drudgery, they .................... displace men from jobs., (a) automated, simultaneously, (c) animated, ineluctably, (e) antiquate, understandably, , (b) robotlike, unwillingly, (d) accelerated, seemingly, , (9) To cross the Rubicon means to take a final ......... step which may have dangerous .......... ., (a) hazardous, precedent, (c) inconsequential, concomitants, (e) irrevocable, consequences, , (b) unwarranted, potentialities, (d) well-considered, implications, , (10) Though the Oxford English Dictionary is undoubtedly the greatest dictionary ever ............, it is designed, for scholars and research workers rather than for the .......... dictionary user., (a) assembled, assiduous, (c) projected, omniscient, (e) compiled, casual, , (b) demonstrated, amateur, (d) published, professional, , (11) For nearly a century the ........... travellers chech has been the nearest thing to an internationals currency yet, devised by man, and has guided generations of Americans and other tourists through the ...... of foreign, exchange., (a) useful, excesses, (c) plausible, maze, (e) ubiquitous, labyrinth, , (b) surreptitious, complexities, (d) sacrosanct, fluctuations, , (12) If it were true that enduring lesson are learned from ..................... errors, Broadway would be the repository, of.............. theatrical wisdom., (a) accidental, occult, (c) dubious, profound, (e) stupid, attennuated, , (b) egregius, sublime, (d) dramatic, lasting
Page 665 :
655, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Double Blanks in A Sentence, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) (b),, , (2) (a),, , (3). (a),, , (4) (e),, , (5) (c)., , (2) (d),, (7) (d),, , (3) (b),, (8) (c),, , (4) (a),, (9) (b),, , (5) (c),, (10) (c)., , (2) (e),, (7) (a),, , (3) (c),, (8) (d),, , (4) (d),, (9) (d)., , (5) (c),, , Solution TYE 02, (1) (e),, (6) (b),, , Solution TYE 03, (1) (d),, (6) (b),, , Solution TYE 04, (1), (6), (11), (16), , (b),, (c),, (d),, (b),, , (2), (7), (12), (17), , (a),, (d),, (e),, (c),, , (3), (8), (13), (18), , (b),, (d),, (d),, (d)., , (4) (c),, (9) (c),, (14) (d),, , (5) (c),, (10) (b),, (15) (d),, , (2), (7), (12), (17), , (c),, (b),, (d),, (c)., , (3) (b),, (8) (e),, (13) (b),, , (4) (a),, (9) (e),, (14) (e),, , (5) (a),, (10) (e),, (15) (c),, , (2) (d),, (7) (b),, , (3) (d),, (8) (b),, , (4) (d),, (9) (d),, , (5) (d),, (10) (c)., , (2) (c),, (7) (d),, , (3) (d),, (8) (c),, , (4) (d),, (9). (d),, , (5) (d),, (10) (a)., , (2) (c),, (7) (c),, , (3) (c),, (8) (c),, , (4) (b),, (9) (e),, , (5) (d),, (10) (d)., , (2) (a),, (7) (b),, (12) (b)., , (3) (d),, (8) (a),, , (4) (b),, (9) (e),, , (5) (c),, (10) (e),, , (2) (e),, (7) (e),, , (3) (a),, (8) (e),, , (4) (c),, (9) (d),, , (5) (d),, (10) (e),, , (2) (c),, (7) (d),, (12) (b)., , (3) (b),, (8) (a),, , (4) (d),, (9) (e),, , (5) (d),, (10) (e), , Solution TYE 05, (1), (6), (11), (16), , (c),, (b),, (b),, (d),, , Solution TYE 06, (1) (a),, (6) (d),, , Solution TYE 07, (1) (a),, (6) (c),, , Solution TYE 08, (1) (a),, (6) (a),, , Solution TYE 09, (1) (d),, (6) (c),, (11) (e),, , Solution TYE 10, (1) (e),, (6) (d),, (11) (b)., , Solution TYE 11, (1) (e),, (6) (e),, (11) (e),
Page 666 :
CHAPTER, , 38, MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE, S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , (CORRECT THE SENTENCES), TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , His father gave him many advices., The boys went to the college directly., I am much pleased to see you both., He has just returned back from London., Because he does not work hard, therefore he will fail., He does not know wrong from right., The English is difficult to speak., What to speak of food, even water was not available there., Bible is a sacred book of Christians., I am much thankful to you for this act of kindness., , 02, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , This book gives us many informations about Prithvi Raj., The furnitures of office house are very costly., He is one of the best poet the world has ever produced., He asked from me that I had gone there or no., Where you spent your last summer vacations?, The hen has lain two eggs., He enjoys very bad health., He never said anything of the kind., I should be glad if you will come in the evening., I am the one who am to blame.
Page 667 :
Miscellaneous Exercise (Correct The Sentences), , 03, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , At his sight I trembled with fear., We should pray God everyday., Open your book on Page 78., He was born in nineteen hundreds ten., The subject to her essay is about Politeness., As I am ill, so I will not be able to attend office today., I do not know who are you., So quickly we walked that we reached the station in time., I neither met Gopal or his sister., English is not only difficult to read, but also to write., , 04, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , It is half past six in my watch., He is true to his words., The magistrate passed order for his an acquittal., His family members have gone to Kashmir., The examinations begins from Monday., He hesitated in complying with my request., He was displeased at Mira going to the theatre last night., He was angry at me not complying with his request., Health is more preferable than riches., His claim in prior than yours., , 05, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , He is the most happiest man living on this Earth., The elephant is larger than any animal., Akbar was wiser than any king., No girl in the class is so intelligent as Kanika., This book is as good or even better than yours., He is the worthiest and sympathetic man in the town., He has been suffering from fever from Tuesday last., He has been ill since ten days., I have not seen him since a long time., His brother died since a fortnight., , 06, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), , We shall not be here before two months., You must finish this work before two hours., I except a letter from her in a week., I received his letter long before., , 657
Page 668 :
658, , English Grammar & Composition, , (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , The train will arrive just now., Character and not riches, win us respect., Every flower and every leaf proclaim the glory of God., The sum and substance of her speech are as follow., Fifty rupees are not a large sum for that painting., Aesop’s Fables are book everybody should read., , 07, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , The majority was present at the meeting., The committee was divided in its opinions., None but those having a teaching experience needs apply., It were the girl that defied their teacher’s orders., Everyone should be careful of one’s health., Neither the students nor the Principal was there., Walking along the Mall Road, his head dashed against a lamp-post., Being a fine day, they went to the river to enjoy a picnic., Failing in the first attempt, no second attempt was made., He has an urgent business at home., , 08, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Ramesh has many businesses today., There was not any temple there but I visited., He as well as I am wrong., We have come here to take your leave., I cannot endure her separation., Do you know who are you referring to?, You should follow their advice who are superior to you in intellect., He dares not to speak against me., I was greatly wondered at what met my eyes., I admitted my brother to the D.A.V. College., , 09, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), , He took admission in to the DAV High School., She did nothing but sang., I am feeling feverish., I intend to inform his misbehaviour to his father., Please excuse me for giving you this trouble., He told these news to his mother., Her arguments hold no water., Many kinds of fruits grow in Kashmir, such as apples, plums, pears, cherries etc., With regard my conduct, I beg to submit as follows.
Page 669 :
Miscellaneous Exercise (Correct The Sentences), , 10, Correct the following sentences:, (1) He packed his luggages., (2) He provided the blinds with food and clothes., (3) Scouts wear half pants., (4) There is no place in this compartment., (5) Give my B.C’s to all., (6) He hit an over-boundary., (7) He saw a joker at the circus., (8) We had a good play of hockey., (9) I saw a theatre last night., (10) Won’t you like to take part in drama?, , 11, Correct the following sentences:, (1) He is a tall gentleman., (2) These females have come here to take your advice., (3) He got a bad companionship., (4) Here is my cup; please fill., (5) I asked for my book, but he did not give me., (6) The boy who stand first he will get a prize., (7) I with some friend went for a walk., (8) The master tested the boy if he could speak English., (9) He is elder than me., (10) He will spend his remaining life here., , 12, Correct the following sentences:, (1) This is a worth seeing building., (2) He got nearly centper cent marks., (3) He got an employment in a Nationalised Bank., (4) You should not make noise., (5) What a fun!, (6) I do not care for you., (7) He does not care for his money., (8) He got angry before I said a word., (9) If I would have worked hard, I would have passed., (10) I left playing., , 13, Correct the following sentences:, (1) I take my food., (3) I like to play football., (5) He gave a speech., (7) I cannot pull on with my work., (9) He has disposed off his bicycle., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , I want that I should get leave., He is troubling me., He would not hear me., He has ordered for a new requite., I put up with him., , 659
Page 670 :
660, , English Grammar & Composition, , 14, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (10), , Keep this on the table., (2), He cannot maintain his livelihood., (4), He is reading at the High School., (6), They made a goal., (8), The committee is consisted of fifteen members., Always fair out a written exercise., , I had a mind to play., I struck a blow on his face., He won his opponents., I hope she must come., , 15, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Open the light., Shut the light., His hand has been operated., It is written in this letter., He was very kind enough to comply with my request., He did it anyhow., To tell in brief., He told the story in details., This book is much interesting., He behaved cowardly., , 16, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , He lives miserly., Never I had seen such a sight., Though he is old, still he can run fast., As he is old so he walks slowly., If he works hard then he will pass., Because he is clever therefore he gets good marks., He did not attend the meeting because he was ill., Until he does not apologies, he must not be allowed to sit in the class., No sooner I had reached the station, than the train started., Not only he will go, but also he will stay there., , 17, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (9), , Neither she comes nor she writes., I am fond of all game as for an example tennis., I want to know as to why I have not been allowed to sit in the examination., He called her as a fool., Supposing if he fails, what will he do?, He is ill since three months., He wrote me a long letter., (8) I shall explain him this., Send this letter on my address., (10) He suggested me this.
Page 671 :
Miscellaneous Exercise (Correct The Sentences), , 18., Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , He goes in the school., He goes on his work., He was favourite to his friends., I did not ask any question to him., From our class he did best., The term begins from June 1st., He will be cured from his fever., There are many advantages from this., He wasted much time in trifles., There is a saying in Hindus., , 19., Correct the following sentences:, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , There is no harm to go there., He rides on a car., This is the road to go., He is called with different names., We discussed about the matter., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , 20, Correct the following sentences:, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), , Due to illness, I can not go to school., He walked all the way by foot., The bank will compensate the loss of the cheque., I must go; there is no help., There was a match between Delhi against Jaipur., No mention., He is running thirty., In my opinion I think it is right., In the way I met a woman., It has its origin from a story in Ramayana., We sat under the shade of a mango tree., Tears streamed on her cheeks., The match starts from 4 o’clock., The holidays will commence from June the 20th., , Write with ink., This is a comfortable house to live., I gave her a chair to sit., He went away for doing some business., When this was searched it was found., , 661
Page 672 :
662, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , English Grammar & Composition, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE : 01, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , His father gave him many pieces of advice., The boys went to the college direct., I am very pleased to see both of you., He has just returned from London., He does not work hard, therefore he will fail., Or, Because he does not work hard, he will fail., He does not know right from wrong., English is difficult to speak., Not to speak of food, even water was not available there., The Bible is a sacred book of the Christians., I am very thankful to you for this act of kindness., , Solution TYE : 02, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , This book gives us much information about Prithvi Raj., The furniture of this office is very costly., He is one of the best poets the world has ever produced., He asked me whether I had gone there or not., Where did you spend you last summer vacations?, The hen has laid two eggs., He has very bad health., He said nothing of the kind., I should be glad if you would come in the evening., I am the one who is to blame., , Solution TYE : 03, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , At the sight of him I trembled with fear., We should pray to God everyday., Open your book at page 78., He was born in nineteen hundered and ten., The subject of her essay is ‘Politeness’., As I am ill, I will not be able to attend office today., I do not know who you are?, So quickly did we walk that we reached the station in time., I met neither Gopal nor his sister., English is difficult not only to read, but also to write.
Page 673 :
Miscellaneous Exercise (Correct The Sentences), Solution TYE : 04, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , It is half past six by my watch., He is true to his word., The magistrate passed orders for his acquittal., The members of his family have gone to Kashmir., The examination begins on Monday., He hesitated to comply with my request., He was displeased at Mira’s going to the theatre last night., He was angry at my not complying with his request., Health is preferable to riches., His claim is prior to yours., , Solution TYE : 05, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), , He is the happiest man living on this earth., The elephant is larger than any other animal., Akbar was wiser than any other king., No other girl in the class is so intelligent as Kanika., This book is as good as or even better than yours., He is the worthiest and most sympathetic man in the town., He has been suffering from fever since Tuesday last., He has been ill for ten days., I have not seen him for a long time., (10) His brother died a fortnight since., , Solution TYE : 06, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , We shall not be here for two months., You must finish this work within two hours., I expect a letter for her in a week, I received his letter long ago., The train will arrive soon., Character and not riches, wins us respect., Every flower and every leaf proclaims the glory of God., The sum and substance of her speech is as follows., Fifty rupees is not a large sum for that painting., Aesop’s Fables is a book everybody should read., , Solution TYE : 07, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , The majority were present at the meeting., The committee were divided in their opinions., None but those having teaching experience need apply., It was the girl that defied their teacher’s orders., Everyone should be careful of his heath., Neither the Principal nor the students were there., As he was walking along the Mall Road, his head dashed against the lamp-post., It being a fine day, they went to the river to enjoy a picnic., Failing in the first attempt, he made no second attempt., He has an urgent piece of business at home., , 663
Page 674 :
664, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE : 08, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), , Ramesh has much business today., There was no temple there that I did not visit., He is wrong as well as I., We have come here to take leave of you., I cannot endure separation from her., Do you know whom you are referring to?, You should follow the advice of those who are superior to you in intellect., He dares not speak against me., I was greatly astonished at what met my eyes., Or, I wondered greatly at what met my eyes., (10) I got my brother admitted to the DAV College., , Solution TYE : 09, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), , He was admitted to the D.A.V. High School., She did nothing but sing., I feel feverish., I intend to inform his father of his misbehaviour., Please excuse me for the trouble I am giving you., He told his mother this news., Her arguments will not hold water., Many kinds of fruit, such as apples, pears, plums and cherries, grow in Kashmir., Or, Many kinds of fruit-apples, pears, plums, cherries, etc grow in Kashmir., (9) With regard to my conduct I beg to submit as follows., , Solution TYE : 10, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , He packed his luggage., Scouts wear shorts., Give my (kind) regards to all., We saw a clown at the circus., I saw a play last night., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , Solution TYE : 11, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , He is a tall man., These women have come here to take your advice., He got into bad company., Here is my cup; please fill it., I asked for my book, but he did not give it to me., The boy who stands first will get a prize., I went for a walk with some friends., The master tested if the boy could speak English., He is elder to me., He will spent the rest of his life here., , He provided the blind with food and clothes., There is no room in this compartment., He hit a six., We had a good game of hockey., Won’t you like to act ?
Page 675 :
Miscellaneous Exercise (Correct The Sentences), Solution TYE : 12, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , This is a building worth seeing., He got employment in a Nationalised Bank., What fun !, He does not take care of his money., If I had worked hard, I would have passed., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , He got nearly full marks., You should not make a noise., I do not care what you do., He got angry before I had said a word., I stopped playing., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , I want to get leave., He is giving me trouble., He would not listen to me., He has ordered a new requite., I stayed with him., , Solution TYE : 13, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , I have my food., I want to play football., He made a speech., I cannot manage my work., He has disposed of his bicycle., , Solution TYE : 14, (1) Put this on the table., (2) I intended to play., (3) He cannot earn a living., (4) I gave him a blow on the face., Or, I struck him in the face., (5) He is at the High School., (6) He beat his opponents., (7) They scored a goal., (8) I hope she will come., Or, She must come., (9) The committee consists of fifteen members., (10) Always make a fair copy of a written exercise., , Solution TYE : 15, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (10), , Turn on the light., (2) Turn off the light, His hand has been operated upon., (4) This letter says that..., He was kind enough to comply with my request. (6) He managed to do it somehow., In short., (8) He told the story in detail., This book is very interesting., He behaved in a cowardly manner., Or, He behaved like a coward., , Solution TYE : 16, (1), (3), (5), (7), (8), (9), (10), , He lives in a miserly way., (2) Never had I seen such a sight., Though he is old, yet he can run fast., (4) As he is old, he walks slowly., If he works hard, he will pass., (6) Because he is clever, he gets high marks., He did not attend the meeting because he was ill., He must not be allowed to sit in the class until he apologizes., No sooner had I reached the station than the train started., He will not only go but also stay there., , 665
Page 676 :
666, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE : 17, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), , (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , Neither does she come nor does she write., I am fond of all games, for example tennis., I want to know why I have not been allowed to take the examination., He called her a fool., Supposing he fails, what will he do?, Or, If he fails, what will he do?, He has been ill for three months., He wrote a long letter to me., I shall explain this to him., Send this letter at my address., He suggested this to me., , Solution TYE : 18, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , He goes to school., He was a a favorite with his friends., He did best in our class., He will be cured of his fever., He wasted much time on trifles., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , He goes to his work., I did not ask him any question., The term begins on June 1st., The advantages of this are many., There is a saying among the Hindus., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), , Write in ink., This is a comfortable house to live in., I gave her a chair to sit on., He went away on business., When this was searched for it was found., , Solution TYE : 19, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), , There is no harm in going there., He rides in a car., This is the road to go by., He is called by different names., We discussed the matter., , Solution TYE : 20, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), , Because of illness, I cannot go to school., He walked all the way on foot., The Bank will compensate for the loss of the cheque., I must go; there is no help for it., There was a match between Delhi and Jaipur., Please do not mention it., He is in his thirtieth year or He is thirty., In my opinion it is right or I think it is right., On the way I met a woman., It has its origin in a story in the Ramayan., We sat in the shade of a mango tree., Tears streamed down her cheeks., The match starts at four 0’ clock., The holidays will commence on June 20th.
Page 679 :
CHAPTER, , 40, SYNONYMS, Frequently Used Words, Abase, Abandon, Abhor, Abut, Abstain, Abbreviate, Aberration, Abet, Absurd, Abstruse, Assiduous, Abundant, Adequate, Accommodate, Acme, Acclaim, Acquiesce (in), Admiration, Adherent, Affliction, Adversity, Ameliorate, Ally, Audacious, Astonish, Assistance, Aphorism, Apprehend, Appraise, Antithesis, Alms, Beg, Behaviour, Base, Bad, Blame, , Degrade, Disgrace, Humiliate, Demean, Dishonour, Stigmatise, Desert, Forsake, Leave, Relinquish, Hate, Detest, Loathe, Abominate, Adjoin, Border, Verge on, Join, Refuse, Renounce, Avoid, Shun, Curtail, Abridge, Compress, Shorten, Truncate, Deviation, Wandering, Errant, Irregular, Weird, Abnormal, Aid, Assist, Condone, Favour, Support, Promote, Ridiculous, Silly, Foolish, Preposterous, Recondite, Hidden, Difficult, Painstaking, Diligent, Industrious, Laborious, Meticulous, Ample, Copious, Plentiful, Bountiful, Existing in large quantities, Enough, Sufficient, Proportionate, Adapt, Adjust, Reconcile, Summit, Apex, Zenith, Peak, Applaud, Cheer, Celebrate, Extol, Assent, Rest, Accede, Comply, Concur, Consent, Submit, Esteem, Praise, Respect, Approval, Approbation, Awe, Regard, Sticking to, Follower, Partisan, Devotee, Distress, Ordeal, Suffering, Sorrow, Misfortune, Calamity, Catastrophe, Hostility, Make better, Improve, Amend, Colleague, Helper, Partner, Accomplice, Bold, Brazen, Impudent, Daring, Amaze, Surprise, Astound, Flabbergast, Help, Aid, Succor, Collaboration, Sustenance, Maxim, Apothegm, Axiom, Proverb, Motto, Adage, Seize, Know, Fear, Arrest, Understand, Evaluate, Estimate, Contrasting, Reverse, Dole, Gratuity, Money, clothes and food that are given to poor people, Implore, Solicit, Supplicate, Beseech, Request, Plead, Conduct, Demeanour, Deportment, Manner, Ignoble, Mean, Low, Foundation, Evil, Wicked, Devilish, Naughty, Worthless, Censure, Reprove, Condemn, Reproach
Page 680 :
670, , English Grammar & Composition, Blessing, Banish, Barbaric, Bait, Brittle, Bizarre, Bewilder, Belligerent, Bedlam, Bravo, Burlesque, Browbeat, Backlash, Banal, Bigoted, Calm, Cajole, Captious, Care, Charlatan, Choleric, Conceit, Colossal, Cynical, Conversant (with), Condign, Condone, Confess, Contingent (on), Constant, Cross, Cursory, Concise, Crafty, Cruelty, Damage, Decay, Destitute, Didactic, Denounce, Divine, Dangerous, Dear, Definitive, Desultory, Diffident, Discourse, , Benediction, God’s help or protection, Exile, Ostracise, Deport, To order somebody to leave a place, Savage, Uncivilised, Primitive Align, Snare, Trap, Decoy, Frail, Fragile, Hard but easily broken, Unusual, Grotesque, Fantastic, Confound, Perplex, Befuddle, Befog, Baffle, Daze, Stun, Warlike, Pugnacious, Hostile, Pandemonium, Chaos, Mayhem, Clamour, Confusion, Fearless, Intrepid, Dauntless, Valiant, Bold, Mock, Imitate, Tease, Satirise, Ridicule, Jeer, Deride, Intimidate, Bully, Frighten, Threaten, Repercussion, Reaction, Recoil, Dull, Trite, Hackneyed, Prosaic, Biased, Prejudiced, Dogmatic, Opinionated, Quiet, Tranquil, Peaceful, Sedate, Composed, Placid, Tranquil, Persuade, Flatter, Wheedle, Coax, Censorious, Hypercritical, Faultfinding, Solicitude, Anxiety, Misgiving, Foreboding, Impostor, Mountebank, Quack, Chicane, Trickster, Irascible, Petulant, Bad-tempered, Pride, Vanity, Ego, Arrogance, Gigantic, Huge, Enormous, Mammoth, Vast, Misanthropic, Moody, Eccentric, Sardonic, Sarcastic, Familiar, Well Versed, Acquainted, Due, Merited, Well deserved, Due, Suitable, Pardon, Forgive, Excuse, Overlook, Admit, Apologise, Own, Acknowledge, Liable, Possible, Uncertain, Eternal, Perpetual, Incessant, Continuous, Crusty, Fretful, Ill-humoured, Hasty, Superficial, Careless, Short, Brief, Abridged, Compact, Cunning, Artful, Sly, Calculating, Tyranny, Persecution, Brutality, Oppression, Ferocity, Loss, Harm, Injury, Detriment, Wither, Fade, Corrode, Decline, Needy, Forsaken, Orphan, Teaching, Instructive, Perfecting, Accuse, Condemn, Arraign, Decry, Censure, Heavenly, Celestial, Graceful, Godlike, Perilous, Risky, Hazardous, Precarious, Expensive, Costly, Loved by or important to somebody, Limiting, Final, Positive, Discontinuous, Irregular, Rambling, Modest, Bashful, Shy, Lecture, Sermon, Exhortation, Dissertation
Page 681 :
671, , Synonyms, Dissipate, Economy, Effete, Elicit, Elude, Emancipate, Emulate, Entice, Extravagant, Exquisite, Exceptional, Extricate, Ephemeral, Exterminate, Exacerbate, Exculpate, Exigency, Fascinate, Fastidious, Fate, Fatuous, Fight, Fury, Fecund, Ferocious, Fictitious, Flagrant, Fortuitous, Forerunner, Forbid, Flippant, Flamboyant, Fatal, Fallacy, Fallible, Furbish, Fortitude, Guile, Gratification, Garrulous, Humane, Haughty, Humility, Hamper, Illiterate, Impotent, Immaterial, Imminent, , Scatter, Waste, Management, Frugality, Thrifty, Judicious expenditure, Exhausted, Old, Worn out, Tired, Draw out, Discover, Baffle, Avoid, Cheat, Fool, Free, Liberate, Release, Deliver, Uplift, Imitate, Rival, Lure, Persuade, Allure, Entrap, Prodigal, Wasteful, Elegant, Fine, Matchless, Exclusive, Anomalous, Unique, Extraordinary, Disentangle, Untangle, Transient, Short-lived, Uproot, Eradicate, Eliminate, Destroy, Annihilate, Magnify, Heighten, Enlarge, Overstate, Amplify, Absolve, Vindicate, Emergency, Distress, Charm, Enchant, Mesmerize, Bewitch, Dainty, Squeamish, Hard to please, Lot, Destiny, End, Silly, Purposeless, Battle, Contention, Combat, Struggle, Conflict, Strife, Anger, Rage, Wrath, Ire, Prolific, Fertile, Fruitful, Luxuriant, Productive, Savage, Barbaric, Fierce, Wild, Uncivilized, False, Imaginative, Illusionary, Fabricated, Fanciful, Notorious, Outrageous, Disgraceful, Chance, Accidental, Precursor, Herald, Harbinger, Prohibit, Preclude, Inhibit, Debar, Pert, Frivolous, Impudent, Saucy, Bombastic, Ostentatious, Ornate, Deadly, Mortal, Lethal, Virulent, Imperfection, Ambiguity, Quirk, Error, Imperfect, Erring, Wrong, Polish, Spruce, Renovate, Strength, Firmness, Valour, Determination, Fraud, Trickery, Cunning, Satisfaction, Enjoyment, Talkative, Loquacious, Kind, Generous, Benevolent, Compassionate, Arrogant, Proud, Egoist, Obstinate, Politeness, Meekness, Modesty, Hinder, Block, Impede, Prevent, Unlearned, Ignorant, Uneducated, Powerless, Disabled, Inadequate, Incapable, Unimportant, Insignificant, Useless, Irrelevant, Threatening, Impending, Approaching
Page 682 :
672, , English Grammar & Composition, Irresolute, Indignant, Inanimate, Ingenuous, Insidious, Intimate, Inexorable, Impertinent, Jolly, Jubilant, Joy, Knave, Lament, Liberal, Lenient, Lethargy, Likeness, Lively, Loyal, Meagre, Mean, Misery, Morbid, Mournful, Mighty, Malice, Melancholy, Magnificent, Notorious, Notable, Obscene, Obsolete, Obtrude, Obliterate, Opportune, Pensive, Pathetic, Pious, Perennial, Portray, Possess, Prate, Prodigal, Precocious, Philanthropist, Patronize, Penalize, Picturesque, , Undecided, Wavering, Vacillating, Unsettled, Angry, Furious, Irate, Exasperated, Outraged, Lifeless, Dead, Dormant, Stagnant, Extinct, Artless, Sincere, Naive, Innocent, Cunning, Clever, Inventive, Deceitful, Sly, Close, Confidant, Inform, Cherished, Relentless, Merciless, Apathetic, Harsh, Irrelevant, Impudent, Insolent, Saucy, Jovial, Merry, Cheerful, Affable, Elated, Triumphant, Delight, Pleasure, Ecstasy, Elation, Fraud, Cheat, Scoundrel, Rogue, Sorrow, Mourn, Grieve, Generous, Kind, Tolerant, Permissive, Forbearing, Forgiving, Compassionate, Mild, Laziness, Stupor, Sluggishness, Idleness, Similarity, Resemblance, Affinity, Active, Enthusiastic, Agile, Brisk, Devoted, Faithful, Trustworthy, Honest, Small, Tiny, Inadequate, Scanty, Low, Petty, Abject, Selfish, Sorrow, Distress, Affliction, Grief, Unhealthy, Diseased, Ghastly, Horrid, Sad, Sorrow, Gloomy, Dejected, Powerful, Massive, Strong, Almighty, Bitterness, Spite, Ill-will, Rancour, Malevolence, Gloomy, Sadness, Sorrow, Dejected, Splendid, Grand, Good, Glorious, Infamous, Dishonourable, Flagrant, Blatant, Memorable, Remarkable, Renowned, Eminent, Filthy, Indecent, Awful, Bawdy, Vulgar, Gross, Crude, Antiquated, Old-fashioned, Extinct, Outworn, Thrust, Pressure, Importunate, Interfere, Destroy, Efface, Demolish, Erase, Timely, Convenient, Appropriate, Well-chosen, Thoughtful, Rational, Contemplative, Reflective, Moving, Touching, Distressing, Lamentable, Religious, Holy, Devout, God-fearing, Perpetual, Permanent, Long lasting, Constant, Delineate, Depict, Draw, Sketch, Have, Own, Acquire, Occupy, Seize, Chatter, Babble, Tattle, Talkative, Extravagant, Wasteful, Spendthrift, Squander, Premature, Forward, Advanced, Developed, Altruist, Charitable, Benevolent, Kind, Condescend, Stoop, Snub, Castigate, Chastise, Punish, Charming, Pictorial, Scenic, Sylvan
Page 683 :
673, , Synonyms, Prerogative, Prohibit, Pillage, Poignant, Quaint, Quirk, Quip, Quarantined, Qualm, Queer, Questionable, Quest, Quick, Radiant, Refined, Rebellion, Reiterate, Remorse, Renown, Rejoice, Relevant, Resistance, Ruin, Rigid, Rash, Refute, Ricochet, Rut, Rural, Radical, Rimy, Remote, Ridiculous, Sane, Satiate, Sacred, Scanty, Scold, Scrutinise, Scorching, Spry, Statute, Stipulation, Subterfuge, Substantiate, Succinct, Sensual, Servile, , Privilege, Advantage, Exemption, Right, Forbid, Interdict, Prevent, Ban, Plunder, Loot, Rob, Destroy, Steal, Touching, Moving, Heart-rending, Queer, Odd, Singular, Whimsical, Whim, Caprice, Fancy, Peculiarity, Retort, Repartee, Remark, Jest, Separated, Isolated, Restrained, Scruple, Doubt, Uncertainty, Suspicion, Strange, Odd, Indifferent, Weird, Doubtful, Disputable, Accountable, Objectionable, Search, Pursuit, Inquisitive, Crusade, Alive, Swift, Keen, Fast, Brilliant, Bright, Intelligent, Beaming, Elegant, Polished, Cultured, Sophisticated, Mutiny, Revolt, Struggle, Fight, Repeat, Do it again, Rewrite, Emphasis, Repentance, Regret, Anguish, Grief, Reputation, Fame, Famous, Distinguished, Exult, Delight, Happy, Glad, Execute, Applicable, Pertinent, Implement, Opposition, Hindrance, Combat, Struggle, Destruction, Downfall, Wreckage, Devastation, Stiff, Unyielding, Stern, Impetuous, Hasty, Foolhardy, Impulsive, Heedless, Brash, Disprove, Answer, Deny, Rebound, Reflect, Bounce, Carom, Groove, Hollow, Furrow, Habit, Course, Routine, Practice, Suburban, Rustic, Agrarian, Country, Fundamental, Native, Original, Extreme, Progressive, Rebellious, Frosty, Hazy, Blurred, Far, Distant, Interior place, Aloof, Absurd, Silly, Comical, Ludicrous, Wise, Sensible, Sound, Balanced, Satisfy, Surfeit, Glut, Happy, Holy, Consecrated, Blessed, Divine, Meagre, Slender, Insufficient, Limited, Chide, Rebuke, Rail, Complain, Examine, View, Study, Analyse, Inspect, Sweltering, Searing, Burning, Fiery, Nimble, Agile, Animated, Brisk, Lively, Quick, Law, Decree, Ordinance, Edict, Rule, Act, Bill, Prerequisite, Condition, Qualification, Requirement, Clause, Ploy, Scheme, Stratagem, Deceit, Deception, Authenticate, Validate, Confirm, Verify, Corroborate, Attest, Brief, Concise, Terse, Abbreviated, Carnal, Fleshy, Voluptuous, Attractive, Slavish, Docile, Timid, Mean
Page 684 :
674, , English Grammar & Composition, Shrewd, Shy, Solitary, Sordid, Specimen, Static, Spurious, Sterile, Sublime, Superficial, Synonymous, Taboo, Tenacious, Tenet, Therapeutics, Temperate, Thrive, Temporal, Tirade, Thankful, Tentative, Tyrant, Tyro, Ulterior, Urchin, Urbane, Unique, Urge, Utopian, Vigilance, Vindictive, Vehemence, Veracity, Veto, Vilify, Vivacious, Weary, Wreck, Wistful, Wile, Winsome, Waive, Yield, Yearn, Zeal, Zenith, , Astute, Perspicacious, Canny, Calculative, Bashful, Coy, Diffident, Hesitant, Single, Hermetic, Isolated, Desolate, Ugly, Dirty, Squalid, Debauched, Prototype, Model, Sample, Dummy, Firm, Adamant, Fixed, Fake, Counterfeit, Artificial, False, Unproductive, Barren, Impotent, Disinfected, Exalted, Elevated, Improved, Magnified, Shallow, Illusion, Dream, Outward, Identical, Equivalent, Alike, Similar, Forbidden, Banned, Prohibited, Resolute, Persistent, Obstinate, Belief, Conviction, Dogma, Doctrine, Creed, Theology, Curative, Restorative, Recuperative, Remedial, Moderate, Balanced, Controlled, Sensible, Flourish, Succeed, Grow, Worldly, Materialistic, Impermanent, Ephemeral, Outburst, Denunciation, Harangue, Speech, Diatribe, Grateful, Obliged, Indebted, Appreciative, Temporary, Transitory, Brief, Autocrat, Despot, Dictator, Oppressor, Amateur, Novice, Apprentice, Neophyte, Concealed, Shrouded, Obscured, Waif, Stray, Foundling, Orphan, Sophisticated, Suave, Polite, Refined, Polished, Unparalleled, Single, Peerless, Unusual, Exceptional, Matchless, Incite, Press, Implore, Instigate, Drive, Impel, Goad, Stimulate, Idealistic, Perfect, Visionary, Watchfulness, Alertness, Attentiveness, Caution, Revengeful, Malicious, Resentful, Spiteful, Force, Passion, Emphasis, Obsession, Truth, Honesty, Accuracy, Exactness, Correctness, Reject, Discard, Void, Nullify, Invalidate, Dismiss, Malign, Slur, Defame, Slander, Sprightly, Spirited, Energetic, Exhausted, Tired, Devitalised, Drained, Destroy, Devastate, Ruin, Demolish, Melancholie, Sentimental, Plaintive, Nostalgic, Trickery, Artifice, Ruse, Beautiful, Captivating, Comely, Delightful, Charming, Forgo, Relinquish, Defer, Renounce, Surrender, Submit, Admit, Agree, Crave, Desire, Aspire, Urge, Zest, Passion, Enthusiasm, Fervour, Tempo, Peak, Apex, Summit, Acme
Page 685 :
CHAPTER, , 41, ANTONYMS, Words, , Antonyms, , Words, , Antonyms, , Accustomed, Acquittal, Active, Alert, Ample, Arrival, Arrogant, Attract, Aches, Activity, Barbarism, Blunt, Bravery, Belief, Beauty, Beneficial, Barren, Bride, Bless, Blustering, Boon, Care, Cheerfulness, Comparison, Classicism, Confidence, Consent, Concord, , Unusual, Conviction, Inert, Careless, Scanty or Meagre, Departure, Humble, Repeal, Ecstasy, Passivity, Civilization, Sharp, Cowardice, Disbelief, Ugliness, Injurious, Fertile, Bridegroom, Curse, Gentle, Bane, Neglect, Gravity, Contrast, Romanticism, Diffidence, Dissent, Discord, , Confession, Credit, Continuity, Conceited, Courage, Complication, Converge, Civilized, Creation, Cause, Christian, Celebrated, Decrease, Deep, Destroy, Discouragement, Economical, Elevation, Ease, Enthrone, Expedite, Entrance, Earning, Enjoy, Enmity, Fame, Faith, Faithful, , Denial, Cash, Discredit, Discontinuity, Modest, Timidity, Simplification, Diverge, Savage, Destruction, Effect, Pagan, Obscure, Increase, Independent, Create, Encouragement, Extravagant, Depression, Difficulty, Dethrone, Impede, Exit, Spending, Suffer, Friendship, Infamy, Doubt, Treacherous
Page 686 :
676, , English Grammar & Composition, , Words, , Antonyms, , Words, , Antonyms, , Fail, Frankness, Fresh, Friendly, Full, Firm, Fortune, Fatigue, Flexible, Front, Fine, Favour, Foreign, Genuine, Gain, General, Genuine, Guest, Gaiety, Giant, Lady, Legal, Optimist, Obscure, Principal, Prodigality, Philanthropist, Patriot, Peace, Plenty, , Succeed, Reserve, Stale, Hostile, Empty, Infirm, Misfortune, Refresh, Rigid, Rear, Coarse, Frown, Native, Spurious, Lose, Particular, Spurious, Host, Gravity, Dwarf, Lass, Illegal, Pessimist, Clear, Subordinate, Parsimony, Misanthropist, Traitor, War, Scarce, , Persuade, Plaintiff, Pride, Prohibition, Pure, Polite, Poverty, Pursuit, Renounce, Ruthless, Salubrious, Tragedy, Town, Top, Uniform, Uncle, Virtue, Violent, Vivacious, Voluntary, Victor, Venturesome, Vague, Wild, Worry, Wrap, Written, Wrong, Yesteryear, Yuppie, , Dissuade, Defendant, Humanity, Permission, Adulterated, Impolite, Affluence, Avoidance, Denounce, Humane, Unhealthy, Comedy, Country, Bottom, Varied, Nephew, Vice, Gentle, Languid, Compulsory, Vanquished, Timid, Definite, Domestic, Comfort, Open, Verbal, Right, Modern, Approve
Page 707 :
697, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Antonyms/Synonyms, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , u, , 01, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word given in capital, letters :, , [Bank of Maharashtra Specialist Officers], , (1) OSTENTATION, (a) Calmness, (e) Pageantry, , (b) Equianimity, , (c) Deception, , (d) Declaration, , (b) Profound, , (c) Remorseful, , (d) Observant, , (b) Gratify, , (c) Manage, , (d) Defeat, , (b) Infect, , (c) Appease, , (d) Taint, , (b) Benefit, , (c) Lengthen, , (d) Desecrate, , (2) PENITENT, (a) Eccentric, (e) Blameless, , (3) SATIATE, (a) Direct, (e) Expose, , (4) MUSE, (a) Ponder, (e) Hold, , (5) PROFANE, (a) Assert, (e) Advance, , 02, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word given in capital, letters :, , [All India Management Trainees], , (1) INTERPOLATE, (a) Clarify, , (b) Investigate, , (c) Reverse, , (d) Insert, , (b) Pot for boiling, , (c) Static electricity, , (d) Laser fusion, , (b) Bankrupt, , (c) Soluble, , (d) Opprobrious, , (b) Modest, , (c) Stubborn, , (d) Mystic, , (b) Truth, , (c) Imperfection, , (d) Judgement, , (2) CAULDRON, (a) Computer term, , (3) INSOLVENT, (a) Flourishing, , (4) OFFICIOUS, (a) Pushing, , (5) VERACITY, (a) Mendacity, , 03, Directions (Q. 1-3) : Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word given in capital, letters :, , [IITM], , (1) VIA MEDIA, (a) By the way, , (b) Through communication (c) A middle course, , (d) The reverse order, , (b) In peace, , (d) Entirely, , (2) IN TOTO, (a) In the heart, , (c) Within the walls, , (3) RESUME, (a) A summary, (c) A report of the work done, , (b) To carry on after interaction, (d) A review
Page 708 :
698, , English Grammar & Composition, , 04, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Read the list of word given below and choose from the options (a) to (e) the word that is, similar in meaning to the word given in capital letters :, [Bank], (1) EXIGUOUS, (a) Tall, (e) Broad, , (b) Large, , (c) Wide, , (d) Scanty, , (b) Recuperation, , (c) Bravery, , (d) Cowardice, , (b) To be supportive of, (e) None of these, , (c) To give early warning signals, , (b) Invigorate, , (c) To absorb, , (d) Burn up completely, , (b) A small hut, , (c) A lane, , (d) A small hill, , (b) Illustrative, , (c) Unbearable, , (d) Elaborate, , (b) Heaven, , (c) Depth, , (d) Nebulous, , (b) Ghost dancing, (e) Over-eating, , (c) Women’s group activity, , (b) Original, , (c) Elementary, , (d) Daunting, , (b) Squalid, , (c) Gloomy, , (d) Complacent, , (2) RECREANCY, (a) Recreation, (e) Obstinate, , (3) PROSCRIBE, (a) To nominate, (d) Outlaw, , (4) INGEST, (a) Enrage, (e) To stir up, , (5) MONTICULE, (a) A small river, (e) A small plane, , (6) COMPENDIOUS, (a) Comprehensive, (e) None of these, , (7) NADIR, (a) Asylum, (e) None of these, , (8) SOMNAMBULISTIC, (a) Sleep walking, (d) Colourful scenario, , (9) PRIMORDIAL, (a) Feeling of elation, (e) None of these, , (10) SOMBRE, (a) Causing sleep, (e) Malicious, , 05, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In this section, you find a number of sentences, parts of which are underlined. You may, also find only a group of words which is underlined. For each underlined part, four words/phrases are listed below., Choose the word/phrase nearest in meaning to the underlined part :, [CDS], (1) We were taken aback at the fulsome praise heaped upon his former enemy., (a) elaborated, , (b) extravagant, , (c) excessive, , (d) exorbitant, , (2) You may think at first that it is queer to talk of having too much paper money and that money is so nice and, useful that you cannot have too much of it., (a) ridiculous, , (b) absurd, , (c) anomalous, , (d) odd, , (3) The Government is under no obligation to offer contracts to companies which choose to flout guidelines., (a) condemn, , (b) ignore, , (c) defy, , (d) neglect
Page 709 :
699, , Antonyms/Synonyms, (4) Soon he felt uncomfortable, for the coach was now moving over a rugged road., (a) rough, , (b) narrow, , (c) dusty, , (d) sturdy, , (5) Indians exhibited a remarkable solidarity at the time of war., (a) coalition, , (b) cooperation, , (c) unification, , (d) unity, , (6) A great statesman is actuated by love of his country., (a) compelled, , (b) induced, , (c) impelled, , (d) persuaded, , (7) The cutting curved sharply and in the darkness the black entrance to the tunnel loomed up menacingly., (a) harmfully, , (b) imminently, , (c) dangerously, , (d) threateningly, , (8) Had he delivered his speech without a long and winding preamble, people would have understood him, better., (a) digression, , (b) introduction, , (c) explanation, , (d) background, , (9) His impeccable style caught the attention of all critics., (a) faultless, , (b) inoffensive, , (c) upright, , (d) harmless, , (10) We should not look down on people who are not educated., (a) dislike, , (b) despise, , (c) disown, , (d) denounce, , 06, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In the following questions, out of the four alternatives choose the one which best, expresses the meaning of the word given in capital letters and mark it on the Answer Sheet :, [SSC Stenographer], , (1) OBJECT, (a) Disapprove, , (b) Challenge, , (c) Deny, , (d) Disobey, , (b) Unchain, , (c) Undo, , (d) Unhinge, , (b) Observant, , (c) Intelligent, , (d) Watchful, , (b) Toying, , (c) Shifting, , (d) Turning, , (b) Rash, , (c) Bold, , (d) Daring, , (2) UNTIE, (a) Unfold, , (3) ALERT, (a) Energetic, , (4) MOVING, (a) Taking, , (5) RECKLESS, (a) Courageous, , 07, Directions (Q. 1-3) : Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word or group of words, given in capital letters :, [Bank PO], (1) LAUNCH, (a) Review, (e) Force, , (b) Begin, , (c) Propel, , (d) Push, , (b) Depended, , (c) Convinced, , (d) Followed, , (b) Procured, , (c) Acquired, , (d) Conquered, , (2) RELIED, (a) Emphasised, (e) Referred, , (3) OBTAINED, (a) Combined, (e) Attained
Page 710 :
700, , English Grammar & Composition, , 08, Directions (Q. 1-10) In this section, you find a number of sentences, part of which is underlined. You may also, find only a group of words which is underlined. For each underlined part, four words/phrase are listed below., Choose the word nearest in meaning to the underlined part :, [ Indian Bank PO], (1) In spite his best efforts the officer could not redeem his prestige., (a) recover, , (b) raise, , (c) extend, , (d) fulfil, , (c) adequate, , (d) sufficient, , (2) There is abundant supply of water for the crops., (a) considerable, , (b) plentiful, , (3) All his attempts to win the favour of his boss proved infructuous., (a) meaningless, , (b) unnecessary, , (c) redundant, , (d) fruitless, , (4) As she had never been in such a situation before, her apprehension was understandable., (a) eagerness, , (b) fear, , (c) hesitation, , (d) excitement, , (5) You should not get paranoid about what others think of you., (a) flattered by, , (b) influenced by, , (c) obsessed with, , (d) upset by, , (6) I wonder if his intervention in the dispute will be of any help., (a) interception, , (b) interruption, , (c) mediation, , (d) meddling, , (7) A strange mental aberration often made her forget her own name., (a) eccentricity, , (b) insanity, , (c) disorder, , (d) illusion, , (8) He treats with disdain anyone who goes to him for help., (a) contempt, , (b) disgust, , (c) insolence, , (d) displeasure, , (c) without enthusiasm, , (d) with great force, , (9) He spoke impromptu on the occasion., (a) eloquently, , (b) without preparation, , (10) The perpetual noise made it impossible for them to concentrate on the problems., (a) irritating, , (b) constant, , (c) unlimited, , (d) recurrent, , 09, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In this section, you find a number of sentences, part of which is underlined. You may also, find only a group of words which is underlined. For each underlined part, four words/phrase are listed below., Choose the word nearest in meaning to the underlined part :, [UPSC Assistant Provident Fund Commissioners March 1998], , (1) It is possible for a writer to be copious in his words, and at the same time, to give the reality of a natural, form., (a) scanty, (c) repetitive, , (b) plentiful, (d) arrogant, , (2) The security arrangements made for the visiting dignitary were impeccable., (a) flawless, (c) grand, , (b) elaborate, (d) tight, , (3) Even today many people are guided by abstruse moral values., (a) dangerous, (c) obscure, , (b) impracticable, (d) irrational, , (4) The workers tried their best to thwart the plans of the management., (a) embarrass, (c) frustrate, , (b) embitter, (d) hasten, , (5) The prisoners of war signed the document under coercion., (a) compulsion, (c) supervision, , (b) confusion, (d) security
Page 711 :
701, , Antonyms/Synonyms, , 10, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In this section, you find a number of sentences, part of which is underlined. You may also, find only a group of words which is underlined. For each underlined part, four words/phrase are listed below., Choose the word nearest of the opposite of the underlined word or phrase :, [UPSC Assistant Provident Fund Commissioners March 1998], , (1) The proposal was denounced by one and all ., (a) announced, , (b) pronounced, , (c) appraised, , (d) commended, , (2) Where ignorance is sometimes bliss, illiteracy is always considered a curse., (a) erudition, , (b) experience, , (c) education, , (d) information, , (c) ridiculous, , (d) vacuous, , (3) The news brought by the maidservants authentic., (a) authoritative, , (b) baseless, , (4) The doctor said that there is no improvement in the condition of the patient., (a) depression, , (b) deterioration, , (c) change, , (d) degradation, , (c) clear, , (d) fresh, , (5) He plunged into the turbid waters of the stream., (a) deep, , (b) muddy, , 11, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In this section, you find a number of sentences, part of which is underlined. You may, also find only a group of words which is underlined. For each underlined part, four words/phrase are listed below., Choose the word nearest opposite in meaning of the underlined part :, [CDS], (1) His repulsive behaviour could not be ignored by the members of the jury., (a) lovely, , (b) mild, , (c) admirable, , (d) attractive, , (c) professional, , (d) skilled, , (2) He is an amateur photographer., (a) average, , (b) experienced, , (3) The witness affirmed on oath that he was an eyewitness to the crime under study., (a) contradicted, , (b) opposed, , (c) disputed, , (d) denied, , (4) On the hillside, he could see the vague shapes of sheep coming through he mist., (a) clear, , (b) transparent, , (c) plain, , (d) apparent, , (5) His casual remarks were taken note of by all members of the board., (a) careful, , (b) sincere, , (c) precise, , (d) flawless, , (c) discourage, , (d) neglect, , (6) If you pamper the child you will regret it., (a) scold, , (b) scorn, , (7) These rules are meant to prevent further appointments ., (a) facilitate, , (b) accelerate, , (c) expedite, , (d) aggravate, , (c) exciting, , (d) eventful, , (8) The artist led a very austere life., (a) luxurious, , (b) boisterous, , (9) The new boss is well-known for his rigid approach to all problems., (a) swift, , (b) logical, , (c) sympathetic, , (d) flexible, , (c) Luxury, , (d) Money, , (10) Adversity is the source of numerous vices., (a) Wealth, , (b) Prosperity, , 12, Directions (Q. 1-3) : Choose the word which is opposite in meaning to the word given in capital letters : [PO], (1) CHRONIC, (a) Acute, (e) Recurring, , (b) Fleeting, , (c) Irregular, , (d) Temporary
Page 712 :
702, , English Grammar & Composition, , (2) LETTING, (a) Demanding, (e) Rejecting, , (b) Permitting, , (c) Disallowing, , (d) Refusing, , (b) Analyse, , (c) Distinguish, , (d) Mark, , (3) INTEGRATE, (a) Isolate, (e) Distribute, , 13, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning to word given in capital letters:, [SSC Stenographers], , (1) CONFESS, (a) Refuse, , (b) Deny, , (c) Contest, , (d) Contend, , (b) Faulty, , (c) Limited, , (d) Scarce, , (b) Worthless, , (c) Inferior, , (d) Lowly, , (b) Persuasion, , (c) Cooperation, , (d) Agreement, , (b) Domiciled, , (c) Natural, , (d) Resident, , (2) ABSOLUTE, (a) Deficient, , (3) VALUABLE, (a) Invaluable, , (4) HINDRANCE, (a) Aid, , (5) ALIEN, (a) Native, , 14, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Each question below consists of a word in capital letters followed by four alternatives., Choose the alternative that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word given in capital letters :, [Tourism Management Entrance June 1998], , (1) GARBLE, (a) Enjoy, , (b) Rinse, , (c) Clarify, , (d) Accept, , (b) Laxity, , (c) Placidity, , (d) Ambition, , (b) Healing, , (c) Swerving, , (d) Conservative, , (b) Blessing, , (c) Protection, , (d) Obstacle, , (b) Reveal, , (c) Oppose, , (d) Delay, , (2) FORTITUDE, (a) Timidity, , (3) PERNICIOUS, (a) Precious, , (4) ANATHEMA, (a) Appreciation, , (5) CONCUR, (a) Pertain, , 15, Directions (Q. 1-10) : In this section, each item consists of a word or a phrase which is underlined in the, sentence given. It is followed by four words or phrase. Select the word or phrase which is closest to the opposite in, meaning of the underlined word or phrase :, [CDS], (1) My brother is very sensitive about hurting animals., (a) callous, , (b) senseless, , (c) indifferent, , (d) inconcerned, , (b) timidly, , (c) unintentionally, , (d) hesitatingly, , (2) He did it purposely., (a) half-heartedly, , (3) After a week-long strike, the workers took to the path of collision when the chairman intervened., (a) retaliation, , (b) atonement, , (c) reconciliation, , (d) expiation
Page 713 :
703, , Antonyms/Synonyms, (4) He yielded to temptation., (a) succumbed, , (b) rescinded, , (c) skirted, , (d) resisted, , (5) The dishevelled appearance of the two men on the street made everyone take notice of them., (a) composed, , (b) tidy, , (c) confident, , (d) complacent, , (c) repulsion, , (d) hatred, , (6) He has penchant for writing satirical poems., (a) dislike, , (b) bias, , (7) The lawyer was convinced that his client had made a/an authentic statement., (a) absurd, , (b) false, , (c) unreasonable, , (d) ridiculous, , (8) He was on pins and needless while his wife was undergoing an operation., (a) unexcited, , (b) at rest, , (c) undisturbed, , (d) relaxed, , (9) The coach was too lax about the training of the team., (a) stern, , (b) strict, , (c) firm, , (d) steadfast, , (c) fled away, , (d) betrayed, , (10) The rebels held out in the face of stiff odds., (a) gave in, , (b) deserted, , 16, Directions (Q. 1-5) : To answer the following questions, choose the alternative that is nearly opposite in, meaning to the word given in capital letters :, [All India Management Trainees], (1) LACONIC, (a) Terse, , (b) Loquacious, , (c) Curt, , (d) Sagacious, , (b) Heretic, , (c) Loyalist, , (d) Fugitive, , (b) Glutinous, , (c) Thin, , (d) Oleaginous, , (b) Rancid, , (c) Recondite, , (d) Choleric, , (b) Aristocratic, , (c) Impervious, , (d) Licentious, , (2) RENEGADE, (a) Traitor, , (3) ADIPOSE, (a) Corpulent, , (4) PUTRID, (a) Fresh, , (5) VULGAR, (a) Plebeian, , 17, Directions (Q. 1-10) : To answer the following questions, choose the alternative that is nearly opposite in, meaning to the word given in capital letters :, [MAT], (1) SANCTIMONIOUS, (a) Holy, (e) Pessimistic, , (b) Realistic, , (c) Humble, , (d) Callous, , (b) Faulty, , (c) Perplexing, , (d) Rudimentary, , (b) Firm, , (c) Transparent, , (d) Poor, , (b) Communicate, , (c) Peaceful, , (d) Quarrel, , (2) MUNIFICENT, (a) Miserly, (e) Grandiose, , (3). OPAQUE, (a) Vague, (e) None of these, , (4) RESTIVE, (a) Unrestrained, (e) Disturbing
Page 714 :
704, , English Grammar & Composition, , (5) CATAPULT, (a) Reach great heights, (e) Losing, , (b) Downfall, , (c) Caterpillar, , (d) Gaining, , (b) Mysterious, , (c) Enthusiastic, , (d) Straightforward, , (b) Stroll, , (c) Crawl, , (d) Run, , (b) Merry, , (c) Blunt, , (d) Rigorous, , (b) Tolerant, , (c) Wide, , (d) Contrite, , (b) Frank, , (c) Self-righteous, , (d) Depreciation, , (6) ENIGMATIC, (a) Industrious, (e) Sincere, , (7) TRAIPSE, (a) Walk, (e) None of these, , (8) PIQUANT, (a) Jovial, (e) Shocking, , (9) BIGOTED, (a) Dignified, (e) Sincere, , (10) OBLIQUITY, (a) Thin, (e) Conformity, , 18, Directions (Q. 1-8) : To answer the following questions, choose the alternative that is nearly opposite in, meaning to the word given in capital letters :, [Bank PO], (1) DENOUNCE, (a) Accept, , (b) Accuse, , (c) Condemn, , (d) Faith, , (b) Teetotaler, , (c) Sick, , (d) Lunatic, , (b) Steep, , (c) Thoughtful, , (d) Rain, , (b) Giving, , (c) Stingy, , (d) Greedy, , (b) Comfortable, , (c) Inconvenience, , (d) Small, , (b) Straight forward, , (c) Hidden, , (d) Closed, , (b) Rude, , (c) Pleasant, , (d) Decent, , (b) Unstable, , (c) Stable, , (d) Directionless, , (2) DIPSOMANIAC, (a) Alcoholic, , (3) PRECIPITOUS, (a) Rash, , (4) MAGNANIMOUS, (a) Generous, , (5) INCOMMODE, (a) Cause trouble, , (6) EXPLICIT, (a) Clear, , (7) CHURLISH, (a) Ill-mannered, , (8) ASTATIC, (a) Dynamic, , 19, Directions (Q. 1-5) : To answer the following questions, choose the alternative that is nearly opposite in, meaning to the word given in capital letters :, (1) MOTLEY, (a) Homogeneous, (e) Dreary, , (b) Deadly, , (c) Gloomy, , (d) Concise
Page 715 :
705, , Antonyms/Synonyms, (2) BELITTLE, (a) Allure, (e) Magnify, , (b) Disturb, , (c) Entangle, , (d) Ascend, , (b) Impromptu, , (c) Audacity, , (d) Succession, , (b) Acquisitive, , (c) Genial, , (d) Decorous, , (b) Dispose, , (c) Examine, , (d) Permit, , (3) PREMEDITATION, (a) Compression, (e) Terminal, , (4) PEEVISH, (a) Dreamy, (e) Conscious, , (5) FORBID, (a) Appeal, (e) Obtain, , 20, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In the following questions choose the alternative which is almost the same in meaning to, the word given in capital letters :, [RRB Bhopal Non-Tech 1998], (1) INCLEMENT, (a) Pleasant, , (b) Stormy, , (c) Feeble, , (d) Dignified, , (b) Simplicity, , (c) Antipathy, , (d) Harmony, , (b) Dormant, , (c) Ample, , (d) Illegal, , (b) Pride, , (c) Ostentation, , (d) Pity, , (b) Eulogy, , (c) Praise, , (d) Extolled, , (2) AFFECTATION, (a) Hypocrisy, , (3) LATENT, (a) Apparent, , (4) VANITY, (a) Humility, , (5) LAUD, (a) Lord, , 21, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Rewrite the following sentences, selecting the most appropriate word from the ones given, in the brackets :, [IFS], (1) The story of his escape was very (excitable/exciting/excited)., (2) The (scene/scenery) around here is very beautiful., (3) I have been studying English (since/for) ten years., (4) The old man asked if we had any articles of (cloth/clothes/clothing)., (5) If you annoy the God it is (apt/liable/likely) to bite you., , 22, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning :, , [RRB Kolkata], , (1) COMMEMORATE, (a) Boast, , (b) Harmonise, , (c) Manipulate, , (d) Remember, , (b) Interpreter, , (c) Delinquent, , (d) Ignorant, , (b) Sluggish, , (c) Deadly, , (d) Smooth, , (b) Vague, , (c) Insignificant, , (d) Dead, , (2) CONNOISSEUR, (a) Lover of art, , (3) LETHAL, (a) Unlawful, , (4) NEBULOUS, (a) Tiny
Page 716 :
706, , English Grammar & Composition, , (5) ELICIT, (a) Induce, , (b) Divulge, , (c) Insignificant, , (d) Dead, , (b) Competent, , (c) Predominant, , (d) Fertile, , (b) Excessive, , (c) Ridiculous, , (d) Threatening, , (b) Energetic, , (c) Modest, , (d) Intelligent, , (b) Praise, , (c) Appeal, , (d) Reprove, , (b) Donation, , (c) Pleasure, , (d) Reward, , (6) PROLIFIC, (a) Plenty, , (7) EXORBITANT, (a) Odd, , (8) DILIGENT, (a) Industrious, , (9) ADMONISH, (a) Support, , (10) BOUNTY, (a) Gift, , 23, Directions (Q. 1-2) : From the given words, choose a word which means the same as the word given in capital, letters :, , [RRB Bhopal], , (1) UNCOUTH, (a) Ungraceful, , (b) Rough, , (c) Slovenly, , (d) Dirty, , (b) Madden, , (c) Killed, , (d) Shoot, , (2) LYNCH, (a) Hang, , 24, Directions (Q. 1-2) : Choose the nearest similar meaning of the words/phrase :, , [RRB Kolkata, ADM], , (1) To come round, (a) To get well, , (b) To reach a roundabout (c) To succeed, , (d) To complete a circle, , (2) A white elephant, (a) An elephant with white skin, (c) A costly and useful thing, , (b) A costly thing, (d) A costly but useless thing, , 25, Directions (Q. 1-4) Choose one word which is similar in meaning to the key-word given in capital letters., [RRB Tech Trivendrum], , (1) BLITZ, (a) Concentrated attack, , (b) News, , (c) Happiness, , (d) Fall, , (b) Curved, , (c) Hanging down, , (d) Line, , (b) Deep fall, , (c) Dream, , (d) Death, , (b) To deduce, , (c) To attack, , (d) To take away, , (2) DROOP, (a) Straight, , (3) FALLACY, (a) False opinion, , (4) INFER, (a) To conceive, , 26, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In the following questions, choose the word similar in meaning to given words given in, capital letters :, , [RRB Ajmer], , (1) WORTH, (a) Merit, , (b) Fright, , (c) Anger, , (d) Pity
Page 717 :
707, , Antonyms/Synonyms, (2) TOUCHSTONE, (a) Kill, , (b) Criterion, , (c) Precious, , (d) Roll, , (b) Defame, , (c) Dance, , (d) Dunce, , (b) Defame, , (c) Dance, , (d) Die, , (b) Gallant, , (c) Blanket, , (d) Wholesale, , (3) TRADUCE, (a) Trade, , (4) TRAIL, (a) Drag, , (5) SWATH, (a) Envelop, , 27, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Choose the word of words which is most nearly the same in meaning given in capital, letters :, , [RRB Guhati], , (1) ESTABLISH, (a) Prove, , (b) Hold on, , (c) Removed, , (d) Set up, , (b) Divulged, , (c) Damaged, , (d) Advised, , (b) Order, , (c) Amendment, , (d) Assignment, , (b) Electricity, , (c) Authority, , (d) Drive, , (b) Component, , (c) Particle, , (d) Persons, , (2) CONFERRED, (a) Offered, , (3) COMMAND, (a) Consolation, , (4) POWER, (a) Training, , (5) ELEMENT, (a) Prime, , 28, Directions (Q.1-5) : In following questions, choose from the alternatives a word which is similar in meaning to, the word given in capital letters :, [RRB Trivendrum], (1) IMPROMPTU, (a) Offhand, , (b) Unimportant, , (c) Unreal, , (d) Effective, , (b) Noise, , (c) Roar, , (d) Rubbish, , (b) Group, , (c) Medium, , (d) Energetic, , (b) Havoc, , (c) Excitement, , (d) Defeat, , (b) Warm, , (c) Cold, , (d) Boiling, , (2) RABBLE, (a) Mob, , (3) TROUPE, (a) Fast, , (4) MAYHEM, (a) Jubilation, , (5) TEPID, (a) Hot, , 29, Directions (Q. 1-5) : To answer the following questions choose the alternative that is nearly opposite in, meaning to the word given in capital letters :, [MBA Entrance], (1) LACONIC, (a) Terse, , (b) Loquacious, , (c) Curt, , (d) Sagacious, , (b) Heretic, , (c) Loyalist, , (d) Fugitive, , (b) Glutinous, , (c) Thin, , (d) Oleaginous, , (2) RENEGADE, (a) Traitor, , (3) ADIPOSE, (a) Corpulent
Page 718 :
708, , English Grammar & Composition, , (4) PUTRID, (a) Fresh, , (b) Rancid, , (c) Recondite, , (d) Choleric, , (b) Aristocratic, , (c) Impervious, , (d) Licentious, , (5) VULGAR, (a) Plebeian, , 30, Directions (Q.1-15) : Choose from the alternatives, provide a same in meaning for each of the following words, given in capital letters :, [RRB Secundrabad], (1) BUSY, (a) Active, , (b) Quiet, , (c) Secure, , (d) Bold, , (b) Differ, , (c) Disagree, , (d) Vary, , (b) Happy, , (c) Sorrow, , (d) Injury, , (b) Woe, , (c) Noble, , (d) Belief, , (b) Talented, , (c) Insane, , (d) Useful, , (b) Liberal, , (c) Cordial, , (d) Graceful, , (b) Grateful, , (c) True, , (d) Respect, , (b) Secure, , (c) Dispute, , (d) Grief, , (b) Secure, , (c) Repose, , (d) Pity, , (b) Retain, , (c) Adoration, , (d) Differ, , (b) Dispute, , (c) Agreeable, , (d) Sad, , (b) Brief, , (c) Benefit, , (d) Fit, , (b) Modesty, , (c) Right, , (d) Majestic, , (b) Forsake, , (c) Eradicate, , (d) Perform, , (b) Frightened, , (c) Mean, , (d) Accuse, , (2) DENY, (a) Negate, , (3) GRIEF, (a) Cheerful, , (4) FAITH, (a) Cordial, , (5) CLEVER, (a) Novel, , (6) GENEROUS, (a) Friendly, , (7) REGARD, (a) Civil, , (8) QUARREL, (a) Rough, , (9) SHELTER, (a) Cover, , (10) WORSHIP, (a) Yield, , (11) UNHAPPY, (a) Timid, , (12) SUITABLE, (a) Strong, , (13) FAME, (a) Reputation, , (14) ABOLISH, (a) Desert, , (15) AFRAID, (a) Rage, , 31, Directions (Q. 1-3) : In each of the following questions four words are given below the numbered word., Choose the word/phrase which is most nearly similar in meaning to the numbered word given in capital letters :, [RRB Mujaffarpur], , (1) INTEGRITY, (a) Edifice, , (b) Honesty, , (c) Essence, , (d) Embodiment
Page 719 :
709, , Antonyms/Synonyms, (2) MONUMENTAL, (a) Upright, , (b) Indefinite, , (c) Confusing, , (d) Memorable, , (b) Composure, , (c) Device, , (d) Investigation, , (3) PLOY, (a) Entrance, , 32, Directions (Q. 1-4) : Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of the word given in capital letters., [BPO], , (1) FOLLY, (a) Right, (e) Wisdom, , (b) Exact, , (c) Mistake, , (d) Action, , (b) Decrease, , (c) Strengthen, , (d) Dissolve, , (b) Indolent, , (c) Unpleasant, , (d) Irresponsible, , (b) Extracts, , (c) Spends, , (d) Replenishes, , (2) HEIGHTEN, (a) Widen, (e) Disappear, , (3) LETHARGIC, (a) Immobile, (e) Hyperactive, , (4) DRAWS, (a) Pushes, (e) Recharges, , 33, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In the following questions choose the word or words which is closest in meaning to the, keyword or words given in capital letters :, [RRB Clerk Bhopal], (1) CONSOLE, (a) Comfort, , (b) Control, , (c) Sole of a container, , (d) Sole of self, , (2) PERSONNEL, (a) Belonging to oneself, (c) Group of persons, , (b) Belonging to one person, (d) Staff employed in an institution, , (3) ON PURPOSE, (a) Deliberate, , (b) Selfish, , (c) For one’s self, , (d) Biting one’s aim, , (b) With discovered, , (c) Sad, , (d) Public outcry, , (b) Undiscovered, , (c) Defeated, , (d) Unconquerable, , (4) HUE AND CRY, (a) Desperate, , (5) INVINCIBLE, (a) Unseen, , 34, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Select the word which is most nearly the same in meaning to the word given in capital, letters :, , [RRB Mumbai], , (1) DEMISE, (a) Result, , (b) Default, , (c) Death, , (d) Apprehension, , (b) Dissimilarity, , (c) Criticism, , (d) Distinction, , (2) DISPARITY, (a) Distaste, , (3) FORUM, (a) An Assembly, (c) An Application, , (b) Place Of Public Discussion, (d) Rss
Page 720 :
710, , English Grammar & Composition, , (4) DISMANTLE, (a) Take Apart, , (b) Destroy, , (c) Shatter, , (d) Upset, , (b) Celebrate, , (c) Cut Short, , (d) Deprive, , (5) CURTAIL, (a) Decorate, , 35, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Choose the correct antonym of the words given in capital words, out of the four choices, given in capital letters :, [RRB Chandigarh], (1) ADAGE, (a) Motto, , (b) Harangue, , (c) Proverb, , (d) Heresy, , (b) Clamour, , (c) Resistance, , (d) Condense, , (b) Elate, , (c) Ambiguous, , (d) Serene, , (b) Attractive, , (c) Grisly, , (d) Stern, , (b) Attractive, , (c) Splendour, , (d) Trash, , (2) COMPLIANCE, (a) Condone, , (3) EXHILARATE, (a) Depress, , (4) GRUESOME, (a) Disgusting, , (5) MACABRE, (a) Gruesome, , 36, Directions (Q. 1-4) : In the following questions choose the alternative which is opposite in meaning to the word, given in capital letters :, [RRB Non-Tech Bhopal], (1) INCLEMENT, (a) Pleasant, , (b) Stormy, , (c) Feeble, , (d) Dignified, , (b) Simplicity, , (c) Antipathy, , (d) Harmony, , (b) Dormant, , (c) Ample, , (d) Illegal, , (b) Pride, , (c) Ostentation, , (d) Pity, , (2) AFFECTATION, (a) Hypocrisy, , (3) LATENT, (a) Apparent, , (4) VANITY, (a) Humility, , 37, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Choose the word which is opposite in meaning to the word given in capital letters:, [RRB Calcutta], , (1) VENERATE, (a) Accuse, , (b) Abuse, , (c) Criticise, , (d) Defame, , (b) Limited, , (c) Caring, , (d) Foolish, , (b) Active, , (c) Young, , (d) Radical, , (b) Delight, , (c) Peace, , (d) Cheer, , (b) Suspicion, , (c) Dismay, , (d) Anxiety, , (b) Published, , (c) Popular, , (d) Definite, , (2) CAPACIOUS, (a) Changeable, , (3) DOUR, (a) Cheerful, , (4) WRATH, (a) Solace, , (5) DEFIANCE, (a) Obedience, , (6) VAGUE, (a) Known
Page 721 :
711, , Antonyms/Synonyms, (7) CROWDED, (a) Empty, , (b) Lonely, , (c) Deserted, , (d) Barren, , (b) Contact, , (c) Dissolve, , (d) Postpone, , (b) Modern, , (c) Permanent, , (d) Active, , (b) Glory, , (c) Dignity, , (d) Enshrine, , (8) CONVENE, (a) Adjourn, , (9) DORMANT, (a) Ancient, , (10) SHAME, (a) Exaltation, , 38, Directions (Q. 1-2) : Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning to the word given in capital letters :, [RRB Telecom Bhopal], , (1) VISIONARY, (a) Pragmatic, , (b) Practical, , (c) Realist, , (d) Pragmatist, , (b) Dubious, , (c) Untrustworthy, , (d) Erring, , (2) INFALLIBLE, (a) Unreliable, , 39, Directions (Q. 1-2) : In questions 1 and 2 choose the correct antonym of the words given in capital letters :, [RRB Chandigarh], , (1) ANONYMOUS, (a) Desperate, , (b) Expert, , (c) Known, , (d) Written, , (b) Shorten, , (c) Entail, , (d) Close, , (2) CURTAIL, (a) Lengthen, , 40, Directions (Q. 1-2) : Choose the correct antonym of the key word from the four alternative to the word given in, capital letters :, , [RRB Tech Trivendrum], , (1) VICE, (a) False, , (b) Fool, , (c) Wrong, , (d) Virtue, , (b) Prestige, , (c) Humility, , (d) Pride, , (2) PRIDE, (a) Jealously, , 41, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In the following questions, choose the word or phrase which is opposite in meaning to, given word in capital letters :, [RRB Ajmer], (1) CRYPTIC, (a) Tomblike, , (b) Secret, , (c) Famous, , (d) Candid, , (b) Murky, , (c) Ominous, , (d) Illuminating, , (b) Discourage, , (c) Repress, , (d) Restrain, , (b) Enlarged, , (c) Robust, , (d) Active, , (b) Conceal, , (c) Concede, , (d) Acknowledge, , (2) CLOUDY, (a) Shadowy, , (3) CURB, (a) Encourage, , (4) CURTAIL, (a) Shortened, , (5) CONFESS, (a) Grant
Page 722 :
712, , English Grammar & Composition, , 42, Directions (Q. 1-6) In this section each item consists of a word or a phrase which is underlined in the sentence, given. It is followed by four words or phrases. Select the word or phrase which is closest to the opposite in meaning, or the underlined word or phrase :, [CDS], (1) An obscure traveller was found dead on the road., (a) A decent, , (b) An affluent, , (c) A famous, , (d) A respectable, , (2) We have carefully studied your explanation and it sounds plausible., (a) incoherent, , (b) unconvincing, , (c) undesirable, , (d) impertinent, , (3) Only a pragmatic approach to these problems can solve them., (a) practical, , (b) diplomatic, , (c) theoretical, , (d) idealistic, , (4) In the olden days the prisoners were kept in dark and dank cells., (a) small, , (b) old, , (c) dry, , (d) dingy, , (c) indulgent, , (d) lenient, , (c) occasional, , (d) periodical, , (5) My father is a very stern man., (a) liberal, , (b) emotional, , (6) The pleasures of life are eternal., (a) brief, , (b) transient, , 43, Directions (Q. 1-5) : In the following questions, choose the word opposite in meaning to the word given in, capital letters :, , [RRB Trivendrum], , (1) EQUANIMITY, (a) Resentment, , (b) Dubiousness, , (c) Duplicity, , (d) Excitement, , (b) Intelligence, , (c) Clarity, , (d) Brightness, , (b) Obedience, , (c) Suspicion, , (d) Dismay, , (b) Height, , (c) Top, , (d) Roof, , (b) Uniform, , (c) Simple, , (d) Clear, , (2) DENSITY, (a) Rarity, , (3) DEFIANCE, (a) Anxiety, , (4) BASE, (a) Climax, , (5) PATCHY, (a) Attractive, , 44, Directions (Q. 1-4) : Choose the word which is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word given in capital, letters :, , [RRB (ASM) Patna], , (1) CLANDESTINE, (a) Dim, , (b) Clear, , (c) Open, , (d) Congested, , (b) Tough, , (c) Heavy, , (d) Dark, , (b) Sensible, , (c) Hopeful, , (d) Enthusiastic, , (b) Rough, , (c) Tall, , (d) Smooth, , (2) ONEROUS, (a) Light, , (3) LACKADAISICAL, (a) Dull, , (4) TURGID, (a) Fair
Page 723 :
713, , Antonyms/Synonyms, , 45, Directions (Q. 1-10) Choose from the alternatives provided an antonym (opposite in meaning) for each of the, words given in capital letters :, [RRB Secundrabad], (1) ABOVE, (a) Retreat, , (b) Shallow, , (c) Deep, , (d) Below, , (b) Deny, , (c) Repel, , (d) Exit, , (b) Smooth, , (c) Pride, , (d) Fall, , (b) Superior, , (c) Senior, , (d) Narrow, , (b) Partly, , (c) Profane, , (d) Polite, , (b) Polite, , (c) Sinner, , (d) Rough, , (b) Foreign, , (c) Villain, , (d) Spendthrift, , (b) Sink, , (c) Empty, , (d) Follow, , (b) Fair, , (c) Dear, , (d) False, , (b) Light, , (c) Easy, , (d) Ugly, , (2) ATTRACT, (a) Differ, , (3) RISE, (a) Rash, , (4) INFERIOR, (a) Shame, , (5) PERMIT, (a) Prohibit, , (6) SAINT, (a) Complex, , (7) MISER, (a) Spiritual, , (8) FLOAT, (a) Loose, , (9) CHEAP, (a) Dull, , (10) COMMON, (a) Rare, , 46, Directions (Q. 1-2) : In each of the following sentences, four words phrases are given below the, numbered word. Choose the word which is most nearly opposite in meaning to the numbered word given in capital, letters :, [RRB (ASM) Mujjafarpur], (1) MOLEST, (a) Evade, , (b) Abolish, , (c) Mislead, , (d) Inspire, , (b) Confidential, , (c) Mysterious, , (d) Basic, , (2) PLENARY, (a) Restricted, , 47, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Choose the word opposite in meaning to the word given in capital letters :, [Stenographers Allahabad], , (1) ENMITY, (a) Friendship, , (b) Agreement, , (c) Amity, , (d) Cooperation, , (b) Extravagant, , (c) Generous, , (d) Gaudy, , (b) Healthy, , (c) Safe, , (d) Fine, , (b) Open, , (c) Strong, , (d) Bright, , (b) Celebration, , (c) Ancient, , (d) Illusion, , (2) FRUGAL, (a) Charitable, , (3) PERILOUS, (a) Innocuous, , (4) VIVACIOUS, (a) Languid, , (5) OBVIOUS, (a) Isolated
Page 724 :
714, , English Grammar & Composition, , 48, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Each of the following items contains a word given below, followed by four, words or phrases. Select the word/ phrase most nearly opposite in meaning the the mumbled word given in capital, letters :, [RRB (ASM) Bhuvneshwar], (1) ADAPTABLE, (a) Adoptable, , (b) Flexible, , (c) Yielding, , (d) Rigid, , (b) Engrossed, , (c) Relaxed, , (d) Engaged, , (b) Filthy, , (c) Firm, , (d) Flippant, , (b) Renounce, , (c) Possess, , (d) Deny, , (b) Plateau, , (c) Precipice, , (d) Valley, , (2) BUSY, (a) Occupied, , (3) FLIMSY, (a) Frail, , (4) RELINQUISH, (a) Abdicate, , (5) MOUNTAIN, (a) Plain, , 49, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Select the word which is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word given in capital, letters :, [RRB Mumbai], (1) CONCISE, (a) Wrong, , (b) Smooth, , (c) Precise, , (d) Wordy, , (b) Careless, , (c) Prudent, , (d) Promising, , (b) Related, , (c) Opposed, , (d) Partial, , (b) Convict, , (c) Adjudge, , (d) Sentence, , (b) Transpire, , (c) Abundant, , (d) Excellent, , (2) LETHARGIC, (a) Alert, , (3) DISINTERESTED, (a) Avid, , (4) ACQUIT, (a) Disclose, , (5) SCARE, (a) Sacred, , 50, Directions (Q. 1-4) : Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word given in capital, letters :, , [Bank PO], , (1) VEXED, (a) Annoying, (e) Dangerous, , (b) Recurring, , (c) Unresolvable, , (d) Complex, , (b) Start, , (c) Develop, , (d) Abandon, , (b) Re-examined, , (c) Replaced, , (d) Reconstructed, , (b) Unaltered, , (c) Unparalleled, , (d) Uncompromising, , (2) EVOLVE, (a) Introduce, (e) Establish, , (3) REINFORCED, (a) Strengthened, (e) Restructured, , (4) UNABATED, (a) Unsympathetic, (e) Unexpected
Page 725 :
715, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Antonyms/Synonyms, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, Solution TYE 13., , Solution TYE 1., (1) (e),, (5) (d)., , (2) (c),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (a),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (a),, , Solution TYE 2., (1) (d),, (5) (b)., , (2) (d),, , (2) (d),, (2) (d),, (6) (a),, (10) (c)., , (3) (e),, (7) (c),, , (4) (c),, (8) (a),, , (2) (d),, (6) (c),, (10) (b)., , (3) (c),, (7) (d),, , (4) (a),, (8) (b),, , Solution TYE 6., (1) (b),, (5) (b)., , (2) (b),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (c),, , (2) (b),, , (3) (e)., , (2) (a),, (6) (a), (10) (d)., , (3) (a),, (7) (c),, , (4) (b),, (8) (b),, , (2) (a),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (c),, , (2) (a),, , (3) (b),, , (2) (c),, (6) (c),, (10) (a), , (3) (c),, (7) (b), , (4) (d),, (8) (d),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (a),, , (3) (c),, (7) (c),, , (4) (c),, (8) (a),, , (3) (c),, (7) (d),, , (4) (c),, (8) (c)., , (3) (b),, , (4) (c),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (a),, , Solution TYE 16., (2) (c),, , Solution TYE 17., (1) (d),, (5) (b),, (9) (a),, , (2) (a),, (6) (d),, (10) (e)., , (2) (a),, (6) (c),, (10) (d)., (2) (c),, , (2) (b),, (6) (c),, , (1) (a),, (5) (d)., , (2) (e),, , (1) (a),, (5) (c)., , (2) (b),, , (4) (b),, , (1) exciting, (2) scene, (3) for,, (5) likely., , (4) clothes,, , Solution TYE 22., (3) (a),, (7) (c),, , (4) (b),, (8) (d),, , (1) (d),, (5) (b),, (9) (d),, , (2) (a),, (6) (d),, (10) (a)., , Solution TYE 23., , Solution TYE 12., (1) (d),, , (4) (b),, , Solution TYE 21., , Solution TYE 11., (1) (d),, (5) (b)., (9) (a),, , (3) (b),, , Solution TYE 20., , Solution TYE 10., (1) (d),, (5) (c)., , (2) (a),, , Solution TYE 19., , Solution TYE 9., (1) (b),, (5) (a)., , (1) (a),, (5) (b),, (9) (d),, , (1) (a),, (5) (b),, , Solution TYE 8., (1) (d),, (5) (c),, (9) (a),, , (4) (a),, , Solution TYE 18., , Solution TYE 7., (1) (b),, , (1) (c),, (5) (c)., , (1) (b),, (5) (b)., , Solution TYE 5., (1) (c),, (5) (d),, (9) (a),, , (3) (b),, , Solution TYE 15., , (3) (a)., , Solution TYE 4., (1) (d),, (5) (d),, (9) (c),, , (2) (c),, , Solution TYE 14., , Solution TYE 3., (1) (c),, , (1) (b),, (5) (a)., , (3) (a)., , (1) (b),, , (2) (c)., , (3) (c),, (7) (b), , (4) (b),, (8) (a),
Page 726 :
716, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE 24., (1) (d),, , Solution TYE 37., , (2) (d)., , (1) (b),, (5) (a), (9) (d),, , Solution TYE 25., (1) (a),, , (2) (c),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (b)., , (1) (a),, (5) (a)., , (2) (b),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (a),, , (1) (d),, (5) (b)., , (3) (b),, , (4) (c),, , (2) (a),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (b),, , (a),, (b),, (a),, (a),, , (2) (c),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (a),, , (2), (6), (10), (14), , (a),, (b),, (c),, (c),, , (3), (7), (11), (15), , (c),, (d),, (d),, (b)., , (4) (d),, (8) (c),, (12) (d),, , (2) (d),, , (2) (b),, , (3) (e),, , (4) (d)., , (2) (d),, , (2) (b),, , (2) (c),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (d),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (b),, , (2) (b),, , (4) (c),, , 2. (b),, , (2) (a),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (c),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (d)., , (3) (d),, (7) (d),, , (4) (b),, (8) (b),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (a),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (c),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (b),, , (3) (c),, , (4) (d)., , Solution TYE 44., (2) (a),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (b),, , (2) (c),, (6) (c),, (10) (a)., , Solution TYE 46., (2) (a)., , Solution TYE 47., (1) (a),, (5) (d)., , (2) (b),, , Solution TYE 48., (1) (d),, (5) (d)., , (2) (c),, , Solution TYE 49., (1) (d),, (5) (c)., , (2) (a),, , Solution TYE 50., , Solution TYE 36., 1. (a),, , (1) (d),, (5) (b)., , (1) (d),, , Solution TYE 35., (1) (d),, (5) (b)., , (1) (c),, (5) (d),, (6) (b)., , (1) (d),, (5) (a),, (9) (c),, , (3) (c)., , Solution TYE 34., (1) (c),, (5) (c)., , (2) (d),, , Solution TYE 45., , Solution TYE 33., (1) (a),, (5) (d)., , (1) (d),, (5) (b)., , (1) (c),, , Solution TYE 32., (1) (e),, , (3) (c),, , (2) (c)., , Solution TYE 43., , Solution TYE 31., (1) (b),, , (1) (d),, , Solution TYE 42., , Solution TYE 30., (1), (5), (9), (13), , (4) (b),, , (2) (a)., , Solution TYE 41., , Solution TYE 29., (1) (b),, (5) (b)., , (3) (a),, , (2) (d)., , Solution TYE 40., , (2) (a),, , Solution TYE 28., (1) (a),, (5) (b), , (4) (a),, (8) (a),, , Solution TYE 39., (1) (c),, , Solution TYE 27., , (3) (a),, (7) (c),, , Solution TYE 38., (1) (a),, , Solution TYE 26., , (2) (b),, (6) (a),, (10) (c)., , 3. (a),, , 4. (a)., , (1) (a),, , (2) (b),
Page 728 :
718, , English Grammar & Composition, , (10) All ready (all are ready–meYeer lewÙeej) They were all ready to welcome the groom., Already (earlier–hetJe& ceW) I have already informed him., (11) Allusions (indirect reference– DeØelÙe#e mebkesâle) The poem is full of allusions., Illusion (a deceptive show–ce=iele=<Cee) Indian mythology regards the material world as an illusion., (12) Apposite (proper–ÙeesiÙe) His arguments were not apposite to the subject., Opposite (contrary–efJehejerle, in front of) His house is opposite to the college., (13) Assent (agreement–mJeerkeâejesefkeäle)He gave his assent to the new proposal., Ascent (going up–Thej ÛeÌ{vee) He pushed the button and the elevator began its slow ascent., (14) Arc (part of circle–Ûeehe) If a straight line is drawn in a circle it will divide it into two arcs., Ark (covered floating vessel–{keâe ngDee penepe) He crossed the Black Sea with his family in an ark., (15) Aloud (high volume–TBÛee mJej) I can’t hear you well, please speak aloud., Allowed (permitted–Fpeepele oer) He was allowed to enter., (16) Angle (an angle of degree keâesCe) This is a ninety degree angle., Angels (a divine messenger–heâefjMlee) Angels reside in heaven while men reside on Earth., (17) Advice (noun–meueen) I need your expert advice in this matter., Advise (verb–meueen osvee) Please advise me in this matter., (18) Amiable (lovable–hÙeej ÙeesiÙe) She is not only a beautiful but also an amiable girl., Amicable (friendly–efce$eJeled) Finally they came to an amicable settlement., (19) Ail (to be ill–yeerceej nesvee) What ails the Industry is to be sorted out?, Ale (a drink–Mejeye) He has gone to the ale-house., (20) All together (in a body–meeLe-meeLe) Let us move there all together., Altogether (completely–hetCe&leÙee) It seems altogether impossible to cross the river in the night., (21) Ad (short form of advertisement) He has given an ad in the newspaper., Add (short for addition) Add two to three., Aid (to assist–meneÙelee keâjvee) He has given aid of ` 5000/- to the poor family., Aide (an assistant) He is a close aide to the Prime Minister., (22) Aerie (eagle’s nest–IeeWmeuee) There is an aerie on this tree., Airy (breezy–nJeeoej) The house is quite airy., (23) Aisle (walkway–jemlee), (a) An aisle is a long narrow gap that people can walk along between rows of seats in a public building, such as a church or between rows of shelves in a super market., (b) The aisle is also used in expressions such as walking down the aisle to refer to the activity of, getting married., I am in no hurry to walk down the aisle., Isle (island–Éerhe) I have seen many isles, but this is the best isle., (24) All (everything–meye) He has donated all his property., Awl (a small pointed tool for pricking, or piercing holes, esp. such a tool used, by shoemakers– Deewpeej)
Page 729 :
Homonyms, , 719, , (25) Ate (past tense of eat–KeeÙee) He ate two apples., Eight (the number base of octal, seven, eight, nine- Dee") I have eight pens., (26) Auger [(a drill (tool–Deewpeej)] I need an auger to make a hole., Augur (foretell–YeefJe<Ùe keânvee) The recent communal riots do not augur well for the smooth running of, government., (27) Aural (of hearing–megveves mecyeefvOele) He became famous as an inventor of astonishing visual and aural, effects), Oral (of the mouth–ceewefKekeâ) He presented his ideas in a nice way orally., (28) Auricle (External part of the ear–keâeve keâe yeenjer efnmmee), Oracle (seer–ßes‰) He regards himself as an oracle on architecture., (29) Away (distant–otj) Do not go far away from the house., Aweigh (just clear of the bottom), (30) Awed (in a state of wonder–Ûeefkeâle) Awedly she was unable to recall his name., Odd (not usual) Find the odd word from the following passage., (31) Aye (Aye means yes–neB) used in some dialects of British English., Do you remember your first day at school?’ ‘Oh aye. Yeah.’, Eye (ocular organ–DeeBKe) Her eyes are very beautiful., (32) Bale (package–ieeB") I received thirty bales of cotton last month., Bail (security–peceevele) The magistrate didn’t grant him bail in theft case., (33) Berth (sleeping place in train–š^sve ceW yeLe&) I have booked two berths in Shatabadi Express., Birth (coming to life–pevce)This is not the birth place of Buddha., (34) Bare (uncovered–vebiee, efyevee {keâe) He came here bare footed., Bear (to tolerate–menve keâjvee) I cannot bear your insulting remarks., (an animal–jerÚ) There are three bears in that circus., Beer (a kind of wine–yeerÙej) I prefer to take beer., (35) Blow (to whistle–yepeevee) A cool wind is blowing. Don’t blow the whistle., Below (underneath–veerÛes) Hitting below the belt is not allowed., (36) Born (to take birth–pevce) My wife was born in 1960., Borne (supported–menve efkeâÙee) He is suffering from water borne disease., (37) Bad (not good–yegje) He is a bad man., Bed (sleeping place–efyemlej) I go to bed at 11 P.M., (38) By (assistance–Éeje) A snake was killed by Ram with a stick., Buy (purchase–Kejerovee) I want to buy a car., (39) Beet (a vegetable–Ûegkeâvoj) I prefer mango to beet., Beat (to thrash–heeršvee) It is wrong to beat the students with a stick., (40) Borrow (to take loan–GOeej uesvee) I have borrowed some money from Bank., Burrow (a hole in earth–Úso) A mouse lives in this burrow.
Page 730 :
720, , English Grammar & Composition, , (41) Cell (a small cottage–Úesšer keâes"jer) There are more than twenty cells in that prison., Sell (to dispose off–yesÛevee) He sells fruits and vegetables., Sale (noun-act of selling–efye›eâer) I have purchased this dress from that shop., (42) Beach (shore–efkeâveeje) Many people like to walk along the sea beach., Beech (a kind of tree–hesÌ[) There are many beech trees near the railway station., (43) Brake (lever–yesÇkeâ) I am going to get the brake wire changed., Break (to make a part–leesÌ[vee) Can you break this stick with your hands?, (44) Bow (bend–Pegkeâvee) Let us bow to our motherland India., Bough (a branch of tree–šnveer) Many birds are sitting on the bough of the tree., (45) Bridal (pertaining to marriage–Meeoer mes mecyeefvOele) She is looking beautiful in her bridal dress., Bridle (reins–ueieece) It is not easy to bridle a vicious horse., (46) Baron (a landlord–peceeRoej)There was a time when all powers rested in the hands of rich barons., Barren (not fertile–DeveghepeeT) In barren land you can’t cultivate any thing., (47) Blue (a colour–veeruee) I like blue colour., Blew (whistled–yepeeF&) The refree blew the whistle again and again., (48) Bait (food placed on a hook or in a trap to entice fish) Let your bait falls gently upon the water., Bate (to lessen–keâce keâjvee) We listened with bated breath the stories of grandmother’s travel., (49) Bald (hairless–iebpee) She is bald headed., Balled (carnal knowledge) He picked up the sheets of paper and balled them tightly in his fists., Bawled (cried aloud–peesj mes hegkeâejvee) Someone in the audience bawled out ‘Once More’., (50) Band (a group–mecetn) A band is a group of musician., Banned (forbidden–ØeefleyeefvOele) Drinking is banned in Gujarat., (51) Bard (a poet–keâefJe) People sometimes refer to William Shakespeare as the Bard., Barred (enclosed by poles–Iesjvee) The windows were closed and shuttered and the door was barred., (52) Basal (forming the base–DeeOeej yeveevee) The basal layer of the skin was also torn., Basil (an herb–leguemeer) Basil is used in cooking also., (53) Base (the bottom support for anything–DeeOeej) The base of the bottle is very narrow., Bass (the lowest musical pitch or range–Oeerceer DeeJeepe), A bass is also a man with deep singing voice., (54) Bask (to warm oneself pleasantly–iece& keâjvee) Crocodiles bask on the small sandy beaches., Basque (tight fitting bodice or tunic–keâmes ngS keâheÌ[s) She was advised to wear basque., (55) Baud (bits per second) A unit of data transmission speed equal to one information unit per second., Bawd (brothel manager–keâjveer) She is the bawd of that brothel., (56) Beau (male friend–ceo& efce$e) A woman’s beau is her boy friend or lover., Bow (a curve or bend–cegÌ[e ngDee) He bowed slightly for taking her bag., (57) Bell (ding ding–Iebšer) Don’t try to bell the cat., Belle (beautiful woman–megvoj m$eer) She was the belle in last night party.
Page 731 :
Homonyms, , 721, , (58) Besot (to get drunk–veMes ceW nesvee) He became so besotted with her that even he forgot his children., Besought (past tense of beseech) She besought him to cut his drinking and reduce his smoking., (59) Better (superior–DeÛÚe) It is always better to drive carefully., Bettor (one who bets–pegbDeejer) The person who bets is called a bettor., (60) Bight (the loop of a rope–jmmee) is called bight., Bite (a mouthful–iegmmee) You can have a bite of chocolates., Byte (eight bits–yeFš) Byte is a unit of storage in computers., (61) Bloc (an alliance–efce$eieCe) A bloc is a group of countries which have similar aims and interest and that, generally act together over some issue., Block (a block in a town is an area of land with streets on all its sides–IejeW keâer hebefkeäle), She walked four blocks down High Street., (62) Boar (wild pig–pebieueer megDej) We can find wild boars in the valleys ., Boer (a South African of Dutch descent) He is a boer., Boor (tasteless buffoon–mJeeojefnle) If we refer someone as a boor, we think his behaviour and attitude, rough and rude., Bore (not interesting–De®efÛekeâj) He bored me all through the meal with stories of the army life., (63) Bode (an omen) She says the way bill was passed bodes ill for the democracy., Bowed (curved–cegÌ[e ngDee) He has bowed legs bold brave., (64) Bole (trunk–hesÌ[ keâe OeÌ[) He was standing behind the bole of a tree., Bowl (dish–yele&ve) Put all the soup in a large bowl., (65) Boos (disparaging sounds from audience–DeeJeepe) Demonstrators booed and jeered him., Booze (whisky–ef£mkeâer) I have five empty bottles of booze., (66) Bough (tree branch–hesÌ[ keâer šnveer) I rested my fishing rod against a pine bough., Bow (front of a ship; respectful bend–penepe keâe Gielee Yeeie) I gave a theatrical bow and waved., (67) Bra (brassiere–henveves keâer yeÇe) She wears beautiful coloured bra., Braw (well-groomed–lewÙeej keâjvee) He always keeps himself in braw shape., (68) Braid (A narrow piece of twisted thread or cloth used to decorate clothes), He was wearing a coloured uniform with lots of gold braid., Brayed (a donkey cried–ieOes keâer DeeJeepe) The donkey brayed and tried to bolt., (69) Braise (cook with oil and water–hekeâevee) I like braised cabbage., Brays (loud, harsh cry of donkey–ieOes keâer DeeJeepe) A donkey is braying., (70) Bread (a loaf–jesšer) Bread is necessary for the living., Bred (past tense of breed–vemue keâe Yetlekeâeue) He is an ill bred fellow., (71) Brewed (fermented–Mejeye yeveevee) I like nicely brewed beer., Brood (family–heefjJeej, meesÛevee) A brood is a group of baby birds that were born at the same time to the, same mother., If someone broods over something they think about it a lot seriously.
Page 732 :
722, , English Grammar & Composition, , (72) Bruise (an injury–Ûeesš) How did you get that bruise on your cheek?, Brews (making beer–yeerÙej yeveevee) I brew my own beer., (73) Broach (to raise a subject–Meem$eeLe& keâjvee) At last I broached the subject of her early life., Brooch (an ornament fastened to clothes which has a pin at the back), I have five brooches., (74) Brows (multiple foreheads–YeeQnW) Your brows on your forehead., Browse (grazing–Ûejvee) Three red deer were browsing near my lodge., (75) Burger (meat sandwich–yeie&j) I do not like eating burger., Burgher (merchant–JÙeJemeeÙeer) The burghers of a town are the people who live there especially the, richer or more respectable people., (76) But (excepting–uesefkeâve) He is but a good man., Butt (the thick end–ceesše efmeje) A number of cigarette butts are lying there., (77) Buyer (one who purchases–Kejeroej) Only a prospective buyer can purchase this house., Byre (a cow barn–ieewMeeuee) A byre is a cowshed., (78) Check (to verify, to stop–peeBÛevee) He checked my passport. He checked me from leaving the function., Cheque (bank document–Ûeskeâ) I issued a cheque favouring P.N.B., (79) Calendar (chart showing dates etc–keâuewC[j) I have only one calendar in my office., Calender (to press paper, cloth etc.–Øesme keâjvee) Please calender my dress., (80) Cannon (big gun–leeshe) A cannon of ancient time is placed near the railway station., Canon (rule–efmeæevle) He believes in canons of justice., (81) Canvas (a kind of rough cloth–eflejheeue) My shoes are made of canvas., Canvass (to solicit votes–Jeesš ceeBievee) Now-a-days students are busy in canvassing for their friends., (82) Casual (accidental, occasional–Deekeâefmcekeâ) I was granted only one day casual leave., Causal (showing cause–keâejCe yeveeves Jeeuee ) There is a causal link between balanced diet and sound, mind., (83) Corpse (dead body–}eMe) The corpse was covered with a white bedsheet., Corps (a body of troops–mesvee keâer šgkeâ[er) I want to join National Cadet Corps., (84) Coma (state of senselessness–yesnesMeer) The patient has been in coma since Monday., Comma (mark of punctuation–keâescee) One should be careful about proper use of comma., (85) Cession (to yield–ÚesÌ[vee) India should not have made a cession of an inch of its land for the, establishment of Pakistan., Session (sitting of assembly or court–me$e) The winter session of Parliament will be over tomorrow., (86) Censer (a pot in which incense is burnt–Ùe%e keâer Jesoer) Place some incense into the censer., Censor (an official examination–meWmej) The Censor Board has awarded ‘U’ certificate to this film., Censure (criticize adversely–efvevoe) His conduct was censured by the Parliament., (87) Chord (a string of musical instrument–leej) He is playing with the chords of the violin., Cord (a thin rope–jmmeer) I need a fifteen fit cord for packing the luggage.
Page 733 :
Homonyms, , 723, , (88) Cease (discontinue–ÚesÌ[vee) He resigned and thus, ceased to be the Chairman of our society., Seize (to catch–hekeâÌ[vee) Heroin worth 2 lacks rupees was seized from his office., Siege (surrounded–Iesjvee) Akbar’s army sieged the castle of Chittorgarh., (89) Career (profession–JÙeJemeeÙe) For better career opportunities, join computer courses., Carrier (one who carries–ues peeves Jeeuee) Mosquitoes are carriers of virus., (90) Coarse (rough–Kegjoje) Do not use a coarse cloth to clean the glasses., Course (line of action–keâeÙe& keâer efoMee) A disciplined course of action is required to achieve success., (91) Collision (clashing–škeâjevee) In a collision between train and bus, three persons died on the spot., Collusion (secret agreement for an evil plan–<e[dÙev$e) He planned to execute a robbery in collusion, with the clerk., (92) Cloth (unstitched cloth–efyevee efmeues keâheÌ[)s I want to purchase cloth for a shirt and a trousers., Clothe (stitched cloth–efmeues ngS keâheÌ[s) I have given my clothes to washerman for drycleaning., (93) Capital (centre of administration–jepeOeeveer) Delhi is the capital of India., Capitol (roman temple of Jupiter, US Congress House–Skeâ efyeeEu[ie keâe veece), A meeting of US Congress be held in capitol tomorrow., (94) Defy (challenge–Ûegveewleer) One should not defy the orders of one’s superiors., Deify (worship a God–F&MJej keâer lejn hetpevee) Mr. M.K. Gandhi is defied by all Indians., (95) Complacent (self satisfied–mevleg<š)He seems complacent with his job and earning., Complaisant (polite–veceü) He is a man of very complaisant nature., (96) Complement (which completes–hetjkeâ) Husband and wife are complementary to each other., Compliment (regards–DeefYevevove) Please convey my best compliments to your parents., (97) Cautious (aware–peeie¤keâ) I am quite cautious of his activities., Conscientious (careful, scrupulous–Oeeefce&keâ DeemLee) My mother is very hard working, sincere and, conscientious lady., (98) Council (assembly–meove) He was nominated to the Council of State ., Counsel (advice–meueen) He counsels in a right way., (99) Credible (believable–efJeMJeeme ÙeesiÙe) He is not a credible person., Creditable (worthy of praise–ØeMebmeveerÙe) His achievements are indeed creditable., (100) Cymbal (a musical instrument–cebpeerje) I like the melodious sound of the Cymbal., Symbol (sign–efÛevn) What is the symbol of 2004 Olympic Games?, (101) Current (present–Jele&ceeve, leepee) What is the current news?, Currant (dried grapes–efkeâMeefceMe) I am fond of currants., (102) Cite (speak–keânvee) He cited the example of bravery of Maharana Pratap., Site (location–mLeeve) In my opinion this site for the departmental store is commercially viable., Sight (view–ÂMÙe) (vision–Âef°) It was a pitiable sight., Get your eyesight checked at the earliest., (103) Caste (Community–peeefle) He belongs to schedule caste., Cast (to give–osvee) Please cast your votes in favour of me.
Page 734 :
724, , English Grammar & Composition, , (104) Cattle (animal–heMeg) Cattle were grazing in the field., Kettle (vessel–heleerueer) Put the kettle on the gas burner., (105) Corporal (pertaining to body–Meejerefjkeâ) Corporal punishment are banned now-a-days in all schools, and colleges., Corporeal (bodily–Mejerj mecyeefvOele) God has no corporeal existence., (106) Cache (hidden storage–keâesF& Jemleg Ùee Ûeerpe efÚheevee) A huge arms cache was discovered by police., Cash (legal tender–vekeâo) I do not accept cash, but cheque., (107) Canter (a moderate gallop–keâoce Ûeeue) When a horse canters, it moves at a speed that is slower than a, gallop but faster than a trot., Cantor (singer–ieeÙekeâ) An official who sings liturgical music and leads prayer in a synagogue is, called cantor., (108) Carat (unit of weight for precious stones, equal to 200 milligrams), Caret (proofreader’s insertion mark–Úgše ngDee Meyo efoKeeves keâe efÛevn), Carrot (edible orange root–ieepej) Carrot contains aburdent iron., Karat (one-24th part of otherwise pure gold–24JeeB Yeeie Ùee hetCe& meesvee), (109) Carol (christmas song–ieevee) Carols are Christian religious songs that are sung at Christmas day., Carrel (study enclosure–DeOÙeÙeve keâ#e) A small enclosure or study in a cloister., (110) Cause (generative force–keâejCe) Smoking is the biggest preventive cause of death., Caws (sounds of crows–keâewDeebs keâer DeeJeepe) When a crow caws it makes a loud sound., (111) Cent (one hundredth of a dollar–[e@uej keâe meewJeeB efnmmee), Scent (an aroma–megievOe) I like the aroma of freshly baked bread ., Sent (dispatched–Yespee) I have sent you a packet of wool., (112) Cents (hundredths of a dollar–[e@uej keâe meewJeeB efnmmee) A dollar has hundred cents., Scents (many things to smell–megievOe) Flowers are chosen for their scent as well as their look., Sense (physical abilities of sight, smell, hearing, touch and taste–Ûeslevee), She has a good sense of humour., (113) Cere (waxy fleshy covering at the base of the upper beak in some birds–heef#eÙeeW ceW ÛeeWÛe keâe efveÛeuee efnmmee), Sear (to sear something means to burn its surface with a sudden intense heat–Peguemeevee), Grass fires have seared the land near the farming village ., Seer (a prophet–ceneve) A seer is a person, who foretells about the future., (114) Chalk (calcareous earthy substance–Ûeekeâ) He writes on the board with a chalk., Chock (wedge to keep wheels from rolling–jeskeâ) The small roads are chock a block with traffic., (115) Chard (spinach-like vegetable–meypeer) She is fond of chard., Charred (burnt–peuekeâj Keekeâ nes peevee) In the fire broke out yesterday seven persons were charred to, ash., (116) Chased (quickly followed–heerÚe keâjvee) I chased the thief for 100 yards., Chaste (virginal–heefJe$e) If you describe a person or their behaviour as chaste, you mean that they do, not have sex with anyone or they only have sex with their husband or wife., (117) Chews (masticating–Ûeyeevee) Chew your food well and eat slowly., Choose (to select–Ûegvevee) They will be able to choose their own leader through election.
Page 735 :
Homonyms, , 725, , (118) Chile (a South American country–Skeâ osMe) Keshav is living in Chile., Chilli (dried pod of red pepper–efceÛeea) Chillies are used in cooking., Chilly (uncomfortably cool–DelÙeefOekeâ "C[e) It was a chilly night., (119) Choir (church singers–ieeÙekeâ) A choir is a group of people who sing together for example in a church, or school., Quire (the twentieth part of a ream of paper–keâeiepe keâer jerce keâe yeermeJeeB efnmmee), (120) Collar (around your neck–keâe@uej) The collar of this shirt has worn out., Choral (music sung by a choir–ieerle) His collection of choral music is very large and wonderful., Coral (a hard substance formed from the bones of very small sea animals–cetBiee), Corral (a space surrounded by a fence where cattle or horses are kept–leyesuee), (121) Clack (a chattering sound–DeeJeepe) The windshield wipers clacked back and forth., Claque (a group hired to applaud, sycophants–ØeMebmekeâ) Whenever our team scored a goal the claque, made a superb clappings which further boosted the spirit of the team., (122) Claus (fat, jolly guy with presents–meebleekeäuee@pe) Santa Claus comes to town on every Christmas., Clause (clause is a group of words–Meyo mecetn) Containing a verb, contractual unit., Claws (big fingernails–hebpee) The cat tried to cling to the edge by its claws., (123) Click (ticking noise–efkeäuekeâ keâjvee) You can check your e-mail with a click of your mouse., Clique (exclusive group–Deueie mecetn) Clique is a group of people that spend a lot of time together and, seem unfriendly towards people who are not in the group., (124) Climb (ascending–ÛeÌ{vee) He climbed up the stairs., Clime (climate–JeeleeJejCe) She left Britain for the sunnier climes of Southern France., (125) Coal (black mineral–keâesÙeuee) A number of families even today use the coal for cooking., Cold (opposite to warm–"C[e) I like tea neither too hot nor too cold., (126) Coax (persuade–yenueevee) The government coaxed them to give up their strike by promising them, some temporary benefits., Cokes (more than one soft drink–¤heÙes heoeLe&) Several kinds of cokes were available in the party., Cocks (more than one male bird–cegie&s) I have two beautiful cocks., Cox (veeJe ceW DeefOekeâejer) In a rowing boat, the cox is the person, who gives instructions to the rowers., (127) Coddling (tenderly treating–mvesnhetCe& JÙeJenej) She coddled her younger daughter madly., Codling (small, unripe apple–Úesšs mesye) is also called codling., (128) Conch (shellvish–MebKe) A conch is a shellfish with a large shell., Conk (blow to the head–peesj keâer OJeefve) The dynamo conked out so we have no electricity., (129) Coo (a soft murmuring sound–Oeerceer DeeJeepe) ‘Isn’t she beautiful?’ he cooed., Coup (a successful stroke–meÛÛee DeeIeele) He was sentenced to death for his part in the coup., Copes (gets along with adversity–cegkeâeyeuee keâjvee) It was amazing how my mother coped with bringing, up three children on less than ` one thousand a month., Copse (a stand of trees–hesÌ[eW keâer hebefkeäle) A copse is a small group of trees growing very close to each, other., Cops (police officers–hegefueme DeefOekeâejer) I do not like the cops standing near my house.
Page 736 :
726, , English Grammar & Composition, , (130) Creak (a short high pitched sound–lesspe OJeefve) The door creaked open by the storm., Creek (small stream–peue keâer Oeeje) If someone is up the creek , he is in a difficult situation., (131) Desert (a waste track of land –jsefiemleeve noun, to forsked; verb lÙeeievee) Churu is a desert area in, Rajasthan. He has deserted his wife., Dessert (fruit served after dinner–Yeespeve kesâ yeeo heâue Deenej) The dessert course after dinner was liked by, all., (132) Decry (to cry down–efvevoe keâjvee) The Iraq policy of US Government is decried by Indian Government., Descry (to see dimly–otj mes osKevee) Across the river you can descry a hut near the palm tree., (133) Dye (a verb-to colour–jBievee) Dye my shirt in sky blue ., Die (expire–cejvee) He died from cholera., (134) Dose (quantity of medicine–oJee keâer Kegjekeâ) I have already taken four doses of this medicine by now., Doze (sleep–TBIevee) You were dozing in the class yesterday., (135) Draught (a quantity of liquid–lejue keâer cee$ee)The patient was given a draught of medicine., Drought (want of rain–metKee) Due to scanty rain whole of the district is in the grip of drought., (136) Dam (surrounding area to stop flow of water–yeeBOe) A dam is being built up here to storage the rainy, water., Damn (condemn–efvevoe) His behaviour is damned by all the members of the society., (137) Dear (loving–efØeÙe) He is my very dear friend., Deer (an animal–nefjCe) I saw many deer in that forest., (138) Deduce (draw conclusion–veleerpee efvekeâeuevee) You can’t deduce such a conclusion of the discussion., Deduct (to take something–keâce keâjvee) Deduct cash discount 3% and make the payment by tomorrow., (139) Deference (respect–Deeoj) I treat my elders with due deference., Difference (dissimilarity–Devlej) There was a difference of opinion on this point., (140) Decent (good–yeefÌ{Ùee) Because of his decent behaviour he was promoted to the post of General, Manager., Descent (coming down–veerÛes Glejvee) That hill has a steep descent to the south., Dissent (to differ–celeYeso) He recorded his dissent on this proposal., (141) Device (noun-plan–Ùeespevee) He used all devices to popularise the game., Devise (verb—to plan–Ùeespevee yeveevee) You are to devise a plan to increase the turn over., (142) Duel (a fight between two–oes kesâ yeerÛe Ùegæ) There was a duel between Dara Singh and Kingkong., Dual (double–oesnje) Dual system of governance is a bad governance., (143) Disease (illness–jesie) Malaria is a curable disease., Decease (death–ce=lÙeg) The sudden decease of his father forced him to abandon his studies., (144) Dam (holds back water–yeeBOe) Government is building a dam on this river., Damn (a curse–Meehe osvee) Don’t be flippant , damn it! This is serious., (145) Darn (to mend–jhetâ keâjvee) She is darning the old socks to wear in winter., Darne (a fish steak) He had a darne with his lunch., (146) Dine (to eat–Keevee) He dines alone most nights., Dyne (unit of energy–Gâpee& ceeheves keâer FkeâeF&) Three dyne energy is needed to pull this pump.
Page 737 :
Homonyms, , 727, , (147) Dire (desperate–YeÙeevekeâ) He was in dire need of hospital treatment., Dyer (one who dyes–jBieves Jeeuee) Ram is working in the firm of drycleaners as dyer., (148) Do (an auxiliary in grammar–keâjvee) They do not know me. Do come tomorrow again., Doe (a female deer–ceeoe nefjCe) There are several does in the forest., Dough (uncooked bread–meevee ngDee) Roll out the dough into one large circle., Dos (part of computer operating system) He is learning DOS now-a-days., (149) Done (completed–hetCe& keâjvee) I have done my job., Dun (something that is dun is a dull grey-brown colour.), (150) Eruption (bursting out–hetâšvee) There was an eruption of Volcano near Gujarat border., Irruption (invasion–Dee›eâceCe) The irruption of Mughals destroyed the glory of Rajput empire., (151) Emerge (to come out–yeenj Deevee) He emerged successfully out of the miserable circumstances., Immerge (to plunge into–[tyevee) He is immerged in mythological thoughts., (152) Eminent (distinguish–efJeefMe°) Indira Gandhi was an eminent politician., Imminent (impending–leggjvle) Indian army is ready to face any imminent attack of Pakistan., (153) Eligible (fit to be chosen–ÙeesiÙe) He is eligible for the post., Illegible (that which cannot be read–Dehe"veerÙe) His writing is illegible., (154) Earn (to come to deserve–keâceevee) Companies must earn a reputation for honesty., Urn (a jar–yele&ve) An urn is a container, in which a dead person’s ashes are kept., An urn is a metal container used for making a large quantity of tea or coffee and keeping it hot., (155) Elude (to escape from–yeÛeevee) He eluded the police for ten years., Allude (refer–FMeeje keâjvee) She also alluded to her rival’s post marital troubles., (156) Epic (a narrative poem or story–keâeJÙe) Like ‘Gone with the wind’ it’s an unashamed epic romance., Spoch (a noteworthy period in history–Ssefleneefmekeâ keâeue) The birth of Christ was the beginning of a, major epoch of world history., (157) Eunuchs (a castrated male person–nerpeÌ[e) In India eunuchs are turning to politics., Unix (operating system–Dee@hejsefšbie efmemšce) Unix is a operating system in computers., (158) Ewe (female sheep–ceeoe YesÌ[) A ewe is an adult female sheep., Yew (a type of tree–hesÌ[) is a evergreen tree which has sharp leaves., You (the second person–legce) Where are you going?, (159) Eyelet (small hole for laces–Úesšs efÚõ) My shoes have eight eyelets., Islet (small island–Úesše Éerhe) An islet is a small island., (160) Ere (before) Take the water ere the clock strikes four., Err (to make a mistake) If you make a threat be sure to carry it out if he errs again., Heir (one who will inherit) The younger prince was declared heir to the throne., (161) Facility (ease, opportunity–megefJeOee) Facility of STD is also available in this hotel., Felicity (happiness–Øemevvelee) True felicity can’t be enjoyed by a dishonest man., (162) Foul (unfair–DevegefÛele) One can’t achieve true success through foul means., Fowl (a bird–he#eer) He is fond of fowl’s meat., (163) Find (to get–heevee) Go there you will find a tree near the river., Fined (to charge–pegcee&vee) The court fined him ` 20000 for the offence.
Page 738 :
728, , English Grammar & Composition, , (164) Floor (surface–heâMe&) Clean the floor with dettol and water., Flour (wheat meal–Deeše) He has a flour mill., (165) Forth (onward–Deeies Deevee) He alone came forth to assist that poor lady ., Fourth (third-fourth–ÛeewLee) April is the fourth month of the year., (166) Farther (more distant–otj) Delhi is farther from Alwar in comparison to Jaipur., Further (next-Deeies) Please settle the case without any further delay., (167) Faint (to swoon–yesnesMe nesvee) She fainted after taking wine yesterday ., Feint (pretension–efoKeeJee) She made a feint of reading the books., (168) Fain (gladly–KegMeer mes) She would fain on seeing me., Feign (pretend–efoKeeJee) When his boss scolded him, he feigned as a deaf., (169) Fair (pure, a show–heefJe$e, cesuee) I believe in using fair means to achieve the target., Let us go to the fair., Fare (passage money–efkeâjeÙee) A strike was called by the truckers demanding hike in minimum fare., (170) Feat (an exploit–meenefmekeâ keâeÙe&) A racing car is an extraordinary feat of engineering., Feet (plural of foot–heeBJe) Do not put your feet on the table., (171) Forego (go before–henues peevee) We have already discussed this point in foregoing lessons., Forgo (to let go–lÙeeie osvee) I cannot forgo my rights., (172) Fairy (imaginary magic person–peeotiej) Fairies are often represented as small people with wings., Ferry (river-crossing boat–Úesšer veeJe) They crossed the river by ferry., (173) Fey (whimsical–mevekeâer) If you describe someone as fey, you mean that they behave in a shy, childish, or unpredictable way and you are often suggesting that this is unnatural or insincere. Her fey charm, and eccentric ways were legendary., Fays (more than one fairy–Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ peerJe), (174) Faze (to stun–DeeMÛeÙe&) He was fazed to see such a big hall., Phase (a part of the sequence–keâuee) The crisis is entering a crucial phase., (175) Ferrate (a salt containing iron and oxygen), Ferret (a domesticated polecat–Úesšer efyeuueer) A ferret is a small fierce animal which is used for, hunting rabbits and rats., (176) Feted (celebrated–keâeÙe& keâjves Jeeuee) If someone is feted , they are celebrated, welcomed or admired by, the public., Fetid (stinking–yeoyetoej) Fetid water or air has a very unplesant smell., (177) Few (not many–LeesÌ[e) I gave a dinner party for a few close friends., Phew (expression of relief) Phew, what a relief, I am feeling now!, (178) File (a folder for holding papers–heâeFue) Please put this paper in a file., Phial (a small glass bottle–Úesšer yeesleue) A phial is a small tube shaped glass bottle used to hold, medicine., (179) Finish (to complete–meceehle) I will finish my work by tomorrow., Finnish (from Finland–efheâveuewC[ kesâ efveJeemeer) Finnish is the language spoken in Finland., (180) Flair (verve, talent–ØeJe=efòe) If you have a flair for a particular thing , you have a natural ability to do it, well., Flare (to spread–yeÌ{evee) Camp fire flares like beacons in the dark.
Page 739 :
Homonyms, , 729, , (181) Flea (parasitic insect–cekeäKeer) A flea feeds on the blood of humans or animals., Flee (to run away–Yeeie peevee) He tried to flee from the sight, but he was caught., (182) Flecks (many tiny specks–Úesše Oeyyee pewmee) His hair is dark grey with flecks of ginger., Flex (to bend–ceesÌ[) He slowly flexed his muscles and tried to stand., (183) Flew (past tense of fly–GÌ[eÙeer) He flew many kites yesterday., Flu (short for influenza–yegKeej) I got flu day before yesterday., Flue (chimney pipe–efÛeceveer heeFhe) The flue of the chimney required to be changed., (184) Floe (sheet of floating ice–lewjleer yehe&â keâer hejle) Ice floe is a large area of ice floating in the sea., Flow (to glide along–yenevee) A stream flowed gently down into the valley., (185) For (in place of–kesâ efueS) It is enough for me., Fore (in front–meeceves) There is no direct damage in the fore part of the ship., Four (number after three–Ûeej) I have four pens., (186) Frees (releasing–ÚesÌ[vee) He frees the bird from the cage., Freeze (very cold–"C[e) The trees are damaged by a freeze in December., We want the government to freeze the prices., Frieze (a wall decoration–oerJeej mepeeves keâer Jemleg) A frieze is a decoration high up on the walls of a room, or just under the roof of a building. It consists of a long panel of carving or a long strip of paper with a, picture or pattern on it., (187) Friar (a monk–lehemJeer) He is a friar., Fryer (a utensil–yele&ve) A fryer is a type of deep pan which is used to fry food in hot oil., (188) Gild (thin coating of metal–Oeeleg keâe heòej ÛeÌ{evee) Gilded ornaments look more beautiful than the, original., Guild (group of same profession–mebIe) Now-a-days all the workers have organised themselves into, guilds., (189) Gage (security–peceevele) I do not lend without sufficient gage., Gaze (to look attentively–Skeâškeâ osKevee) She stood gazing at herself in the mirror., (190) Gait (manner of walk–Ûeeue) That model girl has a graceful and sexy gait., Gate (large door–ojJeepee) You should not enter through the main gate., (191) Goal (aim–GodosMÙe) To achieve this goal you are to work hard., Gaol (jail–pesue) He has been to gaol earlier also., (192) Gaff (a barbed spear–Yeeuee) A gaff is a pole with a point or hook at one end, which is used for catching, large fish., Gaffe (a stupid mistake–cetKe&leehetCe& ieueleer) He made an embarrassing gaffe at the convention last, weekend., (193) Galley (ship’s kitchen–penepe keâer jmeesF&) The galley of this ship is well maintained and full of eatables., Gally (to frighten or terrify–[jevee) He tried to gally the child with a mask of demon., (194) Gilt (gold-plated–Oeeleg keâer hejle ÛeÌ{e ngDee) This is a gilt ornament., Guilt (culpable–oes<eer) You aren’t convinced of Mr. Charles guilt., (195) Gnawed (chewed–Ûeyeevee) He gnawed his long fingernail ., Nod (head tilting–efmej efnueevee) “Are you fine?” I asked. She nodded and smiled.
Page 740 :
730, , English Grammar & Composition, , (196) Gnu (african deer–Deøeâerkeâve nefjCe) I saw a Gnu in the zoo., Knew (past tense of know–peevee) He knew me well., New (not old–veÙee) What is new in the market ?, (197) Gored (pierced by an animal’s horns) He was gored to death in front of his family., Gourd (fleshy fruit with hard skin–heâue) I like gourd very much., (198) Gorilla (large ape–ieesefjuuee) Gorilla has long arm, black fur and a black face., Guerrilla (irregular soldier–DeefveÙeefcele efmeheener) The guerrillas threatened to kill their hostages., (199) Grade (ßesCeer) What grade are you going to get?, Grayed (turned gray–«es jbie ) I like grayed colour walls., (200) Graft (to attach–peesÌ[vee) The top layer of skin has to be grafted onto the burns., Gaphed (plotted–ieüeheâ yeveevee) You can see a graphed diagram of the progress made by the country in, population control., (201) Grate (a lattice–peeueer) A grate is a framework of metal bars in a fireplace, which holds the coal or, wood. A wood fire burned in the grate., Great (extremely good–yeÌ[e, ceneved) Gandhi was a great man., (202) Grill (to sear cook–hekeâevee) A grill is a flat frame of metal bars on which food can be cooked over fire., Place the omellete under agentle grill., Grille (an iron frame work–ueesns keâer peeueer) The door has no grille., (203) Groan (a long low sound uttered in pain –keâjenvee) He opened his eyes and he began to groan with, pain., Grown (has gotten larger–yeÌ[e, yeÌ{vee) Dad, I am a grown woman. I know what I am doing., (204) Guise (appearance–efoKevee) She presented her dance in the guise of a rabbit., Guys (man–JÙeefkeäle) Hi, guys! How are you doing?, (205) Hail (frozen rain–Deesues) It is hailing. It hailed yesterday., Hale (healthy–mJemLe) May God keep you hale and healthy!, (206) Horde (a gang–mecetn) A horde of mischievous students attacked the shop keepers., Hoard (to store–Skeâ$e keâjvee) Hoarding of sugar beyond the prescribed limit is an offence., (207) Hair (yeeue) She has black hair., Heir (successor–GòejeefOekeâejer) He is an heir apparent to the throne., (208) Hurt (injury–Ûeesš) Your comments can hurt her feelings., Hart (a male deer–efnjCe) I have a beautiful pair of harts., Heart (an organ in the body–efoue) He is suffering from heart disease., (209) Humane (kind–oÙeeueg) UNO has advised the member countries to meet out humane treatment to, Prisoners of war., Human (pertaining to mankind–ceveg<Ùe mes mecyeefvOele) You will find almost the same human nature, everywhere., (210) Heel (part of shoe–petles keâer SÌ[er) The heels of my shoe are pinching., Heal (to cure–DeÛÚe nesvee) This medicine will help you in quick healing., (211) Hole (a burrow–Úso) A serpent lives in this hole., Whole (complete–mechetCe&) He ate whole of the breakfast.
Page 741 :
Homonyms, , 731, , (212) Hall (a large room–yeÌ[e keâceje) He has hired a hall for the concert., Haul (a–G"evee) If you haul something which is heavy or difficult to move, you move it using a lot of, effort. A crane had to be used to haul the car out of the stream...(b) If someone is hauled before a court, or someone in authority, they are made to appear before them because they are accused of having, done something wrong., He was hauled before the managing director and fired., (213) Hammock (rope bed–jmmeer Jeeueer Keeš) A hammock is a piece of strong cloth or netting which is hung, between two supports and used as a bed., Hummock (low, rounded hill–Úesšer heneÌ[er) A hummock is a small raised area of ground, like a very, small hill., (214) Hangar (garage for airplanes–nJeeF& penepe jKeves keâe mLeeve) Some repairing is going on in the hangar of, the airport., Hanger (from which things hang–ueškeâeves Jeeuee) I want to purchase a coat hanger., (215) Ho (an expression of admiration or surprise–nes-nes) Ho ! you are here., Hoe (a garden tool–Deewpeej) Today he is hoeing in the vineyard., (216) He’ll (contraction of ‘he will’) He’ll come tomorrow., Hill (smaller than a mountain–Úesšer heneÌ[er) There is a temple on that hill., (217) Hear (to listen) I hear his voice., Here (at this location–ÙeneB) Come here., (218) Heard (listened to–megvevee) I heard a strange sound yesterday in the night., Herd (a group of animals–YeerÌ[) They are individuals. They will not follow the herd., (219) Hi (greetings–neÙe) “Hi Luis”, she said., High (way up–TBÛee) I looked down from the high window., (220) Heroin (narcotic–Deheâerce) Heroin is a powder drug., Heroine (female hero–Skeäš^sme) My favourite heroine is Ash., (221) Hew (to chop–keâešvee) He fell, peeled and hewed his own timber., Hue (a colour–jbie) The same hue will look different in different light., (222) Higher (farther up–Dehes#eeke=âle GBâÛee) He has gone to USA for higher studies., Hire (to employ–efkeâjeS hej uesvee) Cars are available for hire., (223) Him (pronoun–Gmekeâe) I know him., Hymn (religious song–Oeeefce&keâ ieerle) I like singing hymns., (224) Hoard (store–Skeâ$e keâjvee) They have begun to hoard food and sugar ., Horde (a great many people–YeerÌ[-YeeÌ[) This attracted hordes of tourists to Las Vegas., (225) Hoarse (rough voice–keâke&âMe OJeefve) His voice is hoarse., Horse (equine–IeesÌ[e) He has a black horse., (226) Hold (to grip–hekeâÌ[vee) Hold the bucket please., Holed (full of holes–efÚõoej) The wall seems to be holed by a drill., (227) Holy (with religious significance–heefJe$e) Ayodhya is a holy place for the Hindus., Wholly (completely–hetCe&leÙee) This approach for the urban area is wholly inadequate.
Page 742 :
732, , English Grammar & Composition, , (228) Hostel (inexpensive lodging for travelers–Úe$eeJeeme) He is living in the college hostel., Hostile (unfriendly–ogMceveer) Pakistan has not yet changed its hostile attitude towards India., (229) Idle (indolent–efvekeâccee) An idle man can’t make any progress., Ideal (visionary–DeeoMe&) My teacher, Mr. Shrivastava, is an ideal for me., Idol (an image of a deity–cetefle&) A section of the Hindus believe in idol worship., (230) Ingenious (clever–Ûelegj) He is an ingenious engineer., Ingenuous (simple–meerOee) His ingenuous attitude is liked by all ., (231) Incite (to provoke–Gòesefpele keâjvee) His arrogant behaviour incited me a lot., Insight (a clear vision–mhe<š osKevee) Do you know the insight story of this murder?, (232) Indite (to compose–jÛevee) Though he indited the letter carefully, yet it was not liked by the chairman., Indict (to accuse–oes<eejesheCe keâjvee) He was indicted for theft and murder., (233) In (expressing inclusion–ceW) He is in the room., Inn (hotel–nesšue) This is a well maintained inn., (234) Inc. (short for incorporated) Inc. is an abbreviation for ‘Incorporated’ when it is used after a, company’s name., Ink (writing fluid–mÙeener) I have an ink pen., (235) It’s (contraction of ‘it is’) It’s a large hotel., Its (possessive pronoun) I know its true position., (236) Jealous (envious–F&<Ùee&) He is not liked by anybody because of his jealous nature., Zealous (enthusiastic–Glmeener) She is very zealous about her new book., (237) Jewel (precious stone–peJeenjele) This watch contains many jewels., Joule (unit of energy measure–Gâpee& keâer FkeâeF&) In Physics joule is a unit of energy or work., (238) Juggler (one who juggles–peeotiej) He is a good juggler., Jugular (artery to head–mej keâer veme), (a) A jugular or jugular vein is one of the three important veins in your neck that carry blood from, your head back to your heart., (b) If you say that someone went for the jugular, you mean that they strongly attacked another, person’s weakest points in order to harm him., (239) Naughty (mischievous–Mewleeve) She is a naughty girl., Knotty (difficult–keâef"ve) This was indeed a knotty problem., (240) Knap (crest of a hill; break with a hammer–leesÌ[vee) We unfurled the flag at the knap of the hill at 6.30, P.M. He knapped the glass box to uncountable pieces., Nap (a short sleep–Pehekeâer) You should use your lunch hour to have a nap in your chair., (241) Knead (working bread dough–iegbovee) He kneaded the mixture on a floured surface., She felt him knead the aching muscles., Need (must have–DeeJeMÙekeâlee) He needs your help., (242) Knight (chivalrous man–yeneogj) He was knighted on the queen’s birthday., Night (darkness–jele) Night comes after day.
Page 743 :
Homonyms, , 733, , (243) Knit (interlocking loops of yarn–yegvevee) She has already started knitting baby sweators., Nit (louse egg–petb kesâ DeC[s), (a) Nits are the eggs of insects called lice which live in people’s hair., (b) If you refer to someone as a nit, you think they are stupid or silly. You’d rather leave the business, than work with such a nit., (244) Knob (handle–nQ[ue keâe efmeje) He turned the knob and pushed against the door., Nob (rich person–Oeveer JÙeefkeäle) The nobs, who live in that big house are very generous., (245) Knock (to rap–"eskeâvee) Someone had knocked him unconscious. I heard a knock at the front door., Nock (a notch in an arrow–leerj keâe efmeje pewmee) A V shape cut or indentation in an edge or across a, surface., (246) Knot (fastening in cord–ieeB") He tied a knot at the end of the lace., Naught (or nought is zero–MetvÙe) Sales rose by naught point four percent last month., Not (negation–veneR) He was not present in the party., (247) Know (to possess knowledge–peevevee) I know him., No (negation–veneR) I have no pen., (248) Knows (only the shadow knows–peevevee) Everyone knows about Mahatma Gandhi., Nose (plain as the nose on your face–veekeâ) Clean your nose daily., (249) Lightening (make lighter–nukeâe keâjvee) We had appealed to the court for lightening the punishment,, but of no avail., Lightning (electric discharge in clouds–efyepeueer Ûecekeâvee) There was occasional lightning in the sky last, night., (250) Loath (unwilling–FÛÚe kesâ efJe®æ) Nothing loath he did, as he was saying., Loathe (to dislike greatly–Ie=Cee keâjvee) I loathe her dressing pattern and arrogant way of talking., (251) Latter (antonym of former–yeeo ceW Deeves Jeeuee) Between Ram and Shyam, the latter (Shyam) is a diligent, student., Later (comparative of late–osjer mes Deeves Jeeuee) He came later than his friend., (252) Lose (to part with–Keesvee) Where did you lose your briefcase?, Loose (to slack–{eruee keâjvee) He was wearing a loose cotton shirt., (253) Lesson (chapter–hee") Learn your lesson well., Lessen (to make less–keâce keâjvee) Even this medicine has not lessen my pain., (254) Last (antonym to first–Deefvlece) Bahadur Shah was the last emperor of India., Latest (superlative of late–leepee) She always prefers latest design clothes., (255) Lacks (does not have–veneR nesvee) He lacks the judgement and political acumen for the post of General, Manager., Lax (loose discipline–DevegMeemeve ceW keâceer) One of the point of contention is the lax security for the airport, personnel., (256) Lain (past tense of lay or lie–uesšvee) He has lain there for sometime., Lane (narrow road–ieueer) Shyam lives at the end of the lane., (257) Lam (headlong flight–Yeeievee) If someone is on the lam or if they go on the lam, they are trying to, escape or hide from someone such as the police or an enemy., He was on the lam for seven years., Lamb (baby sheep–YesÌ[ keâe yeÛÛee) A lamb is a young sheep.
Page 744 :
734, , English Grammar & Composition, , (258) Lay (to recline–mecehe&Ce) Lay a sheet of paper on the floor., Lei (a flower necklace–hetâueeW keâe nej) A garland made of flowers, feathers, shells etc, often given as a, symbol of affection., (259) Lea (a meadow–metle keâer uecyeeF&) They live in a hut constructed in the lea., Lee (a sheltered position–megjef#ele efmLeefle) The lee of a place is the shelter that it gives from the wind or, bad weather., Lease (rented-efkeâjeS hej) She leased out her bungalow at a good rent., (260) Leach (a dish consisting of sliced meat, eggs, fruits and spices in jelly etc Keeves keâer ef[Me), Leech (sucking parasite-Úesše pevleg), (a) A leech is a small animal which looks like a worm and lives in water. Leeches feed by attaching, themselves to other animals and sucking their blood., (b) If you describe someone as a leech, you disapprove of them because they deliberately depend on, other people, often making money out of them., They’re just a bunch of leeches cadging off others ., (261) Leak (accidental escape of liquid-efjmevee) The roof is leaking., Leek (variety of onion-hÙeepe) I like leek vegetables., (262) Lean (angle of repose-Pegkeâvee) They stopped to lean over the gate., Lien (a claim on property-DeefOekeâej) Please mark my lien over the property., (263) Liar (tells falsehoods–Pet"e) He is a liar and a cheat., Lyre (stringed instrument–Ùev$e) A lyre is a stringed instrument that looks like a harp., (264) Lichen (a fungus–Skeâ Øekeâej keâe heewOee) Lichen is a group of tiny plants like moss and grows on the, surface of things such as rocks, trees and walls., Liken (to compare–leguevee keâjvee) If you liken one thing or person to another thing or person , you say, that they are similar. The pain is often likened to being drilled through the side of the head., (265) Lie (an untruth–Pet") He is telling a lie., Lieu (instead–yepeeÙe) He gave his T.V. to the landlord in lieu of rent., (266) Loo (british toilet–efyeÇefšMe šeÙeuesš) I asked if I could go to the loo., Lou (short for Louis) Where has Lou gone so early., Low (not high–veerÛee) He put it down on the low table., (267) Limb (tree branch–hesÌ[ keâer MeeKee) The entire structure was hanging from the limb of an enormous leafy, tree. She would be able to stretch out her cramped limbs for some time., Limn (illuminate–Ûecekeâvee) His face was limned in the dim glow from the match., (268) Links (pieces of chain–Ûewve kesâ šgkeâÌ[s) I have no links with that man., Lynx (a lynx is a wild animal similar to a large cat–yeÌ[er efyeuueer pewmee), (269) Literal (taking words in their primary sense–JeemleefJekeâ) He was saying no more than the literal truth., Littoral (having to do with the shore–efkeâveeje) In Geography the littoral means the coastal., (270) Load (cargo–meeceeve) I have just loaded my truck up., Lowed (a cow mooed–jcYeevee) The cow lowed in agony., (271) Loan (allow to borrow–$e+Ce) She has taken loan from a bank., Lone (by itself–Dekesâuee) He was shot by a lone gunmen.
Page 745 :
Homonyms, , 735, , (272) Loch (a lake–venj) A loch is a large area of water that is almost surrounded by land., Lock (a security device–leeuee) I need a good lock ., (273) Loot (ill-gotten gains–uetšvee) The troule began when the students began the looting of shops., Lute (stringed instrument–Ùev$e) A lute is a stringed instrument with a rounded body that is quite like a, guitar and is played with the help of fingers., (274) Lumbar (lower part of back–heer" keâe veerÛes keâe efnmmee) Lumbar support is very important if you are, driving along way., Lumber (dimensional wood–uekeâÌ[er) Noun: It was made of soft lumber. Verb : He turned and, lumbered back to his chair., (275) Meat (flesh–ceebme) I don’t like eating meat., Meet (to assemble–efceuevee) She came here only to meet me., (276) Mead (meadow–Ûejeieen) I met a beautiful girl in the meads yesterday., Meed (reward–Øeefleheâue) Kalidas has got a universal meed of praise., (277) Metal (iron, brass etc.–Oeeleg) Silver is a white metal., Mettle (spirit, courage–meenme) Our leaders have no mettle to fight against corruption., (278) Metre (poetic rhythm–Úvo) Can you tell me in what metre Shelley’s ‘Skylark’ is written?, Meter (a measuring instrument =100 cm., –ceeršj) One meter is equal to hundred centimetres., (279) Minor (underage–Úesše) Minors are not allowed to open current account in Banks., Miner (one who works in mine–Keeve hej keâece keâjves Jeeuee) He is a miner, works in a coal mine., (280) Moat (a ditch surrounding a castle–KeeF&) There is a bridge over the moat near main gate., Mote (a particle of dust–Oetue keâe keâCe) You cannot see small mote by naked eyes., (281) Monetary (pertaining to money–cegõe mecyeefvOele) Have you any book on monetary theory?, Monitory (giving advice–meueen osvee) He acted against the monitory advise of his friends and so failed., (282) Male (opposite to female–heg®<e) A male candidate can’t be posted against the post reserved for a, woman., Mail (post–[ekeâ) Have you received my mail ?, (283) Mite (small thing–Deuhe cee$ee) He contributed his mite for the service of mankind., Might (strength–Meefkeäle Your might will be tested in battle against the foreign power., Might (past of may–mekeâvee) He told me that he might come to attend the function., (284) Marry (to get married–efJeJeen keâjvee) I want to marry your sister., Merry (joyous–Deevevo keâjvee) Don’t lose heart and be merry., (285) Main (chief–cegKÙe) Ramesh is the main culprit in the bank robbery case., Mane (long hair of an animal’s neck–ieo&ve kesâ yeeue) His horse had a fine mane., (286) Marshal (a military officer–ceeMe&ue) He is a marshal of the court., Martial (war like–Ùegæ pewmee) He has martial spirit and courage to fight in odd circumstances., (287) Maize (corn–cekeäkeâe) I like to eat maize cake., Maze (labyrinth–IegceeJe) This castle has many hidden mazes., (288) Mach (speed of sound–OJeefve keâer ieefle) Mach is used as a unit of measurement in stating the speed of a, moving object in relation to the speed of sound. for example, if an aircraft is travelling at Mach 1, it is, travelling at exactly the speed of sound., Mock (parody–JÙebiÙe) I thought you were mocking me.
Page 746 :
736, , English Grammar & Composition, , (289) Made (accomplished–yeveeÙee) The table is made of wood., Maid (young woman–veewkeâjeveer) She is our maid-servant., (290) Mall (a large shopping area–Meeefhebie keâer peien), Maul (savage–›etâj) He had been mauled by a tiger., Moll (gangster’s girlfriend–ueÌ[keâer efce$e) She is the moll of the don., (291) Manner (method–lejerkeâe) I am a professional and I have to conduct myself in a professional manner., She smiled in a friendly manner., Manor (lord’s house or a large private house–yeÌ[e JÙewefkeäòekeâ Iejevee) The thieves broke into the manor at, night., (292) Marc (coarse brandy–yeÇbe[er) I don’t like the taste of marc., Mark (a sign–efveMeeve) He made some peculiar marks with a pen., (293) Marquee (a rooflike projection over a theatre entrance–yeÌ[e šQš), (a) A marquee is a large tent which is used at a fair, garden party or other outdoor event, usually for, eating and drinking in., (b) A marquee is a cover over the entrance of a building, for example a hotel or a theatre., Marquis a nobleman ranking between a duke and a count., (294) Marshal (to organise–mebÙeespekeâ) He was marshalling the teachers and other officials, showing them, where to go., Martial (warlike–heg$e meceeve efmLeefle) The newspapers were banned during martial regime., (295) Massed (grouped together–mecetn) He could not escape the massed ranks of newsmen., Mast (sail pole–penepe keâe cemletue) The mast of a boat are the tall upright poles that support its sails., (296) Mews (stables–Demleyeue) The house is in a secluded mews., Muse (creative inspiration–ØesjCee), (a) Noun : Once she was a nude model and muse to French artist Henri., (b) Verb : (Think) Many scholars muse on the role of President in Indian polity., (297) Mince (chop finely–šgkeâÌ[s keâjvee) I’ll buy lean meat and mince it myself., Mints (aromatic candies–megieefvOele KeeÅe) Mint is a herb with fresh tasting leaves., (298) Mind (thinking unit–ceefmle<keâ) Mind your business, please., Mined (looked for ore–Keefvepe keâeÙe&) The pit was shut down because it hadn’t enough that could be, mined economically., (299) Missal (hymn book– efkeâleeye) A book containing the service of the Mass for the whole year; loosely a, Roman Catholic book of prayers., Missile (projectile–efcemeeFue) The football supporters began throwing missiles one of which it the, captain of the rival team., (300) Mist (fog–keâesnje) The mist made the flying impossible., Missed (not hit–Ûetkeâvee) He scored four of the goals but missed a penalty., (301) Moan (to groan–keâjenvee) She gave a low choking moan and began to tremble., Mown (the lawn is freshly cut–Ieeme keâešer) He has mown the lawn today itself., (302) Mood (emotional state–ceeveefmekeâ efmLeefle) She is in a jolly mood today., Mooed (what the loquacious cow did–ieeÙe keâe jbYeevee) When cattle especially cows moo, they make a, long low sound that cattle typically make.
Page 747 :
Homonyms, , 737, , (303) Moor (swampy coastland; to anchor–®keâvee, yeeOeve) I decided to moor near some tourist boats., More (additional–DeefOekeâ) I need some more rice., (304) Moose (a large elk–yeÌ[e efnjCe) Moose are large type of deer have big flat horns., Mousse (dessert of whipped cream and eggs) Mousse is a sweet light food made from eggs and, cream., (305) Morning (A.M.–Øeele:) I get up early in the morning., Mourning (remembering the dead–ce=lekeâ nsleg ceelece) On the death of Rajeev Gandhi, the whole of India, was in the mourning., (306) Muscle (fibrous, contracting tissue–ceebmehesMeer) He is doing a lot of exercises to keep his muscles strong., Mussel (mussels are a kind of shellfish that you can eat from their shells–Skeâ Øekeâej keâer ceÚueer), (307) Mussed (made messy–ieÌ[yeÌ[er) His clothes are all mussed up., Must (required–DeeJeMÙekeâ) You must go there to get his support., (308) Mustard (spicy yellow sauce–mejmeeW) This is fried in mustard oil., Mustered (assembled for roll call–Skeâ$e nesvee) He travelled through out India to muster support for, his movement., (309) Nice (good–DeÛÚe) She is a nice and beautiful girl., Niece (daughter of brother–Yeleerpeer) I am going to attend the marriage of my niece positively., (310) Naval (pertaining to ships and the sea–penepe mes mecyeefvOele) He is captain in naval forces., Navel (pertaining to the belly button–veeefYekeâ) There is a black mole near her navel., (311) Nay (no–veneR) The Rajya Sabha can merely say yea or nay to such a bill., Neigh (a horse’s cry–efnveefnveevee) The horse gave a loud neigh., (312) Our (plural of ‘my’–nceeje) This is our house., Hour (a period of time–IeCše) I have been waiting for you for half an hour., (313) Oar (used for rowing a boat–veeJe keâe [C[e Life without aim is like a boat without an oar., Ore (mineral from which metal can be extracted–Keefvepe) Iron is extracted from its ore by melting., (314) Ordinance (A rule–DeOÙeeosMe) The President has promulgated an ordinance for administering the, minority community., Ordnance (Gun–Ùegæ meeceieÇer) There is an ordnance factory in Jamshedpur Bihar., (315) Oohs (informal–Tn) People say ‘ooh’ when they are surprised, looking forward to something or find, something pleasant or unpleasant., ‘Ooh dear me, that’s a bit of a racist comment isn’t it.’... ‘Red? Ooh how nice.’, Ooze (yenvee, efvekeâuevee) When a thick or sticky liqued oozes from something owhen something oozes, the liquid flows slowly and in small quantities., The lava will just ooze gently out of the crater..., The wounds may heal cleanly or they may ooze a clear liquid., (316) Overdo (carried to excess–DeefOekeâ) It is important never to overdo new exercises., Overdue (past time for payment or some action–osj) The meeting is long overdue., (317) Pray (entreat–ØeeLe&vee) I pray to God everyday., Prey (hunt–efMekeâej) Do not prey upon the innocent animals.
Page 748 :
738, , English Grammar & Composition, , (318) Principal (head of school or college–ØeeÛeeÙe&) Sh. R.C. Jha is the new Principal of our college., Principle (rule–efmeæevle) Do you understand anything about the principles of justice?, (319) Prophecy (noun-foretold–YeefJe<ÙeJeeCeer) It is his prophecy that America will not attack Iraq., Prophesy (verb—to foretell–YeefJe<ÙeJeeCeer keâjvee) He prophesied that Iraq would attack Kuwait., (320) Proffer (offer–ØemleeJe) Many lucrative proposals were proffered to him for acceptance., Prefer (like–hemevo) I prefer coffee to tea., (321) Practice (noun–DeYÙeeme) Practice makes a man perfect., Practise (verb—to practise) Don’t preach but practise., (322) Plain (easy, simple–meeOeejCe) One should try to write his thoughts in plain language., Plane (to smoothen, level–Ûecekeâoej keâjvee) I use cream to plane my hair., (323) Peel (to remove the skin–Úeruevee) You cannot eat a banana without peeling it., Peal (sound of thunder or Bells–IebefšÙeeW keâer OJeefve) I am hearing peals of trumpets., (324) Pare (to trim–šgkeâÌ[s keâjvee) Pare your nails and then polish them., Pair (two–peesÌ[er) I have only three pair of shoes., (325) Peace (tranquility–Meeefvle) Peace of mind is more precious than the materialistic richness., Piece (fragment–šgkeâÌ[e) The dog found a piece of meat ., (326) Price (value–keâercele) What is the price of this shirt?, Prize (reward–F&veece) She could not win any prize this time., (327) Persecute (to harass–hejsMeeve keâjvee) Pakistani soldiers persecuted the Hindus in a cruel manner., Prosecute (to bring before a court–DeefYeÙeesie Ûeueevee) He was prosecuted for murdering his wife., (328) Physic (medicine–oJee) No physic can cure him of cancer., Physique (bodily fitness–Meejerefjkeâ yeveeJeš) He possesses an attractive physique., (329) Prescribe (to direct–efveoxMe osvee) The doctor has prescribed three doses of medicine after four hours, daily., Proscribe (to banish–osMe efvekeâeuee osvee) The minister was proscribed by the king., (330) Patrol (going round–ieMle ueieevee) A chowkidar was patrolling at the main gate., Petrol (oil–hekeâ"-hesš^esue) Petrol is required to run vehicles., (331) Popular (Familiar–ueeskeâefØeÙe) Rajeev Gandhi was a very popular leader., Populous (Thickly inhabited–Deeyeeoer Jeeuee) Delhi is a highly populous city., Pail (Bucket–yeeušer) I have two pails full of water., Pale (Yellowish appearance–heeruee) On seeing a lion , his face turned pale., (332) Paced (Measured by footsteps–keâoce) This excellent thriller is fast paced and in unbelievable., Paste (Thick glue–efÛehekeâevee) I need a tooth paste., (333) Pain (It hurts–oo&) I felt a sharp pain in my lower back., Pane (A single panel of glass–hewveue) The left pane of this window required change., (334) Pair (A set of two–peesÌ[e) I need a new pair of socks., Pare (Cutting down–keâešvee) Local authorities were instructed to pare their budget., Pear (Bottom-heavy fruit–veeMeheeleer) I am fond of red pears.
Page 749 :
Homonyms, , 739, , (335) Palate (cegBn mes Thej keâe Yeeie) The top part of the inside of your mouth is called palate., Pallet (Úesše, keâ"esj, efyemlej) A pallet is a narrow mattress filled with straw which is put on the floor for, someone to sleep on.(b) A pallet is a hard, narrow bed., He was given only a wooden pallet with a blanket. (c) A pallet is a flat wooden or metal platform on, which goods are stored so that they can be lifted and moved using a forklift truck. The warehouse will, hold more than 90,000 pallets storing 30 million Easter eggs., (336) Pall (to become wearisome–De®efÛekeâj) Already the allure of meals in hotels and restaurants begun to, pall., Pawl (locks a ratchet–jeskeâ) A pivoted, usually curved, bar or lever whose free end engages with the, teeth of a cog-wheel or ratchet so that it can only turn or move one way ., (337) Pause (to hesitate–®keâvee) He talked for three hours regularly without pausing for a minute., Paws (cat transportation–hebpee) The cat has white front paws., (338) Pea (round, green legume–cešj) I like peas vegetable., Pee (piss–hesMeeye keâjvee) The driver was probably having a pee. He needed to pee., (339) Peak (mountain top–heneÌ[ keâer Ûeesšer) He climbed up to the peak of the mountain., Peek (secret look–Ûeesjer mes osKevee) On one occasion she had peeked at him through a hole in the door., Pique (veejepe nesvee), (a) Pique is the feeling of annoyance you have when you think someone has not treated you properly., Simi had gotten over her pique at Rue’s refusal to accept the job., (b) If something piques your interest or curiosity, it makes you interested or curious. This, phenomenon piqued Dr. Mohit’s interest., (c) If someone does something in a fit of pique, they do it suddenly because they are annoyed at being, not treated properly. Lally , in a fit of pique, left the Army and took up a career in the town., (340) Pearl (round, luminescent gem from an oyster–ceesleer) She wore a string of pearls at her throat., Purl (Oeeleg keâe leeje) Thread or cord of twisted gold or silver wire, used esp. for edging; edging etc made, from this., (341) Pedal (foot control–hew[ue) I am too tired to pedal again., Peddle (to sell–yesÛevee) He attempted to peddle his paintings around the city ., (342) Peer (ceneved JÙeefkeäle), (a) If you peer at something, you look at it very hard, usually because it is difficult to see clearly. I had, been peering at a computer print-out that made no sense at all., (b) In Britain, a peer is a member of the nobility who has or had the right to vote in the House of Lords), Lord Swan was made a life peer in 1981., (c) Your peers are the people who are the same age as you or who have the same status as you. His, engaging personality made him popular with his peers., Pier (huesšheâece&) A pier is a platform sticking out into water, usually the sea, which people walk along or, use when getting onto or off boats., (343) Pi (3.1416–heeF&) Pi is a number, approximately 3.1416, which is equal to hedistance round a circle, divided by its width. It is usually represented by the Greek letter p., Pie (good eating–mJeeefo° Keeves keâer Jemleg) A pie consists of meat, vegetables or fruit baked in pastry. Well, known the truth once. The police have piead all the facts together.
Page 750 :
740, , English Grammar & Composition, , (344) Pieced (assembled from pieces–šgkeâÌ[s) Do you want another piece ?, Piste (a ski run of compacted snow–yehe&â) A track of firm snow for skiing on., (345) Pincer (claw-like gripping action–hebpes mes hekeâÌ[vee) The pincers of an animal such as a crab or a loberster, are its front claws., Pincher (one who pinches–hejsMeeve keâjves Jeeuee) None like a pincher., (346) Pistil ([es[er) Seed-bearing organ of a flower., Pistol (hand gun–efhemleewue) He was caught with a pistol., (347) Place (a location–mLeeve) This is a good place to live at., Plaice (Skeâ Øekeâej keâer ceÚueer) Plaice are a type of flat sea fish., (348) Plait (braid–len yeveevee) She parted her hair and then began to plait it into two thick braids., Plate (a dish–Leeueer) She pushed her plate away. She had eaten nothing., (349) Plum (purple fruit–yesj) A plum is a small , sweet fruit with a smooth red or yellow skin and a stone in, the middle., Plumb (straight up and down–heeFhe keâeÙe&) He knows how to plumb the pipe well., (350) Pole (a person from Poland–heesuewC[ kesâ efveJeemeer) He is a Pole., Pole (big stick–yeÌ[er uekeâÌ[er) I need a pole to climb up that house., Poll (a voting–ÛegveeJe keâeÙe&) More than 60 percent of those polled said that they approved of his record as, Chairman., (351) Poor (no money–efveOe&ve) A poor man can’t afford a car., Pore (careful study; microscopic hole–OÙeeve ceW ueerve, Úesše efÚõ) We spent hours poring over the visa, rules., Pour (to flow freely–yenvee), He poured himself another drink., (352) Precedence (priority–ØeeLeefcekeâlee) Enjoy fully but don’t let it take precedence over work., Precedents (established course of action–heefjheešer) This case can set an important precedent for, dealing with such cases in future., Presidents (the chief–ØeOeeve) The President is all in all of this society., (353) Presence (the state of being present–GheefmLeefle) The meeting took place in the presence of the Judge., Presents (gifts–Ghenej) He gave a nice present to his friend on his wedding anniversary., (354) Pride (ego–ieJe&) We take pride in offering you the best services., Pried (opened–Keesuee) I pried the top off a can of chilli., (355) Profit (money earned–ueeYe) The company has earned good profit in this quarter., Prophet (seer–ceneved JÙeefkeäle) He did it as per the instructions of the prophet., (356) Pros (benefits–heâeÙeoe) Motherhood has both its pros and cons., Prose (ordinary language–ieÅe) Shute’s prose is stark and chillingly unsentimental., (357) Quite (altogether–hetjer lejn mes) I am quite well now., Quiet (silent–Meevle) Please keep quiet., (358) Rein (bridle–ueieece) Keep the rein tight, otherwise you may be thrown out by the horse., Reign (rule–Meemeve keâjvee) The reign of Akbar is known for communal harmony.
Page 751 :
Homonyms, , 741, , (359) Rite (ceremony–jmce) Only a few rites were performed in his wedding., Write (compose–efueKevee) I am to write a letter immediately., Right (antonym of left–oeÙeeB) This is my right leg., Right (antonym to wrong–mener) You have taken a right decision., Wright (a worker–yeveeves Jeeuee) He is a wonderful play wright., (360) Raise (to life–TBÛee G"evee) I will raise this issue in Parliament., Raze (to destroy–ve<š keâjvee) The storm razed many buildings to the ground., (361) Route (course–jemlee) By which route you came here., Rout (flight–Yeieevee) The Pakistan armies were put to rout., (362) Rap (a sharp blow–LehheÌ[) He rapped her on the cheek., Rape (to ravish–yeueelkeâej) He raped a college girl., Wrap (to enclose–yevo keâjvee) The book was wrapped in a piece of white paper., (363) Reclaim (to win back–megOeejvee) He was reclaimed from his bad habits by his devoted wife., Re-claim (to claim again–hegve: oeJee keâjvee) He is thinking to re-claim the property on some other, ground., (364) Recover (regain–"erkeâ nesvee) He has now recovered a lot from the weakness., Re-cover (to cover again–hegve: {keâvee) Re-cover the sweets with some clean cloth., (365) Road (way–jemlee) The road has recently been repaired., Rode (past of ride–meJeejer keâer) He rode on the horse yesterday., (366) Ring (an ornament for fingers–DeBiet"er) This ring is made of gold., Wring (to twist, to squeeze–Ss"vee efveÛeesÌ[vee) Wring the clothes well and put them on the ground., (367) Rest (respite–Deejece) I want some rest before starting the next assignment., Wrest (snatch by force–Úervevee) Ram wrested a bag from Shyam., (368) Roll (to run overly – veeceeJeueer, ueesšheesš nesvee) He rolled over the log to the right side of river., Role (part–Yeeie uesvee) I am playing the role of Ravana in this serial., (369) Raise (elevate–G"evee) He raised is hand in support of the resolution., Rays (thin beams of light–efkeâjCe) The sun rays can penetrate water up to ten feet., Raze (to tear down completely–ve<š keâjvee) Many of villages have been razed., (370) Read (having knowledge from reading–heÌ{vee) I have read this novel., Red (a primary colour–ueeue jbie) I like red colour shirt., (371) Rede (advice–meueen) It is always fruitful to listen to the rede of your elders., Reed (tall, thin water plant–hesÌ[) He has a beautiful reed plant., (372) Real (authentic–JeemleefJekeâ) Yes it is a real story., Reel (wavering move–Ûekeäkeâj) He lost is balance and reeled back., (373) Recede (to move backward–heerÚs peevee) As he receded she waved goodbye., Reseed (to plant again–hegve: yeerpeejesheCe) He is trying to reseed the rose plant., (374) Reek (smells bad–ieboer yeoyet) Your breah reeks of stale cigar smoke., Wreak (to inflict–yeouee uesvee) She threatened to wreak vengeance on the men who toppled him some, years ago.
Page 752 :
742, , English Grammar & Composition, , (375) Retch (heave–Jeceve keâjvee) If you retch, your stomach moves as if you are vomiting. The smell made, me retch., Wretch (wicked–veerÛe JÙeefkeäle) Oh, what have you done , you wretch!, (376) Review (a general survey or assessment–efJeÛeej keâjvee) The P.M. reviewed the situation with his, cabinet., Revue (a series of theatrical sketches or songs) A revue is a theatrical performance consisting of, songs, dances, and jokes about recent events., (377) Rheum (watery discharge of mucous–veekeâ yenvee) A mucous discharge caused by infection with a cold., Room (partitioned space–keâceje) I need a three room set., (378) Rho (seventeenth letter of Greek alphabet–«eerkeâ Yee<ee keâe 17JeeB Meyo), Roe (fish eggs–ceÚueer kesâ DeC[s) He is fond of cod’s roe ., Row (aisle; pull an oar–hebefkeäle) They were standing in rows., (379) Rigger (one who rigs–Úue keâjves Jeeuee) A person who works with lifting-tackle; a person who erects, and maintains scaffolding., Rigour (discipline–DevegMeeefmele) He found the rigours of the tour too demanding., (380) Rise (to stand up–G"vee) The sun rises in the east., Ryes (varieties of grain–jeF&) I am fond of cheese on rye., (381) Roam (to wander–Ietcevee) Barefoot children roamed the streets., Rome (italian capital–jesce) Rome was not built in a day., (382) Roil (to make turbid–DeMeevle) If water roils, it is rough and disturbed., The water roiled to his left as he climbed carefully at the edge of the waterfall.(b) Something that roils, a state or situation makes it disturbed and confused., Times of national turmoil generally roil a country’s financial markets., Royal (worthy of a king or queen–Meener) He belongs to a royal family., (383) Rood (a cross–›eâe@me efÛevn) A cross as an instrument of execution; The Cross on which Jesus suffered;, the cross as the symbol of the Christian faith. We wears a graden rood., Rude (coarse–DemeYÙe) He is rude to her friends and obsessively jealous., (384) Rot (decay– mejCe) Sugary canned drinks can rot your teeth., Wrought (made–yevee ngDee) The recent results of presidential elections in USA wrought a change in, US policy towards India., Rote (by memory) I am very sceptical about the value of rote learning., (385) Rough (coarse–keâ"esj) His hands are rough., Ruff (pleated collar–keâe@uej) A ruff is a stiff strip of cloth or other material with many small folds in it,, which some people wore round their neck in former times., (386) Rude (impolite–DemeYÙe) I am unable to understand as to why she behaved so rudely., Rued (regretted–heMÛeeleehe) If you rue something that you have done, you are sorry that you did, it, because it has had unpleasant results.(b) If you rue the day that you did something, you are sorry, that you did it, because it has had unpleasant results.You’ll live to rue the day you said that to me,, my girl.
Page 753 :
Homonyms, , 743, , (387) Rye (grain–jeF&) Rye is a kind of grain., Wry (twisted–cegÌ[e ngDee), (a) If someone has a wry expression, it shows that they find a bad situation or a change in a situation, slightly amusing. He allowed himself a wry smile., (b) A wry remark or piece of writing refers to a bad situation or a change in a situation in an amusing, way., There is a wry sense of humour in his work., (388) Sooth (truth meÛe) Sooth to speak, he is not a good boy., Soothe (to calm–Meevle keâjvee) You can’t soothe his anger with lame excuses., (389) Spacious (enough space–Keguee) His office is quite spacious and well decorated., Specious (attractive–Deekeâ<e&keâ) With your specious look, you can’t be foot her., (390) Stationary (Fixed–efmLej) Earth is not stationary, it moves round the sun., Stationery (Writing material–mšsMevejer) I am going to market to purchase several stationery items for, the office., (391) Straight (opposed to curved–meerOee) I believe in straight talks., Strait (narrow–lebie) The lane is too strait to pass through for an elephant., (392) Sore (painful–oo&keâejkeâ) I can’t sing as my throat is sore., Soar (to fly high–TBÛee GÌ[vee) Birds soar in sky., Sour (not sweet–Kešdše) The grapes were sour., (393) Suit (an action in court–oeJee) Bank has filed a civil suit against you for recovery., Suite (a set of room–keâcejeW keâe mesš) I have reserved a suite for you in Ashoka Hotel., (394) Story (a tale–keâneveer) My grandmother told me a story of an oldman., Storey (floor of a building–cebefpeue) I have taken a room at first storey., (395) Serge (a kind of cloth-–Skeâ Øekeâej keâe keâheÌ[e) This suit is made of serge., Surge (move like waves –lejbieeW keâer lejn) The waves of ocean surge violently in night., (396) Shear (to clip the wool–Tve keâlejvee) The sheep are being shorn., Sheer (downright–Skeâcee$e) He achieved success by the sheer force of his hard labour., (397) Sun (metÙe&) The sun is a far., Son (a person’s male child–heg$e) He is my son., (398) Sole (lower surface of shoe–petles keâe leuee Skeâcee$e) The sole of the right shoe requires repairing. The sole, aim of my life is to earn reputation in the society., Soul (immaterial part–Deelcee) You can’t see soul. Soul is immortal., (399) Stair (step–meerÌ{er) Let us go up stairs., Stare (gaze–Ietjvee) It is wrong to stare at girls., (400) Sing (melodious sound–ieevee) She will sing a sweet song., Swing (to oscillate–Petuevee) She has gone to enjoy swing ride., (401) Sale (to exchange for money–efye›eâer) This is not for sale., Sail (to travel in water–lewjvee) Ships can sail in deep sea only., (402) Sachet (a small bag containing perfumed powder–Úesše hewkesâš) I found twenty sachet of coffee., Sashay (to strut or flounce–Ûeuevee) The models sashay down the catwalk.
Page 754 :
744, , English Grammar & Composition, , (403) Sacks (bags–Lewuee) I found twenty sacks for potatoes., Sax short for saxophone, (404) Sane (mentally normal–ceeveefmekeâ ¤he mes mJemLe) He is perfectly sane., Seine (fishing net–ceÚueer hekeâÌ[ves keâe peeue) A large fishing net having floats at the top and weights at the, bottom so as to hang vertically in the water, the ends being drawn together to enclose the fish and the, net usu, hauled ashore., (405) Saver (one who saves–yeÛeeves Jeeuee) Low interest rates are bad news for savers., Savor (to relish a taste–mJeeefo<š) People come here to savor the exquisite food provided by the owner., (406) Sawed (cut timber–uekeâÌ[er keâešvee) He sawed the timber very quickly., Sod (to express anger–iegmmee JÙekeäle keâjvee) If someone uses an expression such as ‘sod it’ , ‘sod you’ or, ‘sod that’, they are expressing anger or showing that they do not care about something., (407) Scull (rowing motion–veeJe Ûeueevee) Scull are small oars which are held by one person and used to move, a boat through water., Skull (head bone–KeesheÌ[er) He was treated for a fractured skull., (408) Seal (to close–yevo keâjvee) He sealed the envelope and put on a stamp., Seel (to close someone’s eyes–DeeBKes yevo keâjvee) Close the eyes of (a hawk etc.) by stitching up the, eyelids., (409) Seam (row of stitches–efmeueeF&), (a) A seam is a line of stitches which joins two pieces of cloth together., (b) If something is coming apart at the seams or is falling apart at the seams, it is no longer working, properly and may soon stop working completely., Britain’s university system is in danger of falling apart at the seams., (c) If a place is very full, you can say that it is bursting at the seams., The hotels of New Delhi were bursting at the seams during Asia 1996 Trade Fair., Seem (appears–efoKevee) Everyone seems very busy here., (410) Seamen (sailors–veeefJekeâ) He emigrated to work as seamen., Semen (male discharge–JeerÙe&) He is being treated for some semen problem., (411) Sear (scorched–cegjPeeÙee Ùee metKee) To sear something means to burn its surface with a sudden intense, heat. Grass fires have seared the land near the farming villages of Haryana seer (a person who sees). A, seer is a person, who tells what will happen in the future., (412) Serf (slave–oeme) In former times, serfs were a class of people, who had to work on a particular, person’s land and could not leave without that person’s permission., Surf (uenj) Surf is the mass of white bubbles that is formed by waves as they fall upon the shore., (a) If you surf, you ride on big waves in the sea on a special board., I’m going to buy a surfboard and learn to surf..., I’m going to be surfing bigger waves when I get to Australia!, (b) If you surf the Internet, you spend time finding and looking at things on the Internet., (COMPUTING), No one knows how many people currently surf the Net.
Page 755 :
Homonyms, , 745, , (413) Sewer (ceue ceeie&) A sewer is a large underground channel that carries waste matter and rain water, away, usually to a place where it is treated and made harmless., Sower (one who sows–yeesves Jeeuee), Suer (one who sues –oeJee keâjves Jeeuee), (414) Shell The shell of a nut or egg is the hard covering which surround it., They cracked the nuts and removed their shell., She’ll (contraction of ‘she will’), She’ll cooperate you positively., Shill (a decoy–ØeueesYeve) A decoy, an accomplice, esp. one posing as an enthusiastic or successful, customer to encourage buyers, gamblers., (415) Shear (to cut or wrench–keâlejevee) He shears his shhep twice in a year., Sheer (pure-Megæ), (a) You can use sheer to emphasize that a state or situation is complete and does not involve or is not, mixed with anything else.His music is sheer delight...Sheer chance quite often plays an important, part in making career., (b) A sheer cliff or drop is extremely steep or completely vertical., There was a sheer drop just outside my window., (c) Shees material is very thin, light and delicete... sheer black tights., (416) Sic (Fme Øekeâej mes) You write sic in brackets after a word or expression when you want to indicate to the, reader that although the word looks odd or wrong, you intended to write it like that or the original, writer wrote it like that., The latest school jobs page advertises a ‘wide range (sic) of 6th form courses.’, Sick (ill–yeerceej) He is very sick . He needs medical treatment., Six (whole number–Ú:) I have six pencils., (417) Side (lateral–yeieue) There is a park on the left side of the road., Sighed (breathed sorrowfully–Deen Yejvee) He sighed wearily., (418) Sign (displayed board bearing information–efveMeeve) Equations are generally written with a two bar, equals sign., Sine (reciprocal of the cosecant) Find the sine value of this angle., (419) Sink (to submerge–[tyevee) A fresh egg will sink and an old egg will float., Synch (together in time–meeLe-meeLe) If two things are out of synch, they do not match or do not happen, together as they should. If two things are in synch, they match or happen together as they should., Normally, when demand and supply are out of sync, you either increase the supply, or you adjust the, price mechanism., (420) Slay (kill–ceejvee) He slew a man with a sword., Sleigh (snow carriage–yehe&â keâer ieeÌ[er) A sleigh is a vehicle which can slide over snow. Sleighs are, usually pulled by horses., (421) Slew (past tense of slay–nlÙee keâer), Slough (shed–Pegkeâvee) When a plant sloughs its leaves, or an animal such as a snake sloughs its skin,, the leaves or skin come off naturally., All reptiles have to slough their skin to grow.
Page 756 :
746, , English Grammar & Composition, , Sloe (blackthorn berries–pebieueer yesj) A sloe is a small, sour fruit that has a dark purple skin. It is often, used to flavour gin., Slow (not fast–Oeercee) The traffic is heavy and slow...., (422) Solace (comfort–Deejece) I found soalce in writting when my friend died three months ago., Soulless (lacking a soul–ce=le) If you describe a thing or person as soulless, you mean that they lack, human qualities and the ability to feel or produce deep feelings., He is a soulless person., (423) Some (a few–kegâÚ) Please give me some money., Sum (result of addition–hesâÌ[) The sum of all the angles of a triangle is 180 degree., (424) Soot (black residue of burning–keâepeue) Soot is black powder which rises in the smoke from a fire and, collects on the inside of chimneys., This wall is blackened by soot., Suit (clothes–henveves keâe metš) I have a blue suit., Suite (a set of rooms–keâcejeW keâe mecetn) We enjoyed our time during the week in a suite at London., (425) Spade (shovel–heâeJeÌ[e) He used a spade for digging this pit., Spayed (to sterilise a female animal–yeefOeÙee keâjvee) When a female animal is spayed, it has its ovaries, removed so that it cannot become pregnant., All bitches should be spayed unless being used for breeding., (426) Spoor (trail of an animal–ievOe mes heMeg keâer Keespe keâjvee) The spoor of an animal is the marks or substances, that it leaves behind as it moves along, which hunters can follow., Spore (single cell reproductive body–peerJeeCeg) Spores are cells produced by bacteria and fungi which, can develop into new bacteria or fungi., (427) Staid (reserved–iecYeerj) If you say that someone or something is staid, you mean that they are serious,, dull and rather old-fashioned., Stayed (remained–"njvee) In the old days the woman stayed at home and the man earned the, livelihood., (428) Stake (oeJe), (a) If something is at stake, it is being risked and might be lost or damaged if you are not successful., The tension was naturally high for that game with so much at stake., (b) If you stake something such as your money or your reputation on the result of something, you risk, your money or reputation on it., He has staked his political future on this election victory..., (c) If you have a stake in something such as a business, it matters to you, for example, because you, own part of it or because its success or failure will affect you., He was eager to return to a more entrepreneurial role in which he had a big financial stake in his, own efforts..., (d) A stake is a pointed wooden post which is pushed into the ground, for example in order to support, a young tree., (e) If you stake a claim, you say that something is yours or that you have a right to it. Jasmine is, determined to stake her claim as an actress..., Steak (slice of meat–ceeBme keâe šgkeâÌ[e) He hates eating steak.
Page 757 :
Homonyms, , 747, , (429) Step (a measure taken–keâoce) The next step is to put the theory into practice., Steppe (a level, grassy, unforested plain–efyevee peeslee ngDee) Steppes are large areas of flat grassy land, where there are no trees, especially the area that stretches from Eastern Europe across the south of the, former Soviet Union to Siberia., (430) Stile (narrow passage–mebkeâje jemlee) A stile is an entrance to a field or path consisting of a step on either, side of a fence or wall to help people climb over it., Style (mode–lejerkeâe) She had not lost her grace and style., (431) Stoop (Pegkeâvee), (a) If you stoop, you stand or walk with your shoulders bent forwards., She was taller than he was and stooped slightly., (b) If you stoop, you bend your body forwards and downwards., He stooped to pick up the carrier bag of groceries., (c) If you say that a person stoops to doing something, you are criticizing him because be do, something wrong or immoral that he would not normally does., He had not, until recently, stooped to personal abuse..., How could anyone stoop so low?, (d) A stoop is a small platform at the door of a building, with steps leading up to it., They stood together on the stoop and rang the bell., Stoup (A drinking cup–keâhe) She served wine in beautiful stoups., (432) Succour (relief, assist–Deejece) Helicopters fly in appaling weather to succour ship wrecked mariners., Sucker (one who sucks–Ûetmeves Jeeuee) If you call someone a sucker , you mean that it is easy to cheat, him., (433) Suede (split leather–Skeâ Øekeâej keâe ÛeceÌ[e) He wore asuede jacket and jeans., Swayed (heÇke=âle keâjvee), (a) When people or things sway, they lean or swing slowly from one side to the other. The people, swayed back and forth with arms linked...., The whole boat swayed and tipped., (b) If you are swayed by someone or something, you are influenced by them., Don’t ever be swayed by fashion., (c) If someone or something holds sway, they have great power or influence over a particular place or, activity., South of the Usk, a completely different approach seems to hold sway., (d) If you are under the sway of someone or something, they have great influence over you., How mothers keep daughters under their sway is the subject of the next five sections., (434) Sundae (DeeF&me›eâerce) A sundae is a tall glass of ice cream with whipped cream and nuts or fruit on top., Sunday (the first day of the week–jefJeJeej) Today is Sunday., (435) Team (a group of players–šerce) Our college team has won the trophy., Teem (to be full of–yengleeÙeele) Rajasthan is a state teeming with natural resources., (436) Toe (a part of foot–hewj keâe DeBiet"e) She hurt her left toe in an accident., Tow (to draw by a rope–yeeBOevee) The boat was towed with a tree near the shore., (437) Tail (part of body–heBtÚ) Cow has a long tail., Tale (story–keâneveer) My grandmother told me an interesting tale.
Page 758 :
748, , English Grammar & Composition, , (438) Their (belong to they–Gvekeâe) They have learnt their lessons., There (at that place–JeneB) I am to go there now., (439) Throne (royal seat–efmebnemeve) All the brothers are fighting for the throne., Thrown (third form of throw–heWsâkeâ efoÙee) She has thrown her certificates into the river., Thorn (impediment–keâeBše) You need a needle to get the thorn out., (440) Tenor (purpose–leelheÙe&) The tenor of his speech was important from religious point of view., Tenure (right of holding an estate–Yetefce efveÙeceve) The Zamindari Abolition Act has finished the big, problem of land tenure system in our country., (441) Tare (the seed of a vetch used in refence to its small size–Skeâ Øekeâej keâer Ieeme) When the harvest is, gleaned the evil tares will be separated from the good wheat., Tear (salty drops from eyes–DeeBmet) Her eyes are filled with tears., Tier (a horizontal row–hebefkeäle) I have booked your seats in two tier compartment., (442) Taught (past tense of teach–heÌ{eÙee) Who taught you English?, Taut (stretched tight–levee ngDee) The clothes line is pulled taut and secured., (443) Tea (herbal infusion–ÛeeÙe) I am fond of tea., Tee (golfball prop–ieesuheâ mes mecyeefvOele) The tee was broken accidentally., (444) Tenner (english slang for a ten pound note–ome keâe) I have only a tenner in my pocket., Tenor (tendency–leelheÙe&) The whole tenor of discussion has changed., (445) Tern (a shorebird–Skeâ efÛeefÌ[Ùee) A tern is a small black and white seabird with long wings and a forked, tail., Terne (alloy of lead and tin–efceefßele Oeeleg) This plate is made of terne., Turn (rotate–IegceeJe) He turned left and went away., (446) The (denoting persons already mentioned–Deeefš&keâue) The is the definite article., Thee (objective case of thou–legPes) I missed thee , beloved mother., (447) Through (from end to end–yeerÛe mes) Go straight through that door under the ‘exit’ word., Throe (a spasm of pain–oo&) A violent physical spasm or pang, esp. in the pain and struggle of, childbirth or death. Also, a spasm of feeling; mental agony; anguish., Throw (to discharge through the air–hesâbkeâvee) The crowd began throwing stones., (448) Thyme (herb–Skeâ Øekeâej keâe heewOee) Thyme is a type of herb used in cooking., Time (natures way of keeping everything from happening at once–meceÙe) What is the time by your, watch?, (449) Tic (twitch–SW"vee) If someone has a tic, a part of their face or body keeps making a small, uncontrollable movement, for example, because they are tired or have a nervous illness., Tick (small noise; parasitic bug–efškeâ-efškeâ) He sat listening to the tick of the clock., (450) Tighten (to make tighter–peesj mes yeeBOevee) I use my nail to tighten the screw on my torch., Titan (a giant–yenggle yeÌ[e) He is the richest business titan of our country., (451) Timber (wood for building–uekeâÌ[er) In Japan timber is used for construction of house., Timbre (musical quality–OJeefve) The timbre of someone’s voice or of a musical instrument is the, particular quality of sound that it has. (FORMAL), His voice had a deep timbre... The timbre of the violin is far richer than that of the mouth organ.
Page 759 :
Homonyms, , 749, , (452) Toad (frog–ces{keâ) A toad is a creature similar to frog., Toed (to conform a policy–DevegmejCe) He tried to persuade the rivals to toe the line of his party., Towed (pulled ahead–ues peevee) The policeman threatened to tow away my car., (453) Told (what was spoken–yeesuee) He told me how to do it., Tolled (a bell was rung–IeCšer yepeevee) The pilgrims tolled the bell., (454) Track (narrow path or road–mebkeâje jemlee) We set of once more , over a rough mountain track., Tract (a plot of land–Yetefce) A vast tract of land is available for stadium., (455) Tray (a platter–š^s) I need a tray for six cups of tea., Trey (three–leerve) The side of a die marked with three pips or spots; a throw which turns up this side., (456) Troop (a company of soldiers–efmeheeefnÙeeW keâe mecetn) Twenty thousands troops were deployed on the, border., Troup (a company of actors–Skeäšme& keâe mecetn) She belongs to an acrobatic performing troup., (457) Trussed (tied up–yeeBOevee) She trussed him quickly with a rope and gagged his mouth., Trust (faith–efJeMJeeme) I trust you completely., (458) Umpire (a referee–DecheeÙej) You must not disobey the umpire., Empire (dominion–jepÙe) The king was unable to manage his empire properly., (459) Vein (a blood vessel–efMeje) Veins take the blood to all parts of body., Vane (weather cock–cegiee&) There is a vane at the top of the temple., (460) Vale (valley–Ieešer) The beautiful vale of Manali is worthseeing., Veil (a cover–heoe&) Muslim ladies generally put a veil on her face., Wail (to lament–efJeueehe) Don’t wail please, he is safe and sound., (461) Wave (unevenness–uenj) The waves of ocean are rising higher and higher., Wave (movement–efnueevee) She waved her hand as the bus started., Waive (relinquish–ÚesÌ[vee) I request the officer to waive the punishment., (462) Waste (useless–JÙeLe& keâjvee) Don’t waste your precious time., Waist (part of body–keâcej) The boy had a chain round his waist., (463) Weather (atmosphere–ceewmece) It is cold weather today ., Whether (which of two–Ùeefo) I asked her whether she would come ., (464) Vain (useless–JÙeLe&) I made several request to our Principal but all in vain ., Wane (to decrease–keâce nesvee) I see the moon waning these nights., (465) Vary (to change–yeouevee) Your actions vary from the promise you made., Very (more–yengle) She is a very beautiful girl., Wary (cautious–meleke&â) Because of his wary nature, he was saved., (466) Vacations (holidays–ÚgefšdšÙeeB) We are going to Delhi in summer vacations., Vocation (occupation–hesMee) What vocation do you intend to join after graduation?, (467) Verses (paragraphs–ieÅe) This verse describes three reasons of his failure., Versus (against–efJehejerle) India versus Pakistan is a greatly contesting cricket match.
Page 760 :
750, , English Grammar & Composition, , (468) Vial (narrow glass container–Úesše, MeerMes keâe hee$e) A vial is a very small bottle which is used to hold, something such as perfume or medicine. Please give me a vial of rose perfume., Vile (despicable, unpleasant–De®efÛekeâj) She was in too vile a mood to work., Viol (stringed instrument–Ùev$e) Viols are a family of musical instruments that are made of wood and, have six strings. You play the viol with a bow while sitting down., (469) Vice (bad habit–ieuele Deeole) She described that those responsible for offences are connected with, vice, like drugs or gaming., Vise (bench-mounted clamp–keäueQhe) I need a good vise while I repair the furniture., (470) Weigh (to ascertain the weight–leewuevee) I am to purchase one weighing machine., Way (passage–jemlee) This way leads to hospital., (471) Weight (weight–Jepeve) He gained ten kg. of weight within a month., Wait (to attend–Fvlepeej) Don’t wait for me, I will go myself., (472) Week (period of seven days–mehleen) Monday is the first day of a week., Weak (feeble–keâcepeesj) Ram is too weak to walk., (473) Ware (article–meceeve) He has sold all his cook wares., Wear (to put on–henvevee) I like to wear silk sarees., Wear (to diminish–efIemevee) My shirt has worn out., (474) Wine (drink–Mejeye) Drinking wine is harmful for lever., Vine (creeper–yesue) The hut is covered with grapevines., (475) Wax (candle stuff–ceesce) Candles had spread pools of wax on the furniture., Whacks (several blows-Oeceekeâe) He has the donkey a whack across the back with a stick., Someone whacked him on the head., (476) Wade (talk in shallow water–heeveer ceW nueÛeue) Rescuers had to wade across a river to reach them., Weighed (weight was measured–Jepeve ceehevee) He weighed approximately 270 kilos., (477) Wain (a wagon-ÚkeâÌ[e ieeÌ[er) He has hired a wain for transporting his household goods., Wane (decrease, fad-keâce nesvee) His interest in sports began to wane, a passion for golf developed., (478) Want (desire–FÛÚe) I want to become a surgeon., Wont (inclined–pe¤jle), (a) If someone is wont to do something, they often or regularly do it. Both have committed their, indiscretions, as human beings are wont to do., (b) (accustomed) If someone does a particular thing as is their wont, they do that thing often or, regularly. Ram woke up early, as was his wont., (479) War (large scale armed conflict-Ùegæ) A war like situation is prevailed between India and Pakistan., Wore (past tense of wear-henvee) She wore a silken saree last night., Ware (merchandise-meeceeve) The box seems to contain glass wares., (480) Warship (naval implement of destruction–Ùegæheesle) Warships played a decisive role in the victory of, our forces., Worship (revere in a religious manner–hetpee) I enjoyed worshipping God., (481) Wary (cautious-meeJeOeeveer) People do not teach their wards to be wary of strangers., Wherry (Úesšer veeJe) A light rowing boat used chiefly on rivers and in harbours for carrying passengers.
Page 761 :
Homonyms, , 751, , (482) We (nce) We are going to market., Wee (Úesše meeFpe), (a) Wee means small in size or extent. He just needs to calm down a wee bit., (b) To wee means to urinate. Wee is an informal word used especially by children. He said that he, wanted to wee., (c) Wee is also a noun.The baby has done a wee in his potty., (483) We’d (contraction of ‘we would’) We’d meet you there positively., Weed (wild plants–pebieueer heewOee) If you don’t care the garden it will be soon full of weeds., (484) We’re (contraction of ‘we are’) We’re friends., Weir (a low dam or a fence in a river for catching fish–jeskeâLeece) A weir is a low barrier which is built, across a river in order to control or direct the flow of water. (b) A weir is a wooden fence which is built, across a stream in order to create a pool for catching fish., Were (past tense plural of ‘to be’) Where were you playing?, Whir or whirr (prolonged swish or buzz) When something such as a machine or an insect’s wing, whirrs, it makes a series of low sounds so quickly that they seem like one continuous sound. The, camera whirred and clicked., (485) We’ve (Contraction of ‘we have’) We’ve twenty pencils only., Weave (to make cloth–keâheÌ[s yegvevee) They were busy in weaving cotton fabrics., (486) Wheeled (having wheels–heefnÙeeW hej) We wheeled her out on the stretcher., Wield (to apply or use–keâece ceW ueevee), (a) If you wield a weapon tool, or piece of equipment, you carry and use it.The assistant was wielding, a kitchen knife., (b) If someone wields power, they have it and are able to use it., He remains president, but wields little power at the company., (487) Weld (to join metal by melting its edges-Jesefu[bie) Where did you learn to weld?, Welled (pouring forth-DeefOekeâ nesvee) Her love for him welled stronger than ever., (488) Wet (watery-ieeruee) She towelled her wet hair., Whet (prime–YetKe yeÌ{eves Ùee peieeves Jeeueer Jemleg) If someone or something whets your appetite for a, particular thing, they increase your desire to have it or know about it, especially by giving you an idea, of what it is like., A really good catalogue can also whet customers’ appetites for merchandise., (489) Which (selection-efkeâmekeâe) Which dress do you like most ?, Witch (peeotiejveer) In fairy stories, a witch is a woman, usually an old woman, who has evil magic, powers. Witches often wear a pointed black, hat and have a pet black cat., (490) While (during–peyeefkeâ) He was reading while she was cooking., Wile (a crafty, cunning or deceitful trick; a stratagem, a ruse–Ûeeueekeâ OeesKesyeepe), She used all her wiles to earn his favour., (491) Whine (annoying cry–oo& Yejer DeeJeepe) I can hear my dog whining in the courtyard., Wine (fermented grape juice–oe¤) This is a nice wine., (492) Whit (insignificant amount–yengle LeesÌ[er jeefMe) He cared not a whit for the social, political or religious, aspects of literature., Wit (cleverness; sense of humour–ÛelegjeF&) He was at his wit’s end.
Page 762 :
752, , English Grammar & Composition, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , (493) Whither (to which place, point, condition, etc? –keâewvemee mLeeve) They knew not whither they went., Wither (shrivel up–cegjPeevee) The flowers withered away within three hours., (494) Whoa (whoa is a command that you give to a horse to slow down or stop–Jeen), You can say whoa to someone who is talking to you, to indicate that you think they are talking too fast, or assuming things that may not be true., Woe (despair–og:Ke, efvejeMee) She listened to my tale of woe very patiently., (495) Yearn (to long–FÛÚe keâjvee) I am anxiously yearning to meet my wife., Yarn (thread–Oeeiee) I have purchased three bundles of yarn., (496) Yoke (slavery–oeme yeveevee) He is under the yoke of his master., Yolk (yellow portion of an egg–DeC[s keâer heerueer peoea) Some people eat only the yolk of an egg., (497) Yore (the past-Yetlekeâeue) Yore is used to refer to a period of time in the past., The images provoked strong surges of nostalgia for the days of yore., You’re (contraction of ‘you are’) You’re a great writer., Your (belonging to you-legcneje) Which is your house?, (498) You’ll (contraction of ‘you will’) You’ll be asked to explain your conduct., Yule (christmas-ef›eâmeceme) Everyone makes enjoyment in his own way during yule time., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words given in the brackets :, (1) This remarks about the dominance of casteism in elections are quite...........to the present position., (apposite/opposite), (2) The..........to this mountain is not an easy task., (ascent/assent), (3) Yesterday his behaviour with the guests was .......... ., (antic/antique), (4) The boat man ..........the boat with a chain., (tow/toe), (5) Bihar is a State..........with coal mines., (teeming/teaming), (6) She achieved this distinction by the....... force of hard work., (sheer/shear), (7) The reading of cheap books produce a bad..........on the minds of youth., (affect/effect), (8) You cannot...........my opinion about her., (altar/alter), (9) This rhyme is full of.......... ., (allusions/illusions), (10) He says that the word to nothing but an..... ., (allusion/illusion), , 02, Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words given in the brackets :, (1) He was kind enough to.........to my request., (2) Everybody should be given.......to this temple., (3) He refused to............the gift., , (accede/exceed), (access/excess), (accept/except)
Page 763 :
Homonyms, (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , She ......hard to secured first position in the college., She is ...........with malaria., Please keep........... ., What is the name of the....of this college?, This house is near the...........of India., This world is nothing but an ......... ., The property of the ........was confiscated by the government., , 753, (assayed/essayed), (ailing/aleing), (quiet/quite), (principal/principle), (border/boarder), (allusion/illusion), (deceased/diseased), , 03, Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words given in the brackets :, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), , India is now free from the....... of British empire., At last she left the house of her parents, knowing not........... ., All the flowers have now........away., It is wrong to conclude that all............him are corrupt., She is ...........in the art of painting., The drought........a large part of the state., This office is situated at the second.......... ., This hotel has twenty A. C........., I am going to purchase........ items for the office., The earth is not ...........,it revolves., , (yoek/yoke), (whither/wither), (wither/whither), (except/accept), (adapt/adept), (attected/effected), (storey/story), (suites/suits), (stationery/stationary), (stationary/stationery), , Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words given in the brackets :, (1) Please..........my clothes., (2) He is on.........leave., (3) The policeman........the thief by collar., (4) We heard ..........of trumpets., (5) Through process of melting, iron is extracted from.......... ., (6) He has some.........benefits in this project., (7) You can show your ............by fighting against injustice., (8) This wife came........than him., (9) An.......................man always plans in a clever manner., (10) I have already clarified this point in..........paragraphs., , (calendar/calender), (casual/causal), (seized/seiqed), (peal/peel), (oar/ore), (monetary/monitory), (metal/mettle), (latter/later), (ingenious/ingenuous), (forgo/forego), , Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words given in the brackets :, (1) A good fellow will not ..........a friend in need., (2) This house was ......by earthquake., (3) A good writes always uses..........at appropriate places., (4) What he says is hardly.......... ., (5) He built his..............by hard work., (6) The ...........was covered with white sheet., , (desert/dessert), (wreck/wreak), (comma/coma), (creditable/credible), (career/carrier), (corpse/corps), , 04, , 05
Page 764 :
754, , English Grammar & Composition, , (7), (8), (9), (10), , This bill has already been passed by legislative......... ., Pay my best ...........to your parents., He has................ to be the chairman of society., True........cannot be enjoyed by a man of jealous nature., , (council/counsel), (compliments/complement), (cease/seize), (felicity/facility), , 06, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words given in the brackets :, (1) .............makes a man perfect., (Practice/Practise), (2) The ..........of many pundits about destruction of the word didn’t come true.(prophecy/prophesy), (3) He can...........many cases to prove his arguments., (Site/Cite), (4) Can you........this stick?, (Break/Brake), (5) He defeated the earlier champion in........ ., (Dual/Duel), (6) We should not adopt.........means to achieve success., (fowl/foul), (7) She is a woman of ..........nature., (jealous/zealous), (8) It is raining and ..............in the sky., (lightning/lightening), (9) New Delhi is the ..............of India., (capitol/capital), , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) apposite,, (6) sheer,, , (2) ascent,, (7) effect,, , (3) antic,, (8) alter,, , (4) tow,, (9) allusion,, , (5) teeming,, (10) illusions., , (2) access,, (7) principal,, , (3) accept,, (8) border,, , (4) assayed,, (9) illusion,, , (5) ailing,, (10) deceased., , (2) whither,, (7) storey,, , (3) wither,, (8) suites,, , (4) except,, (9) stationery,, , (5) adept,, (10) stationary., , (2) casual,, (7) mettle,, , (3) seized,, (8) later,, , (4) peal,, (9) ingenious,, , (5) ore,, (10) foregone., , (2) wrecked,, (7) council,, , (3) comma,, (8) compliment,, , (4) credible,, (9) ceased,, , (5) career,, (10) felicity., , (2) prophecy,, (7) jealous,, , (3) cite,, (8) lightning,, , (4) break,, (9) capital., , Solution TYE 02, (1) accede,, (6) quiet,, , Solution TYE 03, (1) yoke,, (6) affected,, , Solution TYE 04, (1) calender,, (6) monetary,, , Solution TYE 05, (1) desert,, (6) corpse,, , Solution TYE 6, (1) Practice,, (6) foul,, , (5) duel,
Page 766 :
756, (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), (32), , English Grammar & Composition, , Flog, Garnish, Give out, Grade, Handicap, Help, Left, Liege, Mean, Off, Out, Out of, , (A), (A), (A), (A), (A), (A), (A), (A), (A), (A), (A), (A), , Criticize harshly, Enhance (e.g., Food), Produce, Incline, Advantage, Assist, Remaining, Sovereign lord, Average, Off, Visible (e.g., Stars), Outside, , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , (33), (34), , Oversight, Put out, , (A) Error, (A) Extinguish, , (B), (B), , (35), (36), (37), (38)., (39), (40), , Quiddity, Quite, Rent, Rinky-dink, Sanction, Sanguine, , (A), (A), (A), (A), (A), (A), , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , (41), (42), , Screen, Seed, , (43), (44), , Strike, Table, , (45), (46), (47), (48), (49), (50), (51), , Transparent, Unbending, Variety, Wear, Weather, Wind up, With, , (A) Show, (A) Add Seeds, (e.g., ‘To seed a field’), (A) Hit, (A) Propose, (In the United Kingdom), (A) Invisible, (A) Rigid, (A) One type (e.g., ‘This variety’), (A) Endure through use, (A) Withstand, (A) End, (A) Alongside, , Essence, Rather, Buy use of, Insignificant, Approve, Hopeful, , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , Promote aggressively, Curtail (e.g., Wages), Stop production, Level, Disadvantage, Prevent (e.g., ‘‘I Can’t help it if...’’), Departed from, Loyal subject, Excellent (e.g., ‘Plays a mean game’), On (e.g., ‘The alarm went off’), Invisible (e.g., Lights), Inside (e.g., ‘Work out of one’s, home’), Care, Generate, (e.g., Something putting out light), Trifling point, Completely, Sell use of, One who frequents rinkworks, Boycott, Murderous, (Obsolete synonym for ‘Sanguinary’), Hide, Remove seeds, (e.g., ‘To seed a tomato’), Miss (In Baseball), Set aside, (In the United States), Obvious, Relaxing, Many types (e.g., ‘A variety’), Decay through use, Wear away, Start up (e.g., A Watch), Against
Page 768 :
758, (14) Conduct, (15) Conflict, (16) Console, (17) Consort, (18) Construct, (19) Content, (20) Contest, (21) Contract, (22) Convert, (23) Converse, (24) Convict, (25) Crooked, (26) Deliberate, (27) Desert, (28) Digest, (29) Do, (30) Does, (31) Dove, (32) Drawer, (33) Ellipses, (34) Entrance, (35) Evening, (36) Excuse, (37) House, (38) Incense, , English Grammar & Composition, [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], , (con-duct) behaviour;, (con-duct) to direct or manage, (con-flict) disagreement or fight;, (con-flict) to be in opposition, (con-sole) upright case; also, computer terminal;, (con-sole) to comfort, (con-sort) companion or partner;, (con-sort) to keep company, (con-struct) something constructed;, (con-struct) to assemble, (con-tent) substantive part;, (con-tent) satisfied, (con-test) competition;, (con-test) to dispute, (con-tract) agreement;, (con-tract) to shrink or to agree on a project, (con-vert) one whose belief was changed;, (con-vert) to change one’s belief, (con-verse) opposite;, (con-verse) to talk, (con-vict) prisoner;, (con-vict) to find guilty, (crookd) bended;, (crook-ed) bent, (de-lib-er-ate) carefully considered;, (de-lib-er-ate) to consider, (des-ert) arid region;, (de-sert) to leave; also, something deserved, (die-jest) collection of published material;, (die-jest) absorb nutrients, (doo) to accomplish;, (doe) musical note, (duz) performs;, (doze) multiple one female deer, (rhymes with ‘‘love’’) a bird;, (rhymes with ‘‘hove’’) jumped off, (door) compartment that is opened by pulling out;, (draw-er) one who draws, (ee-lip-sez) plural of ellipse;, (ee-lip-seez) plural of ellipsis, (en-trance) entry way;, (en-trance) to captivate, (eve-ning) the time of day between afternoon and night;, (eve-en-ing) making even, (ex-cuze) to let someone off;, (ex-kyewss) justifying explanation, (howss) building that serves as living quarters;, (howz) to provide with living quarters, (in-cense) substance that produces a pleasant aroma when burned;, (in-cense) to anger
Page 769 :
759, , Heteronyms, (39) Intern, , (58) Primer, , [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], , (59) Produce, , [B], , (60) Project, , [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], [B], [A], , (40) Invalid, (41) Laminate, (42) Lather, (43) Lead, (44) Minute, (45) Moderate, (46) Mow, (47) Multiply, (48) Number, (49) Nun, (50) Object, (51) Overhead, (52) Pasty, (53) Pate, (54) Perfect, (55) Periodic, (56) Permit, (57) Present, , (61) Protest, (62) Pussy, (63) Raven, (64) Rebel, , (in-tern) a worker in training;, (in-tern) confine to a prescribed area, (in-val-id) someone who is sick or disabled;, (in-val-id) not valid, (lam-in-it) a layered construct;, (lam-in-ate) to construct by layering, (hard ‘th’) foam or suds;, (soft ‘th’) one who installs lath (lattice), (leed) to guide;, (led) a metallic element, (min-it) sixty seconds;, (my-noot) tiny, (mod-er-it) not excessive or extreme;, (mod-er-ate) to preside over, (rhymes with ‘cow’) pile of hay stored in a barn;, (rhymes with ‘tow’) to cut grass, (mult-i-ply) to perform the mathematical operation of multiplication;, (mult-i-plee) in a multiple manner, (num-ber) a discrete value or quantity;, (num-mer) more numb, (nun) woman in a religious order;, (noon) the fourteenth letter of the hebrew alphabet, (ob-ject) thing;, (ob-ject) to protest, (ove-er-head) operating expenses; also, an overhead projector;, (ov-er-head) high; above the level of the head, (pay-stee) like glue;, (pass-tee) meat pie, (pate) top of the head;, (pat) porcelain paste; (pa-tay) a minced food, (per-fect) flawless;, (per-fect) to make flawless, (peer-ee-odd-ic) occasional;, (pure-eye-odd-ic) an iodine compound, (per-mit) document giving permission;, (per-mit) to allow, (prez-ent) gift;, (pre-zent) to introduce, (prihm-er) elementary book;, (pry-mer) undercoat of paint, (pro-duce) vegetables;, (pro-duce) bring forth, (pro-ject) task;, (pro-ject) to forecast; also, to show a movie, (pro-test) an objection;, (pro-test) to object, (puhs-ee) having pus;, (pooh-see) kitten, (ray-ven) a black bird;, (rav-en) hungry, (reb-el) one who refuses allegiance or opposes;
Page 770 :
760, , English Grammar & Composition, , [B], (re-bel) to refuse allegiance or oppose, [A], (rec-ord) a documented account;, [B], (re-cord) to set down to preserve, (66) Recreation, [A], (rec-ree-a-shun) entertaining or relaxing pastime;, [B], (ree-cree-a-shun) something that is remade, recreated, (67) Refuse, [A], (ref-yoos) garbage;, [B], (ref-yooz) to deny, (68) Relay, [A], (ree-lay) a race in which members of a team take turns racing;, [B], (ree-lay) to lay again;, [C], (rih-lay) to pass along, (69) Repeat, [A], (re-peat) repeated television show;, [B], (re-peat) to perform again, (70) Rerun, [A], (re-run) repeated television show;, [B], (re-run) to run again, (71) Resign, [A], (re-zine) to quit;, [B], (re-sign) to sign again, (72) Resume, [A], (ree-zoom) to restart;, [B], (reh-zoom-ay) document of professional experience, (73) Row, [A], (rhymes with ‘‘cow’’) a fight;, [B], (rhymes with ‘‘tow’’) a series of objects; also, to propel a boat with oars, (74) Sake, [A], (sake) purpose;, [B], (sah-kee) alcoholic drink, (75) Secreted, [A], (see-cret-ed) placed out of sight;, [B], (see-creet-ed) emitted, (76) Separate, [A], (sep-ar-ate) to set apart;, [B], (sep-ret) not joined together, (77) Sewer, [A], (soe-wer) one who sews;, [B], (soo-wer) channel for human waste, (78) Slough, [A], (rhymes with ‘‘tough’’) outer layer or covering that is shed;, [B], (rhymes with ‘‘cow’’) a hole filled with deep mud or mire;, [C], (rhymes with ‘‘through’’) a marsh, (79) Sow, [A], (rhymes with ‘‘cow’’) a pig;, [B], (rhymes with ‘‘tow’’) to plant seed, (80) Subject, [A], (sub-ject) the theme; also, one ruled by another;, [B], (sub-ject) to force upon, (81) Suspect, [A], (sus-pect) one suspected of a crime;, [B], (sus-pect) to have suspicion, (82) Tear, [A], (tare) to rip;, [B], (teer) a drop of the clear liquid emitted by the eye, (83) Unionized, [A], (yoon-yon-ized) belonging to a union;, [B], (un-i-on-ized) not converted into ions, (84) Wind, [A], (rhymes with ‘‘find’’) to coil up;, [B], (winned) moving air, (85) Wound, [A], (woond) to injure;, [B], (wound) coiled up, Some Heteronymic Sentences :, (a) When the brush fire was close, the authorities had to close the road., (b) I subject my friends to pain when I discuss the subject of my operation., (c) The bass swam around the bass drum on the ocean floor., (d) She wished she could desert him in the desert., (65) Record
Page 771 :
CHAPTER, , 47, PALINDROMES, A palindrome is a word or sentence that reads the same forward as it does backward. The words ‘A’ and, ‘I’ are perhaps the simplest palindromes. The word ‘Refer’ and the name ‘Malayalam’ are more interesting, and illustrative palindromes., Palindromes are a type of palingram called letter palingrams. A palingram is a sentence in which the, letters, syllables, or words read the same backward as they do forward. The sentence, ‘‘I was, was I ?’’ is a, word palingram, because the words can be placed in reverse order and still read the same. The sentence, ‘‘I, did, did I ?’’ is not only a word palingram, but a letter palingram (Or palindrome) as well., A number of interesting palindromes are given below for your amusement. Can you make up your, own?, , Words, Aibohphobia, Deleveled, Evitative, Lemel, Minim, Radar, Repaper, Rotor, Stats, , Alula, Detartrated, Hannah, Level, Murdrum, Redder, Reviver, Sagas, Tenet, , Cammac, Devoved, Kayak, Madam, Peeweep, Refer, Rotator, Solos, Terret, , Phrases and Sentences, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), , A tin mug for a jar of gum, Nita., A Toyota. Race fast, safe car. A Toyota., Able was I ere I saw Elba., Anne, I vote more cars race Rome to Vienna., As I pee, sir, I see Pisa!, Cigar? Toss it in a can. It is so tragic., Dammit, I’m mad!, Ten animals I slam in a net., Too bad I hid a boot., Was it a car or a cat I saw ?, Won’t lovers revolt now ?, , Civic Deified, Dewed, Kinnikinnik, Malayalam, Racecar, Reifier, Rotavator, Sexes, Testset
Page 772 :
CHAPTER, , 48, PANGRAMS, A pangram is a sentence that contains all letters of the alphabet. Such sentences are also called, holalphabetic sentences. Constructing a sentence that includes the fewest repeat letters possible is a, challenging task., By far the most well-known pangram is, “The quick brown fox jumps over a little lazy dog.”, This sentence is generally used to test out new typewriters, presumably because it includes every letter of the, alphabet., A number of pangrams are given below :, Examples, (a) No kidding —Lorenzo called off his trip to visit Mexico City just because they told him the, conquistadores were extinct., (99 letters), (b) Six javelins thrown by the quick savages whizzed forty paces beyond the mark., (64 letters), (c) The public was amazed to view the quickness and dexterity of the juggler., (60 letters), (d) We quickly seized the black axle and just saved it from going past him., (57 letters), (e) Six big juicy steaks sizzled in a pan as five workmen left the quarry., (56 letters), (f) A mad boxer shot a quick, gloved jab to the jaw of his dizzy opponent., (54 letters), (g) A quart jar of oil mixed with zinc oxide makes a very bright paint., (53 letters), (h) Crazy Fredericka bought many very exquisite opal jewels., (48 letters), (i) Sixty zippers were quickly picked from the woven jute bag., (48 letters), (j) Heavy boxes perform quick waltzes and jigs., (36 letters), (k) The quick brown fox jumps over a little lazy dog., (33 letters), (l) Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs., (32 letters), (m) The five boxing wizards jump quickly., (31 letters), (n) How quickly daft jumping zebras vex., (30 letters), (o) Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz., (31 letters)
Page 773 :
CHAPTER, , 49, UNUSUAL WORD FORMS, A very peculiar thing about English is that for almost all rules, we find exceptions to them. Both the, beauty and the bane of English is find in the exceptions to everything. Pluralizing words isn’t always a simple, matter of adding an on the end, and switching a word from masculine form to feminine form isn’t always a, matter of adding ess., , Plurals-Peculiarity :, (a) The words alms, amends, cattle, clothes, doldrums, ides, pants, pliers, scissors, shorts, smithereens, and, trousers are all plural, but have no singular form., (b) Many words, such as deer, moose, and sheep, are spelled and pronounced the same way in both their, singular and plural forms. More interesting words with this property are congeries, kudos, premises,, shambles, series, and species. Fish can be both singular and plural, yet fishes is also a correct, pluralization of the word., (c) The words bourgeois, chassis, corps, faux pas, gardebras, précis, pince-nez, and rendezvous all have, plurals spelled the same way but pronounced differently., (d) Kine, an obsolete plural form of cow, shares no letters with its singular form., (e) The plural of man is men. The plural of woman is women. The plural of human is humans., (f) The plural of foot is feet. The plural of goosefoot is goosefoots., (g) The plural of moose is moose. The plural of goose is geese. The plural of mongoose is mongooses., (h) The plural of mouse, the rodent, is mice. The plural of mouse, the computer hardware device, is, mouses., , Other Unusually Pluralized Words :, Other unusually pluralized words are brother which may be pluralized to brothers, but also brethren;, cherub, which is pluralized to cherubim; die, which is pluralized to dice; formula, which may be pluralized to, formulas but also formulae; landsman, which is pluralized to landsleit; libretto, which is pluralized to libretti;, ox, which is pluralized to oxen; paries, which is pluralized to parietes; person, which is pluralized to people;, rubai, which is pluralized to rubaiyat; schema, which is pluralized to schemata; seraph, which is pluralized to, seraphim; tempo, which is pluralized to tempi. Most of these words were taken from other languages—like, Hebrew, Greek, German, and Italian—with the foreign pluralization rules retained., The singular form of braces, when used in the orthodontic sense, is bracket. One bracket per tooth is, attached when someone gets braces.
Page 774 :
764, , English Grammar & Composition, Hair is a singular word that suggests more than its plural, hairs., , The plural words abbes, abys, adventures, bas, bos, bras, bulgines, cares, chapes, cites, cosines,, deadlines, esquires, fras, gamines, gaus, glassines, gues, hos, kavas, kas, larges, las, los, lownes, marques,, mas, millionaires, mis, moras, mos, multimillionaires, nervines, ogres, pas, pis, pos, posses, prelates, princes,, pros, sagenes, saltines, shines, sightlines, squires, tartines, timelines, tyrranes, and usures all become different, singular words if you add another onto the end of each. Many of them switch from masculine plural form to, feminine singular form., , Gender—Peculiarity :, Widower is the only word in the English language whose masculine form is longer than its feminine, form, which is widow. Demirep is the only word in the English language which is made feminine by applying, a prefix, rather than a suffix to the masculine form which is rep.
Page 775 :
CHAPTER, , 50, HOMOGRAPHS, A homograph is a “word of the same written form as another but of a different origin and meaning.”, (buck—buck). Following list tells you the use of homographs in sentence (A) and, (B) depicting different, meanings., Homograph Ssmee Meyo nQ efpemekesâ Skeâ mes DeefOekeâ Deueie-Deueie DeLe& nesles nQ~ Same Spelling but different, meanings (Homograph) Jeeues MeyoeW keâe GÛÛeejCe keâF& yeej Deueie neslee nQ, SJeb keâF& yeej meceeve neslee nQ~ Homographs kesâ, efJeefYevve DeLeeX keâe %eeve Úe$e keâer DeÛÚer vocabulary nsleg DeeJeMÙekeâ nQ~ Úe$eeW keâes Fvekeâe DeOÙeÙeve OÙeevehetJe&keâ keâjvee ÛeeefnS~, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), , Act, Arms, Block, Buck, Blue, Box, Brand, Base, Back, Bank, Bear, Bark, Bit, Ball, Bright, Blow, Bangs, Bat, Bow, Bluff, Bill, , (22) Bulb, (23) Bed, , (A) Jack will act in a play., (A) My arms and legs hurt., (A) The puppy ran around the block., (A) It costs one buck to get in., (A) I feel very blue today., (A) Put your things in a box., (A) They put a brand on the horse., (A) The base of the statue broke., (A) My back hurts., (A) The river overflowed its bank., (A) The grizzly bear is dangerous., (A) The dog has a loud bark., (A) The tiger bit the giraffe., (A) My wife went to a ball., (A) The light is bright in my room., (A) They will blow up the bridge., (A) The shots were like loud bangs., (A) The baseball bat was broken., (A) Bow to the audience before playing., (A) You can bluff when playing poker., (A) We have received a large bill., (C) He wants change for a $5 bill., (A) We planted a daffodil bulb., (A) My bed is warm and soft., , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , He’s in the second act of the play., The soldiers laid down their arms., The chairs will block the door., The horse will buck you off., She wore a blue dress., The fighters will box tonight., What brand is your computer?, The player ran to third base., The dog came back home., I have a $1000 in the Bank., I cannot bear to be alone., The bark peeled off the tree., My finger hurts a little bit., The ball bounced off my head., Some students are very bright., He received a blow to the head., She wears her hair in bangs., A bat flew out of the cave., The bow of the ship was breaking., The man stood on the bluff., The ducks bill is orange., , (B) The light bulb is burned out., (B) We planted a bed of flowers.
Page 776 :
766, (24), (25), (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), , English Grammar & Composition, Coat, Court, Chest, Change, Can, Check, Charge, , (31) Cast, (32), (33), (34), (35), (36), , Calf, Corn, Crow, Date, Dart, , (37) Dull, (38) Deck, (39) Draw, (40), (41), (42), (43), (44), (45), (46), (47), (48), (49), , Down, Duck, Ear, Fly, Fall, Fine, Float, Fair, Fast, Firm, , (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), , Foot, Faint, Fool, Fit, Face, , (55) Felt, (56) Fleet, , (A) She is wearing a new coat., (A) The criminal was tried in a court., (A) He found a pirate’s chest of gold., (A) I need fifty cents in change., (A) A tin can of food will solve hunger., (A) I received a check from my bank., (A) You can charge your purchase., (C) Elephants can charge at any time., (A) The cast of the play went home., (C) He cast the money into the sea., (A) A calf is a baby cow., (A) We ate corn at dinner., (A) A big black crow ate the corn., (A) I ate a date with my lunch., (A) She sewed a dart in her dress., (C) Don’t dart into the street., (A) The knife is too dull to cut., (A) The captain stood on the deck., (A) If you draw a gun, then shoot., (C) They were down in the draw., (A) A duck has down on its back., (A) Duck when walking in a cave., (A) I cannot hear in one ear., (A) A fly landed on his nose., (A) The Fall weather is cool., (A) If you speed, you will pay a fine., (A) Astronauts can float in space., (A) The State Fair is in October., (A) Some cars can go very fast., (A) I work in a law firm., (C) They made us a firm offer., (A) The stick is one foot long., (A) Did you ever faint from hunger?, (A) They tried to fool me., (A) She had a fit over the job., (A) Your face is red., (C) He will lose face., (A) The dress was made from felt., (A) He owns a fleet of taxis., , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , There is a coat of dust on the car., The man wanted to court the lady., He pounded his chest in rage., Can I change my class time?, Can you try to come this evening?, We need to check on the date., What is the charge for lessons?, , (B) He had a cast on his broken arm., (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , The calf of my leg hurts., I have a corn on my foot., Most roosters crow in the morning., I have a date with my wife., He threw a dart at the dartboard., , (B) The movie was dull and stupid., (B) I need a deck of cards., (B) I cannot easily draw pictures., (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , Walk down the stairs carefully., A small duck swam with its mother., She ate an ear of corn., We shall fly to Paris today., Be careful that you don’t fall., I feel fine today., There was a float in the parade., Today was fair and warm., Some people keep fast at Easter., I sleep on a firm mattress., , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , My foot won’t fit my shoe., He heard a faint noise., The fool did tricks for the king., The pants will not fit me., You must face the audience., , (B) She felt sorry for the victim., (B) She is fleet of foot.
Page 777 :
767, , Homographs, (57) File, , (A) You must file the papers., (C) He used a file to escape., (58) Ground (A) The snow covered the ground., (59) Gobble (A) A pig will gobble his food fast., (A) I enjoy the game of football., (60) Game, (61) Hand, (A) He had a glove on his hand., (62) Hide, (A) Did you hide the money?, (A) The movie was a big hit., (63) Hit, (64) Hang, (A) Hang your coat on a hook., (65) Head, (A) He is the head of our company., (66) Hold, (A) Hold onto your money., (C) They put us on hold., (67) Hard, (A) It was a hard test., (A) We seldom iron clothes., (68) Iron, (C) We must iron out our problems., (69) Ice, (A) We will ice the cake before eating., (70) Jumper (A) She wore a cotton jumper., (71) Jam, (A) I like berry jam on toast., (A) Put the sugar into the jar., (72) Jar, (73) Joker, (A) She is a practical joker., (74) Kid, (A) There is a new kid in my class., (C) He loves to kid people., (75) Kind, (A) You should be kind to animals., (A) I only eat lean meat., (76) Lean, (77) Letter, (A) I got a letter in the mail., (78) Light, (A) Is that chair light or heavy?, (79) Like, (A) Do you like to watch TV?, (80) Log, (A) I keep a log of my flying hours., (A) We shall land in Paris at noon., (81) Land, (82) Lap, (A) Cats lap milk with their tongue., (83) Leaves (A) In Fall leaves drop to the ground., (A) I can only write with my left hand., (84) Left, (C) She left the house an hour ago., (85) Line, (A) She was first in the line of workers., (86) Loaf, (A) A fresh loaf of bread smells good., (87) Lie, (A) A lie can get you into trouble., (88) Last, (A) It did not last very long., (A) I long to see my home again., (89) Long, (90) Mine, (A) He worked in an iron mine., (91) Match, (A) She is no match for him., , (B) You must file your fingernails., (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , We ground up the meat for dinner., A turkey will gobble for attention., We went hunting game to eat., We gave the singer a hand., The hide of a cow is very useful., I hit the ball for a home run., We will hang around for an hour., A book fell on my head., Put the cargo into the ship’s hold., , (B) The cement will get hard soon., (B) The chair was made of iron., (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , Make sure you don’t slip on the ice., She is a good high jumper., The traffic jam made me late., Don’t jar the doctor’s hand., A deck of cards has two jokers., A kid is a baby goat., , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , It is the wrong kind of cloth., You can lean on the desk., What is the first letter in China?, Please turn on the light., She looks like her mother., Put another log on the fire., Farmers need land to grow crops., She sat in my lap eating candy., She leaves for London today., There are two cookies left., , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , He drew a long line on the paper., Some people loaf all day., Cats often lie down to sleep., She came in last in the race., It is a long time until winter., That book is mine., Light a match for my stove.
Page 778 :
768, , English Grammar & Composition, , (92) Miss, (93) Mean, (94), (95), (96), (97), (98), (99), (100), (101), (102), , Mold, Might, Note, Nap, Nail, Perch, Pen, Pupil, Point, , (103) Pitcher, (104) Pound, (105) Pit, (106), (107), (108), (109), (110), (111), (112), (113), , Plane, Play, Park, Pop, Pipe, Palm, Part, Pass, , (114), (115), ( 116), (117), (118), (119), (120), (121), (122), (123), (124), , Pool, Pet, Peep, Page, Punch, Pick, Quack, Rare, Ruler, Record, Racket, , (A) Do you miss your home?, (C) Did Miss Brown meet her?, (A) What did she mean by that?, (C) The mean temperature is low., (A) The bread has mold on it., (A) We might hire her for the job., (A) He knows not a note of music., (A) We often take a nap at noon., (A) She painted her nails., (A) Birds often perch on trees., (A) The pigs are in the pen., (A) She is the best pupil in class., (A) You should not point at people., (C) You missed the point of the story., (A) She is the pitcher on our team., (A) I bought a pound of chocolates., (C) Don’t pound on the table., (A) A peach has a large pit inside., (C) Some snakes were in the deep pit., (A) A plane flew them to Paris., (A) He is an actor in a play., (A) We had a picnic in the park., (A) Do you drink soda pop?, (A) My dad smokes a pipe., (A) There is a palm tree there., (A) I part my hair on the right., (A) She will pass the test easily., (C) He went through the narrow pass., (A) She has a pool table at her house., (A) A cat can make a nice pet., (A) A tiny chick can peep very loud., (A) It is at the top of the page., (A) We will drink orange punch., (A) Pick out the one you like., (A) A duck will quack when it sees you., (A) I don’t like my steak rare., (A) The king is the ruler of the nation., (A) She bought a new record album., (A) She bought a new tennis racket., (C) His racket made him money., , (B) Your arrow may miss the target., (B) He is a mean teacher., (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , Pour wax into the mold., Might does not make it right., Send her a note of apology., The blanket has a lot of nap., He used a nail to fasten the shelf., Many perch live in the ocean., My pen needs some ink., The pupil in her eye is blue., My knife has a sharp point., , (B) She poured a pitcher of juice., (B) We bought a dog at the pound., (B) We will pit her against him., (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , We use a plane to smooth wood., We play basketball each day., I park my car near my office., Don’t pop the balloon., The water pipe broke., He hurt the palm of his hand., I need a part to fix my car., He threw a pass to his friend., , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , We swam in the swimming pool., You can pet my horse., They can peep through the window., The page knelt before the king., He punched the man on his chin., A miner uses a pick and shovel., The doctor was a quack., Diamonds are rare jewels., Measure it with the ruler., He set the record in the high jump., The kids made a racket at dinner.
Page 779 :
769, , Homographs, (125) Range, , (A) The cattle are feeding on the range., (C) They range in age from 20 to 30., (126) Roll, (A) The ball will roll into the road., (127) Rock, (A) She will often rock in her chair., (A) She will run five miles a day., (128) Run, (129) Right, (A) I have a ring on my right hand., (130) Race, (A) He ran the school race., (131) Round (A) Her watch is round., (132) Rest, (A) We will rest until dinner., (133) Rose, (A) The rose is a pretty flower., (134) Rung, (A) He has rung the bell twice., (135) Rear, (A) The horse will rear if frightened., (A) Fish have many scales., (136) Scales, (137) Strike, (A) Did you strike her on the arm?, (138) Stand, (A)They sold fruit at the stand., (139) Shine, (A) Shine your shoes everyday., (A) She got a shock from the wire., (140) Shock, (141) Swallow (A) The swallow flew up into the tree., (142) Stick, (A) Stick the stamp on the letter., (143) Sink, (A) The kitchen sink is full of dishes., (A) She sat on the tree stump., (144) Stump, (145) Spoke, (A) The bike has a broken spoke., (146) Sock, (A) He lost his sock in the park., (147) Skip, (A) Children often skip when happy., (148) Sheet, (A) She put a new sheet on the bed., (A) The horse is eating in its stall., (149) Stall, (150) Spray, (A) We need to spray the apple trees., (151) Spring (A) Spring is a good time of the year., (152) Speaker (A) She was a speaker in our class., (153) Steer, (A) You must steer your car carefully., (154) Space, (A) The rocket flew into space., (155) Set, (A) Our T.V. set is broken., (156) Screen (A) Please set-up the movie screen., (C) Screen them for infections., (A) We live on the sixth story., (157) Story, (158) Shift, (A) I worked on the night shift., (159) Soil, (A) Plant the flower in good soil., (160) Shed, (A) Cats will shed their fur., (A) The seal swam in the ocean., (161) Seal, (C) He put a seal on the document., , (B) She cooked on her new range., (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , We ate a roll for dinner., The rock went through my window., She had a run in her stocking., She got all the answers right., He is a member of the human race., He was injured in the fifth round., The rest will arrive after dinner., The crowd rose to greet her., A rung on the ladder is missing., We sat at the rear of the room., We weighed on the scales., The workers are on strike., Stand up if he comes into the room., Shine your flashlight over here., That movie will shock my mom., My throat hurts when I swallow., He broke the stick in two pieces., The boat will sink if over loaded., That question will stump everyone., She often spoke to me about that., She got a sock on her chin., Skip any question you don’t know., I need a sheet of paper., My car will stall at times., The spray of flowers is pretty., The car has a broken spring., My stereo has a new speaker., The steers were out in the field., Put your name in that space., Please set the table for dinner., The screen door slammed., , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , She told a story to the children., Shift gears when you go uphill., Do not soil your dress., The cow is eating in the shed., Seal the envelope before mailing.
Page 780 :
770, (162), (163), (164), (165), (166), (167), (168), (169), (170), (171), , English Grammar & Composition, Squash, Train, Trip, Top, Tip, Tablet, Tag, Well, Wave, Watch, , (A) I like to eat squash., (A) We will train all students., (A) We will take a long trip this year., (A) The top was spinning fast., (A) He left a tip for the waiter., (A) Take a tablet after dinner., (A) We played tag with the children., (A) She can play the piano well., (A) A large wave knocked her down., (A) She had a new gold watch., , (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), (B), , You’ll squash it if you step on it., We rode the train home., Don’t trip over the rug., It is on the top of the desk., He cut the tip of his finger., I need a new tablet of paper., Put an ID tag on each suitcase., The water comes from a well., Wave good-bye to your mother., Watch your children at all times., , Exercise : For Fun, (1) Tracey didn’t feel well after falling into the well., (2) Jim hunts, but he does not shoot does., (3) There was a big row in the first row of the theatre., (4) Let’s wind up the kite string, before the wind gets too wild., (5) If the judges are fair, our rabbit will win a ribbon at the fair., (6) That creaking sound makes me wonder if this building is sound., (7) The oil well is yours and the gold mine is mine., (8) The dove dove to the ground to eat the peanut., (9) I found it hard to believe that he planned to found a new church., (10) The rose bushes rose out of the fertile ground., (11) I won’t shed a tear if you tear my old shirt into shreds., (12) The dog was happy when you dropped the ground beef onto the ground., , The meaning of the bold word (printed in dark type) is given in the brackets., , (in good health), (female deer), (fight), (moving air), (just), (in good condition), (belonging to me), (dived), (establish, or start), (a kind of flower), (rip), (past form of grind)
Page 781 :
CHAPTER, , 51, PARONYMS, In English we find several words which are derived from the same root word.These words differ slightly in, form, but in many cases the meaning differ a lot. Such words are also called Paronyms., Paronyms Ssmes MeyoeW keâes keânles nQ pees Skeâ ner parent word mes yeveles nQ~ efoKeves ceW keâeheâer efceueles-pegueles ueieles nQ SJeb keâF& yeej Fvekeâe, , DeLe& keâeheâer efYevve neslee nw~ veerÛes Ssmes ner MeyoeW keâes efoÙee ieÙee nw~ Úe$eeW keâes Ssmes MeyoeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve keâeheâer OÙeevehetJe&keâ keâjvee ÛeeefnS~, (1) Alternate (By turn), Alternative (Choice between two things), (2) Acceptance (Accepting a thing), Acceptation (Interpretation), (3) Access (Approach), Accession (Becoming sovereign), (4) Act (To do), Action (Doing things), (5) Admission (Being admitted), Admittance (To let in), (6) Artist (Performer of fine art), Artiste (Performer in singing, dacing etc.), (7) Artistic (Having aesthetic values), Artful (Cunning, clever), Artificial (Antonym of natural), Artisan (Well versed in hardicrafts), (8) Appropriation (To take possession of), Appropriateness (Suitability), (9) Affecting (Touching, pathetic), Affectation (False pretense), (10) Besides (In addition), Beside (By the side), (11) Barbaric (Simple, used in good sense), Barbarian (Primitive), Barbarous (Cruel used in bad sense), (12) Barbarism (Uncivilised condition), Barbarity (Cruelty), (13) Confident (Certain), , He comes here on alternate days., There were alternative methods of travel available., I am happy to learn that she has given her consent for the, attending the court., There are several acceptations of the word ‘Nature’., I was not allowed access to a lawyer., Today is the 50th anniversary of the queen’s accession to the, throne., I shall act as per the wishes of my parents., His timely action saved him from the loss., He has taken admission in evening college., He was denied admittance in the hall., A poet is no less an artist than a sculpture., The group of five consists of several artistes., This painting is indeed very artistic., He wants to achieve success by artful means., City life is becoming more artificial day by day., The artisans of Nepal are very hardworking and efficient., He was charged for appropriation of Bank’s fund., The work of Harivansh Rai Bachchan is renowned for its, appropriateness in style., The movie has many affecting scenes and situations., Political leaders speak with affectation and artfulness., Besides paying my debt he also gave me money for the, medicines., In Republic Day function none was sitting beside President., I like her barbaric simplicity., ‘Johar’and ‘Sati’ are the barbarian customs., War is indeed a barbarous act., In some part of Bihar, absolute arbarism prevailed even, now-a-days., Aurangzeb was notorious for his barbarity., I am confident that she will come.
Page 782 :
772, , English Grammar & Composition, , Confidant (Reliable), (14) Completion (End), Completeness (Perfection), (15) Ceremonious (Overdone formalities), Ceremonial (Pertaining to ceremony), (16) Comprehensive (Involves all aspects), Comprehensible (Understandable), (17) Considerable (Much), Considerate (Thoughtful), (18) Continuous (Uninterrupted), Continual (Occasional breaks), (19) Child-like (In good sense act like a child), Childish (In bad sense-silly act), (20) Complacent (Pleasing look), Complaisant (Polite), (21) Dependent (To rely on), Dependant (Depend on others), (22) Disinterested (Without self interest), Uninterested (Indifferent), (23) Divers (Who swim under the water), Diverse (Dissimilar-different), (24) Decided (Past form of decide), Decisive, (That which decides some thing important), (25) Destination (The place to reach), Destiny (Fate), (26) Envious (Feeling envy), Enviable (A rousing envy), (27) Effectual (Creating desired effects), Efficacious (Sufficient to have desired result), (28) Egotist (Self conceited), Egoist (Selfishness, self interested), (29), (30), (31), (32), (33), , (34), , He is a cheat, don’t make him your confident., After completion of this work you are to go to Kolkata., None can claim completeness of knowledge in any field., His greetings and salutations are too ceremonious., Diwali is a ceremonial occasion for Hindus., This book gives us comprehensive knowledge of English., His views on this subject are not only clear, but, comprehensible also., I have spent a considerable time in solving this problem., He being a considerate man can’t refuse to sign this proposal., He has been continuously working on computer for the last, three hours., There has been continual raining since yesterday., Her child-like face attracts everybody., His childish habits annoyed everybody., Indian farmer are complacent in their look., She is a complaisant and intelligent girl., I am not dependent on anybody for my livelihood., My younger brother is dependant on me., Mother Teresa rendered disinterested service to downtrodden., Amitabh is uninterested in politics., Divers are trying to reach the top., Diverse opinions were given by the members on this proposal., He decided to go to Europe the next week., The battle of Plassey was a decisive one., , The last destination of this train is Puri., One can make his destiny with hard labour., You should not be envious of your friend’s progress., His enviable posting made many jealous of him., He adopted the effectual means and so got the contract., Quinine now-a-days is not efficacious in malaria., I cannot discuss anything with an egotist like you., He is an egoist, he believes that self interest is the base of all, actions., Especially (Pertaining to exceptional degree) Her mother was especially invited on the occasion., I came specially to attend the function., Special (For the purpose), JL Nehru was a man of exceptional qualities., Exceptional (Unusual), His speech was full of exceptionable remarks., Exceptionable (Objectionable), Tennin’s exposition of Ramayan is incomparable., Exposition (Description), Protect yourself from exposure otherwise you may catch cold., Exposure (Open air, cold etc), Economic (Relating to economy), The economic condition of our country is not so good., He is very economical in spending the money ., Economical (Thrifty), More than ten thousand persons attended the funeral of his, Funeral (Ceremony after death), father., He came to the office with a funereal countenance., Funereal (Gloomy), He received a fatal wound in his chest., Fatal (Deadly), I am not a fatalist., Fatalist (Believes in fate)
Page 783 :
Paronyms, , Fifteen August is a fateful day in Indian History., He enjoys a forceful personality., Police made a forcible entry in his house., Mahatma Gandhi led a godly life., Mahatma Gandhi was a God-like man., She has a graceful appearance., God is gracious., He was nominated ‘Honorary’ Chairman of the society., I request the honourable Principal to come on the dais., Equator is an imaginary line., A good writer must have imaginative ideas., Nothing is impossible for an industrious and sincere student., Bhiwani is an industrial town., He is an intelligent guy., He delivered an intelligible speech on educational necessities, of rural area., Judicial (Pertaining to legal system or Judge) Government has ordered a judicial enquiry in the matter., Going for a war is not a judicious decision., Judicious (Prudent , wise), Loudly (High volume), Please do not speak so loudly in library room., He spoke aloud so that all could hear him., Aloud (Audible voice), There is a luxuriant growth of vegetable in our kitchen garden., Luxuriant (Refer more growth), He is leading a luxurious life after the death of his father., Luxurious (Luxury), He is a lovable person., Lovable (Worthy of love), What a lovely girl she is !, Lovely (Charming), Keep yourself within the limits, otherwise you have to face, Limit (Boundary), the music., Being a girl, I have many limitations., Limitation (Restrictions), Memorial (Statue, building to commemorate) You can find many memorials at Rajpath New Delhi., 26th January is a memorable day in Indian History., Memorable (Rememberable), His anger is momentary, soon things will be okay., Momentary (For a moment), The battle of Plassey was a momentous event in the history of, Momentous (Important), India., There is a negligible difference between this shirt and the, Negligible (Unimportant), shirt we saw in that shop., She is generally negligent about her health., Negligent (Careless), She is so neglectful that she does not care even for her career., Neglectful (Careless about a thing), Officious (Over kind), His officious attitude towards her creates doubts., As a responsible official of a company you must behave, Official (Relating to office), properly., He failed in practical examination., Practical (Antonym of theoritical), He is a practical businessman., This is not a practicable plan., Practicable (Capable of being carried out), We should not trust the political statements of leaders., Political (Relating to politics), It is not politic to argue with an intoxicated person., Politic (Sagacious, prudent), His condition is indeed pitiable., Pitiable (Relating to pity), Seeing her pitiable condition everyone became pitiful., Pitiful (Feeling pity), He made a prophecy that whole of the world would be, Prophecy (Noun-forecast), destroyed in 2202., , Fateful (Lucky, important), (35) Forceful (Commanding force), Forcible (Under compulsion), (36) Godly (Pious), God-like (Like God), (37) Graceful (Handsome-smart), Gracious (Kind), (38) Honorary (Without any remuneration), Honourable (Deserve honour, respected), (39) Imaginary (Not real), Imaginative (Pertaining to imagination), (40) Industrious (Laborious), Industrial (Relating to industry), (41) Intelligent (Wise), Intelligible (Understandable), (42), (43), (44), (45), (46), , (47), (48), , (49), , (50), , (51), , (52), (53), (54), , 773
Page 784 :
774, , English Grammar & Composition, Prophesy (To forecast), , (55) Respective (Particular thing or person), Respectful (Full of respect), (56) Righteous (Just), Rightful (Just claim), (57) Regrettable (Causing regret), Regretful (Full of regret), (58) Servility (Flattery), Servitude (Slavery), (59) Sociable (Fond of getting social), Social (Relates to society), (60) Sensuous (Used in good sense for, appreciation of beauty), Sensual, (Used in bad sense means voluptuous), (61) Sensitive (Touchy), Sensational (Exciting), (62) Spirituous (Alcoholic), Spiritual (Pertaining to soul), (63) Tolerant (Refer to a person,, who respects different opinion also), Tolerable (Bearable), , I can prophesy that within five years India will be a very, powerful country., After prayer, students should join their respective teams., One should be respectful to one’s teachers, elders., Her anger was righteous as no girl could tolerate such insult., I am the rightful owner of this car., It is quite regrettable that you are not taking care of your, father., I am not at all regretful for my actions., I can’t adopt an attitude of servility to get promotion., Try to come out of this state of servitude., She has a sociable, nature., She is not only social but also very cooperative., Keats was a sensuous poet., He was jailed for his sensual advancement towards his, college friend., Cow slaughter is a sensitive matter for Hindus., There are many sensational stories of murder in this magazine., Gujarat has banned the use of spirituous drinks in restaurants., She is a spiritual lady., Akbar was regarded as a tolerant king., , Because of his tolerable nature, he didn’t lodge FIR, against you., Because of his violent temperament, he gets into trouble., (64) Temperament (Disposition), He should observe temperance in drinking and dancing., Temperance (Sobriety), Now-a-days people are ready to do anything for temporal, (65) Temporal (Antonym to spiritual), gains., I offered her a temporary job., Temporary (A short time), (66) Transitory (Short lived), The life is not eternal, but transitory., The world is transient., Transient (Of short duration), (67) Union (To be united), Union is strength., There is no unity among different classes of the society., Unity (Oneness), There was a good unison of Tabla and Violin in the cultural, Unison (Harmony), programme., Sanjay Gandhi was the virtual head of Congress Party., (68) Virtual (In effect), Sita was a virtuous lady., Virtuous (Of good moral values), (69) Wilful (Knowingly), He was charged for wilful negligence., I am willing to help her., Willing (Ready), (70) Womanly (Used in good sense, affectionately) My wife posseses all womanly qualities., Everyone likes to dominate a man of womanish, Womanish (Used in bad sense, means, temperament., cowardly and weak like woman), (71) Wait (Generally used intransitively), Please wait for me ., A surprise awaited them at their home., Await (Lie in wait), You look pale and weary., (72) Weary (Tired), The journey was wearisome., Wearisome (tiring), What is the annual yield from the fields?, (73) Yield (Return), He is a man of yielding nature., Yielding (Submissive)
Page 785 :
CHAPTER, , 52, ONE WORD, SUBSTITUTIONS, (1) Abdication, (2) Aborigines, (3) Ablaut, (4) Accismus, (5) Acrolect, , (6) Adianoeta, (7) Adynaton, , (8) Alexia, (9) Alliteration, (10) Alphabetism, (11) Ambigram, (12) Anadiplosis, , (13) Anagram, (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), , Accessible, Acclimatize, Aggressor, Alimony, Altruist, Amateur, Ambassador, , Voluntaily renouncing throne., Original inhabitants of a country., A vowel change that accompanies a change in grammatical function. Same as, ‘gradation.’ Sing, sang, and sung., Pretended refusal of something desired., A variety of language that is closest to a standard main language, especially in, an area where a creole is also spoken. Standard Jamaican English, where, Jamaican Creole is also spoken., An expression that carries both an obvious meaning and a second, subtler, meaning., A declaration of impossibility, usually expressed as an exaggerated comparison, with a more obvious impossibility., “I will sooner have a beard grow in the palm of my hand than he shall get one of, his cheek.”, — William Shakespeare, Inability to read, usually caused by brain lesions; word blindness., Repetition of the same sound beginning several words placed close together,, usually adjacent., The expression of spoken sounds by an alphabet., A word, phrase, or sentence written in such a way that it reads the same way, upside down as right., Rhetorical repetition of one or more words, particularly a word at the end of a, clause. “Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or, state; servants of fame; and servants of business.”, — Francis Bacon, A rearrangement of a group of letters, especially a word that can be formed by, rearranging the letters in another word., Which can be approached., To accustom oneself in new climate., One who attacks first., Allowance paid to wife on legal separation., One who loves others., Who does thing for pleasure and not for money., Person representing a State in a foreign country.
Page 786 :
776, , English Grammar & Composition, , (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), , Ambidextrous, Ambiguous, Amnesia, Amphibia, Anarchy, Annual, Anomaly, Anonymous, Antiseptic, Anaphora, , (31), (32), (33), (34), (35), (36), (37), (38), (39), (40), (41), (42), (43), (44), (45), (46), (47), (48), (49), (50), (51), (52), (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (58), (59), (60), (61), (62), (63), , Antonym, Aphasia, Aquarium, Aquatic, Archeology, Aristocracy, Ascetic, Atheist, Audible, Auditor, Aurist, Autobiography, Autocracy, Autograph, Bachelorhood, Bankrupt, Bellicose, Belligerents, Billingsgate, Bibliophile, Biennial, Bigamy, Biography, Biped, Blasphemy, Bookworm, Botany, Brigand, Brittle, Bullion, Bureaucracy, Caducity, Calligraphy, , One who can use either hand without any problem., That can be interpreted in any way., Loss of memory., Animals live both on land and sea., Absence of rule or law and order., Which happens once a year., Deviation from common rule., Which does not bear the name of writer., Medicine used to save plant and animals from being rotten or decaying., Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or, sentences., Words which are opposite in meaning., Loss of speech., Vessel in which fish and water plants are kept., Animals live in water., Study of Antiquities., Government by the rich/aristocrats., One who tortures himself for the good of soul., One who does not believe in existence of God., Sound which can be heard., One who audits the accounts., A specialist with regard to the ear., Life history written by oneself., Government by one man., Getting signature of some important person in his handwriting., State of being unmarried., One who can’t pay the debts., One who is fond of fighting ., Nations engaged in war., Coarsely abusive language., One who loves and collects books., Happening every second year., Have two husband or two wives at a time., Life history of a person., Animal having two feet., Speaking disrespectfully about sacred or religious things., One who devotes full time in studying course books., Study of plants., A bandit or robber, esp. one of a band living by pillage and ransom., Which can be easily broken., Gold or silver before using for manufacturing ornaments., Government run by officials., The infirmity of old age, senility., The art of beautiful handwriting; elegant penmanship.
Page 787 :
One Word Substitutions, (64), (65), (66), (67), (68), , Cannibal, Centrifugal, Centripetal, Century, Chrestomathy, , (69) Coprolalia, (70) Cruciverbalist, (71), (72), (73), (74), (75), (76), (77), (78), (79), (80), (81), (82), (83), (84), (85), (86), (87), (88), (89), (90), (91), (92), (93), (94), , Colleagues, Compatriot, Congenital, Contemporaries, Convalescence, Cosmopolitan, Credulous, Cryptography, Curable, Cytology, Dead letter, Deaf, Democracy, Dermatology, Digestible, Dilogy, Dittograph, Dittology, Dipsomania, Divisible, Dotage, Drawn, Dumb, Dysgraphia, , (95) Dyslexia, (96), (97), (98), (99), (100), (101), (102), (103), , Edible, Effeminate, Eligible, Elision, Emigrant, Employee, Employer, Endemic, , 777, One who eats human flesh., Anything tending to move away from centre., Anything tending to move towards centre., One hundred years., A collection of choice literary passages, especially to help in learning a, language., Uncontrolled, excessive use of obscene or scatological language, sometimes, accompanying certain mental disorders., A constructor of crossword puzzles; also, an enthusiast of word games,, especially crossword puzzles., Persons working in the same office., Belonging to same country., Belongs to a person by birth., Persons living at the same time., Period of gradual recovery after illness., A citizen of the world., Who easily believes others., Study of secret writing and coded words., Which can be cured., Study of cell., An unclaimed letter., One who cannot hear., Government of the people, for the people, by the people., Study of skin., That which can be digested., An ambiguous speech., A letter or word repeated unintentionally in writing or copying., Two distinct interpretations of the same text., A strong desire to take liquor., That which can be divided., Extreme old age when one behaves like a child., A game in which no party wins., One who can’t speak., Impairment of the ability to write, usually caused by brain dysfunction or, disease., A learning disorder distinguished by impaired ability to recognize and, comprehend written words., A thing fit to eat., Womanish in habits., One who is fit for the post., The omission of a letter or syllable. ‘‘Don’t’’ instead of ‘‘do not.’’, One who goes to live in a foreign country., One who is employed., One who employs., A disease prevailing in a locality.
Page 788 :
778, (104) Entomology, (105) Endophoric, , English Grammar & Composition, , Study of insects., Characteristic of a reference to something outside the speech or text in which the, reference occurs. See also: exophoric., (106) Epic, A long narrative poem., (107) Epanorthosis, Immediate rephrasing for emphasis, intensification or justification. “You,, young lad, are most brave! Brave, did I say? No, heroic!”, (108) Epistrophe, Repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive phrases, clauses,, or sentences., (109) Epicure, One who is fond of sensuous enjoyment., (110) Epilogue, A speech given after conclusion of drama., (111) Epitaph, Words inscribed on the tomb of the dead., (112) Etymology, Science deals with formation of words., (113) Eucrasia, A good or normal state of health., (114) Etymon, An earlier form of a word in the same language or an ancestor language., (115) Examinee, One who is taking examination., (116) Examiner, One who examines the copies of examinees., (117) Exonym, A name by which one people or social group refers to another, but which is not, used by said group to refer to themselves., (118) Expatriate, To send out of native country., (119) Expurgate, To remove all objectionable matter., (120) Extempore, A speech without previous preparations., (121) Extradite, To send back the criminal to the country of his origin., (122) Fanatic (Bigot), Unreasonably enthusiastic about religion., (123) Fastidious, Having very selective taste. Hard to please., (124) Fatalist, One who believe in fate., (125) Feminist, One devoted to the welfare of women., (126) Foster child, Child brought by persons, who are not his parents., (127) Franchise, Constitutional right to cast vote., (128) Fratricide, Murder of brother., (129) Garage, A shed for motor car., (130) Geology, Study of Earth., (131) Germicide, Which destroy germs., (132) Glossolalia, Fabricated, nonmeaningful speech, especially such speech associated with a, trance state or some schizophrenic syndromes., (133) Glottochronology The determination of how long ago different languages evolved from a common, source language., (134) Glutton, Fond of eating too much., (135) Gratis, Without any payment, free., (136) Gregarious, Animals live in flocks., (137) Harangue, A noisy and loud speech before a large gathering., (138) Haplology, The process by which a word is formed by removing one of two identical or, similar adjacent syllables in an earlier word., (139) Hearse, Vehicle to carry dead bodies., (140) Herbivorous, Animals live on herbs., (141) Hendiadys, The use of a conjunction rather than the subordination of one word to another.
Page 789 :
One Word Substitutions, (142) Heterography, (143) Heterophemy, (144) Heterogeneous, (145) Histology, (146) Hobson-jobson, (147), (148), (149), (150), (151), (152), (153), (154), (155), (156), , Holonym, Homicide, Homogeneous, Honeymoon, Honorary, Hydra, Hydrophobia, Hygienist, Hypothesis, Hypallage, , (157) Hypercorrect, , (158), (159), (160), (161), (162), (163), (164), (165), (166), (167), (168), (169), (170), (171), (172), (173), (174), (175), (176), (177), (178), (179), , Hyponym, Iconoclast, Idiosyncrasy, Idolatry, Ignorant, Illegal, Illegible, Illiterate, Illeism, Imitable, Immigrant, Immovable, Imposter, Impregnable, Incorrigible, Ingressive, Incredible, Inevitable, Infallible, Infanticide, Infections, Inimitable, , 779, A method of spelling in which the same letters represent different sounds in, different words, as in ordinary English orthography., The unconscious saying, in speech or in writing, of some thing that one does not, intend to say, especially when what is said is the reverse of what was intended., Things of different nature., Study of tissue., An Anglicized word or phrase corrupted from one or more words of an Asian, language., A concept that has another concept as a part., Murder of a human being., Things of same nature., The first night of newly married couple., A post without any remuneration., A serpent with many heads., A fear from water., Who cares fully of his health., A tentative assumption, made to drive a logical conclusion., Interchange of two elements in a phrase or clause from the order, in which they, would normally appear. “A mind is a terrible thing to waste,” instead of “To, waste a mind is a terrible thing.”, Characteristic of an incorrect linguistic construction, in which the error is, produced from a mistaken effort to be correct. “Between you and I,” which, should be ‘between you and me.’, A word that is more specific than a given word., Breaker of art and literature., Peculiar temper of an individual., Worshipping of idols., Person have no knowledge of any happening., Unlawful., Which cannot be read., One who can neither read nor write., The practice of referring to oneself in the third person., Which can be imitated., A person from another country comes to our country to settle., Which can’t be moved, fixed., One who assumes name or title of someone else for deceiving others., A fort which can’t be entered into., Cannot be corrected., Characteristic of a speech sound produced with an inhalation of breath., Which can’t be believed., That cannot be avoided., One who cannot make a mistake., Murder of an infant., A disease spread by contact., Cannot be imitated.
Page 790 :
780, , English Grammar & Composition, , (180), (181), (182), (183), (184), (185), (186), (187), , Insomnia, Interpolate, Intervein, Invisible, Invulnerable, Irreparable, Irrevocable, Isocolon, , (188), (189), (190), (191), (192), (193), (194), , Itinerant, Kindergarten, Kleptomania, Linguist, Ligature, Lipogram, Litotes, , (195), (196), (197), (198), (199), (200), , Loquacious, Lunar, Maiden speech, Mammals, Manuscript, Masochism, , (201), (202), (203), (204), (205), (206), (207), , Materialistic, Matins, Matricide, Matrimony, Maxim, Meadow, Meditation, , (208) Melodrama, (209), (210), (211), (212), (213), (214), (215), (216), (217), , Mercenary, Mesomorph, Meteorology, Meticulous, Migratory, Misogamist, Misogynist, Misologist, Mobocracy, , Loss of sleep., Inserting new matter in a book., Anything pushed inside veins., That which cannot be seen., Cannot be wounded., That can’t be repaired., A decision that can’t be revoked., A sequence of parallel structures, having the same number of words and, sometimes the same number of syllables., “What else can one do when he is alone in a jail cell, other than write long, letters, think long thoughts, and pray long prayers?”, Martin Luther King, One who travels from place to place., A school for small children., An abnormal desire to steal., One who knows many languages., A character that combines two or more letters, such as e., Writing composed of words lacking a certain specific letter or letters., Understatement by negating the opposite; a type of meiosis. “I was not, disappointed with the news.”, A continuous talker., Eclipse of Moon., Speech made for the first time., Animals which give milk., Book written by hand., The condition or state of deriving (esp. sexual) gratification from one’s own, pain or humiliation., One for whom money is the most important thing., Morning prayer in church., Murder of own mother., State of being married., An established principle., A low level tract of uncultivated grassland., The action or practice of profound spiritual or religious reflection or mental, contemplation., A sensational dramatic piece with crude appeals to the emotions and usually a, happy ending., One who fights for the sake of money., A person whose build is powerful, compact, and muscular., Study of climate or weather., Very particular even about small details., That moves from one place to another., One who hates the custom of marriage., Hater of women., One who hates learning., Rule by mob.
Page 791 :
One Word Substitutions, (218) Metonymy, , (219) Morphology, (220), (221), (222), (223), (224), (225), (226), (227), (228), (229), (230), (231), (232), (233), (234), (235), (236), (237), (238), (239), (240), (241), (242), (243), (244), (245), (246), (247), (248), (249), (250), (251), (252), , Monogamy, Morphology, Narcotic, Neologism, Neology, Notorious, Nosism, Numismatics, Obsolete, Oceanography, Odontology, Oligarchy, Omnipotent, Omniscient, Omnivorous, Opaque, Ophthalmology, Optics, Optimist, Orthography, Ornithology, Orography, Orphan, Orthodox, Orthography, Ostracize, Pacifist, Paleontology, Panacea, Pantisocracy, Pantomime, Palilogy, Palindrome, , (253) Palingram, (254) Pangram, (255) Paragoge, , 781, Substitution of a word or phrase with another which it suggests. “The pen is, mightier than the sword,” in which both ‘‘pen’’ and ‘‘sword’’ are substituted for, ‘‘written prose’’ and ‘‘military.’’, The study of structure and form of words in language including inflection,, derivation and formation of compounds., Marrying one at a time., Study of animal and plant structure., Medicine which induces sleep., New word coined by an author., Study of formation of new words., A man with bad reputation., The practice of referring to oneself as ‘‘we’’; a type of enallage., Study of Coins., No longer in practice., Study of ocean., Study of teeth., Government by a few., One who is all powerful., One who knows everything., Who eats everything., That which can’t be seen through., Study of eye., Study of light., One who sees bright side of things., The study of correct spelling according to established usage., Study of birds., Study of mountain., A child whose parents are dead., One who believes in traditional values., Study of correct spelling of words., To expel from society., One who believes in total abolition of war., Study of fossils., A remedy for all ills., Government by all., A dumb show., The repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession, for emphasis., A word, phrase, clause or sentence that reads the same regularly as it does when, its letters are reversed; a type of palingram., A word, phrase, clause or sentence that reads the same backwards after, rearranging segments. ‘‘Workmate did teamwork.’’, A sentence that uses all the letters of the alphabet; a holalphabetic sentence., The process by which a new word is formed by adding a letter or syllable to the, end of another word. Same as ‘‘proparalepsis.’’ ‘‘Climature,’’ derived from, ‘‘climate.’’
Page 792 :
782, (256), (257), (258), (259), (260), (261), (262), (263), (264), (265), (266), , English Grammar & Composition, Paraprosdokian, Parasite, Parasol, Pathology, Patricide, Patrimony, Patriot, Pedagogy, Pedantic, Perpilocutionist, Polyptoton, , (267) Purr word, (268), (269), (270), (271), (272), (273), (274), (275), (276), (277), (278), (279), (280), (281), (282), (283), (284), (285), (286), (287), (288), (289), (290), (291), (292), (293), (294), (295), (296), , Pedestrian, Pessimist, Philanderer, Philanthropist, Philately, Philistine, Philogynist, Philology, Phonetics, Phrenology, Physiology, Pioneer, Plagiarism, Platitudes, Plutocracy, Polyandry, Polygamy, Post mortem, Primogeniture, Pseudonym, Pugnacity, Purist, Quadruped, Rebel, Redtapism, Regicide, Reticule, Retrospective, Sacrilege, , Unexpected ending of a phrase or series., One who depends on others., A lady’s umbrella., Study of Disease., Murder of one’s own father., Properties inherited from one’s father., One who loves own country., Study of art of teaching., A style in which author displays his knowledge., One who expounds on a subject of which he has little knowledge., Repetition of a word in different forms, cases, or with different inflection, in the, sentence., A word with positive connotations and therefore desirable to use in building and, sustaining good public relations., One who travels on foot., One who sees dark side of things., One who enjoys by love making., A lover of mankind., Study of stamp collection., Who does not care for art or literature., Lover of womankind., Study of words and their roots., Acoustics study of sound., Study of skull with regard to human character., Study of structure of human body., One who leads others., Literary theft. Using ideas and words of another person presenting them as own., Common place remarks., Government by rich., Marrying more than one husband at a time., Marrying more than one wife at a time., An examination of body after death., Right of succession belonging to the first born., An imaginary name of author assumed to disguise himself., Tendency to quarrel., One who is particular about the purity of one’s language., Animal having four foot., One who take up arms against Government., Too much official formalities., Murder of a king., A lady’s purse., Which takes effect from some earlier date., Violating sanctity of some religious place.
Page 793 :
One Word Substitutions, (297) Sadist, (298), (299), (300), (301), (302), (303), (304), (305), (306), (307), (308), , Shrew, Simultaneous, Smuggle, Solar, Soliloquy, Somnambulism, Somniloquism, Spokesman, Stoic, Suicide, Snarl word, , (309) Superordinate, (310) Syllogism, (311) Synesis, (312), (313), (314), (315), (316), (317), (318), (319), (320), (321), (322), (323), (324), (325), (326), (327), (328), (329), (330), (331), (332), (333), (334), (335), (336), (337), , Synchronize, Teetotaller, Telltale, Thearchy, Theist, Theomania, Transmigration, Transparent, Truant, Truism, Twins, Usurer, Utopia, Uxoricide, Valetudinarian, Venial, Verbatim, Verbicide, Verbose, Vesper, Veteran, Wardrobe, Widow, Widower, Xenoepist, Zoology, , 783, A person who derives (esp. sexual) pleasure from inflicting pain, suffering,, humiliation., A woman with peevish nature., Happening at the same time., Importing goods illegally without paying custom duties., Eclipse of Sun, relating to Sun., Speaking himself when alone., Walking in sleep., Talking in sleep., One who speaks on behalf of other., One who is indifferent to pleasure and pain., Killing of self., A word with negative connotations and therefore not desirable to use lest good, public relations be undermined., A word that is more generic than a given word., Deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from two premises. “All, human beings are mortal. I am a human being. Therefore, I am mortal.”, Agreement of words to logic rather than grammatical form., ‘The wages of sin is death.’, Romans 6:23, Occurring two or more events at a time., One who does not take alcoholic drinks., One who enjoys talking about others private affairs., Government by the God., One who believes in the existence of God., A belief that one is God., Passing of soul from one body to another after death., That which can be seen through., A student left school or class without permission., An often repeated truth., Two child born together., One who lends money at higher rate of interest., A state of highest perfection., Murder of wife., One who always think that he is ill., An excusable fault., Repetition word by word., The destruction of the sense or value of a word., Style full of words., Evening prayer in a church., A well and long experienced person in a particular occupation., An almirah where clothes are kept., A woman whose husband has died., A man whose wife has died., One with a foreign accent., Study of animals.
Page 794 :
English Grammar & Composition, , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , 784, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Give one word for each of the following expressions choosing from those given below, each such expression, [Income Tax Inspectors], (1) Life history of a man written by himself., (a) Biography, , (b) Autobiography, , (c) Calligraphy, , (d) Bibliography, , (c) Epigraph, , (d) Ambiguous, , (c) Epigraph, , (d) Eloquence, , (b) Aristocrat, , (c) Educated, , (d) Intelligentsia, , (b) Geology, , (c) Anthropology, , (d) Botany, , (2) A statement that can have a double meaning., (a) Verbose, , (b) Ambivalent, , (3) Work inscribed on the tomb., (a) Eulogy, , (b) Epitaph, , (4) The intelligent and educated class., (a) Literate, , (5) Science of plants., (a) Zoology, , (6) List of headings of the business to be transacted at a meeting., (a) Minutes, , (b) Agenda, , (c) Excerpts, , (d) Proceedings, , (7) One filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm in a cause., (a) Pedant, , (b) Patriot, , (c) Fanatic, , (d) Martyr, , (c) Nepotism, , (d) Cynicism, , (8) Regard for others as a principle of action., (a) Altruism, , (b) Philanthropy, , (9) One who promotes the idea of absence of government of any kind, when every man should be a law unto, himself., (a) Agnostic, , (b) Iconoclast, , (c) Belligerent, , (d) Anarchist, , (b) Philology, , (c) Physiology, , (d) Anthropology, , (10) Study of mankind., (a) Pathology, , 02, Directions (Q. 1-10) Give one word for each of the following expressions choosing from those given below, each such expression :, [RRB ASM, Excise Inspector], (1) An office with no work, but high pay., (a) Honorary, , (b) Sinecure, , (c) Ex-officio, , (d) Reticent, , (c) Opportunist, , (d) Turn coat, , (c) Extrospection, , (d) Circumspection, , (b) Fastidious, , (c) Anxious, , (d) Alert, , (b) Manuscript, , (c) Amnesty, , (d) Proof, , (2) One who deserts his religion., (a) Deserter, , (b) Apostate, , (3) The act of looking back upon past events., (a) Introspection, , (b) Retrospection, , (4) Very vigilant and cautious., (a) Meticulous, , (5) Matter written by hand., (a) Handwritten, , (6) A small shop that sells fashionable clothes, cosmetics, etc., (a) Store, , (b) Dtall, , (c) Boutique, , (d) Both
Page 795 :
785, , One Word Substitutions, (7) One who is honourably discharged from service., (a) Retired, , (b) Emeritus, , (c) Relieved, , (d) Emancipated, , (c) Hardened, , (d) Invulnerable, , (c) Caretaker, , (d) Warden, , (c) History, , (d) Ethnology, , (8) One who cannot be corrected., (a) Incurable, , (b) Incorrigible, , (9) One who is incharge of a museum., (a) Curator, , (b) Supervisor, , (10) The study of ancient societies., (a) Anthropology, , (b) Archaeology, , 03, Directions (Q. 1-5) : Give one word for each of the following expressions choosing from those given below, each such expression :, [SBI PO], (1) Responsible according to law., (a) Eligible, (e) Offensive, , (b) Legitimate, , (c) Legalised, , (d) Liable, , (c) Enthusiasm, , (d) Attempt, , (c) Evolutionary, , (d) Static, , (c) Postscript, , (d) Post diction, , (c) Impossible, , (d) Unmanageable, , (2) Constant effort to achieve something., (a) Patience, (e) Perseverance, , (b) Vigour, , (3) Opposed to great or sudden change., (a) Conservative, (e) Unalterable, , (b) Revolutionary, , (4) Anything written in a letter after it is signed., (a) Corrigendum, (e) Posterity, , (b) Manuscript, , (5) That which cannot be done without., (a) Impracticable, (e) Irrevocable, , (b) Indispensable, , 04, Directions (Q. 1-5) Give one word for each of the following expressions choosing from those given below each, such expression :, [Bank PO], (1) He could not give a good explanation for his extraordinary behaviour., (a) Be satisfied with, (c) Provide evidence for, (e) Readily dispense, , (b) Account for, (d) Count for, , (2) Those who pass through this gate without permission be prosecuted., (a) Bypassers, (c) Thoroughfares, (e) Culprits, , (b) Absconders, (d) Trespassers, , (3) A careful preservation and protection of wildlife is the need of the hour., (a) Management, (c) Enhancement, (e) Conservation, , (b) Embarkment, (d) Promotion, , (4) I could achieve success through conscious efforts., (a) Tremendous efforts, (c) Efforts done after gaining consciousness, (e) Efforts done without any desire, , (b) Efforts made with critical awareness, (d) Efforts done after being awakened
Page 796 :
786, , English Grammar & Composition, , (5) We are looking forward to a good monsoon this year., (a) Getting, (c) Hoping, (e) Encouraging, , (b) Predicting, (d) Visualising, , 05, Directions (Q. 1-13) : Substitute one word for each of the following sentences :, (1), (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), , A person incharge of a museum., One who collects postage stamps., One who abstains from alcoholic drinks., One who studies the stars and sky., A child whose parents are dead., A child born after the death of his father., The story of one’s own life., , (2), (4), (6), (8), (10), (12), , One who does not believe in the existence of God., One who goes on a journey to holy place., That which can be understood., A plant that draws sustenance from another., A dead body of a human being., Descending from parent to child., , 06, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Substitute one word for each of the following sentences :, (1) The science of words and language is known as :, (a) philology, (c) bibliography, , (b) paleontology, (d) entomology, , (2) One of the time-tested ways of remembering a series of items is known as a/an :, (a) recollection, (c) mnemonic, , (b) schematizing, (d) ingenuity, , (3) Nations that do not trust each other look upon each other :, (a) calmly, (c) askance, , (b) hopefully, (d) retrospectively, , (4) If a person cannot be easily handled or dealt with, he will not be complimented for his :, (a) domesticity, (c) tractability, , (b) knowledge, (d) eulogy, , (5) A person who constantly thinks, he is sick is a :, (a) hypochondriac, (c) misanthrope, , (b) misogynist, (d) hyperpituitary, , (6) But a person who is really sickly and is unduly solicitous about his health is a :, (a) valedictorian, (c) valetudinarian, , (b) vegetarian, (d) dialectician, , (7) The order to stay in one’s own bailiwick means that a person should remain in his own :, (a) room, (c) country, , (b) district, (d) bed, , (8) Because the orator’s speech was high-flown and pretentious, the reporters termed it :, (a) bombastic, (c) untruthful, , (b) austere, (d) vituperative, , (9) When the courtier had advanced to the highest positon attainable, he was said to have reached the :, (a) vigil, (c) threshold, , (b) precipice, (d) pinnacle, , (10) Accepting his fate with calmness, the camel driver said, “It is....” :, (a) growing late, (c) kiosk, , (b) kismet, (d) suttee, , [IAS]
Page 797 :
787, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , One Word Substitutions, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) (b),, (7) (c),, , (2) (d),, (8) (a),, , (3) (b),, (9) (d),, , (4) (d),, (10) (d)., , (5) (d),, , (6) (b),, , (2) (b),, (8) (b),, , (3) (b),, (9) (a),, , (4) (a),, (10) (a)., , (5) (b),, , (6) (c),, , (2) (e),, , (3) (a),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (b)., , (2) (d),, , (3) (e),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (d)., , Solution TYE 02, (1) (b),, (7) (b),, , Solution TYE 03, (1) (d),, , Solution TYE 04, (1) (b),, , Solution TYE 05, (1) Curator,, (2) Atheist,, (6) Intelligible,, (7) Astronomer,, (11) Posthumous, (12) Hereditary,, , (3) Philatelist,, (4) Pilgrim,, (8) Parasite,, (9) Orphan,, (13) Autobiography., , (5) Teetotaller,, (10) Corpse,, , Solution TYE 06, (1) (a),, (7) (b),, , (2) (c),, (8) (a),, , (3) (c),, (9) (d),, , (4) (c),, (10) (b)., , (5) (a),, , (6) (c),
Page 805 :
CHAPTER, , 54, GROUP TERMS, A stack of wood., A stack of arms., A pair of shoes., A herd of swine., A herd of deer., A shoal of fish., A flock of geese., A stack of corn., A tribe of Arabs., A flight of birds., A shower of rain., A suit of clothes., A flock of sheep., A flight of steps., A bunch of keys., A swarm of flies., A sheaf of wheat., A pack of wolves., A pack of hounds., A series of events., A bundle of hay., A sheaf of grain., A bundle of sticks., A group of islands., A hoard of gold., A horde of savages., A leash of hounds., A host of men., A litter of puppies., A gang of labourers., A regiment of soldiers., A bunch of plantains., A box of cigars., , A heap or mass of ruins., A heap of stones or sand., A fall of snow or rain., A clump or grove of trees., A convoy of partridges., A chain of mountains., A nest or swarm of ants., A hive or swarm of bees., A sheaf of arrows., A flight or swarm of locusts., A brood or flock of chickens., A gang of thieves or robbers., A herd of cattle (i.e., cattle pasturing)., A drove of cattle. (i.e., cattle being driven)., A crowd, or throng, or concourse, or A bunch of, grapes. Multitude of people., A cluster or galaxy of stars., A bunch or bouquet of flowers., A range of hills or mountains., A group of figures in a painting., A collection of relics or curiosities., A brace of pigeons., A bevy of ladies., A crew of sailors., A fell of hair., A council of advisers., A gallery of pictures., A library of books., A nosegay of flowers., A division of troops., A string of camels., A band of musicians., A brace of pistols., A panel of jury.
Page 806 :
796, A brew of beer., A pile of arms., A muster of peacocks., A nursery of plants., A posy of flowers., A stud of horses., A team of players., A yoke of oxen., A board of directors., A brood of hens., A flock of birds., A team of oxen., A staff of officials., A basket of fruits., A fight of stairs., A galaxy of beauties., A kennel of dogs., A museum of art., A muster of soldiers., A cellar of wine., A faggot of sticks., A family of sardines., A packet of cigarettes., A clique of people., A clutch of eggs., A colony of people., A squad of soldiers., , English Grammar & Composition, A posse of arrows., A quiver of arrows., A flotilla of boats., A squadron of cavalry., A suite of rooms., A bench of magistrates., A parade of soldiers., A throng of people., A troupe of actors., A battery of guns., A company of actors., A gathering of people., A shrubbery of shrubs., A party of people., A detachment of soldiers., A conference of delegates., A constellation of delegates., An outfit of clothes., An orchard of fruit trees., A fleet of cars or ships., A syndicate of merchants., A commission of enquiry., An assembly of people., A genus of animals or plants., A jamboree of boy scouts., A congregation of worshippers., A tuz of hair.
Page 808 :
798, As changeable as a weather cock, As clear as crystal., As cold as ice., As cold as a cucumber., As cunning as a fox., As dark as pitch., As dead as a herring., As drunk as a lord., As dry as a bone., As free as the air., As fresh as a rose., As gaudy as a butterfly, As gentle as a lamb., As graceful as a swan., As greedy as a dog., As happy as a king., As hard as a stone., As heavy as lead, sand., As round as a ball or a globe., As silent as the dead., As silent as the stars., As silly as a sheep., As slender as a thread., As smooth as velvet., To follow as a shadow., As hot as fire., As innocent as a dove., As loud as thunder., As merry as a cricket., As mute as a fish., As obstinate as a mule., As pale as a ghost., As playful as a butterfly., As plentiful as blackberries., As proud as a peacock., As quiet as thought., As rapid as lightning., As red as a cherry., As red as rose., As regular as clockwork., As rich as a Jew., As fair as a rose., As fast as a hare., As fierce as a tiger., As flat as a board., As soft as butter wax., As steady as a rock., , English Grammar & Composition, As cheerful as a lark., As clear as day, noon day., As cold as marble., As cold as a stone., As dark as midnight., As dead as a door-nail., As deep as a well., As drunk as a fiddler., As dry as dust., As fresh as a daisy., As gay as a lark., As gaudy as a peacock., As good as gold., As grave as a judge., As green as grass., As hard as fling, marble., As harmless as a dove., As hoarse as a crow, a raven., As sharp as a needle, a razor., As silent as the grave., As silly as a goose., As slender as a gossamer., As smooth as a glass., To spread like wild fire., To shake, trembl, or quiver like an aspen leaf., As hungry as a horse., As light as a feather., As mad as a hatter, As merry as a lark., As nimble as a bee., As old as the hills., As patient as an ox., As playful as a squirrel or a kitten., As poor as lazarus., As quick as lightning., As quiet as a lamb., As red as blood., As red as crimson., As red as scarlet., As rich as Croesus., As dumb as a statue., As false as a Scot., As fat as Big Ben., As firm as a rock., As fleet as a deer., As sound as a bell., As still as death.
Page 809 :
799, , Related Pairs of Words, As stupid as a statue., As stupid as a donkey., As sweet as honey, sugar., As swift as lightning., As tall as a steeple., As timid as a hare., As ugly as a scarecrow, a toad., As warm as wool., As white as a sheet., As white as snow., As wise as Solomon., As yielding as wax., As merry as the day is long., , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , As strong as the grave., As strong as a lion., As sure as death., As swift as an arrow., As tall as a maypole., As tame as a hare., As tricky as a monkey., As vain as a peacock., As weak as a baby., As white as wool., As wise as a serpent., As yellow as saffron., She wept a flood of tears., He knows no more than a child how to do this., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , 01, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Choose the correct alternative given below to show close relation with the words given, in capital words:, (1) WE : OUR ::, (a) Him : His, (e) Who : Whose, , (b) It : Its, , (c) You : You’re, , (d) They : There, , (b) Rapid : Tepid, , (c) Vapid : Complete, , (d) Dejected : Jubilant, , (2) SLEEK : GLOSSY ::, (a) Contrite : Unrepentant, (e) Credible : Believable, , (3) ASTRONOMY : ASTROLOGY ::, (a) Symbolism : Superstition (b) Geology : Geometry (c) Magic : Science, (e) Folklore : Fable, , (d) Chemistry : Alchemy, , (4) DOUGH : BREAD ::, (a) Words : Speech, (e) Sugar : Cake, , (b) Paper : Writing, , (c) Cold : Ice, , (d) Ink : Pen, , (b) Passenger : Taxi, , (c) Sailor : Cabin, , (d) Driver : Wheel, , (b) Air : Flute, , (c) Pedal : Organ, , (d) Membrane : Drum, , (b) Cloth : Table, , (c) House : Root, , (d) Curtain : Window, , (5) ENGINEER : CAB ::, (a) Shepherd : Flock, (e) Aviator : Cockpit, , (6) STRINGS : VIOLIN ::, (a) Wind : Leaves, (e) Plectrum : Mandolin, , (7) SCALP : HAIR ::, (a) Shoe : Foot, (e) Earth : Grass
Page 810 :
800, , English Grammar & Composition, , (8) ISTHMUS : LAND ::, (a) Wire : Pole, (c) Neck : Head, (e) Opening : Tunnel, , (b) Strait : Body of water, (d) Bar : Trapeze, , (9) MEMORANDUM : MEMORANDA ::, (a) Insignia : Insigne, (c) Alumna : Alumni, (e) Bacillus : Bacilli, , (b) Strata : Stratum, (d) Automata : Automata, , (10) PRONE : SUPINE ::, (a) Likely : Unlikely, (c) Recumbent : Prostrate, (e) Backward : Forward, , (b) Asiant : Akimbo, (b) Face down : Face up, , 02, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Choose the correct alternative given below to show close relation with the words given, in capital words., (1) MULE : BURDEN ::, (a) Scholar : books, (e) House : Tenants, , (b) Animal : Oppression (c) Ship : Cargo, , (d) Musician : Cello, , (2) ALTHOUGH : NEVERTHELESS ::, (a) Albeit : However, (e) When : Simultaneously, , (b) Because : Therefore, , (c) Since : Yet, , (d) Notwithstanding : If, , (b) Zero : Cipher, , (c) Perfection : Baseness (d) Slough : Despair, , (b) Much : More, , (c) Copious : Abundant, , (d) Much : Many, , (b) Swan : Cygnet, , (c) Marquis : Marquee, , (d) Stallion : Colt, , (b) Dial : Watch, , (c) Page : Book, , (d) Fence : Garden, , (b) Abate : Increase, , (c) Disperse : Gather, , (d) Expropriate : Deprive, , (b) Desert : Oasis, , (c) Sea : Gulf, , (d) Forest : Tree, , (3) ZENITH : NADIR ::, (a) High : Higher, (e) Pinnacle : Bottom, , (4) SPATE : TRICKLE ::, (a) Much : Little, (e) Small : Less, , (5) RAM : EWE ::, (a) Doe : Hart, (e) Testator : Testatrix, , (6) FACADE : BUILDING ::, (a) Drawer : Desk, (e) Cork : Bottle, , (7) PULSATE : THROB ::, (a) Condone : Condemn, (e) Accede : Disagree, , (8) MORASS : SWAMP ::, (a) Peak : Mountain, (e) Prairie : Plain, , (9) ISLANDS : ARCHIPELAGO ::, (a) Stamps : Philately, (e) Birds : Apiary, , (b) Stars : Constellation (c) Nickels : Follar bill, , (d) Hors d’oeuvre : Banquet, , (b) Sharpness : Knife, , (d) Pronged : Fork, , (10) SERRATED : SAW ::, (a) Mountain : Jagged, (e) Incisor : Tooth, , (c) Dappled : Horse
Page 811 :
801, , Related Pairs of Words, , 03, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Choose the correct alternative given below to show close relation with the words given, in capital letters :, (1) FRIGHT : STAMPEDE ::, (a) Flow of water : Erosion, (c) Rain : Snow, (e) Wildness : Cattle, , (b) Clouds : Tornado, (d) Haste : Crowds, , (2) GUTTURAL : THROAT ::, (a) Venal : Wine, (c) Hair : Hirsute, (e) Brachial : Arm, , (b) Mantle : Cloak, (d) Palmar : Wrist, , (3) LOBSTER : CRUSTACEAN ::, (a) Eagle : Sparrow, (c) Tiger : Cat, (e) Lion : Man, , (b) Reason : Man, (d) Dolphin : Whale, , (4) ABOMINATE : MAGNATE ::, (a) Noun : Noun, (c) Noun : Adjective, (e) Verb : Nouns, , (b) Adjective : Noun, (d) Verb : Verb, , (5) PREDATORY : HAWK ::, (a) Contortion : Grimace, (c) Tawny : Lion, (e) Ugly : Vulture, , (b) Voracious : Glutton, (d) Speedy : Cruiser, , (6) MINARET : MOSQUE ::, (a) Cross : Basilica, (c) Have : Cathedral, (e) Campanile : Church, , (b) Muezzin : Prayer, (d) Belfry : Steeple, , (7) INCONGRUOUS : HARMONIOUS ::, (a) Tall : Short, (c) Wearisome : Tedious, (e) Nonplussed : Distracted, , (b) Fickle : Rebellious, (d) Laughable : Ludicrous, , (8) COGENT : CONVINCING ::, (a) Dubious : Certain, (c) Banal : Unoriginal, (e) Insular : Continental, , (b) Nonchalant : Disturbed, (d) Cunning : Disingenuous, , (9) DECANTER : CARAFE ::, (a) Salver : Tray, (c) Cruet : Kettle, (e) Crystal : Glass, , (b) Bottle : Barrel, (d) Cup : Plate, , (10) INTERMITTENTLY : INCESSANTLY ::, (a) Interminably : Wearily, (c) Strongly : Weakly, (e) Occasionally : Continuously, , (b) Slowly : Rapidly, (d) Vicariously : Frequently
Page 812 :
802, , English Grammar & Composition, , 04, Directions (Q. 1-10) Choose the correct alternative given below to show close relation with the words given in, capital letters :, (1) MERCURY : CADUCEUS ::, (a) Vulcan : Forge, (c) Palladium : Athena, (e) Neptune : Trident, , (b) Pegasus : Muses, (d) Jupiter : Thunderbolt, , (2) ENERVATE : STRENGTHEN ::, (a) Aver : Attribute, (c) Apprise : Appraise, (e) Invigorate : Brighten, , (b) Divert : Turn, (d) Stultify : Enliven, , (3) DOLT : DOUR ::, (a) Bolt : Door, (c) Reticent : Silence, (e) Infant : Cry, , (b) Escape : Subterfuge, (d) Numbskull : Sullen, , (4) EXORDIUM : PERORATION ::, (a) Epilogue : Prologue, (c) Certain : Uncertain, (e) Exhortation : Denunciation, , (b) Incipient : Inchoate, (d) Alpha : Omega, , (5) MENDACITY : DISTRUST ::, (a) Begging : Charity, (c) Truth : Falsehood, (e) Integrity : Confidence, , (b) Stupidity : Failure, (d) Untruth : Doubtful, , (6) CARELESSNESS : JEOPARDIZE ::, (a) Penalty : Chastise, (c) Carefulness : Security, (e) Crowding : Discomfort, , (b) Failure : Discouragement, (d) Neglect : Endanger, , (7) PERMEATE : RUEFUL ::, (a) Truculent : Merciful, (c) Evaporate : Mournful, (e) Frighten : Lamentable, , (b) Sadden : Pitiful, (d) Penetrate : Sorrowful, , (8) FLAMBOYANT : ROCOCO ::, (a) Ornate : Baroque, (c) Counterfeit : Invaluable, (e) Florid : Fragrant, , (b) Inflammable : Phlegmatic, (d) Flagrant : Flagitious, , (9) HYPERTENSION : HYPOTENSION ::, (a) High : Low, (c) Super : Minimal, (e) Iso : Sub, , (b) Excessive : Deficient, (d) Abnormal : Normal, , (10) OAF : FRESHET ::, (a) Lout : Novice, (c) Fool : Flood, (e) Gaucherie : Elan, , (b) Stupidity : Impertinence, (d) Silly : Brash
Page 813 :
803, , Related Pairs of Words, , 05, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Choose the correct alternative given below to show close relation with the words given, in capital letters :, (1) IMPLICATE : COMPLICATE ::, (a) Vitality : Inevitable, (c) Importune : Construct, (e) Belligerent : Embellish, , (b) Empathy : Sympathy, (d) Imply : Simplify, , (2) CUPID : PSYCHE ::, (a) Zeus : Aphrodite, (c) Hero : Leander, (e) Venus : Adonis, , (b) Damon : Pythias, (d) Apollo : Cassandra, , (3) PRECEDENT : JUSTIFICATION ::, (a) Kindness : Obedience, (c) Usage : Submission, (e) Orthodoxy : Heresy, , (b) Authority : Sanction, (d) Tradition : Novelty, , (4) RACHITIC : RICKETS ::, (a) Adulatory : Adoration, (c) Scorbutic : Scurvy, (e) Therapy : Therapeutic, , (b) Oxford : Oxonian, (d) Deification : Deify, , (5) LAUREL : VICTOR ::, (a) Chevrons : Army, (c) Power : Glory, (e) Rabbit’s foot : Fuck, , (b) Oscar : Movie star, (d) Blue ribbon : Cooking, , (6) CORVINE : CROW ::, (a) Elephantine : Dinosaur, (c) Viceregal : Viceroy, (e) Urbane : Urban, , (b) Lioness : Lion, (d) Corvette : Automobile, , (7) ZEALOT : FANATICISM ::, (a) Impostor : Sham, (c) Umpire : Game, (e) Parasite : Food, , (b) Orator : Frenzy, (d) Vagabond : Vagrant, , (8) PAIN : ANODYNE ::, (a) Savagery : Music, (c) Harshness : Softness, (e) Accident : Insurance, , (b) Grief : Solace, (d) Trifle : Enormity, , (9) FORGERY : SIGNATURE ::, (a) Faked : Genuine, (c) Carbon copy : Original, (e) Multigraph : Duplicate, , (b) Proxy : Delegate, (d) Embezzlement : Blank check, , (10) PHILOLOGIST : LANGUAGE ::, (a) Numismatist : Stamps, (c) Philatelist : Charms, (e) Conchologist : Shells, , (b) Herbalist : Tropical flowers, (d) Fish : Ichthyologist
Page 814 :
804, , English Grammar & Composition, , 06, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Choose the correct alternative given below to show close relation with the words given, in capital letters :, (1) DONKEY : BRAYS :: WOLF : ?, (a) Bellows, (e) Whines, , (b) Howls, , (c) Whimpers, , (d) Roars, , (c) Heighten, , (d) Assuage, , (c) Straw, , (d) Papyrus, , (c) Goddess, , (d) Tiger, , (c) Repeat, , (d) Complain, , (c) Earth, , (d) Planets, , (c) Birds, , (d) Treasure, , (c) Ancestor, , (d) Progeny, , (c) Plants, , (d) Philosophy, , (c) Queasy, , (d) Tenuous, , (2) ANXIETY : ALLAY :: GRIEF : ?, (a) Banish, (e) Display, , (b) Condole, , (3) MOSAICS :: WORDS : SENTENCES : ?, (a) Colours, (e) Bricks, , (b) Small stones, , (4) MINOTAUR : BULL :: CHIMERA : ?, (a) Heifer, (e) Dog, , (b) Lion, , (5) BLANDISH : COAX :: ASSEVERATE : ?, (a) Affirm, (e) Twist, , (b) Cut, , (6) SYLVAN : WOODS :: TERRESTRIAL : ?, (a) Urban, (e) Stars, , (b) Fear, , (7) ASTRONAUTS : SPACE :: ARGONAUTS : ?, (a) Fire, (e) Sea, , (b) Ship, , (8) SCION : PROGENITOR :: DESCENDANT : ?, (a) Children, (e) Guardian, , (b) Brother, , (9) PEDIATRICIAN : HAIR : : DEMATOLOGIST : ?, (a) Children, (e) Skin, , (b) Feet, , (10) SLEAZY : FLIMSY :: SHODDY :, (a) Tenable, (e) Detrimental, , (b) Despicable, , 07, Directions (Q. 1-10) Choose the correct alternative given below to show close relation with the words given in, capital letters :, (1) GENUINE : SIMULATED :: UNAFFECTED : ?, (a) Elevated, (e) Emulated, , (b) Bombastic, , (c) Dynamic, , (d) Destructive, , (c) Soldier, , (d) Rider, , (c) Mystery story, , (d) Circus, , (2) ACTOR : STAGE :: ? : ROSTRUM : ?, (a) Pilot, (e) Orator, , (b) Acrobat, , (3) ANSWER : TEST :: DENOUEMENT : ?, (a) Symphony., (e) Complete understanding, , (b) Horse race
Page 815 :
805, , Related Pairs of Words, (4) ? : SULLIVAN :: HAMMERSTEIN : ROGERS : ?, (a) Lerner, (e) Purcell, , (b) Bellini, , (c) Gilbert, , (d) Mozart, , (c) Bargain, , (d) Exchange, , (c) Room, , (d) Window, , (c) Hauler, , (d) Turnkey, , (5) RECONDITE : ABSTRUSE :: BANTER : ?, (a) Delay, (e) Deceive, , (b) Tease, , (6) BASILICA : CHURCH :: DORMER : ?, (a) Movie, (e) Servant, , (b) Chapel, , (7) CICERONE : GUIDE :: DRAGOMAN : ?, (a) Cavalry officer, (e) Mythological monster, , (b) Interpreter, , (8) VILIFICATION : DEFAMATION ::? : TRAVESTY : ?, (a) Parody, (e) Journey, , (b) Garment, , (c) Stripping, , (d) Deterioration, , (c) Exhilarating, , (d) Not authentic, , (c) Detective, , (d) Proportion, , (9) SUPPOSITITIOUS : FALSE :: SPURIOUS :?, (a) Inciting, (e) Not technical, , (b) Duplicate, , (10) MULCT : DEFRAUD :: RATIOCINATION : ?, (a) Reasoning, (e) Self-defenses, , (b) Bilk, , 08, Directions (Q. 1-10) : Choose the correct alternative given below to show close relation with the words given, in capital letters :, (1) INVEIGLE : CAJOLE :: MALIGN :, (a) Slander, (e) Compile, , (b) Enlighten, , (c) Acclaim, , (d) Eulogize, , (c) Mule, , (d) Colt, , (c) Lemurine, , (d) Tiger, , (c) Club, , (d) Soisoned bow, , (c) Fear, , (d) Support, , (2) CYGNET : SWAN :: ? : HORSE, (a) Bridle, (e) Stallion, , (b) Hoof, , (3) SNAKE : REPTILIAN :: LION : ?, (a) Leotard, , (b) Vulpine, , (4) HERCULES : ? :: CUPID : ARROW, (a) Trident, (e) Hydra, , (b) Spear, , (5) SINECURE : CARE :: INTREPIDITY : ?, (a) Hesitation, (e) Forethought, , (b) Entanglement, , (6) SANCHO PANZA : DON QUIXOTE :: ? : SHERLOCK HOLMES, (a) Perry Mason, (e) Nero Wolfe, , (b) Don Ameche, , (c) Maigret, , (d) John H Watson, , (c) Minds, , (d) Machines, , (7) OGLE : EYES :: MANEUVER : ?, (a) Fingers, (e) Hands, , (b) Human beings
Page 816 :
806, , English Grammar & Composition, , (8) PURLOIN : STEAL :: NEBULOUS : ?, (a) Frustrating, (e) Vague, , (b) Scanty, , (c) Dishonest, , (d) Stormy, , (c) Pale, , (d) Seagreen, , (c) Pretentious, , (d) Thoughtless, , (9) RUBESCENT : RED :: CERULEAN : ?, (a) Sky, (e) Blue, , (b) Brilliant, , (10) CLAPTRAP :: PITHY : MAXIM : ?, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , (b) Simple, , ES, , (a) Sincere, (e) Accidental, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE 01, (1) (e),, (6) (d),, , (2) (e),, (7) (e),, , (3) (d),, (8) (b),, , (4) (a),, (9) (e),, , (5) (e),, (10) (d)., , (2) (a),, (7) (d),, , (3) (e),, (8) (e),, , (4) (a),, (9) (b),, , (5) (e),, (10) (d)., , (2) (e),, (7) (a),, , (3) (c),, (8) (c),, , (4) (e),, (9) (a),, , (5) (b),, (10) (e)., , (2) (d),, (7) (d),, , (3) (d),, (8) (a),, , (4) (d),, (9) (b),, , (5) (e),, (10) (c)., , (2) (d),, (7) (a),, , (3) (b),, (8) (b),, , (4) (c),, (9) (a), , (5) (b),, (10) (e)., , (2) (d),, (7) (e),, , (3) (b),, (8) (c),, , (4) (b),, (9) (a),, , (5) (a),, (10) (d),, , (2) (e),, (7) (b),, , (3) (c),, (8) (a),, , (4) (c),, (9) (d),, , (5) (b),, (10) (a)., , (2) (d),, (7) (e),, , (3) (e),, (8) (e),, , (4) (e),, (9) (e),, , (5) (c),, (10) (c)., , Solution TYE 02, (1) (c),, (6) (b),, , Solution TYE 03, (1) (a),, (6) (e),, , Solution TYE 04, (1) (e),, (6) (d),, , Solution TYE 05, (1) (b),, (6) (c),, , Solution TYE 06, (1) (b),, (6) (c),, , Solution TYE 07, (1) (b),, (6) (d),, , Solution TYE 08, (1) (a),, (6) (d),
Page 818 :
808, , English Grammar & Composition, , (5) Health is too important to be .......... ., (a) neglected, , (b) discarded, , [Asstt Grade], , (c) dispised, , (6) Even a ......... glance will reveal the mystery., (a) crude, , (b) cursory, , (d) detested, [Hotel Management Entrance], , (c) critical, , (d) curious, , (7) Like any other country, India has its ............ share of superstitions., (a) abundant, , (b) fair, , (c) proper, , [Central Bureau], , (d) peculiar, , (8) Hindus believe that ....... from the cycle of birth and rebirth can be attained only by good deeds., (a) bondage, , (b) deliverance, , (c) delivery, , [CDS], , (d) retirement, , 02, Directions (Q. 1-10) Each of the following sentences has a blank space and four words given after the, sentence. Select whichever word you consider most appropriate for the blank space and indicate your choice on the, answer sheet., , (1) An employment advertisement should ............ the number of vacancies., (a) provide, , (b) declare, , (c) contain, , [CDS], , (d) specify, , (2) The family gave father a gold watch on the ............ of his fiftieth birthday., (a) time, , (b) event, , (c) occasion, , (d) celebration, , (3) The passengers were afraid but the captain ............ them that there was no danger., (a) promised, , (b) advised, , (c) assured, , (d) counselled, , (4) It’s very kind of you to ............ to speak at the meeting., (a) comply, , (b) agree, , (c) accept, , (d) concur, , (c) for, , (d) from, , (5) I haven’t seen you............a week., (a) within, , (b) since, , (6) Do you know............?, (a) where she comes from, (c) where from she comes, , (b) where does she come from, (d) from where does she come, , (7) The battalion operating from the mountain was able to ............ three enemy divisions., (a) tie up, , (b) tie down, , (c) tie on, , (d) tie with, , (8) She ............ a brief appearance at the end of the party., (a) put on, , (b) put in, , (c) put across, , (d) put up, , (9) Once he has signed the agreement, he won’t be able to ............ ., (a) back up, , (b) back in, , (c) back at, , (d) back out, , (c) Restoration, , (d) Resumption, , (10) ........... of old paintings is a job for the experts., (a) Resurrection, , (b) Retrieval, , 03, Directions (Q. 1-5) From among the four alternatives given under each questions, find the one that fits into the, blank space most appropriately., , (1) The terrorists made a vain attempt to ............ the bridge., (a) blow down, , (b) blow up, , (c) blow over, , [Tourism Management], , (d) blow out, , (2) The Finance Minister may ...... new proposals in his budget speech., (a) bring out, , (b) bring forward, , (c) bring round, , (d) bring forth
Page 819 :
809, , Choosing Appropriate Words, (3) The main suspect in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination are still ............ ., (a) under a cloud, , (b) at daggers drawn, , (c) at large, , (d) at sea, , (4) The building was so old and dilapidated that it was not ............ ., (a) habitation, , (b) habitat, , (c) habitant, , (d) habitable, , (5) Polyster shirts are more ............ than the cotton ones., (a) durably, , (b) duration, , (c) durability, , (d) durable, , 04, Directions (Q. 1-7) Pick out the most effective word from the given words to fill in the blank to make the, complete meaningful sentence., , (1) Leadership define what the future should like and ............ people with that vision., (a) encourages, (e) transforms, , (b) develops, , (c) trains, , [SBI PO], , (d) aligns, , (2) We upset ourselves by responding in an ............ manner to someone else’s actions., (a) invalid, (e) unabashed, , (b) irrational, , (c) arduous, , (d) arguable, , (3) All the people involved in that issue feel a great ............ to his suggestion., (a) contradiction, (e) erepugnance, , (b) adherence, , (c) indifference, , (d) objection, , (4) The election will be remembered as much for its anti-incumbency mood as for its ............ mandate., (a) invincible, (e) pervasive, , (b) rational, , (c) unprecedented, , (d) deliberate, , (5) How do you expect us to stay in such a ............ building even if it can be hired on a nominal rent?, (a) scruffy, (e) damaging, , (b) desperate, , (c) fragmented, , (d) robust, , (6) ............ efforts from all concerned are required to raise the social and economic condition of our, countrymen., (a) Perpetual, (e) Penetrative, , (b) Dynamic, , (c) Massive, , (d) Exploring, , (7) Many companies see technology as a ............ for a whole host of business problems., (a) consideration, (e) panacea, , (b) preference, , (c) linking, , (d) craving, , 05, Directions (Q. 1-15) In the following questions, sentences are given with blanks to be filled in with an, appropriate word. Four alternatives are suggested for each question. Choose the correct alternative out of the four, and indicate on the answer sheet., , (1) He admired precision in everything, but it never hampered his quick ............ ., (a) decision, , (b) action, , (c) dealing, , [Stenographer Grade], , (d) finalisation, , (2) ............ you meet my son in the market, ask him to come home at once., (a) Should, , (b) Would, , (c) While, , (d) Will, , (3) The proud king turned a deaf ear to the ............ of wise counselors., (a) advices, , (b) advises, , (c) advise, , (d) advice
Page 820 :
810, , English Grammar & Composition, , (4) I shall not desert him ............ all the world., (a) for, , (b) by, , (c) from, , (d) with, , (5) The judge acquitted the prisoner ............ the charge of murder., (a) from, , (b) about, , (c) with, , (d) of, , (6) More than twenty years have now passed ............ I had my first flight., (a) when, , (b) since, , (c) while, , (d) as, , (7) ............ being hard-working, he is thoroughly honest., (a) Along with, , (b) Betimes, , (c) Over and above, , (d) Although, , (8) Through perseverance and hard work we can keep the ............ of liberty burning even during dark and, trying times., (a) light, , (b) goal, , (c) lamp, , (d) flame, , (c) at times, , (d) little by little, , (c) aren’t you, , (d) can’t you, , (9) He became the Governor of a province ............ ., (a) by and large, , (b) in course of time, , (10) You’re coming to the movie, ............ ?, (a) isn’t it, , (b) won’t you, , (11) While strolling on Janpath, I chanced to meet ............ European., (a) one, , (b) the, , (c) an, , (d) a, , (12) Because of the heavy rain, the match was ............ ., (a)set aside, , (b) called off, , (c) fallen off, , (d) broken off, , (13) Usually the ascent of mountain face is much easier than the ............ ., (a) fall, , (b) decent, , (c) descent, , (d) descend, , (c) verbal, , (d) verbatim, , (14) This is a ............ translation of the speech., (a) literal, , (b) literary, , (15) I spend much of my time ............ writing letters and memos., (a) in, , (b) to, , (c) on, , (d) at, , 06, Directions (Q. 1-10) Each of the following sentences has a blank space and four words given after the, sentence. Select whichever word you consider most appropriate for the blank space., [CDS], , (1) The ............ effect of suitably chosen firms on children’s minds cannot be overestimated., (a) educative, , (b) debilitating, , (c) baneful, , (d) educational, , (2) A number of scientists in the country think that they are on the ............ of a major breakthrough., (a) frontier, , (b) threshold, , (c) gateway, , (d) periphery, , (3) ........ from the campaigns have been used to buy medical supplies, food and educational materials., (a) Revenue, , (b) Profit, , (c) Proceed, , (d) Proceeds, , (4) When I joined the flying club, my instructor gave me the first lecture on the ............ of flying., (a) foundations, , (b) basics, , (c) need, , (d) theory, , (5) You must ............ your house in order before you venture to offer advice to others., (a) arrange, , (b) bring, , (c) get, , (d) organise, , (c) imagination, , (d) dream, , (6) Fact is often stranger than ............ ., (a) fancy, , (b) fiction
Page 821 :
811, , Choosing Appropriate Words, , (7) It is becoming increasingly difficult for a housewife to pick up a genuine article from the crowd of the, ............ ones in a store., (a) fake, , (b) duplicate, , (c) counterfeit, , (d) spurious, , (8) His rustic and robust humour was an embarrassment to the ............ sensibility of the young ladies., (a) fragile, , (b) delicate, , (c) soft, , (d) sober, , (9) His teacher said that his comments on his performance was not demoralise him but to ............ him to do still, better., (a) encourage, , (b) persuade, , (c) instruct, , (d) goad, , (10) Diseases are ............ through contact with infected animals., (a) transmited, , (b) transported, , (c) transferred, , (d) transplanted, , 07, Directions (Q. 1-5) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate word from among, those given in brackets after each sentence., [IFS], , (1) Our charming hostess was very ................. to all her guests., , (graceful, gracious, grateful), , (2) There was nothing unusual about the man ............. he smiled, but that happened only rarely., (except, except for, except that), , (3) The doctor ........... the woman that her son would recover., , (ensured, assured, insured), , (4) I like ................. music., , (classic, classical, classics), , (5) I don’t think I dare ask for a .............. at the moment., , (raise, rise, arise), , 08, Directions (Q. 1-5) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate word from among, those given in brackets after each sentence., [CDS, 1986], , (1) An ................. man is sure to be successful., (a) industrus, , (b) indistrious, , (c) industrious, , (d) indestrious, , (c) ascursion, , (d) excursion, , (c) purmission, , (d) permission, , (c) borier, , (d) barrier, , (c) expilled, , (d) expelled, , (2) Students will go on an ............... ., (a) excusion, , (b) excurtion, , (3) You cannot leave without .............. ., (a) permision, , (b) premission, , (4) It is difficult to cross the ................ ., (a) barier, , (b) berrier, , (5) Ravi was ..................... from the school., (a) expeled, , (b) espelled, , 09, Directions (Q. 1-8) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate word from among, those given in brackets after each sentence., , (1) After a recent mild paralytic attack his movements are........restricted, otherwise he is still very active., [Banking Service Recruitment Board], , (a) frequently, (e) entirely, , (b) not, , (c) nowhere, , (d) slightly
Page 822 :
812, , English Grammar & Composition, , (2) The prisoner was released on.......for good behaviour., (a) parole, (e) surity, , (b) bail, , [RRB Ajmer], , (c) probation, , (d) guarantee, , (3) Rajeev is too.......as far as his food habits are concerned., (a) enjoyable, (e) involved, , (b) fastidious, , (4) My father keeps all his.......papers in a lock and key., (a) required, , (b) necessary, , [Bank PO], , (c) curious, , (d) interesting, [Banking Service Recruitment Board], , (c) useful, , (d) confidential, , (c) awarded, , (d) forwarded, , (5) The brilliant students will be ......... scholarships., (a) honoured, , (b) rewarded, , [RRB], , (6) Several of our players were injured so our losing the match was almost ........., (a) necessary, , (b) indispensable, , (c) inevitable, , [Central Bureau], , (d) inexcusable, , (7) My friend says that he drinks tea because it is the best.........in the world., (a) fluid, , (b) drink, , [Asstt Grade], , (c) beverage, , (d) liquid, , (c) poverty, , (d) anguish, , (8) Life is to death as pleasure is to ......... ., (a) suffering, , (b) pain, , [CDS], , 10, Directions (Q. 1-5) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate word from among, those given in brackets after each sentence., [Bank PO], , (1) These essays are intellectually........and represent various levels of complexity., (a) modern, (e) persistant, , (b) revealing, , (c) superior, , (d) demanding, , (2) The soldiers were instructed to.....restraint and handle the situation peacefully., (a) control, (e) remain, , (b) exercise, , (c) prevent, , (d) enforce, , (3) Since one cannot read every book, one should be content with making a ...... selection., (a) normal, (e) imposed, , (b) standard, , (c) moderate, , (d) judicious, , (c) intelligent, , (d) kind, , (4) He is too........to be deceived easily., (a) strong, (e) honest, , (b) modern, , (5) There has been a..........lack of efficiency in all the crucial areas of the working of Public Sector, Undertakings., (a) positive, (e) insignificant, , (b) surprising, , (c) conspicuous, , (d) stimulative, , 11, Directions (Q. 1-9) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate word from among, those given in brackets after each sentence., , (1) I write a letter to you tentatively........the dates of the programme., (a) involving, (e) propagating, , (b) indicating, , (c) guiding, , [Banking Service Recruitment Board], , (d) urging
Page 823 :
813, , Choosing Appropriate Words, , (2) Contemporary economic development differs .......from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century., [Bank PO], , (a) naturally, , (b) markedly, , (c) literally, , (d) usually, , (3) Ravi had to drop his plan of going to picnic as he had certain ......... to meet during that period., [SBI PO], , (a) preparations, (e) transactions, , (b) observations, , (c) urgencies, , (d) commitments, , (4) It was.....hot that day and the cable suffered the brunt of the heat., (a) treacherously, (e) uncompromisingly, , (b) acceptably, , (c) unfailingly, , [SBI PO], , (d) unbelievably, , (5) .......eye-witness, the news reporter gave a graphic description of how fire broke out., [Indian Bank PO], , (a) Reporting, (e) Examining, , (b) Observing, , (c) Seeing, , (d) Quoting, , (6) His life consists of........of drinking punctuated by periods of drunken sleep., (a) barrels, , (b) bouts, , [Central Excise], , (c) bowls, , (d) pints, , (c) arrived, , (d) happened, , (c) conclusions, , (d) delusions, , (c) altercation, , (d) aberration, , (7) When the morning......the murder was discovered., (a) occured, , (b) came, , [Asstt Grade], , (8) He lives in the world of ......... ., (a) allusions, , (b) illusions, , [Hotel Management], , (9) There was a serious ....... between the two brothers., (a) altieration, , (b) alteration, , [Hotel Management], , 12, Directions (Q. 1-15) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate word from among, those given in brackets after each sentence., , (1) The primary purpose of modern weapons is ............ to prevent a particular course of action by a specific, threat., (a) deterrent, , (b) prognostic, , (c) minatory, , (d) hegemony, , (2) As for the free world, trade with Cuba as been taking place on a modest scale despite the............. opposition, of the United States., (a) casual, , (b) independent, , (c) clandestine, , (d) overt, , (3) The basic structure of the living cell is a problem whose ................ can be judged by reference to the, difficult exploration of the structure of the atom., (a) importance, , (b) universality, , (c) complexity, , (d) antiquity, , (4) The endless battle to modernize the ............. structure of work rules on the nation’s railroads appears, destined to reach the showdown stage with a strike at one minute after midnight tonight., (a) anemic, , (b) impracticable, , (c) archaic, , (d) streamlined, , (5) Cyprus is still not economically viable, and though............... important, it is militarily weak in its own right., (a) necessarily, , (b) strategically, , (c) scarcely, , (d) independently, , (6) He’ s gone through a ................ . He is not at all the man be was when he was a combat officer., (a) metamorphosis, , (b) crisis, , (c) frustration, , (d) surveillance, , (7) It was Jacob Grimm, who transformed philology from an .............. study into an exact science., (a) abstruse, , (b) alleged, , (c) esoteric, , (d) errant
Page 824 :
814, , English Grammar & Composition, , (8) As the waves rose and the ship tossed, many of the passengers felt............ ., (a) lethargic, , (b) subdued, , (c) tremulous, , (d) queasy, , (9) Although advertising men often complain that their industry is hemmed in by government regulations, the, fact remains that a/an ............... attitude toward Madison Avenue continues to exist in this country., (a) laissez faire, , (b) savoir faire, , (c) bete noire, , (d) idee fixe, , (10) The knockout wallop travelled only seven or eight inches and, admittedly, did not look like much. But, boxing experts, and ............. scientists, will attest that punches that travel more than a foot lose much of, their initial force., (a) nuclear, , (b) biological, , (c) electronic, , (d) kinetic, , (11) Are not the youngsters, viewing such war films, hypnotized by ................... thrills and the oldsters,, especially the veterans, deluded into identifying themselves with the hero breed?, (a) sensational, , (b) specious, , (c) auspicious, , (d) vicarious, , (12) It is fascinating to note how many travelers return from their gastronomic tours of Europe with a ........... of, la grande cuisine and a haunting hunger for the simplicity of local dishes., (a) memory, , (b) suspicion, , (c) surfeit, , (d) superfluity, , (13) To avoid any outside influences, the judge has wisely decided to ........ the jury., (a) admonish, , (b) preclude, , (c) sequester, , (d) dismiss, , (14) The remarkable thing about Spoon River Anthology is the way its .............. little autobiographies merge, into a unity., (a) desparate, , (b) undeveloped, , (c) superficial, , (d) concatenated, , (15) The general scientific assumption is that any amount of radiation, however small, will cause genetic damage, that will appear as .............. in the future., (a) mutations, , (b) disabilities, , (c) diseases, , (d) handicaps, , 13, Directions (Q. 1-15) In the following, sentences are given with blanks to be filled in with an propriate word., Four alternatives are suggested for each question. Choose the correct alternative., , (1) The problems that India’s economic development faces are ............ ., (a) enormous, , (b) great, , (c) myopic, , (d) morbid, , (2) She refused to wear the new dress as she felt it to be ............ ., (a) odd, , (b) uncouth, , (c) outmoded, , (d) unfashioned, , (3) Leah Robin saw him ............ his tranformation from warrior to peacemaker., (a) off, , (b) through, , (c) about, , (d) up, , (4) Few countries can ............ India in variety, colour and the richness of dance forms., (a) rival, , (b) depict, , (c) prevail, , (d) perform, , (5) The magistrate sent a ............of 50 policemen to the village where disturbances had occurred., (a) team, , (b) force, , (c) battalion, , (d) cover, , (6) Take possession of the records immediately so that they are not ............with., (a) destroyed, , (b) manhandled, , (c) tampered, , (d) mishandled, , (7) Having lived a ............ life for 40 years, he is not able to take any independent decision., (a) happy, , (b) successful, , (c) safe, , (d) cloistered, , (8) I like listening to the radio, but I am not always impressed ............ the quality of the programmes., (a) with, , (b) at, , (c) about, , (d) on
Page 825 :
815, , Choosing Appropriate Words, (9) I saw a man ............ the wire and walking away., (a) picked, , (b) having picked, , (c) picking, , (d) picking up, , (c) fiction, , (d) history, , (10) Sometimes truth is stronger than ............ ., (a) falsehood, , (b) lies, , (11) It is felt that India, even with limited ............ and funds, could still become a reckoning force in the art, world., (a) resources, , (b) sources, , (c) wealths, , (d) enthusiasm, , (12) According to the recent, ............ made by the Government of India, the target of foodgrains production for, this year is 190 million tonnes., (a) inferences, , (b) statistics, , (c) accounts, , (d) estimates, , (13) Gopal Krishna Gokhale’s patriotic speeches ............ people to dedicate their lives for the nation., (a) forced, , (b) inspired, , (c) inflamed, , (d) prompted, , (14) There have been quite a large number of ............ in the Himalayas now and some of them have been, extremely successful., (a) attempts, , (b) journies, , (c) expeditions, , (d) attractions, , (15) We though that the Sadhu had miraculous powers, but we soon found out that we were ............ ., (a) wronged, , (b) mistaken, , (c) befooled, , (d) deceived, , 14, Directions (Q. 1-10) In the following you find a number of sentences, parts of which are printed in bold type., You may also find only a group of words, which is printed in bold type. For each part printed in bold type, four, words/phrases are listed below. Choose the word nearest in meaning to the part printed in bold type., , (1) He displayed a distinct tendency to long winded speeches when asked how he was., (a) boring, , (b) repetitive, , (c) circumlocutory, , (d) hyperbolic, , (b) deceptive, , (c) misplaced, , (d) misinfomative, , (2) The data is misleading., (a) illusory, , (3) This library was built with donations from the munificent citizens of this city., (a) well-to-do, , (b) generous, , (c) respectable, , (d) learned, , (c) aggressive, , (d) incisive, , (4) Some satirists are known for their trenchant style., (a) sharp, , (b) critical, , (5) Many educationists think that the class-room instruction should be made more vigorous., (a) serious, , (b) brisk, , (c) lively, , (d) active, , (6) Medical science is yet to come out with a panacea for cancer., (a) remedy, , (b) medicine, , (c) treatment, , (d) drug, , (c) expedient, , (d) expert, , (7) The navy gave tactical support to the marines., (a) sensitive, , (b) strategic, , (8) Businessmen who lack acumen cannot be expected to be very successful., (a) cleverness, , (b) sharpness, , (c) keenness, , (d) smartness, , (9) In modern hospitals, computers check the patients before they see the doctor., (a) screen, , (b) protect, , (c) cover, , (d) stop, , (10) A genius tends to deviate from the routine way of thinking., (a) dispute, , (b) disagree, , (c) differ, , (d) distinguish
Page 826 :
816, , English Grammar & Composition, , 15, Directions (Q. 1-5) In the following you find a number of sentences, parts of which are printed in bold. You may, also find only a group of words which is printed in bold. For each bold part, four words/phrases are listed below., Choose the word/phrase nearest in meaning to the part and choose the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet., [NDA, 1998], , (1) The teacher reiterated the importance of steady and hard work for getting through the examinations., (a) emphasised, , (b) stressed, , (c) repeated, , (d) furthered, , (c) artificiality, , (d) sadness, , (c) wrong, , (d) simple, , (2) There is affectation in the way he talks., (a) beauty, , (b) sincerity, , (3) He is in the habit of using obsolete words., (a) difficult, , (b) outdated, , (4) He talked on a passage from Hamlet; the explication was lucid., (a) discussion, , (b) explanation, , (c) argument, , (d) description, , (5) The books supplied by the shop were not only rare, they were also invaluable., (a) valueless, , (b) priceless, , (c) useless, , (d) cheap, , 16, Directions (Q. 1-10) The most appropriate word/phrase to fill in the blank in each of the following sentences is, given as one of the four alternatives under it. That is your answer. Mark it on the Answer Sheet., [Hotel Management Entrance], , (1) He is very keen............going abroad for higher studies., (a) for, , (b) at, , (c) over, , (d) on, , (2) You are not justified............laying the blame............my door., (a) in, over, , (b) in, at, , (c) at, at, , (d) over, at, , (c) admits about, , (d) admits of, , (3) What you have done............no excuse., (a) admits, , (b) admits to, , (4) Timid by nature the doctor, who was alone in his house was frightened ............ ., (a) out of wits, , (b) out at his wits, , (c) at his wits end, , (d) out of his wits, , (5) His approach to work is so............that none of his colleagues considers him dependable., (a) uninteresting, , (b) low, , (c) casual, , (d) common, , (6) He has full facts............but is deliberately hiding them., (a) up his sleeves, , (b) in his sleeves, , (c) under his sleeves, , (d) upon his sleeves, , (c) winked out, , (d) winked, , (7) Their faults are............by their masters., (a) winked after, , (b) winked at, , (8) Having had........crops for the last two years, the government is falling short of storing space., (a) bloated, , (b) bumper, , (c) booming, , (d) blooming, , (9) Having been set............he is now free to go anywhere he likes., (a) at freedom, , (b) freedom, , (c) at liberty, , (d) liberty, , (10) ............ come to my rescue, I would have been killed by the bandits., (a) If he had not, , (b) If he did not, , (c) Having not, , (d) He having not
Page 827 :
817, , Choosing Appropriate Words, , 17, Directions (Q. 1-10) The most appropriate word/phrase to fill in the blank in each of the following sentences is, given as one of the four alternatives under it. That is your answer. Mark it on the Answer Sheet., [Hotel Management Entrance], , (1) The child kept on crying while it............ ., (a) is bathed, , (b) is being bathed, , (c) was bathed, , (d) was being bathed, , (2) He has such good manners that he can easily............a gentleman., (a) pass out, , (b) pass on, , (c) pass in, , (d) pass for, , (c) hit about, , (d) hit against, , (3) Shivaji............a plan to escape from jail., (a) hit upon, , (b) hit out, , (4) We chose to............our views in the light of the new information made available to us., (a) disclose, , (b) revive, , (c) diagnose, , (d) revise, , (5) Although, the Rajput Army was out numbered, the brave general refused to............. ., (a) give away, , (b) give over, , (c) give in, , (d) give out, , (6) Having earned a lot of money in business, Mr. Sharma............his poor cousins., (a) looks down upon, , (b) hits upon, , (c) shows off, , (d) looks upon, , (c) has, , (d) is, , (7) The price of gold as well as silver............risen., (a) are, , (b) have, , (8) The building was so old and dilapidated that it was not............ ., (a) habitable, , (b) habitat, , (c) habitability, , (d) habituating, , (9) Your son had promised to call you to USA,............ ?, (a) didn’t he, , (b) did he, , (c) hadn’t he, , (d) had he, , (10) A large majority of students............absent from the college yesterday., (a) was, , (b) were, , (c) has been, , (d) had been, , 18, Directions (Q. 1-10) In the following, sentences are given with blanks to be filled in with an appropriate word, Four alternatives are suggested for each question. Choose the correct alternative., , (1) Dowry is no longer permitted by law even in ............marriages., (a) natural, , (b) love, , (c) conventional, , (d) polygamous, , (2) Family planning is essential for curbing the rapid ............in population., (a) spurt, , (b) augmentation, , (c) spread, , (d) growth, , (3) The transfer to territories could not take place because one State............the findings of the Commission., (a) disputed, , (b) rejected, , (c) questioned, , (d) objected, , (4) Kings have few things to desire and many things to............. ., (a) crave, , (b) long, , (c) fear, , (d) apprehend, , (5) Vikram shouted............her at the top of his voice, but she did not hear and went on., (a) at, , (b) to, , (c) against, , (d) for, , (6) The winding road was no doubt a ............ climb and, though at every steep turn the car groaned, we finally, reached the top., (a) tortuous, , (b) easy, , (c) fast, , (d) slow
Page 828 :
818, , English Grammar & Composition, , (7) A light breeze............the forest fire and made it more dangerous., (a) blew, , (b) ignited, , (c) fanned, , (d) lit, , (8) Take care of the............and the hours will take care of themselves., (a) days, , (b) years, , (c) seconds, , (d) minutes, , (9) The way Dara kept knocking over things, he was more like a bull in a............. ., (a) English, , (b) China, , (c) cattle, , (d) grocery, , (10) Though he took a leap in the ............when he invested all his savings in Reliance shares, he later on found, that it was well worth the risk., (a) abyss, , (b) dark, , (c) light, , (d) hole, , 19, Directions (Q. 1-9) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate word from among, those given in brackets after each sentence., , (1) The committee’s appeal to the people for money.......little response., (a) provoked, , (b) evoked, , (c) gained, , [CDS], , (d) provided, , (2) Colgate has also got an ambitious aim of.......an eight percent value share of the tooth paste market by the, end of the first year., (a) keeping, , [MBA Entrance], , (b) distributing, , (c) cornering, , (d) soliciting, , (3) He is very..........on meeting foreigners and befriending them., (a) anxious, , (b) find, , [SSC Clerk], , (c) insistent, , (d) keen, , (c) grandiose, , (d) grandiloquent, , (4) If a speech is full of prompous words, it is...... ., (a) verbose, , (b) bombastie, , [MBA Entrance], , (5) We don’t know what.........him to commit this crime., (a) excited, , (b) roused, , (c) prompted, , [SSC Clerk], , (d) attracted, , (6) He is like a body without a soul, an eye without light or flower without ... ., (a) smell, , (b) fragrance, , (c) petal, , [Insurance], , (d) colour, , (7) It is difficult to believe what he tells us because his account of any event is always full of ...... of all sorts., [CDS], , (a) discretions, , (b) differences, , (c) discrepancies, , (d) distinction, , (8) The country needs a.........government to tackle the challenges it faces today., (a) sustained, , (b) stable, , (c) stationary, , [SSC Clerk Grade], , (d) stagnant, , (9) ............. an accident the train will arrive in time., (a) Despite, , (b) Accepting, , [SSC Clerk Grade], , (c) Besides, , (d) Barring, , 20, Directions (Q. 1-10) In the following, sentences are given with blanks to be filled in with an appropriate word., Four alternatives are suggested for each question. Choose the correct alternative., , (1) The rank and............of the party had turned against the leader., (a) file, , (b) class, , (c) officers, , (d) people, , (2) After being caught in the act, Rajneesh knew that he was in............trouble., (a) intense, , (b) dreaded, , (c) terrible, , (d) dire, , (3) Zairian health officials said that 93 people have died............the Ebola virus so far., (a) of, , (b) for, , (c) from, , (d) on
Page 829 :
819, , Choosing Appropriate Words, (4) Owing to their unruly behaviour, some members of the cricket team were............ ., (a) excluded, , (b) exempted, , (c) banned, , (d) outlawed, , (5) It is not the right............to ask for my help; I am far too busy even to listen to you., (a) opportunity, , (b) situation, , (c) circumstance, , (d) moment, , (6) The Government has agreed to pay compensation............damaged crops, land and cattle., (a) to, , (b) through, , (c) for, , (d) of, , (7) As the driver swerved violently at the turning, the wheel came off, as it was already.............., (a) lose, , (b) loose, , (c) loss, , (d) lost, , (8) The interior of the concert hall is a............feast to the eye., (a) veritable, , (b) hopeless, , (c) delicious, , (d) visual, , (9) If you have already paid your dues, please do not take............of the letter., (a) note, , (b) notice, , (c) care, , (d) consideration, , (10) The writer, like a spider............a web; the creatures caught in the web have no substance, no reality., (c) spins, , (d) compiles, , S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , (b) catches, , ES, , (a) writes, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , Solution TYE : 01, (1) (d),, (6) (b),, , (2) (a),, (7) (b),, , (3) (a),, (8) (b)., , (4) (d),, , (5) (a),, , (3) (c),, (8) (b),, , (4) (b),, (9) (d),, , (5) (c),, (10) (c)., , (3) (c),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (d)., , (2) (e),, (7) (e)., , (3) (e),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (a),, , (2) (a),, (7) (a),, (12) (b),, , (3) (d),, (8) (d),, (13) (c),, , (4) (a),, (9) (b),, (14. (a),, , (5) (d),, (10) (c),, (15) (a)., , (3) (d),, (8) (b),, , (4) (b),, (9) (c),, , (5) (c),, (10) (a)., , Solution TYE : 02, (1) (d),, (6) (a),, , (2) (c),, (7) (b),, , Solution TYE : 03, (1) (b),, , (2) (b),, , Solution TYE : 04, (1) (d),, (6) (a),, , Solution TYE : 05, (1) (b),, (6) (d),, (11) (b),, , Solution TYE : 06, (1) (a),, (6) (a),, , (2) (b),, (7) (b),, , Solution TYE : 07, (1) grateful,, , (2) except that,, , (3) assured,, , (4) classical,, , (5) rise.
Page 830 :
820, , English Grammar & Composition, , Solution TYE : 08, (1) (c),, , (2) (d),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (d),, , (5) (d)., , (2) (a),, (7) (c),, , (3) (b),, (8) (b)., , (4) (d),, , (5) (c),, , (2) (b),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (c)., , (3) (d),, (8) (b),, , (4) (d),, (9) (c)., , (5) (d),, , (3) (c),, (8) (d),, (13) (c),, , (4) (c),, (9) (a),, (14) (a),, , (5) (b),, (10) (d),, (15) (a)., , (3) (b),, (8) (a),, (13) (b),, , (4) (a),, (9) (d),, (14) (c),, , (5) (b),, (10) (c),, (15) (d)., , (3) (b),, (8) (a),, , (4) (d),, (9) (a),, , (5) (d),, (10) (c)., , (2) (c),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (b),, , (5) (b)., , (2) (b),, (7) (b),, , (3) (d),, (8) (b),, , (4) (d),, (9) (c),, , (5) (c),, (10) (a)., , (3) (a),, (8) (a),, , (4) (d),, (9) (b),, , (5) (c),, (10) (a)., , (3) (a),, (8) (d),, , (4) (c),, (9) (b),, , (5) (b),, (10) (b)., , (2) (c),, (7) (c),, , (3) (d),, (8) (b),, , (4) (d),, (9) (a)., , (5) (c),, , (2) (d),, (7) (b),, , (3) (c),, (8) (a),, , (4) (a),, (9) (b),, , (5) (d),, (10) (c)., , Solution TYE : 09, (1) (d),, (6) (c),, , Solution TYE : 10, (1) (b),, , Solution TYE : 11, (1) (b),, (6) (b),, , (2) (b),, (7) (c),, , Solution TYE : 12, (1) (a),, (6) (a),, (11) (d),, , (2) (d),, (7) (c),, (12) (c),, , Solution TYE : 13, (1) (a),, (6) (c),, (11) (a),, , (2) (c),, (7) (d),, (12) (d),, , Solution TYE : 14, (1) (d),, (6) (a),, , (2) (b),, (7) (b),, , Solution TYE : 15, (1) (c),, , Solution TYE : 16, (1) (d),, (6) (a),, , Solution TYE : 17, (1) (d),, (6) (a),, , (2) (d),, (7) (c),, , Solution TYE : 18, (1) (c),, (6) (a),, , (2) (d),, (7) (c),, , Solution TYE : 19, (1) (b),, (6) (b),, , Solution TYE : 20, (1) (a),, (6) (c),
Page 831 :
CHAPTER, , 57, SPECIFIC USE OF WORDS, (Similar Meaning), (1) Abstain (from a thing)– One should abstain from sex without condom., , Refrain (from doing)– One should refrain from making unwarranted comments., (2) Revenge (to return injury for injury)– She revenged herself upon Ramesh, her former lover., , (3), , (4), (5), , (6), , (7), , (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), , (13), , Avenged (to punish the evil doers)– He has devoted the past three years to avenging his daughter’s, death., Allow (giving permission for otherwise unreasonable thing)– The girls were allowed to talk in the, class by the Principal., Permit (to give a positive assent)– I was permitted to appear in the M.A. examination., Anger (a sudden feeling of unhappiness)– The people showed great anger at the news., Resentment (more lasting feeling of unhappiness)– My words could not lessen her resentment., Atain ( to get by labour)– We attained a high degree of success through quality management., Acquire (to have something permanently)– The students of this section have acquired a thorough, knowledge of Naturopathy., Ancient (opposite to modern)– We can learn a lot by the events of ancient history of India., Old (opposed to new and to young)– The old dressing pattern is liked by the people even today. Old, people prefer simplicity to show., Astonishment (extreme surprise with some perplexity or confusion)– I was astonished to see him, driving a two wheeler., Surprise (arising on the occurence of something unexfrcted)– for failure in the examination has, surprised everyone., Admit (to acknowledge as true)– He didn’t admit that he was present in the house., Confess (to acknowledge responsibility or guilt)– He confessed that he had stolen the bike., Anger (sudden feeling)– He showed great anger on his sudden departure from the party., Resentment (more lasting feeling)– Your assurances cannot lessen his resentment., Reply (to a letter)– He always replies in time., Answer (to a question)– Answer only five questions., Ability (Intellectual quality)– He is promoted on the basis of his ability to perform in a better way., Capacity (capable to hold or achieve)– His capacity to work, regularly is praiseworthy., Surprise (when something unexpected happens)– He was surprised to see the result., Astonishment (extreme surprise)– I was astonished to see my ex-peon maintaining a car., Wonder (surprise with admiration)– I wondered at his securing first position at all India level., Bravery (in the blood) The bravery of Rajputs is well known., Courage (in mind)– He has the courage to speak the truth., Valour (a quality more than bravery or courage)– The black commandoes are known for their deeds, of valour.
Page 832 :
822, , (14), , (15), , (16), (17), , (18), , (19), (20), (21), , (22), , (23), (24), , (25), (26), (27), (28), (29), , (30), , English Grammar & Composition, , Daring (rashn)– He is daring, but not prudent., Boldness (a shortlived quality)– He showed his boldness in catching the robber single handed., Battle (a contest between two opposing armies)– The third battle of Panipat was the last nail in the, coffin of the Mughal Empire., War (a series of contests continued for a long time)– The World War I and II saw the pinnacle of, inhumane face of the weapons made by the men., Begin (used on all occasions)– The sooner you begin the better it is., Commence (used only in official and formal language)– The examinations will commence on the 25th, of May., Beautiful (used for girls)– She is a beautiful girl., Handsome (used for man)– He is a handsome boy., Custom ( relates to community or society)– Wearing kumkum after marriage is a custom among the, Hindus., Habit (relates to individual)– Smoking is a bad habit., Crime (against law of the state)– Theft is a crime., Vice (offence against morals)– Drinking is a vice., Sin (against law of religion or society)– Abusing elders is a sin., Ceiling (inner portion of roof)– I want to purchase one ceiling fan., Roof ( upper covering of house)– They are playing at the roof of their house., Cite (is used for things or persons)– He cited the authority of the Supreme Court Judgement., Quote (is used for things only)– He quoted passage after passage from Geeta., Compulsion (is physical, what is generally against our wishes)– He was compelled by the court to be, present on the next date of hearing., Obligation (is moral; what is imposed on us as a duty) – We are obliged to maintain those who depend, on us., Confer (conferring is an act of authority)– The government confers titles like Bharat Ratna, Padma, Bhushan etc. on eminent persons., Bestow (an act of generosity/charity)– Many presents were bestowed on the refugees., Character (mental or moral nature)– A man of character overcomes all temptations., Conduct (one’s actions)– None can blame you if your conduct is good., Contentment (inner satisfaction when nothing more is required)– Actual happiness consists in, contentment., Satisfaction (fulfillment of one’s desire)– She completed the preparations to my entire satisfaction., Contagious (disease spread by contact)– Small pox is a contagious disease., Infectious (disease spread through air or mosquitoes)– Malaria is an infectious disease., Cool (pleasant feeling)– A cool wind is blowing., Cold (unpleasant feeling)– Weather is very cold today., Defend (against an attack)– Indian army is capable to defend the nation against any attack., Protect (relates to an approaching injury)– Woollen clothes protect us from cold., Deny (relates to a past a action)– He denied his involvement in the murder., Refuse (relates to a future action)– He refused to lend me any money., Doubt (a negative feeling)– I doubt his loyalty (I think that he is not loyal.), Suspect (a positive feeling)– I suspect his involvement in the crime. (I am thinking that he was not, involvement.), Discover (relates to thing already in existence)– A new star was discovered by him., Invent (a new thing is created)– Who invented telephone?
Page 833 :
Specific Use of Words (Similar Meaning), , 823, , (31) Drown (relates to living beings)– Many persons drowned in this river last year., , Sink (relates to things)– A ship dashed against this rock and sank last year., (32) Wish (used in reference to a remote thing)– I wish, I were a king!, , (33), , (34), (35), (36), , (37), , (38), , (39), (40), , (41), (42), (43), , (44), (45), , (46), (47), , Desire (used in reference to achievable things)– I desire to have a beautiful house and a name in the, society., Want (relates to a thing, which is absent)– I want to buy a car., Need (relates to necessary things)– I need a pen to write with., Require (to demand)– You are required to attend the meeting., Envy (bad feeling)– He is envious of his friend’s prosperity., Jealousy (positive feeling of possessing something)– I am jealous of our ancestral heritage., Sufficient (necessary for)– Two persons are sufficient for this job., Enough (more than necessary)– I have enough money for the education of my children., Accident (an unexpected happening)– Train accidents have become common now-a-days., Incident (an ordinary occurrence)– Our newspapers are full of daily incidents., Event (an important happening)– The third battle of Panipat was an important event in the history of, India., Notorious (in bad sense)– He is a notorious cheat., Famous (in good sense)– NewYork is famous for multi-storeyed buildings., Renowned (high reputation)– Shakespeare was a renowned dramatist., Excuse (courteously used for trifle matters)– Please excuse me for troubling you at this time., Forgive (used for comparatively big offences)– Please forgive me for my speaking ill about your, friend., Pardon (generally used for asking repetition of something)– I beg your pardon (Please repeat, I was, unable to understand earlier., Freedom (implies absence of restraint)– We enjoy several kinds of freedom., Liberty (implies previous restraint)– The prisoners were set at liberty., Falsehood (something said or done with wrong intentions)– He was guilty of falsehood when he, spoke against the character of the Chairman., Lie (speak untrue words)– Never tell a lie., House (refer to a dwelling unit)– I am going to purchase a new house., Home (place to live with family association)– Men make houses, women make homes., Listen (to hear attentively)– The teacher asked the students to listen., Hear (to get through ears)– I am hearing your voice., Hope (is used when what we anticipate is welcome)– I hope to get selected this time., Expect (is used when what we anticipate is certain whether welcome or not)– Every student is, expected to carry out the instructions given in the notes., Hardly (refers to degree)– You can hardly imagine how much I suffered because of her allegation., Scarcely (refers to quantity)– Don’t ask me for milk, I have scarcely enough for my own use., Idle (having nothing to do, due to circumstances)– He has been sitting idle due to great slump in the, market., Lazy (habit of not doing things in active manner)– He is too lazy to reply letters., Sick (mental feeling)– He is a sick man., Ill (out of health)– She is ill now-a-days., Libel (written)– His statement in the press release amounts to libel., Slander (spoken)– His public speech was taken note of and an action for slander is being initiated.
Page 834 :
824, , English Grammar & Composition, , (48) Oral (spoken words)– He was failed in oral examination., , Verbal (written words)– Teachers were abused verbally and assaulted physically., (49) Presume (pre decision of a thing)– I presume he is responsible for the loss in business., , Assume (assuming anything true)– I assume he will help you in case of need., (50) Place (to put)– Place the keys on the chair., , Keep ( o put at some defined place)– Keep the books on the table., (51) Possible (can be done)– It is not possible to reach there by car., , Probable (likely to happen)– It is probable that she may agree with our proposal., (52) Blunder (a gross mistake)– Disclosing business secrets to the rivals is a blunder on your part., , (53), (54), (55), (56), (57), (58), (59), , (60), (61), , (62), (63), , (64), (65), , (66), , Mistake (small act)– It is a mistake to go on leave without taking prior permission., Error (doing things against the recognise norms)– Your essay is full of grammatical errors., Praise (for actions)– His actions are praiseworthy., Admire (for qualities)– Everybody admires him for his benevolent nature., Prohibit (has force of law)– The government has prohibited the cow slaughter., Forbid (relating to personal life)– Forbidden fruits are more sweet., Recollect (remember after some efforts)– Can you recollect what exact words did he use?, Remember (having in memory)– I remember his words well., Regret (for a thing done or left undone)– I felt regret for not completing the job in time., Sorrow (for big harm or evil)– Her husband’s death caused her deep sorrow., Redress (to correct something wrong)– A victim looks to the court for redress., Relief (feeling happiness because something wrong did not happen)– I breathed a sigh of relief., Rob (to take away by force)– He was robbed of his money and jewellery., Steal (to take away secretly)– The thieves stole away all the goods of my house last Sunday., Talk (speaking with others)– I want to talk to him in this matter., Tell (to inform)– He tells me to wear neat dress., Speak (to say in ordinary way)– He speaks loudly., Say (to assert)– How did you say so ?, Seem (something assumed by our mind)– The moon seems moving very fast., Appear (impression of objects on us)– The statue appears to be of ancient time., See (in an ordinary way)– I can see that house., Look (see with some attention)– Look at that house., Watch (to observe closely)– Keep a watch on that house., Scenery (a view of landscape)– The scenery of Manali is indeed beautiful., Scene (a place of any happening, a landscape)– He captured many beautiful scenes in his camera., Treaty (a written or formal arrangement)– India and the USA have signed a treaty ., Truce (a temporary suspension of conflict)– On new year eve there was a truce between the fighting, militant groups., Trifling (‘no importance’ matter,)– She never neglects even a trifling matter., Trivial (‘a small matter, no seriousness)– Do not waste your time on trivial details., Trade (small or large scale buying selling; it can be within or out of the country)– India has a long, history of trade with USA., Commerce ( on a large scale; generally with foreign countries)– They have made their fortune from, industry and commerce., Empty (having nothing in it)– The briefcase is empty., Vacant (having some occupancy)– Only one berth is vacant in this compartment.
Page 835 :
CHAPTER, , 58, WORDS NEVER USED, IN GOOD SENSE, Certain words and phrases are never used in good sense. To use these words where a good sense is, meant will be ridiculous. It would be ridiculous to say ; ‘He is a notorious scientist’, or ‘He concocted a good, plan for the welfare of the poor’. Some of such words in common use are given here under. Students should, learn these words well and try to understand the difference. Mere Hindi meanings of these words will not, suffice to use these words properly., They met with an accident., Accident, Partner in some crime. He was an accomplice in the theft., Accomplice, To some bad habit, drinking, gambling etc., Addicted, An opponent : one who can cause harm., Adversary, He should not give himself airs (Conceited = airs)., Airs, Apprehensive Of some danger, loss or injury., Who practises some art of inferior nature., Artisan, A very serious mistake., Blunder, A disastrous happening., Catastrophe, Of men of divergent or opposite views : It refers a kind of partnership which is, Coalition, not homogeneous., To do something wrong : as to commit a suicide., Commit, To make a plan for an evil purpose., Concoct, He concocted a false story to deceive her., To imitate for a unlawful purpose. Counterfeit notes., Counterfeit, A woman having sexual relations with many persons., Concubine, Doing things cleverly but in a deceiving manner., Cunning, A simpleton readiness to believe easily., Credulity, A despot ruler , uses brutal force., Dictator, A tyrannical kind of ruler., Despot, An unprincipled leader or a ring leader., Demagogue, Womanly (‘Feminine’ and ‘womanly are used in good sense.)., Effeminate, To invent with a bad motive. He fabricated a false story., Fabricate, Imaginations which are not guided by reason., Fancy, He cuts a fine figure (disgraceful or ridiculous figure), Fine figure, (The phrase ‘fine figure’ is ironical.), Full or excessive, so as to produce disgust, hatred., Fulsome
Page 836 :
826, Glaring, Hasty, Inveterate, Loiter, Lonely, Minion, Notorious, Perpetrate, Plight, Pocket, Prone, Sheer, Shrewd, To a degree, Totally, Trivial, Utter, , English Grammar & Composition, , Conspicuous or something evil, as glaring error., Quick to fault; rash, easily excited; patience less., Used for something bad, as ‘an inveterate liar,’ ‘an inveterate enemy’., To linger at a time when greater haste is required., Depressed or sad from being alone., An unworthy favourite., Evil reputation., Used only for crimes or offences., A sad or painful condition. “She is in a sad plight.”, To put into one’s pocket fraudulently, as “He pocketed the money fraudulently.”, Or to submit patiently to an insult, as “He pocketed the insult patiently.’’, To some vice or weakness, as “He is prone to fever”., Used as ‘ sheer nonsense’, ‘sheer folly’. We never say ‘sheer virtue,’ but perfect, or pure virtue.’, Clever, but often in a sense implying some dishonesty or cunningness., “He is insolent or dishonest to a degree (That is of high degree). This phrase is, usually applied to some bad quality., Always used for something bad; as ‘totally incompetent,’ ‘totally blind’., Things of little importance. A trivial or common place subject., An utter fool, an utter failure, always used for something bad., , Words Used in a Good Sense, Some words and phrases are used in a good sense only , so students should learn the proper use of these, words and nouns. Mere knowledge of Hindi meanings of these words will not suffice to use them in proper, manner. Students must learn the proper use of these words., Age, Breed, Bosom, Family, Feeling, Famous, Form, Order, Place, Position, Principle, Quality, Renowned, Rank, Taste, Temper, Time, , She is of age (= grown up). She is under age (= a minor)., He is a man of (high) breed (= a well-breed man)., He is my bosom (fast friend) friend., He is a man of (high) family., He is a man of ( tender and good) feeling., He is a famous artist., The boatman pulled together in form (= in good form or style)., Everything is in (proper) order., Everything was in place (= in its right place)., He is a man of (good) position., He is a man of (high) principles., He is a person of (good or high) quality., Shakespeare was a renowned dramatist., Man of (high) rank., His remark was not in taste (= in good taste)., He is out of temper (= ordinary or good temper). (But in ‘temper’ or in a, temper’ means in bad temper; as, “ She said all that in a temper = in a rage”)., He arrived in time (= at the proper or right time).
Page 837 :
CHAPTER, , 59, WORDS USED AS, DIFFERENT PARTS, OF SPEECH, The grammatical character of a word can be determined by its use in a sentence. It is difficult to say, whether a particular word is a noun or a verb. Only by study the use and position of the word in a sentence we, can say that it is used as noun or pronoun or as verb or as an adjective or an adverb. We are giving below some, of the important words which are used as different parts of speech in the sentences. A careful study of the use, of these words will help the students in increasing their grammatical knowledge of words and their uses., All, , Any, As, About, Above, After, , Arm, Before, Better, , Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Pronoun, Adverb, Conjunction, Adverb, Preposition, Noun, Adverb, Preposition, Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Adverb, Conjunction, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, , All is well that ends well., All men are mortal., They are now alright., All were in favour of the motion., Do any of you know anything about her temperament ?, Take any magazine that you like., We must take lunch before doing any other work., He is not such a good man as looks., She wrote as fast as she could., As he was poor so I helped him., She wandered about in inner garments., There is nothing pleasing about her gait., The blessings came from above., The Gods live above in heaven., The sun was above our head at that time., She arrived soon after., She went away after her husband had left., He looks after his mother., Age is more important than the physical fitness., He is aging, my dear., He received a serious wound in his right arm., Border people were asked to arm themselves with weapons., I have not met you before., She went away before he came., Give place to your betters., I think yours is a better pen., Let us first better our financial position., You are working better today.
Page 838 :
828, Both, But, Back, Book, Bare, By, Close, , Calm, Cold, Court, Cane, Cut, Cover, Down, , Deep, Drive, Date, Either, Enough, , English Grammar & Composition, Pronoun, Adjective, Conjunction, Pronoun, Adverb, Conjunction, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Preposition, Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Pronoun, Adjective, Conjunction, Adjective, Adverb, , Both of them have gone., You cannot make it both ways., Both the cashier and the clerk are on tour., There is no one, but praise her., It is, but a natural consequence., He tried hard, but failed., She carried the load on his back., Do not back false friends., He is writing a book., Please book a cycle for Kota through this train., He has bare feet., He walked bare feet., Bare your arm., Time passes by., He was much loved by his wife., The meeting came to a close at 5 p.m., They are very close friends., The school will close tomorrow., Both walked close to each other., The calm of mind, is in fact required., Today the weather is very calm and quiet., First calm yourself and then write your report., Wear the woollen clothes lest you should catch cold., It is very cold today., Ramesh was summoned to the court of law., He courted her all the week., This is a beautiful cane., He was caned publicly by the teacher., I do not like the cut of your hair., Cut the paper in desired sizes., Put a cover on your copy., Cover your head lest you should catch cold., He has seen the ups and downs of life., The man was thrown from the down train., Down with dowry., The engine came rushing down the hill very fast., She fell down into the deep., It is a very deep river., My pen fell deep into the tank., My brother has gone out for a drive., You are driving very fast., His date of birth is 26th April., The Vikram era dates from 57 B.C., Ask either of them to bring a pen., Either pen is good enough., He must either work or take rest., There is enough time to go there., He knows well enough what she mean to say.
Page 839 :
Words Used as Different Parts of Speech, Even, Else, , Eye, Elder, For, Fast, , Free, Fix, Face, Fool, Fish, Half, Help, Hand, Head, Less, Like, Light, , Love, , Laugh, , Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Adjective, Adverb, Conjunction, Noun, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Conjunction, Preposition, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Verb, , The chances of winning the game are even., Let them even the field first., He cannot even see me., He brought something else for her., We should look anywhere else., Walk fast, else you should miss the bus., He has one eye only., The policeman eyed him with suspicion., We must show respect to our elders., He is my elder brother., We should help him because he is very poor., I was looking for her., He keeps fast on Tuesday., He is a very fast today., He fasted for a week., He ran so fast to win the race., We are citizens of a free country., Let us free ourselves from social bondage ., He was in a terrible fix ., Fix some other date for our marriage., There are red pimples on her face., He faced the situation with courage., He is a fool to behave like that., He cannot fool me now., Whale is a kind of large fish., Do not try to fish in troubled water., One half of this task is completed., Half hearted man do not succeed., She was half dead with fear., His timely help saved him., God help those who help themselves., A bird in hand is better than two in the bush., The postman handed him two parcels., She was wearing a large and beautiful hat ., He headed the list of successful students., She won’t be happy with less., He paid less attention to sports and more to studies., The soil of her garden is less fertile than that of yours., You cannot see her like again., They are man of like physic and stature., I like to take some fruit after dinner., There is no light in the room., It is not a light matter., Light the candle, please., I have great love for her., She does not like love stories., I love you., She raised many a laugh at his cost., Do not laugh at the poor ., , 829
Page 840 :
830, Much, More, Meek, Master, Move, Make, Near, , Needs, Neither, No, Next, Number, Once, One, Only, Over, Off, Open, Poor, , English Grammar & Composition, , Adjective, Adverb, Adjective, Adverb, Noun, Adjective, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Noun, Verb, Pronoun, Adjective, Conjunction, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Noun, Verb, Noun, Adverb, Conjunction, Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Adjective, Adverb, Noun, Adverb, Preposition, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Adjective, , He has wasted much time., I am much annoyed with you., He wants more workers like you., You must talk less and work more., God helps the meek and gentle., She is quite meek., She was my master in all matters., He conceived a master plan., She has mastered this book., This army is on the move., Let us move to some other hotel., What is the make of your T.V. ?, Do not make a noise., He is my near relative., We are nearing the end of the project., Come near and listen to me., His house is near the temple., My needs are few., It needs great care., Neither of them can be relied., Neither charge is true., Neither he nor his brother was present there., His answer was a perfect no., It is no joke., She is no more with me., I shall see you next Monday., What next ?, He was sitting next to her., Put it on the tenth number., His days are now numbered., Let me see her for once., I was young once., Once you hesitate, you are dead., The little one cried for joy., One would think he was mad., One day, I met her in a function., It was his only chance., He was only foolish., In first over, he took three wickets., Read it over carefully., Last year, a chance came over to him again., Ramesh picked the horse’s off nail., He is falling off., The rider fell off the bike., This is an open letter., Please open the door., The rich should help the poor., He is a poor man.
Page 841 :
Words Used as Different Parts of Speech, Pocket, Right, , Round, , Reach, Refuse, Since, Some, Still, , Such, So, Slow, Sound, Spring, Stone, Stand, Stay, Second, School, , Noun, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Conjunction, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Verb, , I have two rupees in my pocket., He pocketed the insult patiently., I asked him favour as a right., He is the right man for the job., This is a fault that will right itself., She stood right in my gate., That night was a round of pleasures., It is a round hole., You cannot round it by pen., He brought her round to my point of view., The earth revolves round the sun., The bunch of grapes was not within his reach., I shall reach there in time., The refuse of hospital is put into public drains., She refused to help her., I have not seen him since., Since there is no way, let us kiss and part., Since Monday, I have not seen her., Some say one thing and other say another., We must find some way out of this problem., Some thirty people were present in the party., I could hear her cry in the still of night., Still waters run deep., With his name the mother still their babes., They are still sleeping., Such was not his meaning., Don’t move in such a hurry., I am so tired that I cannot go., He was poor, so they helped him., He is a very slow writer., The car slowed down as it reached the hotel., How slow she works ?, Hearing the sound of the trumpets the people woke up., His arguments were not sound and acceptable., Sound the horn, please., It was a spring of fresh water, spring has set off., We use spring water for bathing., See how the dog springs upon the cat., The house is made of stone., That house has stone walls., He was stoned to death., Everybody praised him for his stand against the injustice., Stand in a queue., He has to cut short the period of my stay at Alwar., She will stay with me for a few days., He is second to none., No one seconded her candidature., There is no school in our colony., He was not schooled properly ., , 831
Page 842 :
832, Silence, That, , Till, Than, Time, Touch, Turn, Up, Well, While, Why, Wrong, , Watch, Water, Walk, Which, Want, Whose, Yet, , English Grammar & Composition, Noun, Verb, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Conjunction, Conjunction, Preposition, Conjunction, Preposition, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Noun, Verb, Conjunction, Noun, Adverb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Noun, Verb, Pronoun, Adjective, Noun, Verb, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Conjunction, , There was perfect silence in the hall., He soon silenced her with his arguments and the evidences., That is what I want., What is that noise ?, You have done that much only., He says that he wants to leave., Do not start till I say., He put off this work till tomorrow ., He likes this more than that., He was fond of any drink other than milk., What is the time by your watch ?, The train is timed to come at 10 p.m., Midas loved the Golden touch., She will not touch this point., There is a turn after five kilometeres., He turned to be a thief., She will come by the next up train., These days prices are up., Can you climb up this tree ?, There are only two wells in the village., I hope you are now well., Well begun is half done., Sit down and rest a while., They while away their days with books and watching T.V., He was reading while his friends were playing., You should not be worried about why and wherefore of it ?, I know why she did it., The minister did no wrong., It is a wrong policy., He was wronged by the leader of his party., I think that my son is going wrong., I have lost my watch., I require a watch-man., Let us watch her movements., Bring me some cold water., There are water snakes and land snakes., He is watering in the garden., They go for a walk in the evening., She was so weak that she could not walk., Which of these two pens you like more ?, Which coaching you have joined ?, Owing to the want of rains, there occurred a drought., I want to purchase a good new T.V. sets., He is the man whose brother met me yesterday., Whose book is this?, There is more evidence yet to be given., Though he worked hard, yet he failed
Page 843 :
CHAPTER, , 60, SOME PECULIAR, EXPRESSIONS, In certain phrases the use of some word is restricted to a certain connection, and where no other word, can be substituted for it. See the following phrases :, Bevy of ladies, Bosom friend, Broad daylight, Burning question, Drawn battle, Fast friend, Foregone conclusion, Forlorn hope, Golden age, Gratuitous insult, Honest penny, Implicit confidence,, faith or reliance, Leading question, Livelong day or night, Maiden speech, Market rate or market value, Moot point, Open question, Open secret, Out of doors, Retrench expenditure, , We never say “a bevy of gentlemen.”, We never speak of “bosom enemy.”, We do not speak of “broad moonlight,” but “bright moonlight.”, We should not say “burning problem.”, We never say “a drawn fight.” But we can say “a, drawn match.”, We do not speak of “a fast enemy”or “a fast foe.”, We never speak of “a foregone result”or “a foregone, consequence.”, We never say “forlorn success” or “forlorn expectations.”, We do not speak of “the golden time or period.”, We do not speak of “gratuitous abuse.”, We do not speak of “ an honest six pence.”, We do not say, “implicit love or hatred.”, We should not say “a leading inquiry.”, We cannot say “a livelong hour, or week, or year.”, We cannot say “a maiden song”or “a maiden attempt.”, We cannot say “trade rate”or “trade value.”, We cannot say “a moot question.”, We cannot speak of “an open point.”, We cannot say “an open point.”, We never say “out of door’’ or “out of gates.”, We cannot say “retrench trade of business.”
Page 844 :
834, Sinews of war, Snail’s pace, Spin in yarn or yarns, Standing army, Standing joke, Standing nuisance, Standing water, Standing rule, Standing orders, Stubborn fact, Sworn friends, Stone’s throw, Tall talk, Vials of wrath, Whirligig of time, White lie, Willing slave, Watery grave, , English Grammar & Composition, We cannot say “the muscles of war.”, We cannot say “snail’s movement.”, We never say “spin a thread.”, We never say “standing navy or regiment.”, We never say “a standing jest.”, We never say, “a standing trouble.” We may say “a constant trouble.”, We can never say “standing need.”, We can never say “standing practice or custom or habit.”, Generally we do not say “standing instructions.”, (In some offices we use “Standing instruction.”), We can never say “an obstinate fact” or “a stubborn truth.”, We can never say, “a sworn enemy.” We may say “an, avowed enemy.”, We never say “pebble’s throw” or “brick’s throw.”, We never speak of “lofty talk.”, We cannot say “vials of anger or fury.”, We cannot say “whirligig of period.”, We do not say “white falsehood” or “black lie.”, We do not speak of “willing servant.”, We do not say “ a watery tomb” or “watery burial.”
Page 845 :
CHAPTER, , 61, ANIMALS, MALES, FEMALES,, YOUNGS AND GROUP TERMS, Animal, , Male, , Female, , Young, , As a group, , Antelope, Bear, Cat, Cattle, Chicken, Deer, Dog, Donkey, Elephant, Fox, Giraffe, Goat, Goose, Horse, Kangaroo, Lion, Ostrich, Pig, Rabbit, Seal, Sheep, Swan, Turkey, Whale, Zebra, , Bull, Boar, Tom, Bull, Cock/Rooster, Buck/Hart/Stag, Dog, Jackass, Bull, Dog, Bull, Billy/Buck, Gander, Stallion, Buck/Boomer, Lion, Cock, Boar, Buck, Bull, Ram, Cob, Cock/Gob, Bull, Stallion, , Cow, Sow, Queen, Cow, Hen, Doe/Hind, Bitch, Jeneet/Jenny, Cow, Vixen, Cow, Nanny/Doe, Goose, Mare, Doe/flier, Lioness, Hen, Sow, Doe, Cow, Ewe, Pen, Bler/Tom, Cow, Mare, , Calf, Cub, Kitten, Calf, Chick, Fawn, Pup, Foal/Colt, Calf, Cub, Calf, Kid, Gosling, Foalt/Colt (Male), Joey, Cub, Chick, Shoat/Farrow/Piglet, Kindle/kitten, Pup/whelp, Lamb, Cygnet, Hen, Calf, Foal, , Herd, Sloth, Clowder, Herd/Drove, Flock, Herd, Kennel, Pace, Herd, Skulk, Herd, Herd, Flock/Gaggle, Herd/Filly (Female), Herd/Troop/mob, Pride, Flock/Troop, Herd/Drove, Warren, Rookery/Trip, Flock, Flock, Poult dule, School/Pod, Herd
Page 846 :
CHAPTER, , 62, COLLECTIVE NAMES, OF ANIMALS, A herd of antelope, A colony or an army of ants, A shrewdness of apes, A herd or pace of asses, A culture of bacteria, A cete of badgers, A shoal of bass, A sleuth or sloth of bears, A colony of beavers, A swarm, grist or hive of bees, A flock, flight, congregation or volery of birds, A sedge or siege of bitterns, A sounder of boars, A herd of buffalo, A brace or clash of bucks, An army of caterpillars, A clowder or clutter of cats, A herd or drove of cattle, A brood or peep of chickens, A clutch or chattering of chicks, A bed of clams, A quiver of cobras, A rag of colts, A cover of coots, A kine of cows (Twelve cows are a flink), A band of coyote, A sedge or siege of cranes, A float of crocodiles, A murder of crows, , A pod of elephant seals, A weaner pod is yearling elephant seals, A gang of elks, A mob of emus, A business or fesnyng of ferrets, A charm of finches, A school, shoal, run, haul, catch or draught of fish, A swarm of flies, A skulk or leash of foxes, An army or colony of frogs, A flock, gaggle or skein (In flight) of geese, A cloud or horde of gnats, A herd, tribe or trip goats, A charm of goldfinches, A band of gorillas, A leash of greyhounds, A down or husk of hares, A cast or kettle of hawks, A brood of hens, A hedge of herons, A drift, or parcel of hogs, A team, pair or harras of horses, A pack, mute or cry of hounds, A smack of jellyfish, A troop or mob of kangaroos, A kindle or litter of kittens, An ascension or exaultation of larks, A leap (Leep) of leopards, A pride of lions
Page 847 :
837, , Collective Names of Animals, , A litter of cubs, A herd of curlews, A cowardice of curs, A herd of deer, A pack of dogs, A dule of doves, A brace, paddling or team of ducks, A clutch of eggs, A herd of elephants, A yoke, drove, team or herd of oxen, A bed of oysters, A company of parrots, A covey of partridges, A muster or ostentation of peacocks, A litter of peeps, A nest, nide (nye) or bouquet of pheasants, A flock or flight of pigeons, A litter of pigs, A wing or congregation of plovers, A string of ponies, A pod of porpoises, A covey or bevy of quail, A nest of rabbits, A pack or swarm of rats, A rhumba of rattlesnakes, An unkindness of ravens, A crash or herd of rhinos, A bevy of roebucks, A building or clamour of rooks, A herd or pod of seals, A drove or flock of sheep, , A plague of locusts, A tiding of magpies, A sord of mallards, A stud of mares, A richness of martens, A labour of moles, A troop of monkeys, A barren or span of mules, A parliament of owls, A nest of snakes, A walk or wisp of snipe, A host of sparrows, A dray of squirrels, A murmuration of starlings, A mustering of storks, A flight of swallows, A bevy, herd, lamentation or wedge of swans, A flock of swifts, A sounder or drift of swine, A spring of teal, A knot of toads, A hover of trout, A rafter of turkeys, A pitying or dule of turtledoves, A bale of turtles, A pod of walrus, A school, gam or pod of whales, A nest of vipers, A pack or route of wolves, A fall of woodcocks, A descent of woodpeckers
Page 848 :
CHAPTER, , 63, YOUNG ONES OF ANIMALS, Animals, , Young One, , Animals, , Young One, , Antelope, Bear, Beasts of Prey, Beaver, Birds, Cat, Codfish, Cow, Deer, Dog, Duck, Eagle, Eel, Elephant, Elephant Seal, Fish, Fowl, Fox, Frog, Goat, Goose, Grouse, Guinea Fowl, Hawk, , Calf, Cub, Whelp, Kit, Fledgling, Nestling, Kitten, Codling, Sprat, Calf, Fawn, Yearling, Pup, Puppy, Duckling, Eaglet, Elver, Calf, Weaner, Fry, Chick, Chicken, Cub, Pup, Polliwog, Tadpole, Kid, Gosling, Cheeper, Keet, Eyas, , Hen, Hippo, Horse, , Pullet, Calf, Foal, Yearling, Or Colt (Male),, Filly (Female), Joey, Cub, Owlet, Cheeper, Piglet, Shoat, Farrow, Suckling, Squab, Squeaker, Pup, Calf, Cockerel, Parr, Smolt, Grilse, Pup, Cub, Lamb, Lambkins, Cygnet, Cub, Whelp, Poult, Calf, Foal, Cheeper, Bunny, Kit, , Kangaroo, Lion, Owl, Partridge, Pig, Pigeon, Rat, Rhino, Rooster, Salmon, Seal, Shark, Sheep, Swan, Tiger, Turkey, Whale, Zebra, Quail, Rabbit
Page 860 :
CHAPTER, , 65, PARAGRAPH WRITING, Deveskeâ Competitive hejer#eeDeeW ceW efoS ieS keâF& Topics ceW mes Skeâ Ùee oes hej Paragraph efueKeves keâes keâne peelee nw~ Fme, lejn mes Paragraph efueKeJeeves keâe GodosMÙe, Úe$e keâer Topic keâes mecePeves Deewj Gmes Analyse keâjkesâ Expand keâjves keâer #ecelee SJeb, Gmekeâer Writing Power (Descriptive writing) keâe Deebkeâueve keâjvee neslee nw~, , What is a Paragraph?, A Paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic or we can say that a Paragraph, is a unit of thoughts with one idea developed adequately. A Paragraph should contain each of the following :, Unity, Coherence, A topic Sentence and Adequate Development. All of these traits overlap so using and, adapting them to our specific purpose will help us to construct effective paragraphs., (1) Unity : The entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus. If it begins with one focus or, major point of discussion, it should not end with another or wander within different ideas., (2) Coherence : Coherence is the trait that makes the paragraph easily understandable to a reader., Coherence can be created or maintained in your paragraphs by carrying over the same idea from, sentence to sentence. These sentences are related to the main idea and give more information about the, main idea. These sentences include, facts, details explanations, reasons, examples, including,, illustrations., (3) A topic sentence : (Main idea sentence) A topic sentence is a sentence that indicates in a general way, what idea or theme the paragraph is going to deal with. Although not all paragraphs have clear-cut topic, or main idea sentences, and despite the fact that topic sentences can occur anywhere in the paragraph, (as the first sentence, the last sentence, or somewhere in the middle), an easy way to make sure your, reader understands the topic of the paragraph is to put your topic sentence near the beginning of the, paragraph., A main idea sentence (Topic sentence) answer the following questions :, What is the paragraph about?, What is the main point I want to make?, What do I want to say?, (4) Adequate development : The topic (Which is introduced by the topic sentence) should be discussed, fully and adequately. Again, this varies from paragraph to paragraph, but it solely depends on the, purpose of writing and demand of the examination., Some points to make sure your paragraph is well developed :, (a), (b), (c), (d), (f), (h), (j), (k), , Use examples and illustrations, Cite data (facts, statistics, evidence, details, and others), Examine testimony (what other people say such as quotes and paraphrases), Use an anecdote or story, (e) Define terms in the paragraph, Compare and contrast, (g) Evaluate causes and reasons, Examine effects and consequences, (i) Analyse the topic, Describe the topic, Offer a chronology of an event (time segments) if need be.
Page 861 :
851, , Paragraph Writing, , Solved Examples, (1) Familiarity Breeds Contempt, [PCS], , Familiarity means closeness, means lack of formalities, means knowing all the ins and outs of others,, means lot of expectations that all results in arising of causes of dispute and breeding reasons for quarrel or, contempt, as expectations can’t be calculated and very difficult to be fulfilled in this world where everyone is, busy in his own affairs. On the other hand in formal acquaintances we know little about others and take more, formal care and pay more formal respect so there is little cause of quarrel or contempt. A reasonable distance, in relations so is necessary to avoid quarrel and contempt. Rightly said, “A hedge between keeps the, friendship green and familiarity breeds contempt.”, , (2) Romance Is The Magic of Distance, [PCS], , One likes to acquire what is not within one’s ambit. Any rare thing once possessed, lost charm of having it, but a thing of whatever quality till not acquired is a rare thing and so has its importance. There is a saying :, ‘Distant bells are charming.’ The future is always more charming because that is far from the present., A man generally pines for distant objects and moments in the hope of getting imaginative pleasure. We, often discover an element of magic in the distant objects. Romance vanishes as soon as the object of Romance, is achieved or acquired by us. The fact is that the element of distance casts some magical spell on us. All, human faces, and distant objects look romantic till they are at a distance. Keats has so rightly said, “Heard, melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter.”, , (3) God Helps Those Who Help Themselves, [Asstt Grade], , God has gifted the man with such wonderful and tremendous powers that he can achieve anything. A, person who is sincere and dedicated to his task gets success. In time of distress, when one aspires some, divinely help to get one free from the period of distress, the divine help comes only to those who help, themselves. God only helps those who do not lose heart and fight tooth and nails to get success. One who is, hard working, sincere and devoted honestly to one’s work is certain to achieve his goal and get success and to, such fellows God is there to come to their aid and rescue. So one must not keep oneself idle and waste one’s, time in the hope of any divine help as God helps those who help themselves. Everyone pushes the moving cart, but none lifts the bogged down one., , (4) They Also Serve Who Only Stand And Wait, [Asstt Grade], , This is one of the crucial line from Milton’s sonnet ‘On His Blindness’. This is a concluding and, proverbial sentence of the poem means that God does not require any active service from his creatures. What, He requires from man is obedience and His commandments. Those who only stand and wait at His service also, serve Him as do His trusted angels. It means those who surrender themselves to His will and act as per the, wishes of the Almighty are also doing a service. The persons who are though not putting any active service but, always at the call of Him are not lesser devotees.
Page 862 :
852, , English Grammar & Composition, , (5) Man Is A Social Animal, [Asstt Grade], , The functions of Man and other animals are to a great extent similar. Man has a developed brain while, other animals do not have such a developed brain. So man is also an animal. The natural impulses like hunger,, thirst, sex and pugnacity are found in all animals alike. Because of the gift of brain possessed by the man, he is, superior and created a world of its own, developed families, societies, towns, cities, countries. Man acts and, live for the welfare of his family, society. All the actions of the man are oriented for the good causes and for the, welfare of the human being, while other animals live only for themselves. Therefore, man is called a social, animal., , (6) The Fruits Of Labour Are Sweeter Than The Gifts Of Fortune, What is received in gift or what is inherited from the parents is never as charming or important as the, things achieved by us by our own efforts, by our own labour. The sweet acquired through ‘sweat’ will be much, sweeter than the sweet given to us by someone. Nothing tastes so sweet as that is earned by hard labour. ‘By, the sweat of thy brow thou shalt earn thy bread’, was the divine wish. The things achieved by hard work shall, be more permanent, more delicious, more lovable, more enjoying and render us real happiness., Anything acquired by the grace of God or by luck will not give us the real enjoyment and real respect,, because this fortune does not have anything your own. The history remembers those who changes the path of, adversity by their hard labour. The world adores those who make their own fortune and create$ examples for, others. Abraham Lincoln, Dhiru Bhai Ambani etc., are several example who achieved the success by their sheer, hard work and so they are adored today. ‘Honest labour bears a beautiful face.’, , (7) Fame Is The Last Infirmity Of A Noble Mind, Fame does not make a man noble, nobility makes a man famous. If a noble mind becomes sensitive to the, fame, he is no more noble. Noble means doing everything without any ambition. Nobility does not require or, aspire any reward. A noble mind works with selfless, detached spirit and considers work to be its own reward., Milton, the author of this quotation, has well said that a noble soul may conquer all weaknesses but he, cannot override the desire to acquire fame. But whatever said or done by anybody it is undoubtedly true that the, day the noble mind gets influenced by the lust of fame, his nobility diminishes upto the degree the lust is there. It, is right that desire of getting famous is a great desire which an ordinary man cannot override but for a noble man, nothing is more important than the nobility in real terms., , (8) Character Is Destiny, [Asstt Grade], , A fatalist believes in destiny. According to him fate is a pre-written thing, can’t be changed or make by the, human being. Such people believe that a man’s fate is preordained by God, and man has no power over his, fate. To such people, destiny is character. While many persons believe that man is the maker of his own, destiny and fate. A man who wins, is the man, who thinks he can., A man can change his fate, creates his fortune, who believes in himself, has positive attitude, strong will,, firm determination and zeal to achieve the goals. Character is nothing, but these qualities, which shapes the, conduct of a person. So character is the real destiny and it is wrong to think that destiny is somewhat a, prewritten thing. God also helps those who help themselves.
Page 863 :
853, , Paragraph Writing, , (9) Attack Is The Best Form Of Defence, [Asstt Grade], , Defence is necessary for a happy living. The imperialistic persons try to grab the neighbour’s territory and, so attack him. Under such circumstances it is better to make first attack instead of waiting for the attack and, then defend. All the planning be made in advance considering the imminent attack by the enemy. It also does, not mean that one should not resort to the peaceful means to avoid war, but after exhausting all the solutions of, maintaining peace, if the war seems definite then it is always better to attack than to wait for attack and defend., Attack is the best defence in such circumstances., , (10) To Thine Owns Self Be True, Most of the persons find faults with others and blames other for all the wrongs and troubles of the present, day. We never judge ourselves, we don’t analyse our actions, but always find solace in searching faults or, mistake of others. We ignore our inner voice when we do something wrong. This is the reason why everybody, is unhappy and suffering from one or other infirmity. If we want to live in peace with real happiness, we, should try to perform our duties. Society consists of individuals and if each individual takes care for his, conduct most of our troubles will cease to exist. The above quotation from Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ is a maxim, which should be followed by all. One must be true to his own conduct., , (11) Poverty Is The Mother Of All Crimes, , [IAS], , A hungry man can commit any sin or crime. He knows no morality no ethics. How can we expect from a, hungry man to think of good or bad, reasonable or unreasonable action when his own existence is at stake., Right to life is the paramount right. Rightly said that poverty is the mother of all crimes. A poor person can, commit any crime to save his family from the clutches of illness, hunger etc. When a person finds that his wife, and children are starving to death, he can resort to any measure to save his wife and his children. Crimes like, theft, robbery, dacoity, pick-pocketing are generally committed by those whose means of living are very, meagre. The poor parents cannot afford to educate their children. They fail to teach them what is right and, what is wrong. A poor man, in fact, has no idea of ethics. It also does not mean that all the crimes are, committed by the poor. Now-a-days the abductions—murders, kidnapping, rapes, high-jacking and all other, heinous crimes are being committed by the rich, who have never seen the face of poverty. They commit such, crime not for the sake of hunger of stomach but hunger of power, hunger of more and more money. In the, present world, the above saying should be amended to some extent to mean that the poverty is not alone a, cause of crime., , (12) Spare The Rod And Spoil The Child, What is good and what is bad can’t be understood by a child. He tries to do what he feels good and, enjoyful. Sometimes he puts unreasonable demands and presses upon it to get it fulfilled by all the means he, knows. If we fulfil such demands it means we are not sincere to our child in real terms and spoiling his habits,, making him peevish and obstinate. To make a child disciplined and hard working we have to put a check on, the wrong demands, wrong actions of the child. Even if we are to use some force we must not hesitate because, if we spare the rod we spoil the child. Unjustified and wrong demands must be nipper in the bud., , (13) Time And Tide Wait For None, Time and tide have their own course, in their routine as per nature’s rule. They do not wait for anyone., They come and go their own ways. A wise man makes the best use of his time. The time once gone never, comes back. Those who do not make a proper use of opportunity often repent later on. One should siege the, opportunity whenever it is within one’s reach. If you loose, other fellow will grab it and then you will be, blaming your luck or anything else for your losing such a good opportunity. Time and tide wait for none and, they will not wait for us also.
Page 864 :
854, , English Grammar & Composition, , (14) All That Glitters Is Not Gold, Guided by the appearance can be disastrous. In this world of deception and deceit, what is seen, outwardly, is not the reality. Often the glittering appearance, hide the foulness of wickedness. When, advertisements display, showiness, have all become the day of life and the judgement of the reality have, become very difficult. The good looking innocent people are the perfect cheat of the day. The only way to, save ourselves from such hypocrites is to be very attentive and careful in life with good observance., What is exhibited and displayed outwardly should not be taken, as creditworthy. Visual appearances are, commonly deceptive. The quality of a thing can only be judged by its use only. In many cases, a thing appears, to be very durable and cheap may turn out a duplicate. Duplicates or imitations commonly have more shining, or glittering than the original one., A person can be judged by his deeds, attitude and aptitude towards show off others. A coarse man may be, more helpful and co-operative than a person of pleasant countenance. A well dressed, gentlemanly looking, person is apt to deceive you by his outwards looks. What he intend to show, may not be his actual intention., Appearance may be delusory and misleading. Try to ascertain his motives, and analyse his actions. Keep a, close vigil.What appears to be gold, may turn out a yellow metal, a polish of Gold on iron, a fake colour of gold, on brass. So beware of the appearance, judge the things from its original contents, ‘All that glitters is not, Gold’., , (15) As You Sow So Shall You Reap, In other words, you shall harvest what you plant, spiritual or natural, as God said that if you sow the flesh,, you shall reap corruption, but if you sow the spirit of love for all, you shall reap life everlasting. God is the, great paymaster, we are under his workmanship. We are the clay and he is the potter, so do something for the, God, who made you and he will not forget the things that you do but you shall receive your pay, good or bad., The theory of Karma is spoken about in many of the sacred texts of all the religions in the world and is, implied in the Golden Rule : Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. The implication: as you treat, others, so you will be treated., Every tragedy we live through is the result of some terrible wrongs we did in our past life. A child who, dies of an illness at an early age, for example might simply have chosen to experience the birth and young, adult stages of life before deciding what he wanted to do with his life as an adult in his next incarnation., Karma is inescapable. Your actions do return to you. It may not be in this lifetime, but it certainly will, return in some way. ‘As you sow, so shall you reap’, has relevance in today’s competitive market place as well, as in the timeless arena of human relationships. At every juncture, in all times, this theory of karma (As you, sow so shall you reap) is well respected and well observed., , (16) Delayed Justice No Justice, Many Chief Justices, Judges of the Supreme Court, the High Courts, the Law Ministers, the Law, Commission, the media, the great writers and thinkers have all lamented over the delay in the dispensation of, justice. The inordinate delay in the provision of relief amounts to the virtual denial of any relief found in, number of cases. The litany of woes caused by delay in the administration of justice is disastrous. A layman, does not want and understand that he has the right to get the justice and that is too within reasonable time. An, aggrieved, if doesn’t get the justice within reasonable time, then all his sufferings and hardships because of, such delay, is like a punishment inflicted on him for no fault of his own., Delayed justice is the biggest cause of prevalent corruption in the country. Many political leaders are, enjoying the chairs of Ministers while a number of cases are pending against them. Are our courts not their, accomplice? It is unimaginable that how much loss our nation be suffering from ethical and moral point of, view at least, because of the delay in disposing of the cases.
Page 865 :
855, , Paragraph Writing, , Innocent person is the worst effected unfortunate, who has to take shelter of the courts for getting justice,, which he can never calculate as to when that so called justice be finally arrive. None can compute his worries, and the frustrations. Such sufferings and hardships made him to conclude that Delayed Justice is no Justice., , (17) Diligence Is The Mother Of Success, There can’t be any short cut to success. The toil of years, the sweat of your brow, struggle you make,, everything counts in achieving the goal. Looking at the biographies of greatmen we find that the most of the, successful persons whether inventors, artists, scientists, technocrats, sculptures, thinkers, leaders and workers, of any kind, owe their success to their indefatigable hard work and dedication. They were the men who, achieved their successes with dedication, devotion and true hard work. This really holds that the secret of, success consisted in being master of our subject. Such mastery is attainable through continuous application, and study., Those who work diligently not only achieve their goals and get success, but also remain happy, cheerful, and active, which is itself a great reward even if the work does not bring success. Idleness or laziness is worse, as it brings jealousy, gloom, frustration, depression which are more degrading than the failure itself., No doubt diligence is very necessary for the success, but intelligent decision is again an important factor, that can’t be ignored. We know so many daily wage earners toiling hard day and night to earn their livelihood,, can’t be termed as successful, but a person putting little labour and managing the things properly, earning, handsomely is a successful man. Thus, not only diligence but intelligentsia is also necessary for the success in, life., , (18) Educating A Girl Child Means Educating A Family, Today’s girl child will be the mother of tomorrow. As a mother she can give her child a sound nursing and, capable upbringing. A woman has the maximum impact on the social, economical decisions made in the, family generally. At micro level, educated woman help in making the whole family including the older family, members, understand the values and importance of education, and at macro level, educated women add to the, social and economical development of the nation.Girl’s education is like sowing the seed which gives rise to, green, cheerful and full grown family plant. In ancient time girl’s education had a significant place in the, society. Gargi and Maitreyi played very encouraging role in spreading the education to a great extent., The educated girl can shoulder any kind of responsibility. See the example of Indira Gandhi, Kalpna, Chawla, Kiran Bedi, Sonia Gandhi, Sushma Swaraj, Uma Bharati, and so....., everyone has earned a name in, the society in our country. Education for the girls is more important as she not only builds the home but all, routine responsibilities are taken care of by her. An educated woman not only helps in nourishing the family in, a better way but can also help in earning. “One could judge the degree of civilization of a country by the social, and political position of its women.’’, — Charles Fourier., Education for a girl child means making the next generation well educated, full of virtues, free from the, useless superstitions, confident and capable to do something good for the family, for the society and for the, country as a whole. The present day girl is the mother of tomorrow., “Give me good mothers and I will give you a great nation.”, — Napolean, , (19) Failures Are The Pillars Of Success, Every successful man fails at some time. Failure tells you about your weaknesses, shortcomings, lack of, preparations, lack of efforts so if you can manage to learn from failures, you will definitely reach where you, started out to go. Making a mistake is not a crime, the ability to learn from it contribute to lasting success., Extract the lesson to be learnt from failure and try again with redoubled vigour. Facing failure make one, strong, more wise and more resolute, spur them on to greatest efforts. There is no failure in truth save from, within; unless we are beaten there, we are bound to succeed.
Page 866 :
856, , English Grammar & Composition, , ‘Failures’ means lack of preparation, lack of competitiveness, lack of analysing the things properly., Failures not only tell us that we couldn’t prepare ourselves upto the level of success and reveal our, shortcomings, but also give us encouragement to try again with more preparations, with more labour and with, more hard work. Failures are the stepping stones to achieve success. Every successful man failed, not once but, several times in their life, but they analysed the things in real perspective and tried again with more vigour and, zeal and got success. Failures should not allowed to create frustration, desperateness or disappointment,, instead failure should be taken as a boon which give you strength to fight back with fierce fortitude and, invincible zeal., “Failure is not fatal, it can be the stepping stone to success, if you can make ‘the failure’ to work for you.”, “Failures are our best teachers, they are the mirrors who show us our real face.”, , (20) Fate And Coincidence, Many people believe that there is something bigger than us. There is a reason for everything. Some, believe that everything is a coincidence. Some believe that coincidence is real and not fate. However, none of, this can ever be truly proven. Coincidence is a seemingly planned sequence of accidentally occurring events., One might think the collision of events was fated to occur, but one is mistaken. It signified nothing. But, searching like we all do for an explanation and a sense of importance, one creates his fate by spelling out, meaning from a jumble of coincidences., We’ve all had it happen to us. We think about someone who we haven’t seen in a while, and later that, same day, we bump into them. We have an ominous feeling that something bad is going to happen and it does., We have a dream that predicts our future. We look back at events in our lives and we see them fitting together, like a puzzle. If one thinks to oneself, “If I hadn’t been in that exact place, at that exact moment, my life, , would have gone in a totally different direction. I wouldn’t have met this or that person. I wouldn’t have, done this thing or that thing. I would have taken that job instead of this one. I would have married that, boy instead of my husband.” Is it all connected somehow? Or Is it just a coincidence?, To many, fate only occurs on a personal level. Chain reactions exist, certainly, where one person’s, behaviour results in a massively far-reaching effect, but they are not ruled by fate. Incidents and chain, reactions with a broader range of impact, such as the butterfly effect, have no intended purpose. It is fate that, can play the triggering role within the intimate confines of a single person’s life. Sometimes, there are certain, events in our lives that are just meant to be happened. Those events happen for some reason in some person’s, lifetime meant to influence only the person they happen to., No doubt coincidences happen too. Not every occurrence in a person’s life is fated., So what exactly is the difference between fate and coincidence? Rather, what evidence is there that fate, exists in a world of randomness? That’s where personal faith comes in., , (21) Habit : Good Servant But A Bad Master, A habit is like a tree grown crouched. One cannot go to orchard and take hold of a tree grown such and, straighten it and say now get straight and make it obey him. When one is young, he can acquire good or bad, habits. One starts doing certain act for the sake of pleasure, for the sake of fun and if he is doing that things,, that particular act at regular or irregular intervals, he starts enjoying it and starts feeling the necessity of doing, it again at that particular time and it gradually takes a form of a habit., Every chain smoker or a habitual drunkard never starts smoking or drinking as a habit. He simply begins, with such act for the sake of company for the curiosity of taste, or for the sake of fun in the company of his, friends or otherwise and he starts smoking or drinking alcohol, now and then and afterwards, he consumes it, often, these now become his necessity and then the habit is formed. Habit is cultivated slowly and gradually., Habit is nothing but a slow and gradual intake of something, performing of some act, slowly and gradually,, when becomes a necessity, is called a habit.
Page 867 :
857, , Paragraph Writing, , People enjoy smoking, people enjoy drinking, but habit of smoking or drinking when becomes our, master, we feel uneasy or wearisome, without smoking or drinking, it is felt bad. So rightly said, “Habit is a, good servant but a bad master.”, “Don’t let the habits control you, conquer you, keep them your ‘servants’ and enjoy their company”, is the, secret of enjoying the life to the fullest extent., , (22) Ideas Rule The World, Ideas rule the world and thoughts decide the way of life. It is the mind which sculptures one’s destiny. If, one thinks positively, if one thinks in right direction, one achieves the goal, what one aspires for., Life consists in what a man is thinking of all day. Ideas are nothing, but an outcome of one’s detailed, thinking. They shape and determine the destiny of human being, and contribute to the growth and well beings, of the civilisation. Every great achievement whether in the field of religion, science, medicine, space, technology, information and communication sector or in any field, was at the first stage an idea. The most, scintillating success, the astonishing scientific discovery, the splendid technological feats like splitting the, atom, heart transplantation, cloning of sheep, unravelling the secrets of Mars, walking on the surface of Moon,, have all the results of an idea in the beginning., Have we ever think of the present revolution in Information Technology two decades back? It was the, vision of Azim Hashm Premji, N. R. Narayan Murthy, as also the late Dewang Mehta who catapulted India, among the super powers in IT sector, making the first two Mr. Premji and Narayan Murthy, enter the elite, Billionaire Club. Ideas with knowledge lead to action and success comes to you with hugging hands., Knowledge is power, when one applies his knowledge and understands the problems, analyses the prevailing, situation with hard work and perseverance, the solution is not far to reach, and when one knows the answer,, the success is yours., The flash of new idea strikes to those who have worked hard and given full thoughts to the problem. See, the historical examples of Archimedes jumping out of his bathtub screaming ‘Eureka’ finding out the solution,, the idea of a razor with a cheap disposable blade came to Gillette while he was shaving himself. It was the, noble idea of Alfred Nobel inventor of Dynamite, to use his fortune for the establishment of annual awards to, people, who contributed outstandingly in the field of Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Economics, and Peace. An idea just in mind or on paper without implementation is no idea, we are talking about. How to, handle and implement the new idea is the most important thing to realise the goal., “Ideas are like rabbits, you get a couple, learn how to handle them and pretty soon you have a dozen.’’, — John Steinbeck, In brief, it is the idea that verify rule the world and also the minds of people. Idea and determination to, translate it in practice can do wonders., , (23) Knowledge Is Power, Knowledge means knowing the things in an appropriate and better way. A man of knowledge can, understand the circumstances more wisely, so can decide the things favourably. Knowledge inspires, confidence, courage, to act at a right time. A man of knowledge possesses immense influence in society. He, has the capacity to lead the society, mould the society in a positive direction, keep away the society from the, many social evils. A man of knowledge can turn the sleeping people into a thundering force., Time has gone, when power of sword rule the world. Even during that period, the power of sword alone, never ruled, but the knowledge about enemy, knowledge about own strength and knowledge of the right time, attack always had played a crucial role in grabbing the power. In other words, knowing what to do at what, time—in what direction and how, are the various parameters that leads to sure success. Knowing the timings, well, knowing our goals well, knowing our strengths and weaknesses well and shape them in right direction,
Page 868 :
858, , English Grammar & Composition, , we can achieve what we aspire to achieve. Knowledge gives power to mobilise the things in right direction and, so it is said that knowledge is power., If one ventures to establish any business, wishes to achieve any goal, he must acquire full knowledge of, all the things including his own limitations and weaknesses. Knowledge gives one capacity and capabilities to, know the result of his actions, probability of success and failure, propriety of his venture and so knowledge is, said to be a power., For a country knowledge about its friends and foes, knowledge about the capabilities of its enemies is, very important. In the present world, scenario many satellites and spy aircrafts are deployed for the purpose of, gaining maximum knowledge of activities going on in other countries. A country having the maximum and, accurate knowledge of other countries can use them for its advantage, it is the ‘Knowledge’ that rules the, world. Knowledge gives one immense power, so rightly said, ‘Knowledge is Power.’, , (24) Money Is A Good Servant, But A Bad Master, No doubt, Money is an essential, almost indispensable article in the present day world. It is the ‘money’, through which we can purchase all the necessary comforts and amenities of life. If you have money, you can, obtain what seems impossible to others. It is the money which gives confidence, credit worthiness,, credentials, capacity, capabilities and courage to a man. In present materialistic world, money has become, very powerful. In the present day corruption, cut throat competition, callous degradation of moral and ethical, values, are for the sake of grabbing and accumulating more and more money. The prestige, respect, social, status, commanded by a person is calculated as per his monetary status., Money is regarded as omnipotent by a few people, particularly by the poor. As whatever one does not, possess, one aspires it badly, and it becomes mono aim of achievement. For the rich that owe lots of money, still craving to earn more and more by hook or by crook with fair or foul means without caring even for their, own health, own family. They are the servants of money, earning money not for the sake of themselves but for, the sake of money and a time comes they find themselves unable to use the money for their happiness. They, are unable to eat, unable to taste the most delicious dish, unable to move, walk or enjoy because they suffer, from many diseases which are the result of their undue craving for wealth at the cost of health., Those who earn money simply to a have more money, more balance in their accounts are no better than, the proverbial miser king ‘Midas’. Excessive love for money makes a man slave of money. Those who use, money for fulfilling their necessities, acquiring reasonable comforts and for the welfare of a common good,, are the masters of money. But those, who earn money just for the sake of increasing its volume and number,, are slaves of the money. They are the most unfortunate creatures of God who know well that whatever money, they are earning, can’t be carried along an iota of that when they die even they are minting more and more, money. What a paradox ! Money has become their master and they are just slaves, having no peace of mind, no, moral and ethical values, no inner satisfaction., So it is rightly said that money is a good servant but a bad master. Let us earn the money for our comfort,, not for the sake of money, minting more and more money., , (25) Preparedness For War For Preserving Peace, Very strange and paradoxical it seems that preparedness for war is essential for preserving peace. But the, saying, appears to be true for if a country be well equipped with all the modern war gadgets and weapons,, other nations will have to think twice before entering into any conflict with it. On the other hand, a weak nation, becomes prey to the whims and aggressions of powerful neighbours. Balance of Power is must for preserving, the peace., Peace means freedom from war, but how can one preserve it unless or until you are well equipped you, can’t preserve your peace. A peace loving nation may not have the intention to enlarge its empire but who can, guarantee the dictates of other neighbour countries. What happened with our country when China attacked in
Page 869 :
859, , Paragraph Writing, , 1962 ? We, being a fully peace loving country, never felt necessity till then to equip ourself with modern war, gadgets and weapons. China, took the opportunity and attacked us, made encroachment on our land. What did, UNO do? What other Super power could have done ? In the present world, your power decides your relation, with neighbours., Nothing but power, your preparations to face any eventualities, your preparations to face any, imperialistic whims, can guarantee you the peace. So it is the right conclusion that preparedness for war is, necessary for preserving peace., , (26) The Child Is The Father Of Man, This line which has since taken the shape of a proverb, really occurs in the famous poem ‘My Heart Leaps, when I behold’ of Wordsworth, the great poet. It implies that the qualities and characteristics shown by a child, often indicate, what the child is going to be as a grown up man. The childhood is the reflection of future, personality. The habits, traits and qualities of a man are usually the development of the habits, traits, qualities, he had as a child. A careful study of the characteristic and qualities in a child can help us to foretell his future, prospectus., ‘The Child is the Father of Man’, is proved true in many cases. See the example of Shivaji who during his, childhood, loved so much to hear the stories of famous heroes of Ramayana and Mahabharat, became later a, great warrior himself. Michael, the famous sculptor and painter, during his childhood used to make drawings, on the pots, easels, stools and other things belonging to an old painter. The old painter said, “ One day this boy, will beat me.” A Young Italian lad, Titian, was very fond of painting pictures, but had no paints to colour with., He was so genius, he made his own paints. Nelson, the daring Naval Commander of British Navy, showed his, traits of courage and fearlessness during his childhood., Many more example like that of Florence Nightingale, Macaulay, can be quoted to prove the veracity of, the proverb that ‘The Child is the Father of Man’, but we can find hundreds and thousands other example, where childhood of a man did not reflect anything about the grown up personality of the man. Sonia Gandhi,, never thought to entangle in the political arena. In her childhood, none could imagine that one day she would, be in a position to become the Prime Minister of India, the world’s largest democracy.Though she did not, accept the position of Prime Minister., Lal Bahadur Shastri never showed any such trait in his childhood. He was an average student from a poor, and simple family. George Bernard Shaw was known as a hopeless dullard. Mahatma Gandhi was inclined to, become a rich Barrister. Shelley, the great poet and writer never showed such traits during his childhood., Amitabh Bachchan, the great Super Star of Bollywood today, didn’t show such traits and qualities in his, childhood., Inspite of apparent exceptions, it is generally observed that the characteristics and qualities during, childhood are developed in the grown up personality of a man. Circumstances can change the life of a person., Fate and coincidence play a great role in developing qualities of a person. The childhood ordinarily reflects the, calibre of a person, but in changed circumstances, with several coincidences and the destiny, which is called, predetermined can change everything. An average child can reach the highest position and a brilliant may, have to survive in rectitude. An old proverb, “As the twig is bent, so the tree will grow”, endorses the saying, “The Child is the Father of Man.”, , (27) Think Positive Win Positively, Positive thinking leads a man to success. One, who thinks that he can achieve the things will put his best to, achieve, will not fetter by the problems in the path of success and one day he will win positively., Self-confidence, determination, perseverance, and hard work are the key factors of success. Every small or, big, easy or complex problem have its solution. There is a way out of every labyrinth, there is an answer to, every enigma. The only requirements are the confidence, hard work and determination and you get the answer.
Page 870 :
860, , English Grammar & Composition, , Dedication, devotion to the task and positive thinking with determination have been the important factors, of success of every successful celebrity. Take the recent example of Mrs. Sonia Gandhi, the widow of former, Prime Minister Rajeev Gandhi, participated and campaigned in the latest Lok Sabha elections of 2004,, undaunted by the criticisms, personal attacks and all kinds of perversities she went alone, campaigning alone, without having any other ‘Star’ campaigner, covered almost whole of the country against the BJP and showed, the world that Congress (I) got the majority., A winner never quits and a quitter never wins shows that one who constantly tries to achieve something,, one who endeavours hard incessantly to achieve something, he is the winner, later or sooner, but a quitter, could never be a winner., Your biggest assets are your enthusiasm that enriches with your positive thinking. Never lose hope, keep, cheerful, put the best possible efforts with your total involvement, have confidence in you and you are the, winner. Through positive thinking one can overcome the mountains. One who always thinks positively, even, in adverse circumstances, wins. ‘Positive thinking always pays’. Life belongs to the ambitions., , (28) Where There Is A Will There Is A Way, ‘Will’ means not the ordinary desire but an unflinching, undaunting wish to achieve something. If you, have a will to achieve your goal, you will positively overcome the difficulties that come in your way. Every, problem has its solution. Whatever inventions are seen today were a problem one day, but the will and hard, work of the inventor found their solution. Impossible is possible for the persons of strong will. Path of success, runs through many labyrinth of failures. One who has a will to achieve the success, never gets frustrated by the, odds and failures of the path. Every successful man failed many times but with his unshaken faith and strong, will, he becomes successful one day. Think high, try your best, without being daunted by the odds of the path,, success is yours., One can certainly win and achieve one’s goal, if one firmly believes in self and makes up one’s mind to, lead and succeed. The secret of success lies in the determination, dedication, perseverance of a man. A man, who strides majestically with firm steps and unshaken faith, no matter what the odds and obstacle, is the man, who actually finds his way and achieve success., It is the unwavering faith and self-confidence that makes the man a winner. Faith brings miracle. It looks, beyond all boundaries, transcends all limitations, conquer all obstacles and carries one to one’s goal., Therefore, whosoever has resolution, indefatigable ‘will’ unfettered confidence and faith in himself will, march ahead, onward, upward till he achieves his goal. One step at a time and that well placed will take you to, the grandest height. One seed at a time and the forest grows, one stone at a time and the palace rises, one drop, at a time and the river flows, one word at a time and the great book is written. The only thing is to start with, firm determination strong and unfettered ‘will’ and the way is yours. So rightly said, “Where there is a will, there is a way.”, , (29) Your Enemies Are Your Best Friends, , [IIT Year], , Our enemies could be treated as friends, as they disclose our weaknesses and try to get benefit of our, drawbacks.They teach us to remove our weaknesses and take care of our drawbacks. In this way, we are bound, to improve ourselves and thus, the fear of enemy results in the overall improvements in ourselves and thus,, they really help us to get improved, so they are our friends., If we don’t have any enemy we shall not take care of our misdeeds and our shortcomings, as such we shall, be losing. We will ignore our weaknesses as friends do not care to take benefit of our weaknesses. An enemy, is, therefore, sometimes better than a friend. Moreover, it is because of enemies that we are cautious otherwise, they may have the upper hand. We are forced to apply your best to give a strong reply to the enemy. Moreover, competition and rivalry infuse enthusiasm and jest for better and greater work. So in this way too our enemies, are our friends as they help us to improve and excel in the world.
Page 871 :
861, , Paragraph Writing, , (30) Better To Rule In Hell Than To Serve In Heaven, [IIT], , King is always King even if the empire is small and far better than a servant of a large empire. This famous, line is taken from the Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’. Satan is the king of Hell. He prefers supremacy in hell to, subordination in heaven. The sovereignty is very important. Freedom of will is one of the most sought after, things in man’s life. Man is by nature does not like subordination to others., Our Constitution guarantees equality to all .The Charter of UN also have the provisions of freedom from, the dominance of the rich and developed over the poor and the under developed. Full sovereignty is, guaranteed to all the nations. Why anyone would be slave to others ? It is because even poor and undeveloped, nations cannot tolerate interference from other rich and developed countries. Such nations prefer policies of, their own in spite of their limited resources. The same thing applies both to individuals and the nations. Even, the luxuries of heaven are of no use if one is not independent there. The most important thing is that one must, be free from any dominance so that one can feel free and enjoy life in one’s own way., , (31) The Man, Who Makes No Mistakes, Does Not Usually Make Anything, [Income Tax Inspectors], , If one does something, one may or may not commit mistakes but a person who does not do any thing will, not at all commit any mistake. Committing mistakes is not a bad thing because a mistake today will lead us to, do correct things tomorrow. It is natural that human beings commit mistakes. Errors and mistakes lead us to, success. We should learn from the mistakes we make. Repeated errors compel us to do that particular work, again and again resulting in ultimate success., But a person, who for fear of committing mistake does not do any thing, never succeed. It is always better, to travel hopefully than to arrive. We shall have to take the initiatives otherwise laziness and idleness will, overcome us and we shall be suffering from the indolence. Our friends will march ahead of us. It is better to, make mistakes and lose than never to try at all. Failures are the stepping stones to success., , (32) Work is Worship, [B 1998, Asstt Grade 1997], , We do worship because we want something from the Almighty. In fact it is work, which gives us, everything we aspire for. Idleness or laziness could not bring us anything. Unless we work hard with, dedication and devotion we can’t achieve anything. Self-confidence, determination, perseverance, and hard, work are the key factors of success., Whatever inventions are seen today are the result of hard work. The will and hard work of the inventor, found their solution. Impossible is possible for the persons having strong will. Path of success runs through, many labyrinth of failures. So it is nothing but hard work that gives us all the things we aspire for or we desire, or we think of. So, ‘Work is worship’., , (33) Man Is Ruled By Nature, [Asstt Grade], , A fatalist thinks that a man’s destiny is determined by the stars and everything is ordained by God, which, for practical purposes, means the natural forces over which man has no control. Some people with logical and, scientific temperament believe that the man is the master of his own efforts. According to them one can make, one’s destiny by the sheer force his labour, energy, and determination, and there is no anything like fate or, destiny.
Page 872 :
862, , English Grammar & Composition, , Nature also plays an important role in making the things happen, in shaping the things. Sometimes the, role of nature is so predominant in determining the course of events that the people who do not believe in the, dominance of nature are bound to accept the role of nature in determining the fate of man. It is a very, controversial issue and no conclusion can be drawn whether man is ruled by nature or whether man himself, rule., , (34) If winter Comes, Can Spring Be Far Behind ?, [Income Tax Insp, PCS, Asstt Grade], , Day is followed by night and night is followed by day. Fortune and misfortune are part of life. Period of, misfortunes is not a permanent one. Sooner or later the days of misfortunes and miseries will be over and the, bright rays of hope and joy spread over. Man gets perturbed and disappointed when misfortune loom large on, him, and feels totally dejected. One must realize the basic truth of life that after every patch of sorrow there, comes a period of happiness and hope. Winter is a kind of misfortune, treated as gloomy days when everything, is pale and in gloomy shape, is also followed by spring which brings days of hope and happiness with all the, bright colours and new leaves blooming. This is what the nature also tells us that don’t be panicky during the, bad days and pass this period with patience. The good days are ahead as spring follows the winter. Rightly said, if winter comes, can spring be far behind., , (35) Love Knows No Barriers, [Asstt Grade], , Barriers of caste, creed, status and religion are generally imposed by the parents and the society on the, lovers. But the history has witnessed that the true lovers do not accept any such barriers. The stories of, Shiri-Farhad, Laila-Majanu, Sohni-Mahiwal are the best example to support the above saying. But all this, does not mean that others who sacrificed their love for the sake of parents or the society, were not true lovers., Love does not mean the love of lovers only. The point is that love is not started with a planning, so it does not, accept any barrier as lovers are unable to know as to when they are entangled in love. Love is a great, phenomenon, love is a bundle of emotions, love is unconditional. So we can say ‘that love knows no barriers’., , (36) The Old Order Changeth Yielding Place To New, [Asstt Grade PCS], , Change is inevitable, it is the law of nature. Nothing in this world is perfectly stable, constant and, permanent. Man is also mortal, the world itself is mortal. The civilization of today will finish one day and new, civilisation will take place. The present will become past and future will become present. This is the rule of, nature. The old order changes and gives way to a new order. Old fashions, old customs, old traditions and old, ways undergo natural and virtual change in the course of time. Ancient kingdoms and empires, old culture and, civilisation, ancient beliefs and superstitions give way to new kingdoms, new thoughts and new ideologies., Time is the great remedy of all changes, whatever seems inevitable once extinct, the world does not stop and, runs with the same pace and people forget him after some days. A new system takes place as the older one, changes., , (37) Only The Wearer Knows Where The Shoe Pinches, , [Asstt Grade], , It is very difficult to calculate the sufferings or problems of others without putting oneself entirely in, others place. Looking from the outside a man of power like a king or a minister seems enjoying all the luxuries, of life, but his problems and pains can’t be understood by the people. The pains and the difficulties and, responsibilities of enjoying position of authority are so immense that can’t be realised until we are in the same, position. Crown carries with it not only the power but also the liabilities and the responsibilities. So it is rightly, said that Only the wearer knows where the shoe pinches.
Page 873 :
863, , Paragraph Writing, , (38) Charity Begins At Home, [Asstt Grade PCS], , If we like to improve our society, bring some good changes in the society. We must first bring such, improvements and changes in our own home itself. If you preach value of cleanliness to your neighbours and, keep your own home dirty, it will not do to make others to follow you or to make others to accept your, changes, it is always better to follow them first in your own life. Charity begins at home means that start all the, good things from your home, so that others can follow you in letter and spirit., , (39) There Is Nothing Good Or Bad, But The Thinking Makes It So, [Asstt Grade PCS], , Good or bad lies in the eyes not in the things itself. Every thing has two sides good or bad. It is in your eyes, what you see. An artist will see art in a naked picture, while an ordinary man will find sex in it. A painter will, find a beautiful object in such a picture, while a critic will see indecency in the nakedness. Every decision, taken by the government is favoured by the ruling party MPs, while for the opposition every action is a point, for criticism especially in India., The opposition do not find anything good in any decision of the government, while the government pro, MPs find nothing wrong in that decision. Nothing is either good or bad. How is our approach, positive or, negative, our thinking and our opinion will automatically framed accordingly. For an optimist a glass with half, water is half filled glass, while for a pessimist it is half unfilled (blank) glass. The glass is same but how do we, look upon it is important. So it is right that There is nothing good or bad, but the thinking makes it so., , (40) Politeness Costs Nothing, Gains Everything, , [Asstt Grade], , Anger defeats itself is a well known proverb. History is evident of the fact that more works are done by, politeness than by anger. We can’t get anything with anger. Anger gets you nowhere. Instead of getting the, favour we get disfavour. While with politeness we can win even our enemies. Politeness gets you favour and, happiness while anger gets you disfavour and sorrow. Politeness does not mean cowardice, but it means, maturity, it means your highness. It is wrongly believed that strong man rules the world, but to rule the hearts, you have to be polite and generous. Any problem can be well solved with politeness, but nothing can be solved, with hatred and anger. Politeness is the most important trait in the personality of a human being. It costs us, nothing but it could gain us upto any extent., , (41) Virtue Is Its Own Reward, , [PCS], , Virtues and evils are what every being possesses. Evils generate miseries while virtues bring happiness in, life. A man with virtues is contented, satisfied and really rich. Virtues are such good habits that bring peace in, life, that bring happiness in life, that keep you happy, healthy and prosperous. The practice of virtue in the, manner gives a peculiar spiritual satisfaction and saves man from disappointment and frustration. Whatever is, needed by a man in life is achieved by him because of the virtues he possesses, and so it is more than correct to, say that virtue is its own reward., , (42) United We Stand And Divided We Fall, , [PCS], , None but we Indians can well understand the value of Unity and the saying ‘United we stand and divided, we fall.’ India was ruled by the British, who came to India as traders and because of the fractions and, infighting here they became the ruler. A closed fist may be valued in lacs of rupees, but open hands are, valueless. We can break a stick one by one but we can’t break the bundle of these sticks whatever power we, may enjoy. The unity of a nation depends not on the number of individuals but because these individuals have, a natural feeling of sincerity and loyalty towards the nation. History is a witness to the fact that we were, defeated by foreigners only when we were divided. So it is very correct to say that United we stand and divided, we fall.
Page 874 :
864, , English Grammar & Composition, , (43) Rome Was Not Built In A Day, [PCS], , Hard toil for years is necessary to achieve anything great or everlasting. The city of Rome which, ultimately became the wonder of the civilized world was not built in a day, it took many years to get it in this, shape. Nothing important or great can be attained by a mere thought of attaining it, a serious planning, hard, labour, dedication and positive thinking and a regular perseverance is required to get it. To reach the Moon, to, reach the Saturn it took many many years of research and hard work., We must remember that there is no royal road to anything and that the true success can be attained only by, hard work. We must not yield to discouragement because our efforts are not crowned with success. Failures, are the pillars of success. Nothing but hard work, dedication and perseverance is necessary to achieve the goal., Slow progress must not make us impatient and difficulties must not discourage us. We must remember that, Rome was not built in a day., , (44) Look Before You Leap, [PCS], , Check your pocket before you enter a hotel. Haste makes waste. Rash decisions are always dangerous., This is what the saying “Look before you leap” means. You must see the pros and cons of your decision before, you act according to it. It is always better to find the merits and demerits of any venture, before entering into it., See where are you going to leap, it is always better to know the risk involved in it. History is full of such e.g.,, when the rashness costs a lot., Napolean decided to attack Russia without taken into consideration the fierce winter of that country. As a, result of this rashness and miscalculation, his armies were trapped in the snows and thus, lost the iron guard,, the main strength of the army. One must have patience, must plan well, must see the risk involve and then act,, he will positively get success. So it is true to say that look before you leap., , (45) Example Is Better Than Precept, [IFS, PCS], , If you actually wish others to follow what you say, it is necessary that you yourself follow what you want, others to follow. Mere words of advice, laying down rules of action and the like are of no use. People do not, believe in the preaching or if some believe the strength is very meagre. Living example which the persons for, whom they are meant can see before his eyes, can make better impression and have the desired end, being, something concrete: but precepts, which are things only in abstract, do not make good impressions upon the, mind or even if they make any impression at all, it lasts only for a short time., Mahatma Gandhi always believed in the saying that example is better than precept and so he had lacs of, followers. He never did what he asked other not to do. He was an apostle of creating examples in real terms., , (46) Forgiveness Is The Noblest Revenge, [PCS Asstt Grade 1996, IFS], , If you want to destroy your enemy, forgive him, he will not be your enemy any more and so the enmity is, destroyed and a friend takes birth. And in this way to destroy the enemy, forgiveness is the biggest tool., Revenge is an ordinary tool, does not destroy the enmity, it can cause some harm, physical or financial to the, enemy but the enemy becomes more determined to avenge it. While the forgiveness not only makes him feel, sorry and finishes the enmity but also makes you safe for ever and the enemy now becomes your friend. So to, destroy the enemy forgiveness is the noblest revenge.
Page 875 :
865, , Paragraph Writing, , (47) Handsome Is That Handsome Does, , [PCS], , Outward looks or beautiful face does not makes a man really good or handsome. The inner virtues, and, the good actions are the real beauty of a person. A person is considered to be handsome, if he has physical, outwardly bright eyes, pointed nose, rosy cheeks, pearly teeth, curly hair and strong body. In reality,, handsome is he whose deeds are handsome. The greatness lies neither in wealth nor in rank and nor in physical, beauty but in our actions and our deeds. We can find number of beautiful prostitutes, but the deeds of these, pimps are not worthful. The noble laureate Mother Teressa was not a handsome lady but her deeds made her so, great. So if we want to make our life noble, dignified and handsome, we must do noble deeds., Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation, was not good-looking but still he is regarded as the finest, specimen of humanity because of his noble deeds.We must not judge a person from his outward looks but we, must judge him from his character, thoughts and the most important his deeds., , (48) Capital Punishment, The punishment of criminals has always been a problem for society. Citizens have had to decide whether, offenders such as first-degree murderers should be killed in a gas chamber, imprisoned for life, or rehabilitated, and given a second chance in society. Many citizens argue that serious criminals should be executed. They, believe that killing criminals will set an example for others and also get rid society of a cumbersome burden., Other citizens say that no one has the right to take a life and that capital punishment is not a deterrent to crime., They believe that society as well as the criminal is responsible for the crimes and that killing the criminal does, not solve the problems of either society or the criminal., , (49) He Is Strong Who Conquers Others; He Who Conquers Himself Is Mighty, It is very easy to direct others to do this or that. It is also easy to use force to make others to obey you. It is, also easy to use brutal force to subjudicate others, you may be a winner, but if you are asked to change your life, style or to give up your habits or give up any kind of lust you are having, you will find it the most difficult task, or impossible to do so. The sacrifices to be made to win over ownself is really tremendous. For an ordinary, man relinquishing the empire is not possible, but Gautam Buddha did it. Though Nadir Shah defeated a, number of kings with his brute force, but he can’t be equated with Gautam Buddha. Samrat Ashoka became, great only when he renounced the throne, but not on defeating the Kalinga. Rightly said that the man who, could conquer himself is indeed great and mighty and who conquers others is simply more powerful or strong., , (50) Slow And Steady Wins The Race, The story of the fast runner hare who was defeated by the slow running tortoise is a well known story. The, saying teaches us three things- Firstly, one should not believe in shortcuts and secondly, one should not rest, until one achieves one’s goal and thirdly, one should not underestimate the rivals. In this competitive world,, we must be totally vigilant and put hard work and make all our efforts or better efforts in order to excel others., ‘Slow and steady wins the race’ is not so relevant in this competitive world. In my opinion ‘Fast but perfect, wins the race’, slow remains far behind now a days., , (51) A Little Knowledge Is A Dangerous Thing, , [PCS, IFS, Asstt Grade], , Superficial and shallow knowledge always leads to dangerous consequences. An incompetent doctor or, surgeon may play with the lives of his patients; a teacher with shallow knowledge of his subjects will misguide, his students; a lawyer without a thorough knowledge of law will ruin his clients; similarly an inefficient, engineer will build bridges and buildings that could cause major accidents. These people expose the lives of, others to serious risks. They are so conceited that they never realise their shortcomings and hence make no, progress. We can find such people in every walk of life whether art, science or literature or economics or, medicines and these are hazards for the common people. One must, therefore, never rely on persons who are, not thorough in their profession or vocation and be cautious to deal with such fellows.
Page 876 :
866, , English Grammar & Composition, , (52) The Pen Is Mightier Than The Sword, [Engg Services, PCS], , It has been a point of contention since long that what is more powerful, physical force or the intellectuality, or who rules the world sword or the pen. During the primitive age, the Sword ruled the world and the maxim, ‘Might is Right’ was accepted by all. In the civilized world of today, the pen is surely mightier and Sword is, worked for the Pen. In today’s world where every rule and law are coded and democratic values are being, accepted the pen becomes more powerful., The President of USA, who is regarded as the most powerful man of the world, is because of his power of, pen, means the intellectuality prevails over the physical force. In the jungle, where the animals rule prevails,, only there the physical force is more important. An empire created by the physical force is of temporary, nature, soon will crumbled to dust within some years, but the empire of literature is immortal. So in this, civilised world the pen is mightier than the sword., , (53) Laugh And The World Laughs With You : Weep And You Weep Alone, In general, man does not like to share his sorrow with others, as sorrow is otherwise a private or personal, affair. Happiness is a matter to be shared with all the relatives and friends, as happiness increases when you, share it. Laughter is essentially a wonderful virtue and a great medicine for the depressed also. One never, laughs alone, there are always friends and companions to share and increase your laughter., It does not mean that the world is altogether indifferent to the sorrow. When we weep there are certain, friends and relatives who share our sorrow. But a common man does not ready to share your sorrow, he can, only laugh with you., , (54) Our Sweetest Songs Are Those That Tell Of Saddest Thought, Man’s character and conduct are often largely governed by his environment and circumstances. The, mixed threads of good and evil embedded in his nature are drawn out by the circumstances through which he, has to pass. Experience shows that in times of prosperity, ease and luxury, man’s base nature gets the, upperhand whereas in adverse circumstances, the best in him comes to the surface. Nations which gave, themselves up to a life of pleasure and indolence rapidly declined, whereas those which had to face ordeal, after ordeal emerged harder and more powerful than before., It is in times of difficulty that a man exerts himself utmost, reaches unsuspected heights of endurance and, perseverance, whereas in easy times the sturdier part of his nature remains dormant and begins to deteriorate., A rich man with plenty of money often gives himself up to sensual pleasures, but a poor man leads a blameless, and straightforward life so that he may keep his body and soul together., , (55) It Is Always Better To Light One Little Candle Than To Curse The Darkness, Man is by nature a critic. He always tries to take the excuses for his failure instead of trying to solve the, things. It is no use to blame the circumstances or the lacking of something for not getting anything done., Everybody knows there cannot be perfection anywhere, so to criticise the shortcomings is of no use. The right, approach should be to find the solution instead of criticising., A winner always finds his way among the adverse circumstances. He does not blame the shortage or lack, of infrastructure or any other thing for not getting the desired results but he actually finds the solution in the, given circumstances. We should remember where there is a will there is a way. So it is always better to light a, little candle than of cursing the darkness.
Page 877 :
867, , Paragraph Writing, , (56) A Thing Of Beauty Is A Joy Forever, , [PCS], , If the beauty means simply the physical beauty of a thing or person, it is of very temporary nature. A, beauty with aesthetic value is of permanent nature. But whatever kind of beauty it may be, it is very, unreasonable to conclude that it will be the source of joy forever. Nothing in this world is so beautiful which, can always give us happiness and joy., The pretty face of a most beautiful woman of the world, the innocence smile of a child, any kind of, beautiful scene of nature, the sculpture of Leonardo da Vinci, the paintings of Raphael, the music of, Beethoven, the plays of Shakespeare, the verses of Kalidas, the epics of Homer and Milton, the poetry of Keats, or Tagore or anything else is so beautiful as to give joy forever., Even the loveliest of objects lose some of their charm with the period of time. Variety is necessary even in, preserving the charm and appeal of beautiful objects. As such it is not true to say that a thing of beauty is a joy, forever., , (57) Where Ignorance Is Bliss It Is Folly To Be Wise, It means that in cases happiness lies on the side of ignorance, it would be folly to be wise. Every ignorance, is not bliss. Ignorance could be a cause of great loss, ignorance could be a cause of failure, ignorance could be, resulted in the defeat of empire and so many very drastic and dangerous consequences may be the result of the, ignorance., But when knowing any thing may result in unhappiness, or result in a something drastic, then it is wrong, to put efforts in knowing that thing., Adam tasted the forbidden fruit of the Tree of Knowledge and was so expelled from the Garden of Eden., “He that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow” was the verdict of Solomon; and the experience of ages has, confirmed the truth of the verdict., , (58) Do Unto Others As You Would Have Them Do Unto You, The theory of Karma is spoken about in many of the sacred texts of all the religions in the world and is, implied in the Golden Rule ‘Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.’ The implication: ‘as you, treat others, so you will be treated.’, Karma is inescapable. Your actions do return to you. It may not be in this lifetime, but it certainly will, return in some way. How you deal with the return of this karmic energy determines whether or not you bring, your soul further into balance or create more karmic energy that must be dealt with at a later stage. If you seek, to learn from the seeming injustices in your life, chances are that you will be balancing your karmic books, rather than increasing your karmic debt., It is helpful to look at Karma as a sort of credit card. Each time we do something in our lives motivated by, love, we are ‘paying off’ some of the karmic debts we have built up over our many lifetimes. Each time we act, in selfish interest, we are charging something else to our credit card., , (59) The Heights By Great Men Reached And Kept Were Not Attained By Sudden, Flight, But They, While Their Companions Slept, Were Toiling Upward in The Night, There can’t be any short cut to success. The toil of years, the sweat of your brow, struggle you make,, everything counts in achieving the goal. Looking at the biographies of greatmen, we find that the most of the, successful persons whether inventors, artists, scientists, technocrats, sculptures, thinkers, leaders and workers, of any kind, owe their success to their indefatigable hard work and dedication. They were the men who, achieved their success with dedication, devotion and true hard work. This really holds that the secret of, success consisted in being master of our subject. Such mastery is attainable through continuous application, and study.
Page 878 :
868, , English Grammar & Composition, , Those, who work diligently, not only achieve their goals and get success, but also remain happy, cheerful, and active, which is itself a great reward even if the work does not bring success. Enthusiasm is the best asset, of a person, self-determination and hard work, could achieve anything., , (60) Failure is Not Fatal, It Can be The Stepping Stone to Success, Every successful man fails at some time. Failures are natural happenings, every successful man faced, failures of many kinds but they worked with more enthusiasm, more determined zeal, analysed their, shortcomings and tried again and got success. If you can manage to learn from failures, you will definitely, reach where you started out to go. Making a mistake is not a crime, the ability to learn from it contribute to, lasting success. Extract the lesson to be learnt from failure and try again with redoubled vigour. Facing failure, makes one strong, more wise and more resolute, spur them on to greatest efforts. There is no failure in truth, save from within; unless we are beaten there, we are bound to succeed., One who tries, is always the better than the one who dare not to try, only a person who dares to try can, have a chance of success. Blessed are those, who once failed, is a saying worth to follow. It means that the, failures make us capable to evaluate our shortcomings and purge us to reach the higher ideals, higher planks., Abraham Lincoln failed many times in his life, but never got frustrated and fought with more, determination, with full devotion and became the President of America. Indian freedom fighters including, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, saw face of failures not once but several times, but, never daunted or became desperate, they all had fought to attain the sacred goal of attaining freedom and as a, result, they attained it. Failures should not allowed to create frustration, desperateness or disappointment,, instead failure should be taken as a boon which gives you strength to fight back with fierce fortitude and, invincible zeal., , (61) “A Man Who Wins, Is The Man Who Thinks, He Can”, Confidence is the most important key to success. It boosts the morale and creates determination to attain, a goal. The loss of confidence makes a man pessimist, coward or a dead man. A winner never quits and, a quitter never wins, shows that one who constantly tries to achieve something, one who endeavours, hard incessantly to achieve something, he is the winner, later or sooner, but a quitter could never be a winner., When Vallabhbhai Patel told that ‘Swaraj is my birth right’ so many people find it mere a slogan, but, the incessant struggle put by all the freedom fighters supported the claim of Patel and we could win, the freedom., Organising the efforts properly, in right direction, striking at the opportune time, are essential for, achieving a target. Optimism, determination, undaunted will power makes every impossible task possible., Your biggest assets are your enthusiasm that enriches with your positive thinking. Never lose hope, keep, cheerful, put the best possible efforts with your total involvement, have confidence in you and you are the, winner., Through positive thinking one can overcome the mountains. One who always think positively even in, adverse circumstances wins. Positive thinking always pays. Life belongs to the ambitions.
Page 883 :
873, , Letter Writing, , Registered, To,, Sh. N.K. Gupta, A-552, Talwandi, Kota (Rajasthan), Pin Code–307 245, From:, P.K. Jain, 105, S.W.B, ALWAR (RAJ.), , hesÇ<ekeâ keâe helee efueheâehesâ kesâ heerÚs Yeer efueKee pee mekeâlee nw~ Official Letters ceW heâce& Ùee Office keâe Address efueKee, peelee nw~, , Punctuating Letters, Don’t forget to Punctuate the letters as per following norms, , Commas, (a) Use commas after the salutation (Also called the greeting) in a personal letter and after the, complimentary closing in all letters., (i) Salutation:, Dear Ram,, My dearest Hina,, (ii) Closing:, Sincerely,, Truly yours,, , Colons in Special Cases, There are half a dozen special uses for the colon., (1) Numerical expressions of time., Example: 5 : 31 P.M., The colon goes between the hour and minute. If seconds are noted, a colon goes between the minute and, second., Example: He ran the marathon in 2:14:33.2., (Two hours, fourteen minutes and thirty-three point two seconds.), Example: He ran the mile in 4:12., (Four minutes and twelve seconds), (2) Periodical references in a bibliography or formal reference., This may vary slightly depending on the form followed. Most frequently the reference is Volume : Issue, Number or Volume : Page Number., (3) Bible references, Chapter:Verse., Example: John 3:16 (“The book of John, chapter 3, verse 16.”), (4) Subtitles for books, periodicals and articles are preceded by a colon., Example: Ben-Hur : A Tale of the Christ, (5) We can also use ‘colon’ with salutations in business letters as per following:, Dear Sir:, Dear Ms Hathaway:
Page 884 :
874, , English Grammar & Composition, , (6) Colons follow labels that identify important ideas meant to get attention., Warning: To be opened by authorised personnel only., Notice: Do not use before October 15., , Capital Letters, There are two additional rules for capitalising when writing letters., (1) Capitalize the first word and all nouns in the salutation (or greeting)., Correct:, Dear Sir,, My dearest Aunt,, Greetings!, (2) Capitalize the first word in the complimentary closing., Correct:, Sincerely,, Truly yours,, With best wishes,, , Personal Letters, Q. 1. Write a letter from a father giving advice to his son who has taken admission in a college., Ans., 1/42, Aravali Vihar, Rajgarh (Alwar), July 14, 20xx, My dear Son,, This is the first letter I am writing to you after you left home for higher studies at the college., You have been a very sincere and hard working student so far. You are at the threshold of making and, shaping your future career. If you would be sincere to your studies, you could get what you desire. These, four years of sincerity and devotion to the studies are very important in shaping the career of a student., You are venturing into a new life where you find everything to decide yourself. There is none to tell you to, study or play or watch T.V. You are to manage all your time yourself., I know that you will not disappointment me with respect to your studies, but you are in your, youth and know little of the temptations and allurement with which youth is beset now-a-days. The bad, habits and evils which might catch during this period can spoil not only your own career but also destroy, the aspirations of the parents ., Companions influence one’s character greatly : good companions make good one’s character, and bad companions make one’s career. Choose the friends who are sincere, honest and industrious., Education plays very important role in the formation of character. Morals are of greater importance in life, than the subjective knowledge., Indolence is the worst habit a student can form. Remember that doing nothing may do you, even more harm. You may find plenty of books in your college library. Read history and biography, both, for instruction and amusement and if you feel inclined for something lighter., I don’t want to say anything more.You are also a wise boy. Remember :, Heights by the great men reached and kept,,, Were not attained by sudden flight,, But while their companions were slept,, They were toiling upwards in the night.
Page 885 :
Letter Writing, , 875, , Write to me regularly and unreservedly. Always look upon me as your best friend, hiding, nothing, not even your mistakes or faults., Your mother conveys you her fondest love., Your affectionate father,, S.C. Gupta, , Q. 2. Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his success in the RAS examination., Ans., 32/31,West Patel Nagar,, Jaisalmer,, July 23, 20xx, My dear Pramod,, I am glad to see your result in the Rajasthan Patrika of today that you have been successful in, the RAS examination and secured good rank. I conveyed this happy news to my father who was sitting, beside me. He too was overjoyed., I thank God for his kindness and wish you a bright future. I know well that you have been, intelligent and diligent in your school and college days. Certainly your success is due to God’s grace as, well as your hard work and also timely guidance of your respected parents., Please convey my respectful compliments to your parents. Again congratulations to you., Yours sincerely,, Raj Kumar, Q. 3. Write a letter to your friend Who has recently lost his mother., Ans., , 10, Barkat Nagar,, Jaipur, May 4, 20xx, , My dear Mahesh,, It is really a very sad news that you have lost your mother. I knew your mother was ill but the, illness was not so serious. The news of your mother’s death came to me as a shock. I know you will feel it, deeply for you always thought so much of your mother and loved her very much. I also feel it as a personal, loss to myself. She was always very kind and loving to me. I can’t forget her love and affection for me and, her motherly care and worries for me. She was such a good and noble woman., In such sorrow we are always alone. Words, I know can’t soothe your wounds. May God give, you strength to bear this uncompensationable loss., Yours sincerely,, Kailash Jaiman, Q. 4. Write a letter of apology to a friend for not keeping an appointment., Ans., 29, Janta Colony, Jaipur,, June 19, 20xx, My dear Pradeep,, I am sorry I could not join you at dinner last night. You must have waited for me and cursed me, as well for not keeping the appointment. But this lapse on my part was due to the fact that I met with an, accident while coming over to your place., Near Ghat Gate a motor cycle came from the opposite direction. It was without lights. It hit my, scooter. I fell off the scooter and lay on the road. My left arm was badly injured. Some people took me to, hospital. I was allowed to leave the hospital only after midnight. My arm was plastered. I hope you will, excuse my absence., Yours sincerely,, Ashok
Page 886 :
876, , English Grammar & Composition, , Q. 5. Write a letter to your younger brother advising him to take part in evening games., Ans., 12, South West Block,, Alwar, February 15, 20xx, My dear Taspan,, I met your class teacher yesterday. He told me that you stood first in the class. I was glad to, hear it. But he also told me that you have become a bookworm. You do not take part in any kind of games., It is not good. It will affect your health., I suggest you to take part in evening games. Do not study at the cost of your health. Play, hockey or football. Play any game at least for an hour. It will refresh your mind and keep you physically, fit. This will help you in your studies. Do study hard, but do play a while. Always remember the saying, ‘Work while you work and play while you play; that is the way to be happy and gay’., With love,, Yours affectionately,, Prakash Gupta, Q. 6. Write a letter to your elder brother from the town in which you have just joined a new, appointment describing the important features of the town, of the people with whom you are, associated., Ans., 13, Mayur Colony,, Bhilwara, April 25, 20xx, My dear Brother,, I am glad to receive your loving letter and happy to learn that everyone is fine at home. You, have asked me to give you a brief description of this town. I like this town and the people here am sure that, the description as follows will make you like the place and fill you with a longing to see it., It is a big trade centre. There are two cloth mills here which supply cloth to the whole of the, country. There is a large cloth market where you can buy cloth of all qualities and designs . There are four, Boys Colleges and eight Senior Secondary Schools.There are two Girls’ College also. There are three, Government Hospitals, one for male, other for female and child and several private nursing homes., Besides these, there is a charitable eye hospital also. It is a Railway junction . Three beautiful, Picture Halls are also situated in the town. There is one Engineering and one Dental College too in the, town, located in the Industrial Area about 8 km far from the town. The most interesting feature of the town, is its magnificent temples where hymns are sung and cymbals are clashed daily in the morning and, evening., People are nice, honest, straight forward, hardworking and trustworthy. They are not addicted, to any vices as drinking and gambling. My colleagues are also very cooperative and of helping nature., The General Manager of my company is a through gentleman and takes keen interest in the welfare of the, staff. He is very kind and sympathetic to all the employees., I am fine here. Everything is going on here nicely as per scheduled routine. Regards to Daddy, and Mom., Yours affectionately,, Maneesh, Q. 7. Write a letter from a student to his friend, telling him about the first impression of the college., Ans., 215, Aravali Vihar,, Near Jain Temple,, Alwar (Raj.) 301001
Page 887 :
Letter Writing, , 877, , Dear Shankar,, As you know, I got admission in Rajasthali Commerce College, Alwar Rajasthan this year. You have, asked me to tell you about my new college., The atmosphere and the environment of the college is entirely different from that of our schools. The, discipline in the college is not as strict as in our school. No bindings of wearing any uniform. The professors, treat us in very friendly way. There is no terror of the teachers as in school . Professors just come in the class,, deliver the lectures and generally do not bother to ask any question from the students. They are not worried, whether any student follow them or not. All kinds of facilities like library, sports, games and canteen are, available in this college., Students enjoy the freedom of college life. Everyone is at liberty to go wherever he likes, do, whatever he likes and speaks what he has in his mind within some limits. There is none to check the students., They can spoil or they can make their lives., I can’t afford to waste my time in useless things and have started making notes, consulting the library, books for the last one week., I have to do a lot of hard work to achieve good marks.Tell me about you., Convey my regards to your parents., Yours sincerely,, Dinesh, Q. 8. Write a letter to your elder brother writing him the reasons of your failure in Public Service, Commission Examination., Ans., , 304, Shastri Nagar,, Jodhpur (Raj.) ,, Jan.16, 20xx, , My dear Brother,, I am in receipt of your letter. You have asked me the reasons of my failure in Public Service, Commission Examination. I do not like to take any excuse but believe in narrating the facts of my failure, as per my imaginations. As you also know, this was not an easy exam. I made full preparations for all the, four papers, but the time table of my exams was very cumbersome. I had to take three papers, continuously. The Economics paper was on 12th January from 3 P.M. to 6 P.M. and the paper of, Statistics-I was scheduled on 13th January from 10 A.M. to 1 P.M. and after that I had to take the paper of, Statistics-II from 3 P.M. on the 13th January itself. This all caused a lot of tension to my mind. I couldn’t, sleep even for a minute on the night of 12th January and so when I went to the examination hall on 13th, January I could take the paper of Statistics-I satisfactorily, but I could not take the paper of Statistics-II, properly and so in this paper I got only 31 marks out of 100 marks and that spoiled my percentage., I did very good preparations for all papers, but to whom can I blame, it is my hard luck or say I, was unfortunate as the time table was so uneasy and tedious. This is the first time when all the students, who opted Economics and Statistics have suffered a lot because of such time schedule. I am myself not, happy with the result but nothing can be done now. I am determined to take this examination again with, more hard work. I remember your words “A man who wins, is the man who thinks, he can.”, Convey my regards to Papa and Mummy., Yours loving brother,, Prakash, , Q. 9. Write a letter to your uncle thanking him for the birthday gift you have received from him., 105, Mangal Vihar,, Alwar,, February 28, 20xx, , Ans.
Page 888 :
878, , English Grammar & Composition, , My dear Uncle,, Yesterday was my birthday. I received many gifts, but your gift was the best. You have sent, me a beautiful wrist watch. Everybody liked it. I thank you very much for such a lovely gift., Your gift is very precious to me. I was often late for school. Now I shall be punctual. This, watch will help me during my examination days also.The watch is a token of your love for me. I shall, always keep it with me. Once again I thank you., Convey my regards to Aunty., Yours lovingly, Harsh, , Q. 10. Write a letter to your father asking for some money., Ans., , 415, Lajpat Nagar,, Alwar (Rajasthan), February 23, 20xx, , My dear Father,, I hope this letter will find everybody at home in the best of health and happiness. I am well, here. You might have received my progress report from the school. You will be glad to know that I, secured first position in my terminal examination. I assure you that I will maintain this position in the, Annual Examination also. As you know my dues for the next quarter are due, kindly send me ` 1100/- by, draft at the earliest., Please pay my respects to dear mother and convey my love and affection to Puppy and Raju., Yours loving son,, Raman, , Q. 11. You are Putin. Your sister, Ragini, has just completed X standard and has sought your advice, in the matter of opting Science or Commerce group. Write a letter advising her to select the, group in XI standard., Ans., KH-3, South West Block, Near Eid Gah, Alwar (Raj.)., 18th March, 20xx, Dear Ragini,, I am in receipt of your letter dated 15th March. You have sought my advice in the matter of, opting Science or Commerce group in your XI standard., First of all, I like to tell you very frankly that whatever stream you opt, you are to put hard to, achieve success. In the present competitive world, poor show in any stream is of no use. In Science group,, you can opt either Engineering or Medical. If we compare Engineering and Medical profession, the, medical profession is more suitable, particularly for female candidates. On the other hand, through, Commerce stream, you can become a Chartered Accountant, ICWA, Company Secretary and can also go, for MBA. Along with Commerce stream, you are required to take computer training also, because, now-a-days all business is being carried through the computer. As such commerce also opens new vistas, of career opportunities to you., So if you are interested in becoming an Engineer or a Doctor, you should opt for the Science, stream and if you are interested in the work of accounting nature, the commerce stream is more suitable to, you. Any way, choice is yours., Whatever may be your decision, please convey me positively. I also like to tell you that you, should also improve your English alongwith your academic achievements. English is very important for, acquiring higher qualifications., Everything is normal at my end. Do write for any work., Convey my regards to Mummy and Papa., Yours loving brother, Putin
Page 889 :
Letter Writing, , 879, , Q. 12. You are Sweta living in the hostel of PQR School, New Delhi. Write a letter to your sister,, Rashmi, describing your hostel life., Ans., Indira Hostel,, PQR School,, New Delhi, 25th March, 20xx, My dear Rashmi,, I received your loving letter three days ago, but because of my preoccupation in making, preparations for the annual function of our hostel, I could not spare time to reply you., I feel pleasure in informing you that I stood first in the quiz competition and our team stood, second in folk dance competition held during the annual function programmes. As I am staying in the, hostel, I am devoting more than two hours daily in improving my General Knowledge and General, Awareness in addition to course studies. Ours is a very good hostel. Most of the students are well, disciplined and sincere. Our hostel warden Mrs. Savita Vermani is a very strict lady. She keeps close, watch on every student. All the students are required to attend the morning and evening prayers daily and, both the time attendance is marked., The quality of food being served is very good, consisting of two vegetables curd and salad,, with Tawa chapatis and a sweet dish. Breakfast is served at 8 A.M., after that I go to school and take lunch, at 12 P.M. and dinner is served from 7 P.M. to 9 P.M. In the evening we play games like badminton,, hockey, cricket in the hostel playground from 4 P.M. to 7 P.M. As such I find this hostel a well maintained, one, with everything of good quality and caring., What about you ? How are your studies going on ? Do write to me for any help or work., Convey my regards to mummy and love to Sunny., Yours loving sister,, Sweta, Q. 13. You are Sarwesh living at 1215, Qutab Enclave, New Delhi. Write a letter to your father, telling him of your plan to go to a village with a group of students to teach illiterate villagers., Ans., 1215, Qutab Enclave,, New Delhi,, 22nd April, 20xx, Respected Daddy,, I received your affectionate letter three days ago, but I was busy in my examinations so I could, not reply earlier. I am very happy to note that Sonu has been selected in IIT with very good rank. Please, congratulate him on my behalf . He deserves the kudos., As I informed you earlier that my annual examination will be over on 29th April. On 30th, April I along with a team of ten students are planning to go to a nearby village Hatina to educate the, illiterate villagers. The team will be headed by our professor Dr Pannikaran. We will teach them how to, read and write our mother tongue Hindi. We will also train them to write their signatures., Illiteracy is a curse in our society. Many problems and hardships are faced by the poor, villagers because of the illiteracy. Our tour will not only help the villagers but it will also be beneficial for, us to get the first hand knowledge of rural problems. I will write you about our detailed programme later, on. Every other thing is fine at my end. I am preparing well for my annual examinations., Convey my deep regards to Mom and heartily congratulations to Sonu., Yours loving son,, Sarvesh
Page 890 :
880, , English Grammar & Composition, , Q. 14. You are Girish living in a hostel of BTR School, New Delhi. Write a letter to your friend, Mohan, telling him about an interesting weekend that you spent at your friend house recently., Ans., Subhash Hostel,, BTR School,, New Delhi, 30th March, 20xx, Dear friend Mohan,, I have been thinking to write to you for the last several days about my short, but enjoyful stay, at my friends. As you are aware that I am well settled in the hostel now. I have got some very good friends, here. I wrote you earlier about my friend Pankaj who belongs to Kolkata. The school was closed for, winter vacations. Pankaj took me with him to Kolkata. His father is an Executive Engineer in PHED. He, owns a big house and a small farm house. Kolkata is a large metropolitan city. We visited National, Library, Victoria Palace and New A.C. market. We also travelled in tram, a small train with two coaches., It was really thrilling to visit zoo and Birla Planetarium there. I also visited Bara Bazar, a commercial, market. I purchased two shirts and a wrist watch from the Madaan Market at very economical prices., I really enjoyed my short stay with Pankaj. His parents are very generous and amiable. Every, family member gave me love and affection. Their love and affection will always be fresh in my mind., What about you ? When are you going to London ? Please write me your exact programme, so, that I may plan to visit you accordingly., Yours truly,, Girish, Q. 15. You are Anubhuti. Write a letter to your friend Reena about the futility of exploding crackers, on Deepawali., Ans., ., 1876, Mount Villa,, Mount Abu., 24th May, 20xx, Dear friend Reena,, Hope this letter finds you happy and enjoying the leisure after examinations. You know that the, festival of Diwali is approaching fast. I like to inform you that in our town, I along with my four friends, decided to make the people aware of futility of using crackers on Diwali., I do not find any reason for wasting so much money on firing and exploding crackers which, not only pollutes the atmosphere but also causes outbreak of fire on many occasions. Many times the fire, caused by the crackers endangers human lives and destroys huge properties. On the one side people are, wasting money in exploding crackers and on the other side people are not having sufficient food to eat and, clothes to cover their bodies. We have decided to collect rupees fifty from every house to distribute, sweets and clothes to the poor. I think by this way we will be celebrating this festival in real sense. Tell me, what you think about our plan of celebrating Diwali as in such manner., Convey my regards to your parents, Yours friend,, Anubhuti, Q. 16. You are Prakash. Write a letter to your friend Ramesh asking him about his studies for, competitive examinations., Ans., 103, Narpat Colony,, Near Ahimsa Circle,, Jaipur (Raj.) 302015., 15th March, 20xx
Page 891 :
Letter Writing, , 881, , Dearest Ramesh,, I haven’t heard from you since long. It seems that you are very busy in preparing for the State, Service Commission Examinations or something else ? Anyway, tell me about your preparations. I think, you should have completed all the optional papers so far. I like to tell you only one thing that whenever, you start revising your papers, try to prepare short notes, so that you can revise the same again during, examination period. This will help you in making several revisions and you will be able to secure good, marks. A good percentage in theory papers means your selection is almost confirm., I know you must be putting all your strength and wisdom as you are a very hard working and, devoted guy. I wish to see you among the first fifty candidates., I am doing my job well. My good wishes for the exams., Do write for any deserving service., Yours truly, Prakash, , Q. 17. Write a letter to your father explaining him the reasons of your not securing good marks in, English paper., Ans., 24, Subhash Hostel,, WXT College, Jaipur, Respected Papa,, March 26, 20xx, I received your letter today in the morning. You have asked me the reasons of my securing, poor marks in English paper., First of all I like to tell you that I put very hard labour in English. As you are aware that I am, not good at Grammar, so I couldn’t attend the Grammar portion so well. I need tuition for English, Grammar. I have talked with our Grammar teacher who has consented to give me tuitions for two months, only. Without good command over English Grammar, it is not possible to secure good marks in English., Please allow me to take English tuition so that the problem of English is solved for ever., You can see that in other subjects I have secured more than 85 % marks, but in English I could, not manage to secure more than 40% ., Convey my regards to Mom and Grandmom., Yours loving son,, Jaipal, Q.18. Write a letter to your elder brother telling him about the discomforts of a railway journey, without reservation., Ans., 214, Nehru Nagar, Ambala., 3rd March, 20xx, Dear brother., As I informed you telephonically also I reached here safe and sound yesterday., I like to tell you about the discomfort I suffered because I had no reservation. As you know I, could not get the reservation so I had to travel in second class general compartment. The journey was very, tiring and cumbersome. First of all the train was late by two hours. As soon as the train arrived I managed, to push myself into the general compartment. It was overcrowded, but after one hour I got half a seat, just, managed to sit on the corner of a seat. Six persons were sitting on a seat for three, but it was comparatively, comfortable. It was not possible to take rest or sleep the whole night, but I had no option ., However, the night passed and the train reached Ambala at 5 A.M. I found myself safe and, sound but extremely tired. I took a lesson to plan the journey in such a way that either get a reservation or, if not better travel by bus. How the things are going at your end. Convey my regards to Mom and love to, Tini., Yours younger brother,, Pulkit
Page 892 :
882, , English Grammar & Composition, , Business Letters, Q. 19. Write a letter from M/s V.K. Gupta and Sons Jaipur to M/s Arihant Prakashan, Karol Bagh, New Delhi, requesting them to supply the books., , M/s V.K. Gupta & Sons, University Road Jaipur, Ref:Un/, Date 08/3/20xx, M/s Arihant Prakashan, 106, Karol Bagh, New Delhi 110013., Ans., Sub : Supply of books., Dear Sir,, We are sending herewith draft No. 1478952 dated 25/01/05, drawn on Punjab National Bank,, favouring yourselves payable at New Delhi for ` 15000/- in advance against the supply of the following, books, 1. 60 Days Grammar, By S.C. Gupta, 200 copies, 2. Objective Physics, By Sharma and Gupta, 150 copies, Please send the above books through Jaipur Golden Transport Company, duly packed with, polythene. Please send the bill after allowing discount as usual., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, V.K. Gupta,, Partner, V.K. Gupta & Sons, , Q. 20. Write a letter to the retailer from whom you purchased a TV but its picture tube is not, functioning well. Write him to get it changed., Ans., 15, Ganesh Colony, Alwar (Raj), Aug 25, 20xx, M/s Preeti Electronics, Jayanti Market,, Jaipur., Sub : Replacement of T.V., Dear Sir,, I have purchased a T.V. make BPL-21FSTW from you vide bill No. 2581 dated 1/7/20xx for, ` 11300/-., The picture tube of the T.V. is not functioning properly. You have sent the mechanic twice to, check the same, but of no avail., As the T.V. is under one year guarantee period, so you are requested to get the T.V., changed immediately. I think you will not make any excuse in the matter and the T.V. be replaced without, any delay., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, Vikas Sharma
Page 893 :
883, , Letter Writing, , Q. 21. Write a letter to M/s Jaipur Publications returning the book wrongly supplied by him and, asking him to supply the proper books., Ans., , R.K. Book Depot, 155, Nangali Circle, Alwar, , Dated 16/3/20xx, , Ref:Po/, M/s Jaipur Publications, Chaura Rasta,, Jaipur, Sub : Supply of Proper Books., Dear Sir,, Today we have received the parcel of books sent by you. We are surprised to find that you, have sent all the twenty books of English Grammar written by some Mr. Sarraff, while we have ordered, for the English Grammar written by Mr. Gupta and Gupta., We are returning the books. You are requested to supply the books of English Grammar, written by Mr. Gupta and Gupta. Please be kind enough to supply the proper books immediately. The, parcel be packed properly with polythene., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, R.K. Jain, Partner, , Q. 22. As Principal of a college, place an order for supplying some sports items to M/s Sports and, Sports Ludhiana., Ans., , Subhash Gandhi College, Lucknow (U.P.), , Ref Ord/sport, , Dated 18/4/20xx, M/s Sports & Sports,, Lal Bazar, Ludhiana, Sub: Supply of Sports items., , Dear Sir,, You are requested to supply the following sports goods at the rates mentioned by you in your, quotation dated 10/3/20xx, Name of items, Quantity, (1) Cricket Bats, 12 Pieces, (2) Volley Balls, 12 Pieces, (3) Badminton rackets, 12 Pieces, Please dispatch the above items duly packed to avoid any damage in transit., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, R.P. Ojha
Page 894 :
884, , English Grammar & Composition, , Q. 23. You are Anil Shah, General Manager of M/s Cement Associates, Karol Nagar, Nimbahera., Mr. R.K. and Sons has placed with you an order for two thousand bags of cement. Please, write a letter asking them to send 50% amount in advance by draft and also to submit you two, references as this is the first dealing., Ans., , M/s Cement Associates, , Karol Nagar, Nimbahera., Ref Adv/, Dated 27/8/20xx, Mr. R.K. & Sons, Akbar Nagar, Shri Ganganagar (Rajasthan)., Sub: Supply of 2000 bags of cement., Dear Sir,, We thankfully acknowledge your order No. 1841 dated 21/8/20xx for supplying of two, thousand bags of cement., Please be informed that this is our first dealing and as per our business policy, yours being a, new firm, need to send 50 % advance payment by draft and also two references for all future dealings., For your ready reference, we are attaching herewith list of firms in Rajasthan who are, registered with us., We hope you will get these formalities fulfilled at the earliest., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, Anil Shah, General Manager, , Q. 24. You are the dealer of Pakija Biscuits for the State. Due to strike of Transport operators, your, supply of biscuits has been disrupted. One of your distributors has asked you to arrange the, supply of biscuits at whatever cost. Draft a letter to your distributer telling him regarding, increase in the supply rates., Ans., Bengal Bakeries Ltd., Registered Office,181, Nanitalla Lane, Kolkata—700023, , Dated 17/4/20xx, , Ref : Supply/ad/, M/s Priya Distributers, Asansol (W.B.), Sub : Supply of Pakija Biscuits, Dear Sir,, We are in receipt of your urgent call for supplying the biscuits at whatever cost., As you are aware due to strike of transport operators it has become impossible to supply the, biscuits by trucks. We are sending you biscuits with our sales executive Mr. P.V. Vardhan by passenger, train as per your requirements., You are requested to pay him ` 350 /- extra, as excess charges borne by us in supplying the, biscuits through train., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, Kamal Bose, Marketing Executive
Page 895 :
885, , Letter Writing, , Official Letters, Applications and Complaints, Q. 25. Write a letter to the Postmaster complaining that your sister at Ambala has not received the, parcel sent by you last month., Ans., 129, South Block, Alwar (Raj.), 26/4/20xx, The Postmaster,, Head Post Office,, Alwar, Sub: Non-receipt of parcel sent on 25/03/20xx, Dear Sir,, I had sent a Registered Parcel to my sister Jaya at House No. 16, Sector 5, Ambala on dated, 25/3/20xx vide your receipt No. 1479. The parcel has not so far been received by her. More than two, months have since passed. It appears either the parcel is delivered to somebody else or it has been lost in, transit., You are requested to enquire into the matter and apprise us the factual position without any, further delay.Your early action is highly appreciated., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, S.K. Gupta, Q. 26. Draft a First Information Report regarding theft of your Scooter., Ans., , 15, Kalindi Market,, Near University, Jaipur, 28/5/20xx, , The S.H.O., University Road Thana, Jaipur., Sub: FIR regarding theft of scooter., Dear Sir,, I have to lodge an FIR for the theft of my scooter from the University Road. It was about 1, P.M. I went to the market to make some purchasing. I locked my scooter as usual and parked it outside the, shop of M/s K.K. and Sons, University Road, Kalindi Market. After about half an hour I came out of the, shop and was shocked to find that my scooter was missing. I made enquiries from the nearby shopkeepers, but of no avail. The Scooter was of 2003 model, Priya, blue coloured 100 cc, self start bearing, Registration No. RJ 02, C 2879., I request you to lodge the FIR and arrange to trace the scooter at the earliest. Your immediate, action in the matter is solicited., Yours faithfully,, Pramod Jhalani
Page 896 :
886, , English Grammar & Composition, , Letters to/from Bank, Q. 27. You are Rajesh. You have deposited a cheque for collection in your current account. Even, after passing more than one month, the amount of cheque has not been credited in your, account so far. Write a letter to the Manager of the Bank, to get the amount of cheque, deposited in your account and make a demand for payment of interest for the delayed period., Ans., The Manager,, Quick Bank,, New Delhi, Ref : Non-crediting the proceeds of cheque., Dear Sir,, I had deposited a cheque bearing No. 175896 dated 25/03/20xx for ` 56200 /- drawn on State, Bank of India, Alwar for collecting the proceeds in my Current Account No. 7816 with your branch., I regret to note that even after passing of more than a month, the amount of cheque has not, been credited in my account so far., You are requested to look into the matter and arrange to get the amount of cheque credited in, my current account immediately along with the interest for the delay as per norms., Thanking you., Date 27.4.20xx, Yours faithfully,, Rajesh, Current A/c No. 7816, 12/ 7, Vikas Nagar, New Delhi, Q. 28. As manager of a Bank, write a letter to a customer that his cheque has been dishonoured., Ans., Quick Bank Ltd., Ram Nagar Jaipur, Ref. Com/05/, Dated 29th April, 20xx, Mr. Rajesh Sharma, 12/ 7, Vikas Nagar, Jaipur, Sub : Dishonour of your cheque No. 175896 dated 25/03/20xx for ` 56200 /drawn on SBI Alwar., Dear Sir,, In reference to your letter dated 27.4..., we beg to inform you that your above cheque was, received back by us for the following reason:, 1. Funds Insufficient., The cheque has since been sent to you by Registered Post on dated 29.04.20xx at your, residential address., We are always at the service of our clients., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, T.K. Bose, Sr Manager
Page 897 : 887, , Letter Writing, , Q. 29. There is an advertisement in the local newspaper for the post of Office Assistant. Make an, application and write your biodata., Ans., The General Manager,, Tilak Associates,, Faluja Road,, New Delhi., Sub : Application for the post of Office Assistant., Dear Sir,, With reference to your advertisement in the Indian Express dated.................. for the post of, ‘Office Assistant’ I am sending my biodata with this application. My biodata contains all the details, regarding my qualifications and experience., I like to assure you that if I am given a chance to serve in your esteemed organisation, you will, positively feel satisfied with my attitude and working., , Bio-Data, (1) Name, (2) Father’s Name, (3) Address, Telephone No., E-mail, Date of Birth, Qualifications, Degree, BA(Maths), MA (Economics), (8) Experience, (4), (5), (6), (7), , R.K. Sharma, Mr P.K. Sharma, 4/47, Shah Nagar Near Nai Mandi,, New Delhi—110007, 011—22094521 (R),
[email protected]., 25th April, 1984, , University, % Marks, Year of Passing, University of Delhi, 78 %, 2001, University of Delhi, 75 %, 2003, One year at M/s Sandeep Associates as cashier-cum-Accountant, (Experience certificate enclosed)., (9) Hobbies, Playing cricket, Reading Newspapers, Watching T.V. serials., (10) Extra, (1) English Typing speed on computers 60 wpm., (2) Hindi Typing speed on computers 40 wpm., (3) Well versed in Tally 5.4 and 6.3 versions, (4) Have good knowledge of MS Word, MS Excel., I hope you will find my bio-data as per your requirements., Your faithfully,, , R.K. Sharma, , Q. 30. Write an application to the Principal of your college/school requesting him to grant you fee, concession., Ans. The Principal, ..................................., ..................................., Sub: Concession is Fee.
Page 898 :
888, , English Grammar & Composition, , Sir,, Most humbly I beg to state that I am a student of class BCom II Year B of your college. My, father is a retired clerk. He is getting a pension of ` 1800 /- P.M. I have two younger brothers. They are, also studying in this college. There is no other source of income. My father is unable to pay my fee. Last, year too, your goodness granted me 100 % concession in my fee. This year too I request you to grant me, 100 % concession in my college fee, so that I shall be able to continue my studies. I like to apprise you that, I secured 83 % marks in B.Com I Year., Please be kind enough to grant me full fee concession., Thanking you., Dated 24/ 03 /20xx, Yours obediently, Saurabh, , Q. 31. Send a reply to the following advertisement in a newspaper. Indicate to which post you are, applying for. Include your Bio-Data. Suppose you are Satish Pradhan from New Delhi., Ans., , Advertisement, , Wanted male/female Marketing Executives, Accountants, well qualified, experienced., Salary no constraint for the right candidate. Apply to General Manager, XYZ,, Company, New Delhi within seven days., , The General Manager,, XYZ Company,, New Delhi., Sir,, With reference to your advertisement published in the Hindustan Times,dated January 28,, 20xx, for the posts of Marketing Executives, Accountants etc. I offer myself as a candidate for the post of, Accountant. As far as my academic and other qualifications are concerned, these are indicated in the, bio-data attached herewith, , Bio-Data, Name, Satish Pradhan, Father’s Name, Shiv Kumar Pradhan, Date of Birth, 11.7.82, Educational Qualifications, M.Com, Nationality, Indian, Marital Status, Unmarried, Experience, One year experience of working in a private company, Reference, (a) Mr. P.K. Mishra (Bank Manager), 142,Nehru Nagar, New Delhi-18, Tel. 011-25761081, (b) Sh S.R. Sharma, MBBS ( Councillor), 145, Patel Nagar, New Delhi-11, (9) Extra: Apart from the above mentioned Bio-Data, I have an additional record of, extra- curricular activities. I participated in debates, dramas and sports and, had won many prizes from time to time., In light of the above mentioned facts, I request you to consider my application, favourably I like to assure you, that you will never feel disappointed with my work and, attitude. I believe in working with full dedication and positive attitude., Date 30/01/20xx, Yours faithfully, Satish Pradhan, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8)
Page 899 :
Letter Writing, , 889, , Q. 32. Write a letter to the District Education Officer, Jaipur, applying for the post of a temporary, teacher., Ans., 231, Arya Nagar, Alwar,, The District Education Officer,, February 14, 20xx, Jaipur District, Jaipur., Sir,, I have come to know through some reliable sources that the post of a teacher of English is, lying vacant in one of the schools under your control. I beg to apply for the same. As regards my, qualifications and experience, I submit as follows, I passed the Matriculation Examination from the D.S. High School, Jaipur in the year 1994,, securing 87% marks and stood first in the school. I passed the B.A Examination from D.S. College, Jaipur, in 1998 with 76% marks. I took my M.A. Degree in English from University of Rajasthan, Jaipur with, first division securing 61% marks in 2000 and stood first in the University in the B.Ed Examination in, 2002. I have seven months experience of teaching English in a Higher Secondary School. The experience, certificate is enclosed here with for your kind perusal., I like to assure you that if I am selected, I shall do my best for the students and everybody, cencerned shall feel satisfied with my conduct and devotion., Yours faithfully,, Vijay Kumar, Q. 33. You have read an advertisement in ‘The Hindustan Times’ about the application of, appointment of teachers. Write an application to the Director of Education, Rajasthan,, Jaipur asking for a job as a teacher in an educational institution., Ans., The Director of Education,, Rajasthan, Jaipur., Sir,, With reference to your advertisement published in ‘The Hindustan Times’ dated 15th January, for the post of teachers, I beg to offer my services as a candidate for one of them., Relevant particulars of my career are given below, Name, Bahadur Khan, Age, 27 years (Date of Birth 1.1. 1978), Examinations Passed, Division, Year, High School, 2nd, 1990, Intermediate, 2nd, 1992, B.A., 2nd, 1995, B.Ed., 2nd, 1996, Experience: Working as a temporary of teacher of English in a private college since July, 2002. I am, enclosing photocopies of my qualifications and the experience certificate for your kind, perusal. A favourable decision will oblige me., My address:, Bahadur Khan,, S/o Mr. Rashid Khan,, 20, Nai Basti,, Jaipur (Rajasthan), April 25, 20xx, Yours faithfully,, Bahadur Khan
Page 900 :
890, , English Grammar & Composition, , Complaints and Letters to the Editor, Q. 34. Write a letter to the editor of Newspaper, complaining against the increasing nuisance of, beggars in the city., Ans, S.K. Joshi,, 17, Mahabir Colony,, Asansol (W.B.), The Editor,, Jan. 23, 20xx, The Times of India,, New Delhi., Dear Sir,, Through, the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I like to draw the attention of local, authorities towards the increasing nuisance of beggars in our city., Now-a-days, the population of beggars has abruptly increased in the city. Everywhere in the, city, whether market, park or outside a restaurant or even in every street and on Red Light stoppage, you, will find such obstinate beggars who can’t be easily put off. The pity is that most of them are physically, fit. Begging is their well thought of profession., Some of them must be involved in other crimes also. Some of the beggars also suffer from, highly infectious diseases such as leprosy and TB etc. and while begging they come in contact with, general public. It is necessary that such cases be taken care of and be treated in General Hospital and other, able bodied beggars be taken to the task. Either they be given jobs or they must not be allowed to make the, begging their profession., I am sure the authorities will positively take care of this increasing nuisance of beggars at the, earliest., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, S.K. Joshi, Q. 35 Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper about very irregular and short water supply in, your locality., Ans., The Editor,, The Times of India,, New Delhi, Dear Sir,, I crave the hospitality of the ‘HELP LINE’ columns of your esteemed newspaper to draw the, attention of local authorities, particularly the authorities of “Water Works Department”., For the last one month the water supply in our colony has become very irregular and scanty., Out of the seven days, the supply was given for three days only and that too for one hour to 90 minutes., On yesterday and day before yesterday, the water was supplied only for 35 minutes. When, contacted the Assistant Engineer in the matter, he replied that due to some electric problem the water, supply had become irregular. His reply was very evasive. I was not satisfied with the reply. It appears that, the concerned AEn is not taking the problem seriously., In the summer season, water is of utmost necessity. I hope you will be kind enough to publish, this letter in your daily, so that the higher authorities take notice and solve this acute problem immediately, and warn those who are responsible for it., Dated, Yours faithfully,, 28/4/20xx, Ram Chand, 21/7, Janakpuri Road,, New Delhi 1100031
Page 901 :
Letter Writing, , 891, , Q. 36. Write a letter to the District Collector drawing his attention to the nuisance caused by, loudspeakers in the city during examinations days., Ans. The District Collector, Hoshiyarpur (Punjab), Sub: Nuisance caused by the loudspeakers during examination days., Dear Sir,, I beg to draw your kind attention to the problem of nuisance being caused by the loudspeakers, in the city., Now-a-days students are preparing for their examinations. The loud noise of loudspeakers is, causing a lot of problems to the students . Every year, a prohibitive order is issued by your office banning, the use of loudspeakers during the days of examination, but this year no such action has been taken so far., I request you to ban the use of loudspeakers totally for the period of two months so that the, students can prepare well for the ensuing examinations and not suffered due to the unwarranted noise of, loudspeakers., Hope to get your immediate attention., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, P.K. Mehra, Date: 15th March, 20xx, Student of B.E. (Computers) III Year, 17, Janta Colony, Hoshiyarpur (Punjab), Q. 37. Write a letter, in not more than 200 words, to a national daily about the neglect of priceless, Historical Monuments in and around your city. Suggest ways and means to preserve them., Ans., The Editor,, The Hindustan Times,, New Delhi., Sir,, Through the esteemed columns of your prestigious newspaper I like to draw the attention of, the general public on the neglectful and miserable conditions of Historical Monuments which are the, evidential witnesses of our past glory and grandeur. They are the proven records of our past history, but, have fallen victims to the criminal neglect of the officials. I had earlier tried to bring it to the notice of the, department of Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India, but there was no response. This, callous indifference on the part of concerned authorities has compelled me to approach you through this, letter., Sir, if you personally visit some of the monuments like the Humayun Tomb, Tughlak Kila,, Qutab Minar, etc you will realise that they are gradually losing their shape and are getting dilapidated day, by day in the flames of times. Their walls are mouldering, their roofs are getting cracked, their bricks and, stone pieces are losing plaster and the top corner of walls have already crumbled. All this is due to the lack, of proper maintenance and criminal neglect by the government servants. These monuments are the, heritage of the glorious period of our past history. We must realise that even the present will be past one, day. I was shocked to witness the sight of these worn and torn monuments., I request you to publish this letter in your esteemed paper so that the concerned authorities are, awakened in time and the priceless Historical Monuments are saved and preserved., Thanking you., Yours trulyX,, XYZX
Page 902 :
892, , English Grammar & Composition, , Q. 38. Write a letter in about 200 words to the Municipal Corporation of you city describing the, miserable condition of roads in your locality, also suggest some remedies for improvement., Ans., The Commissioner, Municipal Corporation,, New Delhi x, Sir,, I would like to attract your kind attention to the miserable conditions of roads in my locality,, Nehru Nagar, Near Subzi Mandi, Delhi. The roads are broken at many places.One can’t drive the vehicle, for ten minutes regularly without making adjustments with the broken roads. The buses, trucks, cars,, three-wheelers and two-wheelers, all have to halt at every five to seven minutes just to adjust with the, road breaks and pits. It has been repeatedly brought to the notice of P.W.D. but all in vain. There is always, a traffic problem on the roads. The first showers of monsoon will put the things in its worst shape. The, residents are in deep distress on this account and they have repeatedly expressed their resentment through, Press as well as through written complaints but nothing has so far been done. People have also staged, demonstrations last month and the authorities have assured to take necessary action in the matter but so, far all the assurances are proved only the assurances for the sake of assurances., I request you to get the roads constructed without any further delay lest the anger of the public, should explode. I hope to get immediate attention of you., Date: 25th Aug. 20xx, Yours sincerely,, Secretary (S.R.K. Tyagi), Nehru Nagar Residents Society,, Near Subzi Mandi, Delhi, Q. 39. You are a resident of Indira Nagar a posh colony of DDA. There are no street lights on the, main road leading to this colony. The road gets so dark after seven in the evening that the, possibility of some major accident cannot be ruled out. Write a letter to the Editor of a Daily,, drawing attention of the authorities to this serious problem. (in not more than 200 words)., Ans., The Editor,, The Hindustan Times,, New Delhi, Sub : Provision for street lights on the main road., Sir,, Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper I want to draw the attention of the, authorities concerned towards the provision of street lights on the main road leading to Indira Nagar. I like, to apprise that Indira Nagar is a posh colony of DDA and inhabited by more than 3500 flats on both the, sides of the road. The electricity board has installed poles on either side of the road to supply light to the, residents, but they are just poles without the electricity. The civic authority is lacking in providing basic, amenities to the residents., During these days of winter, after seven there is pitch dark. There is every possibility of, accurance of some major accident because of the heavy traffic passes over this road round the clock. The, necessity of electrification requires no emphasis. In addition to accidents, cases of thefts and robbery can, also not be denied. Darkness may lead to any kind of mishappening. It may also be stated that many, residents go on pouring into their flats even after late hours in the night.The residents pay house tax to the, Municipality regularly but facility of street lights are denied to the residents. The matter has been taken up, with the authorities again and again, every time mere assurances were given but problem stid persists in, the same way.
Page 903 :
Letter Writing, , 893, , I hope, if the letter is published in your esteemed newspaper, the authorities shall be awakened, from the slumber and the problem will be finally solved., Thanking you., Yours faithfully, XYZ, (A Resident of Indira Nagar), 27th Oct. 200X, 152, Indira Nagar., New Delhi,, , Q. 40. You are a resident of the ‘Aparna Apartments’, Mayur Vihar, Delhi. There is no bus-stop, within the radius of 2 km. from the apartments, causing a lot of inconvenience to the residents., Write a letter to the Editor of The Hindustan Times drawing attention of the government to, this problem., Ans., 271, Aparna Apartments,, Mayur Vihar, New Delhi, 23rd Jan, 20xx, The Editor,, The Indian Express, New Delhi., Sub : Providing nearby Bus-stops, Sir,, Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper I like to attract the attention non, availability of the concerned Government officials and the leaders representing the public, towards the, problem of bus stop surrounding area near Mayur Vihar Aparna Apartments. These apartment are spread, within the radius of at least 4 km and are situated on the main road of Mayur Vihar.One can notice the, running of buses on the main road in all the directions of Delhi after every five minutes., But it is very strange to note that the Government has not provided enough bus stops to cover, all the apartments and colonies on the road. The residents have to run more than 2 km. to catch a local bus., Hiring of a rickshaw or three-wheeler is very costly for all of us in order to reach the bus stand. The chilly, or the hot rough weather often puts the passengers in a great dolldrum. This also wastes time, energy,, stamina and strength of a traveller., For lady passengers it is all the more awesome from the safety point of view. No investment or, no financial burden be passed on to the government in making more bus stops keeping in view the, necessities and the convenience of the residents. It being fully residential area, it is need of the hour to, provide bus stops at the most near points in this area instead of having a bus stop at a distance of more that, 2 km., I hope the government would definitely consider our difficulty and provide enough bus stops, for the convenience of the passengers. It will provide relief to all of us as moving to a long distance of, 2 km. in winter and hot Summer is very troublesome and tiresome., Hoping for doing the needful., Yours faithfully,, XYZ, A resident of Aparna Apartments,, Mayur Vihar,, New Delhi
Page 904 :
894, , English Grammar & Composition, , Q. 41. You are resident of Mangal Vihar Colony, Alwar. Write a letter to the Editor, Rajasthan, Patrika, about the misuse and poor maintenance of the public park in your area., Ans., 118-A, Mangal Vihar Colony, Alwar, December 15, 20xx, The Editor,, Rajasthan Patrika, Alwar., Sub: Poor maintenance of Public Park., Sir,, Through the columns of your esteemed daily, I want to draw the attention of the authorities, concerned towards the poor maintenance of the public park in our area., Public Parks are the lungs of the locality where residents come and refresh their tired and, fatigue minds. But in our colony, the park is not well maintained or say not at all maintained. The park, suffers from the utter neglect of the authorities. The residents of a nearby basti are using the area as public, convenience. Some rowdies create disturbance and abstract in proper up keeping of the park. The park, has become the favourite halting place of stray cattle, dogs and pigs. Miscreants sit and gamble here in the, broad daylight. They create disturbance and affect the normal health and hygiene of the common man. In, reality, the park has become a safety heaven for all types of evil characters. If no immediate actions are, taken, the park will turn into a devil’s den and a cause of nuisance for the colony., I hope the authorities concerned will take immediate steps in the matter., Yours faithfully,, XYZ, Q. 42. You are a resident of South West Block, Alwar. Write a letter to the Superintendent of Police, about the unauthorised construction of a block of three shops adjacent to the public park., 329-South West Block,, Alwar, 15th Dec, 20xx, , Ans., , The Superintendent of Police, Alwar (Rajasthan), Sub: Unauthorised construction adjacent to the public park., Sir,, May I lodge a complaint against Sh Ram Nath who has constructed a block of three shops, adjacent to the Nehru Park in our colony. The construction was completed in the late hours of night when, there was none to oppose. In the morning, a block of shops was found disfiguring the park area. This has, created a good example for others to occupy the government land, in any way one likes. There is complete, “Goonda Raj” in this area. Powerful men are usurping the property of the Government for their own, benefits. It is not out of place to mention ‘Might is Right’. In the morning some residents opposed but, instead of listening to their voice, he threatened them to shoot. There is complete chaos and an, atmosphere of fear prevails in the area., It looks he has got good relations with high ups. If this remains the state of affair, a day will, come when others will also occupy the available land. This is the only main park where children can play, and rest in the morning and evening., Please take action and protect the park from the misercants spoiling its use and beauty., Yours faithfully,, XYZ
Page 905 :
Letter Writing, , 895, , Q.43. You are Pralay Kumar of 125, Jahangir Road, New Delhi.Write a letter to the Police, Commissioner (Traffic) about inadequate parking facility in the Connaught Place area of, New Delhi., Ans., 125, Jahangir Road,, New Delhi.,, 20th Aug, 20xx, The Police Commissioner (Traffic), Connaught Place, New Delhi., Sub: Inadequate parking facility at Connaught Place ., Sir,, Connaught Place is the heart and soul of our capital. It is the most busiest and cleanest site of, the capital. It attracts a large number of businessmen, foreigners and tourists daily. Being the centre of, trade, there is great hustle and bustle in the market. During the peak hours one cannot park his car at a safe, place here because the parking facilities are very much inadequate. If one has to park his vehicle, he has to, look here and there for safety of vehicles and availability of a parking place. If a suitable site is available, by chance, it becomes difficult to get one’s vehicle back because of the shortage of sufficient space., Under these circumstances it is imperative on the part of the authorities to make sufficient spots available, for parking the vehicles., I hope you will definitely realise the inconvenience caused to all as above. Please take suitable, steps to solve this genuine problem., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, Pralay Kumar, Q. 44. You are Tek Chand of 115, Subhash Nagar, Jaipur. Write a letter to The Postmaster, complaining about the irregular delivery of letters and parcels etc., Ans., 115, Subhash Nagar,, Jaipur,, 25th August, 20xx, The Postmaster, General Post Office,, Jaipur (Rajasthan), Sub : Irregular Delivery of Letters., Sir,, I want to draw your kind attention towards the negligent working style of Mr. P.K.Verma, the, postman of this area. He is very irregular and negligent in his work. He does not deliver the letters and, delivery parcels on daily basis. He never comes in time. He often throws the letters either in the “Ganda, Nala” or gives them to the small children playing in the streets. Many times the letters are lost and the, business is also hampered due to irregular and late delivery of letters. This is a matter of great concern and, can cause a great loss. On many occasions he has been warned to mend his ways but he paid a deaf ear to, the requests of the residents., Kindly take necessary action in this matter and Mr Verma be immediately transferred to some, other area, lest he should take revengeful action against some of the residents., Thanking you., Yours faithfully,, Tek Chand
Page 906 :
896, , English Grammar & Composition, , Q. 45. You have visited the general hospital by chance. You find the condition of the hospital very, pathetic.Write a complaint letter to the CMHO, Jaipur Hospital in this matter., Ans., 12, Gurunanakpura,, Adarsh Nagar,, Jaipur, The CMHO,, 24th September, 20xx, General Hospital ,, Jaipur (Rajasthan), Sub : Uncleanliness and negligency of the staff in the General Hospital., Sir,, May I lodge a simple but very important complaint to draw your attention towards the poor, facilities available in the General Hospital and the neglectful attitude of the medical staff. The nurses, hardly attend to their duties and generally busy in gossiping. Even the low priced tablets and medicines, remain out of stock in the hospital. The toilets are never found clean, always emit a very foul smell., Yesterday an attendant took her mother to toilet, the nauseating smell made her nervous and she fainted., A complaint was also lodged with the staff nurse on duty, she took no care of the complaint., The electric wiring is lying uncovered and tubes don’t emit proper lights. The sweepers even, leave the rubbish in the small corners. Everywhere a smell, uncleanliness, dust and negligence prevails. I, don’t know how the staff is so indifferent and working in such unhygienic conditions., I hope you will take steps to improve the conditions and proper arrangements to keep the, hospital clean be made immediately., Thanking you.,, Yours faithfully,, XYZ, Q. 46. You are Dipti Sharma of 110, Raja Park, Jaipur. Write a letter to the General Manager,, Rajasthan Roadways, Jaipur, complaining about rude and irresponsible behaviour of the, drivers and the conductors., Ans., 110, Raja Park,, Jaipur, The General Manager,, 25th June, 20xx, Rajasthan Roadways, Jaipur (Rajasthan), Sub : Complaining about rude and irresponsible behaviour of the drivers and the, conductors., Sir,, I want to draw your kind attention towards the rude and irresponsible behaviour of both the, drivers and the bus conductors with the commuters. They look towards the passengers with indifference, and behave with them in a very strange and absurd way. They lack etiquettes and use filthy language., Generally the bus drivers do not stop the bus at the fixed stops, they rather disdain the, travellers and stop before or after the stop so the passengers have to run after the bus. The passengers, hardly approach the bus when it starts. In this way many commuters fall and feel lot of irritation and, insult., No less irresponsible is the behaviour of conductors. They never bother whether the, passengers have got into the bus or not but they are bent on blowing the whistle. The bus moves while, passengers have only one foot on the foot board. This leads to the falling of the poor passengers and, sustaining injuries by them several times.
Page 907 :
897, , Letter Writing, , They have forgotten the elementary duties of a good driver and conductor and behave, indecently. They show no courtesy and sympathy fowards the senior citizens and the ladies., It is my humble suggestion that at the time of their recruitment and during the initial training, they must be taught how to deal with the passengers. Regular training in this matter may help them to, understand the problems of the commuters. Presently, they must be instructed and advised suitably to, mend their ways and a surprise checking in this respect also be done., Thanking you, Your faithfully,, Dipti Sharma, , Q. 47. Write a suitable letter in reply to the following advertisement signing yourself as “Somebody”., Found a Suitcase, A suit case is found in Jammu Mail on 28/02/20xx, the owner should contact, thekeâ Station Master, Delhi Cantt. with proof of belongings., , B-423, Man Singh Park, New Delhi, April 27, 20xx, , Ans., The Station Master,, Delhi Cantt., Sub: Missing suitcase, Dear Sir,, , Please refer to your advertisement published in the ‘Times of India’ on dated 23.3.20xx,, regarding the suitcase found in the Jammu Mail on 28.2.20xx, I want to bring to your kind notice that the, suitcase belongs to me., It is a VIP Suitcase-22 inches, of grey colour. My name ‘ABC’ is pasted on it. It contains three, white shirts, two trousers, one blue-coloured pant, one towel, a comb and one ball pen and some coins, also. It also contains my original certificate (Matric and MA Economics) with attested copies, one issue of, ‘Akhand Jyoti ’ monthly, as well as a newspaper of that day. I had returned on that day after from Kanpur, an attending interview., I shall feel obliged if the same is returned to me. Please let me know the date and the time,, convenient to you, when I may collect my suitcase., Yours faithfully,, Somebody, , Social Letters (Invitations), Formal Invitations:, Invitations are of two kinds—Formal and Informal Invitations. A formal invitation is generally, written to third person and contains no heading, no salutation and no complimentary. The writer’s, name should appear in the body of the invitation. The address of the writer and the date should be, written to the left, below the communication., Formal Invitations, Smt and Shri Chawla, request the pleasure of Shri SK Mathew’s company, at dinner, on Monday, the 24th of July at 8 P.M., at, Jai Palace, Jaipur., 20th July, 20xx
Page 908 :
898, , English Grammar & Composition, , Informal Invitations:, Informal invitations are like ordinary letters, though using more formal language. They are, addressed to the recipient by name and the formal close is generally any of the following, Sincerely Yours, Yours Sincerely, Yours affectionately, etc., Informal Invitations, My dear Shri Verma,, Will you please give me the pleasure of your company at dinner on Monday, the 18th July,, 20xx at 8.30 P.M. at my residence., Yours very sincerely,, Prakash Jha, 12, Alka Puri, Alwar,, 15th July, 20xx, , Examples of Invitations, Q. 48. As Mrs. and Mr. Ramesh Dutt invite Mrs. and Mr. C.R. Pathak on the occasion of their, daughter, Anu’s marriage with Uttam at 8 P.M. on Monday, 4th Oct., 20xx, Ans., , Mrs. and Mr. Ramesh Dutt, request the pleasure of the company of, Mrs. and Mr. C.R. Pathak, on the occasion of the marriage of their daughter, ANU, with, UTTAM, S/o Mrs. and Mr. Vivek Dutt, at 8 P.M. on Monday, 4th Oct. 2003, AT THEIR RESIDENCE., , RSVP, 49, Manu Marg, Alwar, , Q. 49. As the Principal of Bal Bharati School which is holding its Annual Day Function at 6.00 P.M., on 12th November 20xx in the school auditorium. Design an invitation card to be sent to the, parents and other invitees. The Chief Minister of Delhi has agreed to be the Chief Guest on, this occasion. Do not exceed 50 words., Ans., BAL BHARATI SCHOOL, ALWAR, CELEBRATES ITS, Annual Day Function, on, 12th November, 20xx, at, 6.00 P.M. in the, SCHOOL AUDITORIUM, CHIEF GUEST: The Hon’ble Chief Minister of Delhi, The Honourable Chief Minister will give away the prizes to all the meritorious students. You are cordially, invited to grace the occasion with your besign presence., Principal
Page 909 :
899, , Letter Writing, , Q. 50. Write a formal letter of invitation to a friend of your son inviting him to your son’s birthday, party., Ans., MRS. AND MR. GAURAV NAGPAL, request the pleasure of the company of, MR. HITESH SHARMA, on the occasion of the 20th birthday of their son, RAHUL, at 7.00 pm on 12th August, 20xx, 6-C, Model Town, RSVP, Delhi–110007, With Compliments, Phone : 011-2334329, Friends & Relatives, Q. 51. Write a formal letter of invitation to your friend inviting him to your son’s birthday party., Ans., Mrs. and Mr. P. K. Sharma, request the pleasure of the company of, Mrs and Mr. S. C. Gupta, on the auspicious occassion of the 18th birthday of their son, GAURAV, at 6.00 P.M. on 5th January, 20xx, 132/13 Panchsheel Colony, Udaipur., Phones No : 4312342, 4769790, RSVP, XYZ, Q. 52. Draft an invitation for a formal dinner at Home., Ans., , Mrs. and Mr S. C. Gupta, invite, Mrs. and Mr P. K. Sharma, to, THE BIRTHDAY PARTY, of their son, HEMANT, On Tuesday, the 1st Oct., 20xx, at 6.00 P.M., at their residence, M-3 Satywadi Colony, Purjan Vihar, Jaipur ., Please grace the occasion with your presence., , RSVP, , Q. 53. Write a formal reply to your neighbour accepting the invitation to his brother’s birthday, party. Invent names, date, time and place etc., Ans., Mrs. and Mr. G.K. Kapoor, of Kota City, Thank, Mrs. and Mr. K. L. Arora, for their invitation, on, the auspicious occasion, of, the birthday of
Page 910 :
900, , English Grammar & Composition, Mr. S. L. Arora, (Younger brother of Mr. K.L. Arora), and, , accept the same and promise to be there, on Tuesday 5th October, 20xx at 6.30 P.M., at their residence at, , M-43 , Purjan Vihar Udaipur., Q. 54. You are R. Kumar S/O Shri K. Kumar of 31 Janta Colony, Jaipur. Prepare a draft for an, invitation card to be sent on behalf of your parents on the occasion of the wedding of your, sister., Ans., Smt. and Shri K. Kumar, request the pleasure of your company of, on the auspicious occasion of the marriage, of their daughter, REENA, with, MAYANK, (Son of Shri KL Gupta of Rohtak), on Friday, 4th December, 20xx at 8.00 P.M., at their residence 31, Janta Colony, Jaipur, as per the following programmes, Reception of Barat, 7.00 P.M., Dinner, 9.30 P.M.,, 5th December, 20xx, 5.00 A.M., RSVP, Doli, With Best Compliments from, M/s R. K. Garments, All Relatives, 20, Park Square Bangalore, &, Phone–653434, Friends, Q. 55. You are Miss Komal Mittal of 134/32, Panchsheel Colony, Udaipur. You are celebrating your, 20th birthday next week. Draft a formal invitation to a tea party. (Do not mention the invitee’s, name)., Ans., MISS KOMAL MITTAL, requests the pleasure of your company, at a, TEA PARTY, on the occasion of her 20th birthday, at 5.30 P.M. on Sunday, August 12th, 20xx, at her residence 134/32, Panchsheel Colony, Udaipur., RSVP, Mittal Refractories, Udaipur, (Rajasthan), 0294 2512103
Page 911 :
901, , Letter Writing, , Q. 56. You have set up a cooperative store in your colony, Nayabas, Alwar. You have decided to, invite one member from each family settled their to its inaugural ceremony. Prepare a draft of, the invitation letter for the purpose., , M/S G. N. Nagpal and Sons, , Ans., , announces the opening of their new establishment, NAGPAL COOPERATIVE STORE, Nayabas Alwar, INAUGURATION, on Sunday, the 2nd October, 20xx at 9.00 P.M., by Dr. Gaurav Mittal, One member from each family settled in Nayabas Alwar, is cordially invited., Visit for all kinds of domestic items Readymade Garments, Cosmetics, Medicines and Electrical items., AVAIL INAUGURAL DISCOUNT OF 10% ON ALL GOODS., RSVP, Nagpal Cooperative Store, Phone : 2334329., , Office Circulars, Q. 57. As the Head of your office, draft a circular for the staff outlining the need and value of, punctuality in keeping office hours and quick disposal of writs and other work. (RAS 97), Office of Dy. Commissioner Commercial Taxation, Hasan Khan Mewat Nagar Alwar, Circular, Ref.No.KB/14/15/20xx, Date: 27th Sept, 20xx, For All the members of the staff including the Officers, All the members of the staff including the officers are instructed to adhere to the punctuality in, coming to the office and leaving the office. Hence, attendance in the office is desired upto 10.00 am, positively. It has been noticed that some of the employees including the officers are habituated of coming, late and leaving the office before time that is before 5 P.M. This causes great inconvenience to the public., Lack of punctuality and leaving the office before time is an act of indiscipline and it leads to delay in, disposing of the files and hinders smooth working. Intentional delay and keeping the work pending must, be stopped forthwith. All the officers are instructed to dispose off all the pendency within a week and, apprise the undersigned in the matter positively on next Monday., Noncompliance on the part of any staff including the officers shall be viewed by the, undersigned seriously., XYZ, Dy. Commissioner (Administration), Q. 58. Draft a circular from the Government of Rajasthan, Department of Civil Supplies, addressed, to all District Supply Officers advising the steps to be taken for proper distribution of, essential commodities from fair price shops., Government of Rajasthan, Secretary Department Civil Supplies, Jaipur, Circular Ref: Civil Sup /26/20xx, Date : 15th July, 20xx
Page 912 :
902, , English Grammar & Composition, , Subject : Distribution of essential commodities through Fair-price shops., For: All District Supply Officers, It has come to the notice of the Government that some fair-price shop dealers are not making, the proper distribution of the essential commodities, instead they are selling the commodities in open, market. Some fair price shops are not being opened on regular basis. In rural areas specially the shops, remain either closed or the commodities are not distributed to all the people, which frustrates the aim and, objective of opening these fair price shops. People are facing great problems in getting the commodities, from these shops and the dealers are getting undue advantages by selling the commodities in open market., The matter was discussed in a meeting presided over the Minister for Civil Supplies and a very serious, view was taken of the situation., I therefore, advise you to make all our efforts to make the supply regular in a proper, manner.You are also being advised to implement the following measures agreed upon in the meeting :, (1) The enforcement Inspectors should visit personally all the fair price shops and should, also meet the Panch or the Sarpanch of the villages. Not only this, reports and views of, the general should also be taken and noted in their daily diary to ascertain the factual, position., (2) The DSOs should also make a point to visit at least 15 fair price shops in a month and, verify the daily diary of the enforcement Inspectors invariably. Out of the 15 fair price, shops 10 must locate in rural areas., (3) Action including the suspensions and termination of licence of the dealer of the fair price, shop should be resorted to, in the first instance. In second chance the dealership of the, fair price shop must be terminated and legal action should also be initiated as per the, advice of the legal cell., (4) Periodical inspection report and the visit reports are be submitted to my office on the, monthly basis., Intimate the compliance to the undersigned within seven days., S.K. Mahajan, Secretary Civil Supplies, , Q. 59. Draft a Circular to all Commissioners and District Collectors working as District Election, Officers to make adequate arrangements for the free and fair General Assembly Election., Office of The Election Commissioner, Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Circular Ref: EC/3/05, Date : 21/9/ 20xx, Phone : 23334512, Fax:2334511, Sub : Election Urgent, For : All Commissioners / Dist.Collectors, As per instructions and guidelines received from the office of the Chief Election, Commissioner Government of India, New Delhi vide Cir .No CEC/GE/2/03dated 15/9/0...... and in, compliance of the same, you are hereby instructed to make proper arrangements, planning and, preparations for conducting the free and fair Assembly Elections., Please get all the voterlists updated and printed timely. Ensure to get the Photo-identity card, issued to all voters. Get the Ballot boxes checked if required get the same repaired and new ones ordered., Marking and mapping of polling stations and polling booths are also to be done. Sensitive areas be, marked and requisition for additional Police Force be sent in advance.
Page 913 :
903, , Letter Writing, , Lists of Zonal Magistrates, Presiding officers, Polling Officers and employees for election, duty be chalked out in advance. In all circumstances the elections must be conducted in free and fair, atmosphere. Compliance be made under intimation to the undersigned. This should be treated as most, urgent., XYZ, , Election Commissioner, Q. 60. Draft a circular from the Finance Secretary, Government of Rajasthan, to all, Departments, District Officers and Commissioners requesting them to adopt measures of, further economy., Government of Rajasthan, Office of the Secretary Finance, Jaipur, Circular No.F 348/26/20035, Date: 28.8.20xx, Subject: Economy Drive, For: All Head of Deptts., Commissioners and District Collectors., To review the drought and famine conditions prevailed in the State, a High Power Committee, has instituted under the Chairmanship of Chief Minister. The Committee has decided in its last meeting, held on 23rd August to adopt some thrift measures as per following, (1) An overall cut of 20% in all non-plan expenditure with immediate effect., (2) All unnecessary and avoidable TA bills be reduced by 25% with immediate effect., (3) Expenses on Office purchase be stopped forthwith. No expenditure will be made on, office purchase without the permission of the Deputy Secretary of the respective, Ministry., (4) All the Medical Bills be thoroughly checked before making the payments., All the concerned Departments under your jurisdiction be informed of the instructions, immediately., Compliance of the order be submitted to the undersigned within three days., KK Jha,, Finance Secretary, , Memorandums, Q. 61. As Deputy General Manager of a Private Limited Company, write a memo to the General, Manager informing him about the damage caused by fire in the factory., Kotsons Mills Pvt. Ltd., Mall Road, Mumbai, Ref. No GM/26/0....., 23rd Aug. 20xx, Memorandum, From: Dy General Manager, To: The General Manager, Subject: Damage caused by Fire., It was on 22nd August 20xx a fire broke out in the Mills Showroom at about 3 O’clock in the, night. It seems to be caused by short circuit and the entire Showroom was in full blazes within minutes. It, took nearly four hours by the two fire brigades to control the fire. The total damage estimated is not less, than ` One crore, as some goods lying in the adjacent godown also caught fire, lot of the goods was saved, by the timely arrival of the fire brigades. The Insurance Company has since been informed and a requisite, claim for the damage will be submitted within three days.
Page 914 :
904, , English Grammar & Composition, , I am trying to chalk out the plans and the measures to be taken to prevent such happenings in, future. A detail report will be submitted to you at the earliest., Sd/-, , Dy. General Manager, Q. 62. As Deputy Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs, Central Government, New Delhi, write, a memorandum to be sent to all the State Home Ministers, expressing the Government’s, concern about police excesses in the States ., Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi, Ref No.HM /SHM/5/0........, 18th July, 20xx, Memorandum, Subject: Police Excesses in States., Undersigned has been directed to apprise all the State Home Ministers that the entire Lok, Sabha has expressed its sincere concern and taken a serious view of the excesses committed by the police, more or less throughout the country. The department of Police comes under the State List, so it is the, sacred responsibility of all the States to check the recurrences of any such cases. Cases of deaths in police, custody, indiscreet firing, cases of violence and rape against the women and similar other cases of, indecent and torture, have been reported frequently by the Press. Human Rights violation is a crime even, committed by a government deptt. The honourable Home Minister has expressed great concern over the, situation and he has earnestly desired that the police ought to be sensitise and police officials be trained to, deal with common mass politetly and should exercise the powers within their limits. Strong and strict, action must also be initiated against the criminals irrespective of their status in the society., Therefore it is urgently required that a meeting of all the Superintendents of Police of the, States be called to discuss the ways and means to check this social evil. A report be sent to the Ministry at, the earliest., Ram Dhari Dinkar, Copy to:, Deputy Secretary, All the Home Ministers of All States.
Page 916 :
906, , English Grammar & Composition, , (5) Precis efueKeles meceÙe Deheves Views Ùee Opinion veneR efoS peeves ÛeeefnS~, (6) Precis keâer Yee<ee Simple leLee grammatically correct nesveer ÛeeefnS~, (7) Precis keâe Heading, Passage keâer theme kesâ Deveg¤he Ssmee nesvee ÛeeefnS pees Skeâ Meyo ceW hetjs Passage kesâ yeejs ceW yeleeS~, Heading meeceevÙeleÙee Passage kesâ Meg¤ ceW Ùee Devle ceW efceue peelee nw pees hetjs Passage kesâ Idea Ùee theme keâes yeleelee nw~, , How to Write a Good Precis?, Ghejeskeäle DeeJeMÙekeâ lelJeeW keâes OÙeeve ceW jKeles ngS efpeme Passage keâer Precis efueKeveer nw Gme Passage keâes oes yeej heefÌ{S~ GmeceW, mes Important efyevogDeeW keâes Underline keâj ueerefpeS Ùee Deueie mes Gleej ueerefpeS~ efheâj GvnW Deewj Yeer mebef#ehle keâjves nsleg Ssmes, sentences ceW mes Yeer Decorative words, Comparison Deeefo nšekeâj FvnW Deeheme ceW peesÌ[ oerefpeS/OÙeeve jefKeS Precis keâer, completeness, compactness leLee clarity yeveer jns~, Do’s and Don’ts of Precis Writing:, (a) Start your precis by stating the main idea of the Passage., (b) Do not use the words ‘in this article’. Use the style ‘Jackob argues that the most significant contribution, of the Iraqies was.’, (c) When writing about history, use the Past tense., (d) Do not use abbreviations or contractions., (e) Avoid words like big, good, bad, little, and a lot. Also do not use the phrase ‘throughout history’. This is, cliche., (f) Titles of texts should be put in italics or underlined., , Precis Writing : Examples, Q1. Make a precis of each of the following passages. The precis should be as far as possible in your, own words. Suggest a suitable title also for your precis., When our childhood has fallen behind us and taken on some of the glamour of distance we often, ransack our memories in order to call up to our mind’s eye the picture of the children we were. Then we, are surprised to discover how little we remember of our earliest days; they have gone for ever and, seemingly have left nothing behind them. All is lost in haze, and no definite image rewards our efforts, to recapture the incidents of infancy., Some, however, can recall more than others; one may remember something that happened when he was, only a child of two, while another may find his memory blank–a clean sheet of paper as far as anything, is concerned which befell him before he was five. Yet, perhaps as regards things generally, the memory, of the latter may be stronger than that of the former, it is only in regard to his early childhood that the, first man’s memory is stronger., To account for these variations is not easy : there are so many factors to be taken into account. Nature, and circumstances have to be considered. One may be markedly introspective, unconsciously looking, into himself from his earliest days : another may have had an accident which could not fail to impress, itself on his memory. Again, one man may remember earlier events because his memory is a visual one,, while another looks not so far back because his memory is more of the mind and a child’s mind is of, slower development than his sight., Some Tips : Memory of Childhood, Main points of the passage are to be noted down :, (1) We remember little of our earlier days., (2) The memory of some extends farther back than that of others., (3) Variations in the memory of childhood are due to a person’s nature and early circumstances., Use above points to write a precis leaving aside unimportant and superfluous items :
Page 917 :
Precis Writing, , 907, , Precis : Memory of Childhood, After some years, if we look back to our earliest days of childhood, we would find that we remember, very little. The memories of some however can go back farther than that of others. It is not necessarily, the stronger memory that does it. It is the nature of a man and his circumstances that determine the, extent of his memory. A man with visual memory may have better memory than others., Q2. Make a precis of following passage. The precis should be as far as possible in your own words., Suggest a suitable title also for your precis., It is possible to score goals and lose the game. It is possible to win battles and lose the campaign. It is, possible to make money and miss a fortune. The short-sighted man suffers, no matter where he is found;, he may see some things with excessive clarity, but he fails to get the true perspective which will enable, him to arrive at wise conclusions. He gains one thing, but he loses something better., This is a very common error. The student makes it when he forgets the life-goal in thinking of the medal, or the scholarship. The saint forgets it when he thinks of today and forgets the greater tomorrow. The, businessman misses his way when he choses a present gain and forfeits ten times as much in the future., The youth makes such a mistake when he marries a girl of good look, and forgets the character which, will be necessary to command his respect for forty years to come., Man was made to think and unless he uses his brain he will stumble into no end of unseen, morasses.There is a future, and it cannot be evaded; and when it is reached it cannot be changed, for we, are just deciding what it shall be.We are our own destiny-makers. It is well to face the future with care, and caution., How to make the precis ? Learn through the following example :, Disadvantages of Short-sightedness, Main points of the passage are to be noted down :, (1) Winning and losing game and money are possible in life of everybody. A man who suffers from, short-sightedness sees only the immediate gain with clarity, but loses something better and greater, in the future., (2) The students who cares more for the medal than for the goal of life, the saint who thinks of the, present and not of the glorious future, the businessman who for an immediate gain forgoes greater, future gain, and the youth who marries a girl of good looks rather than of character, all are the, victims of this grave error., (3) Our future lies in our own hands. We are our own destiny-makers. We should face the future with, care and caution., Use above points to write a precis leaving aside unimportant and superfluous items :, Precis : Disadvantages of Short-sightedness, Wining and losing game or money are part of life. A short-sighted person loses the greater future gain, for an immediate small gain. The student misses his life-goal for the medal or scholarship, the saint, ignoring future bliss for the present achievement, the businessman forgoing a larger future fortune for, the present trifle gain and the youth marrying a good looking girl rather than one of character, all are, short-sightedness of the respective fellows. We are the architect of our future, and therefore, of our, destiny; we should face it warily and carefully., Q3. Make a precis of each of the following passages. The precis should be as far as possible in your, own words. Suggest a suitable title also for your precis., How many apparent defeats, Enthusiasm has transformed into victories ? It is one of the most vital, elements in all successes, but in the sphere of religious activity its value cannot be overestimated., Nevertheless it must be admitted that enthusiasm is not something that can always be had merely for the, asking.
Page 918 :
908, , English Grammar & Composition, In the first place, to be effective, enthusiasm must be genuine. Simulated enthusiasm is a weak, vapid, thing that soon dies. People do not become enthusiastic merely by wanting to be. It is not something that, can be thrust upon others at will. Nothing could be more ridiculous than for someone to rise before a, large gathering and say, “ I move them all and they became enthusiastic ! ” Enthusiasm is not, necessarily a noise or shouting or even feverish activity. These may be, and sometimes are,, manifestations of its presence, but not necessarily so. Often, indeed, such symptoms are merely, spurious imitations, and as far from the genuine articles as the counterfeit money from the real money., All genuine, lasting enthusiasm must be built upon knowledge. This is the true fountain from which it, bubbles up, and nothing will take its place. People cannot be lastingly enthusiastic about that of which, they know nothing., Learn to make Precis through the following example :, The Power of Enthusiasm, Main points of the passage are to be noted down :, (1) Enthusiasm has transformed many apparent defeats into victories., (2) It is the most vital element in all successes. But enthusiasm cannot be had for the asking., (3) Genuine enthusiasm is effective. Simulated enthusiasm is a dull and temporary thing. Enthusiasm, cannot be forced upon others., (4) Genuine enthusiasm can be built upon knowledge alone. One cannot be enthusiastic about a thing, for long unless one has complete knowledge of it., Use above points to write a precis, leaving aside unimportant and superfluous items :, , Precis : The Power of Enthusiasm, Enthusiasm is one of the most important elements to achieve successes and has turned many sure, tumbling into victories. But in order to be effective and lasting, it must be genuine. Simulated, enthusiasm dies soon. We should distinguish real from false enthusiasm which consists in noise,, shouting or feverish activity. Genuine enthusiasm can be built upon knowledge alone. To be lastingly, enthusiastic about a thing, the people should have complete knowledge of it., Q4. Make a precis of each of the following passages. The precis should be as far as possible in your, own words. Suggest a suitable title also for your precis., When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds, which have connected one another and to assume among the powers of the earth a separate and equal, station, a decent respect for the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which, impel them to separation., We hold truth to be self evident that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator, with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to, secure these rights, governments are liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights,, governments are instituted deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever, any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to abolish it and, to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organising its power in such, form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness., Prudence will dictate that governments, long established should not be changed for light and transient, causes and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils, are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when, a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce, them under absolute despotism. It is their duty to throw off such government, and to provide new, guards for their future security.
Page 919 :
Precis Writing, , 909, , Precis : The People and the Government, Whenever one people forces to break the political bonds with another and assumes an independent, status as a separate nation, they should declare the causes of such a separation., All men are created equal and they possess certain inalienable rights : life, liberty and the pursuit of, happiness. Governments are created by the people to protect these rights. If a government fails to, secure these, the people have a right to change that government. Prudence requires that, long-established governments should not be changed for trivial causes. Only when constant abuses, and usurpations threaten to bring them under despotism, then such a government should be thrown off, to secure the future well beings., Q5. Make a precis of each of the following passages. The precis should be as far as possible in your, own words. Suggest a suitable title also for your precis., Trading is a social activity. Whoever undertakes to sell any kinds of goods to the public, does what, affects the interest of other persons and of society in general. Thus, his conduct, in principle, comes, within the jurisdiction of society. Accordingly, it was once held to be the duty of governments, in all, cases which were considered of importance, to fix prices, and regulate the process of manufacture. But, it is now recognized, though not till after a long struggle, that both the cheapness and the good quality, of commodities; are most effectively provided for by leaving the producers and sellers perfectly free,, under the sole check of equal freedom to the buyers for supplying themselves from elsewhere., This is the so-called doctrine of Free Trade, which rests on grounds different from, though equally solid, with, the principle of individual liberty. Restrictions on trade or on production for purposes of trade are, indeed restraints; and all the restraints, as the restraint, is evil. But the restraints in question affect only, that part of conduct which society is competent to restrain and those are wrong solely because they do, not really produce the results which are desired to be produced by them. As the principle of individual, liberty is not involved in the doctrine of Free Trade, so neither is in most of the questions which arise, respecting the limits of the doctrine : as, for example, what amount of public control is admissible for, the prevention of fraud by adulteration; how far sanitary precautions or arrangements to protect, work-people employed in dangerous occupations, should be enforced on players. Such question, involves considerations of liberty, only in so far as leaving people to themselves is always better than, controlling them., Precis : Control over Trade, Trade affects the society. Governments in the past, as a duty, fixed the prices and regulated the, manufacturing processes. Things of cheap and good quality can be available only when the buyers and, sellers are free to deal with each other and with anybody else. This is called a Free Trade which may or, may not have personal freedom. Restraints for the sake of restraints of trade are unjustified. Restraints, imposed by the society itself are improper because the result is not as desired. Enforcement of control, to prevent adulteration and to protect people from health hazards again involves the point of liberty. So, it is always better to left the people free and let them control themselves., Q6. Make a precis of each of the following passages. The precis should be as far as possible in your, own words. Suggest a suitable title also for your precis., One has to function in line with the highest ideals of the age one live in. It had been classified under two, heads : humanism and the scientific spirit. Between these two there has been an apparent conflict, but, the great upheaval of thought today, with its questioning of all values, is removing the old boundaries, between the external world of science and the internal world of introspection. There is a growing, synthesis between humanism and the scientific spirit, resulting in a kind of scientific humanism., Science also, while holding on to fact, is on the verge of the other domains or at any rate has ceased to, deny them contemptuously. Our five senses and what they can perceive obviously, do not exhaust the, universe.
Page 920 :
910, , English Grammar & Composition, During the past seventy-five years or so there has been a profound change in the scientists picture of the, physical world. Science used to look at nature, as something almost apart from man. But now, Sir James, Jeans tells us that the essence of science is that man no longer sees nature as something distinct from, ‘himself’. And then the old question arises which troubled the thinkers of the Upanishads : How can the, knower be known?, How can the eyes that can see external objects see themselves? Science has begun to touch it still, the, earnest scientist of today is what the philosopher and the man of religion were in earlier ages. ‘In this, materialistic age of ours’, says Professor Albert Einstein, ‘the serious scientific workers are the only, profoundly religious people. In all this there appears to be a firm belief in science and yet an, apprehension the purely factual and purposeless science is not enough. Was science providing so much, of life’s furniture, ignoring life’s significance?, There is an attempt to find a harmony between the world of fact and the world of spirit, for it was, becoming increasingly obvious that the over emphasis on the former was crushing the spirit of man., The question that troubled the philosopher of old has come up again in a different form and context :, How to reconcile the life of the world with the inner spiritual life of the individual ? The physicians, have discovered that it is not enough to treat the body of the individual or of society as a whole., , Precis : Scientific Humanism, One has to act according to the age one lives in. Humanism and Scientific spirit have been treated, as the two conflicting and different thoughts in the past, but now the two are being synthesized, and being called Scientific Humanism. Science relates to factual analysis of the things, but it has, been realised by the scientists also that pure factual science is not serving the purpose of humane., Earlier scientist thought that the nature and man are different and have no relation with each other, but, now the perceptions have changed. It resulted into the happy blending of science and religion. The, need of harmony between the facts of the science and the spirituality is felt necessary, as both are, essential for an individual. Taking care of both the physical and the spiritual aspects are necessary to, keep a man fit., Q7. Make a precis of each of the following passages. The precis should be as far as possible in your, own words. Suggest a suitable title also for your precis., Although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge yet there has been no correlative, increase in wisdom. The agreement between the two ceases as soon as we attempt to define ‘wisdom’, and consider means of promoting it. I want to ask first what wisdom is and then what can be done to, teach it., There are, I think, several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these, I should put first a sense of, proportion the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and attach to each its, due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the, specialized knowledge required of various kinds of techniques., Suppose, for example that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and, is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy. You have no time to consider the effect which, your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say) as, modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and, America but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply, inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world., To take an even more spectacular example, which is in everybody’s mind at the present time :, You study the composition of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge and incidentally place, in the hands of powerful lunatics the means of destroying the human race. In such ways the pursuit of, knowledge may become harmful unless it is combined with wisdom and wisdom in the sense of, comprehensive vision is not necessarily present in specialist in the pursuit of knowledge.
Page 921 :
Precis Writing, , 911, , Comprehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to constitute wisdom. There must be also, a certain, awareness of the ends of human life. This may be illustrated by the study of history. Many eminent, historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of, their own passions. Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from and lack of, comprehensiveness, since it started from the earliest time and continued into an indefinite future. But, the chief lesson of history which he sought to inculcate was that from the AD 400 down to his own time, Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world., Perhaps, one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect, but also feeling. It is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings, are narrow. Such men lack what I am calling wisdom., Precis : Knowledge vs Wisdom, Our age is far ahead of previous ages in the matter of knowledge, but not so in case of wisdom. Wisdom, means a sense of proportion. It further means to analyse a problem in the light of all the related factors., Comprehensiveness itself does not mean the ‘wisdom’. Technical knowledge about medicines and, atomic energy does not bother about the far-reaching consequences of its use. So, there should be, wisdom to control and guide the use of knowledge. Besides comprehensiveness, wisdom includes the, awareness about the ends of our lives. The study of history well threw light on this point. Some, historians distorted the facts of history because of their personal passion and interest. Indifferently, pursuing for acquiring the knowledge may result in its misuse , if used by a man having no wisdom. A, man with wide knowledge but no feelings is a man without wisdom., Q8. Make a precis of each of the following passages. The precis should be as far as possible in your, own words. Suggest a suitable title also for your precis., What is a perfectly free person ? Evidently a person who can do what he like, when he like and where he, like, or do nothing at all if he prefers it. Well, there is no such person, and there never can be any such, person. Whether we like it or not we must all sleep for one-third of our lifetime; wash and dress and, undress; we must spend a couple of hours eating and drinking; we must spend nearly as much time in, getting about from place to place. For half the day we are slaves to necessities which we cannot shirk,, whether we are monarchs with a thousand servants or humble labourers with no servants. And the, wives must undertake the additional heavy slavery of child-bearing if the world is still to be full of, people., These natural jobs cannot be shirked. But they involve other jobs which can. As we must eat we must, first provide food; as we must sleep, we must have beds and beddings in houses with fireplaces and, cool; as we must walk through the streets, we must have clothes to cover ourselves. Now, food, houses, and clothes can be produced by human labour. But when they are produced they can be stolen. If you, like honey you can let bees produce it by their labour, and then steal it from them. What you can do to a, bee you can also do to a man or a woman or a child if you can get the upper hand of them by force or, fraud or trickery of any sort, or even by teaching them that it is their religious duty to sacrifice their, freedom for yours., So, beware if you allow any person, or class of persons, to get the upper hand of you, they will shift all, that part of their slavery to Nature that can be shifted on to your shoulders; and you will find yourself, working from eight to fourteen hours a day when, if you had only yourself and your family to provided, for, you could do it quite comfortably in half the time or less. The object of all honest governments, should be to prevent your being imposed on in this way. But the object of most governments is exactly, the opposite. They enforce your slavery and call it freedom. But they also regulate your slavery,, keeping the greed of your master within certain bounds. They promise that in future you shall govern, the country for yourself. They redeem this promise by giving you a vote, and having a general election, every five years or so.
Page 922 :
912, , English Grammar & Composition, At the election, two of their rich friends ask for your vote : and you are free to choose which of them you, will vote for to spite the other....a choice which leaves you no freer than you were before, as it does not, reduce your hours of labour by a single minute. But the newspapers assure you that your vote has, decided the election, and that this constitutes you a free citizen in a democratic country. The amazing, thing about it is that you are foolish enough to believe them., , S E LF E, , XE, RCIS, , ES, , TE, , O, T Y UR, , Precis : Perfect Freedom, Perfect Freedom is an illusory thing. None can be perfectly free. Neither the Kings nor the labourers, are perfectly free. They also have to obey the natural calls of sleeping, eating, clothing, drinking etc., For fulfilling these calls, we need food, beddings, which is produced by human labour, but which, can be stolen also, just as man steals honey from bee hives. In the same way, man exploits other, weak people through force or fraud. Strong are the slaves of nature. They in turn, enslave the weak by, forcing them to work from eight to fourteen hours a day. This exploitation should have been stopped by, the governments, but instead of stopping this, they perpetuate slavery in the name of freedom., By extending a right to vote, they hoodwink the people with the idea of self governance by choosing, their rulers themselves. But the choice is limited because the poor have to choose one rich man, everytime who does not bother to give any relief to the poor. The newspapers also make the people feel, that they have chosen their leaders and they are befooled to believe that they are the free citizens of a, democratic country., , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , S, , Make a precis of each the following passages. As far as possible the precis should be in your own, words. Suggest a suitable title for the precis., (1) Disarmament assumes a very special importance for us, overriding all other issues. For many years past, there, have been talks on disarmament and some progress has undoubtedly been made in so far as the plans and, proposals are concerned. Still we find that the race for armaments continues, as also the efforts to invent ever, more powerful engines of destruction. If even a small part of these efforts was directed to the search for peace,, probably the problem of disarmament would have been solved by this time. Apart from the moral imperative, of peace, every practical consideration leads us to that conclusion. The choice today in this nuclear age is one, of utter annihilation and destruction of civilization or of some way to have peaceful coexistence between, nations. There is no middle way., If war is an abomination and an ultimate crime which has to be avoided, we must fashion our minds and, policies accordingly. In order to achieve peace we have to develop a climate of peace and tolerance and to, avoid speech and action which tend to increase fear and hatred. It may not be possible to reach full, disarmament in one step, though every step should be conditioned to that end. Much ground has already been, covered in the discussion on disarmament. But the sands of time run out, and we dare not play about with this, issue or delay its consideration. This, indeed, is the main duty of the United Nations today and if it fails in this,, the United Nations fails in its main purpose., (2) If the rule of reason, in the region of thought, is the aim of science, the rule of equality, in the region of, behaviour, is the aim of democracy. Democracy is not a political arrangement or a form of government. It is a, pattern of life, an active conviction which informs and inspires every thought, word and deed. Our present, constitution of society induces in its more fortunate members far too great readiness to accept privilege as, though it were inherent in the social order as though it were normal and even proper and just.
Page 923 :
Precis Writing, , 913, , If we are sincere in our professing of democracy, we should not shut our eyes to the most obvious defects of, the present social order. A system which does not offer security and decent employment to multitudes of, trained young men suffers from fundamental vice. Society is in danger of splitting to pieces if the few who, have the benefits of civilization are not willing to share them with the rest. No state is stable unless it procures, for all its members the essentials of a good life., We acknowledge that health is better than disease, sufficiently better than poverty, shelter better than cold and, exposure, ease of mind better than racking anxiety. It is our duty to obtain these essentials of civilized life or, the mass of the population to work for basic economic justice for all, if necessary; by the imposition of higher, taxes on incomes, land , property and inheritance. Riches were created by the maker for being spent on social, purposes. It was Blackstone, not Lenin, who wrote, “ The law not only regard life and protects every man in, enjoyment of it, but also furnishes him with everything necessary for its support. For there is no man so, indecent or wretched, but that he may demand a supply sufficient for all the necessities of life from the more, opulent part of the community.”, (3) We talk so much about democracy, without going into ancient records. Parliamentary democracy, roughly, speaking, is something of the growth of the last 150 or 200 years. We might remember that, say in England and, in other countries too, this parliamentary democracy and the system of giving the franchise to the people was, very strictly limited. Till quite recently, some 20 to 30 years ago relatively small number of people had the, vote. Even now in quite advanced countries, half the population consisting of women do not have the vote., Therefore, democracy in those countries is presumably thought of in terms of ‘male democracy’ not female., When we talk about democracy in the nineteenth century it was a democracy which was limited very strictly, to certain classes and gradually after great struggles it widened out; the franchise went wider and wider. Then, again after a good deal of trouble, the actual representatives, who were chosen, also spread out from certain, limited classes to other. It is a relatively slow process, therefore, it is only in the last, I believe, thirty years or, so, that adult franchise has come into being in a number of countries., That clearly is long enough, I suppose, and yet it is not long enough really to tell us what the ultimate effects of, this are likely to be in solving problems etc., because the ultimate test, of course, is how far a system of, government solves the problems which the country had a face and the people have to face. Any broadly, theoretical approach to this question, good as it may be, does not take you very far if the best of these fails to, solve the problems that the country. Of course, the problems are solved not merely by good machines, the, structure of government, but by many other things, by the quality of human beings, by their training, by their, education, by their character and any number of other things. All that the machine can do is to make it easier for, these qualities to develop and remove any element of suppression and actually encourage them to grow., Now, we talk about democracy again. Democracy has been spoken of chiefly, in the past, as political, democracy, roughly represented by every person having a vote. This is a substantial idea, but it becomes, obvious that a vote by itself does not represent very much to a person who is down and out, to a person, let us, say, who is starving or hungry or has no other resources. He is much more interested in getting food to eat than a, vote apart from some few individuals who might be., Therefore, political democracy, by itself, is not enough except that it may be used to obtain a gradually, increasing measure of economic democracy, equality and the spread of the good things of life to other and, removal of gross inequalities. That process has, no doubt, continued for some time in countries where there is, political democracy and brought about a lessening of these differences, and because of the growth in other, ways it has lessened internal tensions,though not completely., (4) Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts.All you need to do in order to become a good, conversationalist is to find a subject that interests you and your listeners. There are, for example numberless, hobbies to talk about. But the important thing is that you must talk about the other fellow’s hobby rather than, your own. Therein lies the secret of your popularity. Talk to your friends about the things that interest them,, and you will get a reputation for good fellowship, charming with, and a brilliant mind. There is nothing that, pleases people so much as your interest in their interests.
Page 924 :
914, , English Grammar & Composition, , It is just as important to know what subjects to avoid and what subjects to select for good conversation. If you, don’t want to be set down as a wet blanket or a bore, be careful to avoid certain unpleasant topics. Avoid, talking about yourself, unless you are asked to do so. People are interested in their own problems, not in yours., Sickness or death bores everybody. The only one who willingly listens to such talk is the doctor, but he gets, paid for it., To be a good conversationalist, you must know not only what to say, but how to say it. Be civil and modest., Don’t over emphasize your own importance. Be mentally quick and witty. But don’t hurt others with your wit., Finally, try to avoid mannerism in your conversation. Don’t bite your lips or click your tongue or roll your, eyes or use your hands excessively as you speak. Don’t be like the Frenchman who said, “How can I talk if, you hold my hands?”, (5) Then there is the newspaper press that huge engine for keeping discussion on low level and making the politics, test final. To take off the taxes on knowledge was to place a heavy tax on broad and independent opinion. The, multiplication of journals “delivering brawing judgements on all things all day long” has done much to deaden, the small stock of individuality in public verdicts. It has done much to make vulgar ways of looking at things, and vulgar ways speaking them stronger and stronger, by formulation and repeating and stereotyping them, incessantly from morning until afternoon and from year’s end to year’s end. For a newspaper must live, and to, live it must please, and its conductors suppose, perhaps not altogether rightly, that it can only please by being, very cheerful towards prejudices, very chilly to general theories, loftily disdainful to the man of principle., Their one cry to an advocate of improvement is some sagacious silliness about recognising the limits of the, practicable in politics and seeing the necessity of adapting theories to facts. As if the fact taking a broader and, wise view than the common crowd disqualifies a man from knowing what the view of the common crowd, happens to be, and from estimating it at the proper value for practical purposes. Why are the men who despair, of improvement to be the only person endowed with the gift of deserving the practicable ? It is, however only, too easy to understand how a journal existing for a day, should limit its view to the possibilities of the day, and, how being most closely affected by the particular, it should coldly turn its back upon all that is general, and it is, easy too to understand the reaction of this intellectual timorousness upon the minds of ordinary readers who have, too little natural force and too little cultivation to be able to resist the narrowing and deadly effect of the daily, iteration of shortsighted common places., (6) When people who are tolerable fortunate in their outward lot do not find in life sufficient enjoyment to make it, valuable to them, the cause generally is caring for nobody, but themselves. To those who have neither public, nor private affections, the excitements of life are much curtailed, and in any case dwindle in value as the time, approaches when all selfish interests must be terminated by death : while those who leave after them objects of, personal affection and specially those who have also cultivated a fellow—feeling with the collective interests, of mankind, retain as lively an interest in life on the eve of death as in the vigour of youth and health., Next to selfishness, the principal cause which the fountains of knowledge have been opened, and which has, been taught, in any tolerable degree, to exercise its faculties—finds sources of inexhaustible interest in all that, surrounds it : in the objects of nature, the achievements of art, the imaginations of poetry, the incidents of, history, the ways of mankind past and present, and their prospects in the future. It is possible, indeed, to, become indifferent to all that and that too without having exhausted a thousands part of it; but only when one, has had from the beginning no moral of human interests in these things, and has sought in them only the, gratification of curiosity., (7) The problem of unemployment, I venture to submit, so far as the educated classes are concerned, cannot be, solved without reorganising our entire system of education so as to produce not merely men of culture but also, practical-minded men who can become useful economic units of the nation. Side by side with this and as an, indispensable accompaniment of educational reform we have actually to provide more careers for our, educated young men to establish modern lines of cottage industries, to absorb those possessing technical,, scientific and practical knowledge in large-scale industries to open other avenues of work., While I realise the growing importance of vocational education and industrial training. I also feel that such, education and such training themselves cannot solve the problem unless each province assumes responsibility, for developing those wealth producing activities which alone can find employment for our young men.
Page 925 :
Precis Writing, , 915, , If I may be permitted to quote from the report with which I was associated, “There cannot be one single, remedy which can solve the question of unemployment, nor can it be solved immediately, but I think that if it, is attacked systematically on a well conceived plan with the resources available to Government, great deal of, relief can be given to the unemployed among the educated., While, if Governments are prepared to spend more money on the development of the resources of the country,, reorganising the entire system of education and on encouraging and fostering the true spirit of, industrialization, a great deal more may be done.” I think the time has come when our Provincial, Governments, who under the new constitution will be concerned with unemployment should definitely, recognise the importance and the urgency of the problem and also the danger of postponing the solution or the, danger of proceeding at a leisurely pace. Such steps as have hitherto been taken by governments only touch, the fringe of the problem and at times I feel as if there is not that keen and close appreciation of it, which in, these days, we are entitled to expect and demand from Governments., I agree with the point of view that the success or failure of the new Governments, which are to come into being, in the provinces within the next few months, will be measured by their ability or inability to face and cope with, our economic problems. I do not forget that we have got to work in the midst of imperfect conditions and with, such tolls as we can command., I do not however, believing she paralysing doctrine that we can do nothing to relieve unemployment or, economic distress generally until the dream of a new order of society has been realised. It is pleasant to think, of “the church of the future, the commonwealth of the future and the society of the future”, but the essential, and the immediate problem of consideration should be how harmonise this tempting idea with the actual, condition of human life in our country., I may, therefore, hope that whatever may divide your future legislators, the will all be united in taking this, very practical problem in a practical spirit. I think the problem is big enough in all its ramification to engage, the attention of a whole time Minister and in any case I sincerely hope that it will not be relegated to a, subordinate position in the departmental work of the Government., (8) The essential qualities for a man of business are of a moral nature; these are to be cultivated first. He must, learn besides to love truth. That same love of truth will be found a potent charm to bear him safely through the, world’s entanglement—I mean safely in the worldly sense. Besides, the love of truth not only makes a man act, with more simplicity, and therefore, with less chance of error, but it conduces to the highest intellectual, development. The following passage in the Statesman gives the reason : “The correspondence of wisdom and, goodness are manifold, and that they will accompany each other is to be inferred; not only because men’s, wisdom makes them good, but also because their goodness makes them wise., Questions of right and wrong are a perpetual exercise of the faculties of those who are solicitous as to the right, and wrong of what they do and see; and a deeper interest of the heart in those questions carries with it a deeper, cultivation of the understanding that can be easily affected by any other excitement to intellectual activity.”, What has just been said of the love of truth applies also to other moral qualities. Thus, charity enlightens the, understanding quite as much as it purifies heart. And indeed knowledge is not more girt about with power than, goodness is with wisdom., The next thing in the training of one who is to become a man of business will be for him to form principles; for, without these, when thrown on the sea of action, he will be without rudder and compass. They are the best, results of study. Whether it is history or political economy, or ethics that he is studying, these principles are to, be the reward of his labour., A principle resembles a law in the physical world; though it can seldom have the same certainty as the facts, which it had to explain and embrace do not admit of beings weighed and umbered with the same exactness as, material things. The principles which our student adopts may be unsound, may be insufficient, but he must not, neglect to form some : and must only nourish a love of truth that will not allow him to hold any, the moment, that he finds them erroneous.
Page 926 :
916, , English Grammar & Composition, , Much depends upon the temperament of a man of business. It should be hopeful, that it may bear him against, the faintheartedness, the folly, the falsehood, and the numberless discouragements which even a prosperous, man will have to endure. He should also be calm : for else he may be driven wild by any great pressure of, business, and lose his time, and his head, in rushing from one unfinished thing, to begin something else. Now, this wished for conjunction of the calm and the hopeful is very rare. It is, however, in every man’s power to, study well his own temperaments, and to provide against the defects in it., (9) Culture is an abstract word, the thing is an abstraction and all abstraction tend to become dopes and a dope, habit is bad. Let us make it easier by translating it into concrete terms :, “Culture is the training or discipline by which man’s moral and intellectual nature is refined and, enlightened.”, Culture is the product of cultivation. Culture pertains to people and things. You cannot have cultivation an, abstraction. You must have something or some person who is cultivated. But people and things differ in their, nature. They differ both as objects of observation and as objects of speculation. They are different in shapes, and sizes; they are different in their ends or purposes., The culture of human beings is their cultivation according to their nature, i.e., their purpose, both immediate, and ultimate. There is, therefore, no cultivation of men in general except religious cultivation. Religious, cultivation is the cultivation of the whole race of men with a view of eternal beatitude or temporal happiness. It, is the quality of being cultivated according to the character of your particular purpose religious in relation to, your ‘last end’, secular in relation to your means of earning as living., Culture, then, that it to say, the cultivation of men means the quality of men who are trained, cultivated, according to their common ends of attaining eternal beatitude, but as all men differ from one another and, therefore, live and earn their living in different manners, the qualities and kinds of culture will differ., Such is the nature of culture as I understand it. It is not something added like sugar on a pill. It is the quality of, being cultivated according to your way and purpose of living. A peasant culture is the product of peasants, cultivated according to the nature of peasant life. A town culture is the product of townsmen cultivated, according to the nature of town life. There is no such thing as culture apart from purpose. And human culture, is the product of what men do for a living., (10) The importance of education in forming character and opinion is very great and well recognized by all. The, genuine beliefs, though not usually unconsciously acquired by most children; and even if they depart from, these beliefs in later life, something of them remains deeply implanted, ready to emerge in a time of stress of, crisis., Education is, as a rule, the strongest force on the side of what exists and again fundamental change : threatened, institutions while they are still powerful, process themselves of the education machine, and instil a respect for, their own excellence into the malleable minds of the young. Reformers retort by trying to dust their opponents, from position of vantage., The children themselves are not considered by either party; they are merely so much material, to be recruited, into one army or the other. If the children themselves, were considered, education would not aim at making, them belong to this party or that, but at enabling them to choose intelligently between the parties; it would aim, at making them able to think, not at making them think what their teachers think., Education as a political weapon, could not exist if we respected the rights of children. If we respected the, rights of children, we should educated them so as to give them the knowledge and the mental habits required, for forming independent opinions; but education as a political institution endeavours to form habits and to, circumscribe knowledge in such a way as to make one set of opinions inevitable.
Page 927 :
Precis Writing, , 917, , (11) People confound literature and article dealing because the plan in both cases is similar, but no two things can, be more distinct. Neither the question of money nor that of friend or foe can enter into literature proper. Here,, right feeling, or good taste, if this expression be preferred-is alone considered. If a bonafide writer thinks a, thing want saying he will say it as tersely, clearly and elegantly as he can. The question whether it will do him, personally good or harm, or it will affect this or that friend never enters his head, or if it does, it is instantly, ordered out again. The only personal gratifications allowed to him (apart, of course, from such as are, conceded to everyone, writer or not) are those of keeping his good name spotless among those whose opinion, is along worth having and of maintaining the highest tradition of a noble calling. If a man lives in fear and, trembling lest he should fail in these respects, if he finds these consideration alone weigh with him, if he never, writes without thinking how he shall best serve good causes and damage bad ones, then he is a genuine man of, letters. If in addition to this he succeeds in making his manner attractive, he will become a classic. He knows,, although the Greeks in their mythology forgot to say so, that conceit was saved to mankind as well as Hope, when Pandora clapped the lid on to the box. With the article-dealer, on the other hand, money is and ought to, be the first consideration. Literature is an art : article writing, when a man is paid for it, is a trade and genuine, pictures another., People have, indeed, been paid for some of the most genuine pictures ever painted, and so with music and with, literature itself—hard and fast lines ever cut the fingers of those who draw them–but, as a general rule, most, lasting art has been poorly paid so far as money goes till the artist was near the end of his time, and whether, money passed or not, we may be sure that it was not thought of. Such work is done as bird sings for the love of, the thing; it is preserved as long as body and soul can be kept together, whether be pay or no, and perhaps, better if there be no pay., (12) There are more literate people in India today then ever before. But there are also more illiterates than ever, before. More children go to school than at any time in the past. But more children today are out of school than, any time in the past. But it is not enough to blame the high birth-rate for this state of affairs. Indeed, it can be, reasonably argued that continued mass illiteracy is not the result, but the cause of the high birth-rate., Consequently spread of literacy can be a potent weapon of socio-economic development., Unfortunately official thought and planning in this regard has betrayed a failure of perception. The problem of, illiteracy is related to but not the same as that of education. And while it is a colossal task to provide proper and, full academic education to all children and youth in the country, the eradicating illiteracy calls for a different, and less leisurely blueprint. The following measures will be in the right direction; more primary schools, new, part-time educational centres for those who cannot attend regular schools, and functional literacy centres for, adults, especially in semi-urban and rural areas., (13) Democracy always needs a kind of public honesty which expresses itself in there being a permanent supply of, people who are prepared to question the popular, the accepted and the convenient and to suggest alternatives., Some systems using the name of democracy deny this. They maintain that certain things have been, as it were,, revealed to be true and cannot be questioned; certain alternatives are held not to be only desirable, but even, indiscussible. This cannot be democracy., We live in an age of slogans. Slogans are very necessary to make big issue understandable to simple people., One of the most memorable phrases in world history in such a slogan, the French Revolutionaries slogan of, ‘liberty, equality, fraternity., But very often sloganology is the art of making an unclear idea appear to be clear when it is no such thing. A, functioning democracy must, therefore, be very careful to explain, as far as possible to its citizens what it is, talking about, what its terms mean and not simply to speak in resounding formulae.
Page 928 :
918, S E LF E, , XE, , RCIS, ES, , TE S, , SOLUTIONS, , O, T Y UR, , English Grammar & Composition, , TEST YOURSELF Exercises, , (1) Heading: Importance of Disarmament, Precis: Disarmament has acquired a special significance today. Inspite of talks, plans and proposals to stop it,, mad race for armaments and search for more destructive weapons still continue. In this Nuclear Age we are to, choose either total destruction or an atmosphere of peaceful coexistence. To create a peaceful environment we, must avoid speeches and talks mounting tensions, fear and hatred. Total disarmament is not possible in one step,, but gradual move towards this goal can be fruitful. In order to prove its utility the U.N.O must endeavour to, achieve this goal., , (2) Heading: Essentials of Democracy, Precis: The aim of democracy is to establish the rule of equality in the behavioural conduct of society., Democracy is not simply a form of government, but a way of life, an important mode of conduct. In the, prevailing order of our society a few classes flourish but masses suffer., Unless the inequality is removed and the States provide security, employment, health, shelter, peace of mind,, basic economic justice and other essentials of civilized life to all the citizens, it cannot be said to be truly, democratic. A few affluent can’t be safe, if the masses are wretched. For its own existence, it is the first duty of, the State to protect the basic rights of the poor and to provide economic justice to all., , (3) Heading: Parliamentary Democracy, Precis: Parliamentary democracy is a product of gradual growth of 150 to 200 years. In the past, franchise was, limited in many countries to a few people. Even now there are countries where women do not have any, franchise. It was after a long drawn struggle that the right of voting was extended to others. But the ultimate, effect of this change has to be seen not simply in the kind of government that it promises to introduce, but in the, way it helps the people in solving their economic and other problems. A vote by itself has no value for a starving, person. For true political democracy it is necessary that it leads to economic equality, equal distribution of, wealth among the people, and to the lessening of their social and economic differences and for all round gradual, growth with little internal tensions., , (4) Heading: Art of Conversation, Precis: Art of conversation is a most easily teachable art. A good conversationalist finds a subject of common, interest that make him popular among his friends. Unpleasant topics and mannerism should be avoided. One, must know what to say and how to say it. One must not only be civil and courteous in his talks but also be, mentally quick and witty. Biting lips, clicking tongue, rolling eyes or using hands in excess must be avoided, during conversations., , (5) Heading: The Effect of the Press on Public Mind, Precis: By providing own public opinion on all subjects, the newspaper press discourages broad, independent, and individual opinions. In fact, the increase in journals has kept the discussion on a low level and destroyed the, individuality of judgement. Every hour and every day publication of cheap mass opinion has vulgarly effected, the outlook of general public. The presumption of the edition that they can make the newspapers or journals, interesting only by feeding to the common passion and prejudices of the general public. They are mainly, concern only to the things of temporary and practical interest and disregard the general good and the ideal, things. The effect of this press-tendency is very serious on the minds of the common readers who are not capable, to resist the force of the common place.
Page 929 :
Precis Writing, , 919, , (6) Heading: Happiness in Life, Precis: Persons who fail to enjoy happiness in life in spite of their fairly good means are themselves responsible, for this. Only those who are philanthropic and who believe in collective good and have fellow feeling enjoy the, life up to the last. For a self-centred man who has no respect for others, finds no enjoyment in life. Further to it is, the need of a well cultivated mind for the achievement of true happiness. A disciplined and enlightened man with a, curious mind finds interest, in nature, art, poetry and history and every thing. For such a man, the whole world is a, consistent source of affection and happiness., , (7) Heading: Unemployment among the Educated Youth, Precis: The problem of unemployment among the educated youth can’t be solved by a single remedy. Not only, the entire system of education is required to be reconstituted, but also job opportunities for the technically, trained and educated youth is required to be created. Each province should encourage and create its employment, generating economic activities by having thrust upon the modern cottage and Industrial units. The problem is, required to be dealt with patiently and systematically. The steps that our newly formed Provincial, Governments have taken so far are not adequate. These Governments should now realise that their success or, failure in future depends upon the extent of solving the economic problems of the society particularly this, problem of unemployment. The time is very difficult, whatever may be the other differences but this problem is, to be tackled unitedly and with all sincerity., , (8) Heading: The Qualities of a Businessman, Precis: The essential qualities of a man of business are not only the wisdom, but also the love of truth., Truthfulness keeps one free from many entanglements and contributes in his intellectual development charity,, honesty and other moral values exercise a whole some influence on him. A businessman should also form, principles of action. The study of history and ethics would help a businessman enormously and provide ready, cut solutions for the actions in case of need. He should at once rectify those principles which prove to be, erroneous when put into practice. Temperament also plays an important role in the life of a successful, businessman. A patient and cool temperamental businessman can take prudent and wise decisions in difficult, circumstances. So one should analyse his temperament well and take care of the shortcomings., , (9) Heading: Cultivation of Culture, Precis Culture is the result of cultivation, it is a kind of training which refines and enlightens the man’s moral, and intellectual nature. It belongs to both men and things. For men, their cultivation is according to their present, or last ends and purposes in life. The form of cultivation may be religious or secular as the purpose of man to, attain eternal beauties or to find temporal happiness. As men differ in their ways and means of achieving their, purpose, so there are different kinds of culture., Thus, there is a peasant culture which is the product of peasant life, a town culture is the product of town life., Similarly, human culture is the product of what men do for achieving the purpose of their life. Culture is not at, all apart or different from the purpose of life and it is cultivated accordingly., , (10) Heading: The True Aim of Education, Precis: Education plays an important role information of the character and opinion of children. The lessons, learned by the children from their parents and teachers last throughout their life. And so the reformers and, politicians try to keep education under their control and use education as a tool to frame one - sided opinion for, their own advantage. If the rights of children be given due weightage then, we should educate them to think, critically and judge independently. Education to be true to its salt, must be kept free from all kinds of social and, political influences and prejudices., , (11) Heading: A True Literary Artist, Precis: Literature and article writing are entirely different things. For an article writer money is primary, but a, true literary artist does not care for money or for the good opinion of his friends. He writes clearly and elegantly, whatever he believes is right. If he has any personal consideration, it is his desire to keep his name respectable, among those whose opinion is really worth having. One who writes without fearing the bad opinion of people, and without the object of supporting or rejecting any particular cause is a true literary artist. It is true that some, artists, have been paid for their work, but a true artist did it, never for money’s sake, but for the love of the thing, itself and preserved to the last.
Page 930 :
920, , English Grammar & Composition, , (12) Heading: Illiteracy, Precis: High birth-rate is not the cause but the result of wide-spread illiteracy. However, official thought and, planning have failed to perceive that spread of literacy can lower birth-rate and bring about socio-economic, development. The problem of literacy, is concerned with the education, but its solution is different. Opening, primary schools, part time educational centres and literacy centres for adults particularly in semi-urban and, rural area can be helpful in tackling the problem of illiteracy., , (13) Heading: Functioning of Democracy, Precis: Democracy needs public honesty, means freedom to the people to question the popular and accepted, ideas and to suggest alternatives. In some systems, though named democratic, deny this right are indeed, undemocratic. Slogans help in understanding the big issues, but for the proper functioning of democracy the, sloganology must not be used to make an unclear thing appear clear, instead things must be made crystal clear to, the public ., , Directions Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the, essence of the text., [CAT 2004], (A) You seemed at first to take no notice of your school-fellows, or rather to set yourself against them because they, were strangers to you. They knew as little of you did of them: this would have been the reason for their keeping, aloof from you as well, which would have felt as a hardship. Learn never to conceive a prejudice against others, because you know nothing of them. It is bad reasoning, and makes enemies of half the world. Do not think ill of, them till they behave ill to you; and them strive to avoid the faults which you see in them. This will disarm their, hostility sooner than pique or resentment or complaint., (1) The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both sides knew little of each other. You, should not complain unless you find others prejudiced against you and have attempted to carefully analyse, the faults you have observed in them., (2) The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both sides knew little of each other. Avoid, prejudice and negative thoughts till you encounter bad behaviour from others, and then win them over by, shunning the faults you have observed., (3) You encountered hardship amongst your school fellows because you did not know them well. You should, learn to not make enemies because of your prejudices irrespective of their behaviour towards you., (4) You encountered hardship amongst your school fellows because you did not know them well. You should, learn to not make enemies because of your prejudices unless they behave badly with you., (B) The human race is spread all over the world, from the polar regions to the tropics. The people of whom it is, made up eat different kinds of food. Partly according to the climate, in which they live, and partly according to, the kind of food which their country produces. In hot climates, meat and fat are not much needed; but in the, Arctic regions they seem to be very necessary for keeping up the heat of the body. Thus, in India, people live, chiefly on different kinds of grains, eggs, milk, or sometimes fish and meat. In Europe, people eat more meat, and less grain. In the Arctic regions, where no grains and fruits are produced, the Eskimo and other races live, almost entirely on meat and fish., (1) Food eaten by people in different regions of the world depends on the climate and produce of the region, and, varies from meat and fish in the Arctic to predominantly grains in the tropics., (2) Hot climates require people to eat grains while cold regions require people to eat meat and fish., (3) In hot countries people eat mainly grains while in the Arctic they eat meat and fish because they cannot grow, grains., (4) While people in Arctic regions like meat and fish and those in hot regions like India prefer mainly grains, they, have to change what they eat depending on the local climate and the local produce., Solutions : A. (1), B. (2)
Page 933 :
923, , Report Writing, , Truck Hits Maruti, One Dead, New Delhi, 16th September, 20…., (From our staff reporter Mohan), A serious accident took place near Naraina, in which a truck bearing Registration No. DLI 023, D, 4573 suddenly jumped the red light and turned to right. It was about to collide with a Maruti car, Registration No. DLJ 012, J 1572, but the driver was very smart and careful. He saw the impending, danger and took a turn to the left, but could not escape fully. The Truck hit the Maruti and lost its balance, and hit the wall in the right. The truck was overturned causing serious injuries to the passengers sitting in, the cabin. The driver was thrown out and his head struck against the wall and died on the spot. The three, passengers sitting in the cabin of the truck were badly injured, two suffered minor injuries. The Maruti, driver got minor injuries. The traffic came to a standstill. The injured were removed to the hospital. Police, rushed to the spot and a case was lodged against the truck driver., (4) You are Nisha working as a newspaper reporter for the Hindustan Times. Yesterday, you were, invited to attend a press conference convened by the Union Minister for Parliamentary Affairs on, the proposed changes in the Constitution of India. Write a report for publication in the newspaper, in not more than 150 words., , Constitutional Amendments Necessary for Stability : Minister, New Delhi, 24th March, 20…., (By Miss Nisha, staff reporter from HT New Delhi), The Union Minister for Parliamentary Affairs convened a press conference at his residence on the, proposed changes in the Constitution of India in order to provide a stable government to the country., Here, in India, Members of the Parliament are elected to run the government. In case any political party, fails to get a clear majority to form the government, it has to get the support of other political parties to, form a government. Thus, a coalition the government takes place. At present we are having a coalition, government, but its success is neither certain nor admirable, as the allies parties in general forced its, motives and decisions on the government. This creates great hurdles in the smooth functioning of the, government. Sometimes the coalition partners start working against the Government. In order to put a, check over such practice, certain changes in the Constitution are under process. The majority party shall, be allowed to form a government. In the first instance no candidate should be allowed to change a party, after winning the election. On the issues of national interest all parties have to give their consensus. There, should be only four political parties which have secured at least 20% votes in the last three elections. Once, accepted as coalition partner that party shall not be allowed to withdraw the support. Once a government, is formed, that cannot be thrown out unless a majority of two-third of the total membership put a demand, in writing to the President and a no-confidence motion is passed by the same majority. When asked about, the feasibility of such a move the Minister replied that it is well in the interest of the nation and for the, peace and progress stability is must., (5) Paresh Tonk, a correspondent from Statesman, was asked to submit a report on Environment, Pollution. Write a report on Environmental Pollution in 80-100 words., , Environmental Pollution, New Delhi, 25th Oct., 20…., (From our special correspondent Mr. Paresh Tonk), Environmental Pollution has assumed alarming proportion resulting in a serious health hazard, now-a-days. Not only air, but also water has become dangerously polluted. Smoke pollutes the air,, sewage pollutes the water and solid wastes (garbage and junk etc) pollute the land. Population explosion,, urbanization and industrialization are the biggest causes of the present pollution. Industrial units throw, their wastes and chemicalized water in the rivers. Sewage of big cities is being dumped into rivers. This, has resulted into spreading of harmful chemicals in the environment which are harmful for the living, creatures.
Page 934 :
924, , English Grammar & Composition, , Plants, animals and human beings are suffering from many known and unknown diseases because of, this pollution.The polluted water causes cancerous diseases like cholera, jaundice and diarrhoea etc., The smoke coming out of the chimneys of the factories and vehicles causes serious health problems., We regularly breathe the polluted air and as a result headache, nausea and many diseases of lung and heart, take place. This is a serious health hazard to all of us. The public be made aware to the harms and the, problems caused due to environmental pollution. Public be advised to use anti-pollutant instruments in, their vehicles and regular tuning and pollution check to be made compulsory. Industrial units be forced to, take anti-pollution measures. A proper arrangement for dumping of Industrial and sewage wastes be, made. Use of Polythene bags be banned. A mass awareness programme be launched by the Governmental, and Non-governmental agencies. To save the younger generation from the side-effects of the, environmental pollution it is necessary to take immediate and proper action., (6) You are Mr. Ashok Jain. You have seen a student demonstration near Moti Nagar, New Delhi., Write your report in about 80-100 words for the newspaper., , Students Demonstrated Against Fees Hike, New Delhi, 29th August 20…., (From our special correspondent Mr. Ashok Jain), The students of Senior Classes of Government School, Moti Nagar walked out of their classes and, held massive demonstration against the hike in board fees. They were raising slogans against the, government decision for increasing Board fees and abolishing the compartment examinations altogether., They were having hand bills and many posters. They were shouting slogans for restoring the, compartment examination and maintaining the status quo in the matter of Board fees. This peaceful, procession proceeded towards the office of Education Minister. Approximately 20,000 students gathered, at the office of the Education Minister from all corners of Delhi. The police tried to disperse the students,, but they did not budge even a single inch. There was complete chaos and the traffic was jammed. The, Minister arrived on the spot and had discussion with the student leaders. After discussion, he assured the, students for prompt and positive action. The situation was thus controlled and then the students left the, place winningly and peacefully., (7) You are Sarla. You visited the Industrial Exhibition at Pragati Maidan. Your teacher has asked, you to write a report for the school magazine. Write your report in about 100 words., , A Report on Exhibition, Delhi, 25th Dec, 20…., (Report by Miss Sarla, a staff correspondent), A national level exhibition commenced at Pragati Maidan today, inaugurated by the Home Minister., On the inaguration the Home Minister said, “Exhibitions are the reflections of a country’s progress into, and this exhibition is unique, in which all the States and the Union Territories are participating.” Every, year many exhibitions and trade fairs are organised by the Governmental and Non- governmental, Agencies. This year a specific industrial exhibition was held in Pragati Maidan. All the States participated, in this exhibition. It attracted a throng of visitors from all over the country. It reflects that India has made, an exemplary progress in the field of Industry. People could be seen in long queues before the different, pavilions., At the machinery section, one could not find a place to keep foot on. Agricultural implements of, Punjab were in great demand. Hand made Galichas and dresses of Kashmir also attracted a lot of visitors., The pavilion of Rajasthan was also very interesting as it had very cheap and beautiful items of clay and, mud. Some of the stall-keepers distributed hand-bills to the visitors. People were walking here and there, in an enthusiastic mood. Small children were enjoying the merry-go-rounds, horse and camel rides. The, refreshment corner was also full of hustle and bustle.
Page 935 :
925, , Report Writing, , (8) You are Bhawani Dev, a correspondent from Indian Express. You were an eye witness to an, Electioneering campaign in Ahmedabad. Write a report for the newspaper in about 100 words., , Elections Held Peacefully, Ahmedabad, 25th Nov, 200.... (Report by Bhawani Dev, a correspond from Indian Express), India being the largest democracy of the world a great emphasis is laid on the free and fair elections. In, Gujrat, the election commission declared elections and the schedule of filing and withdrawing nominations, as well as the date of election was also announced. This time the Electronics Voting Machines will be used, in the elections. All preparations were made in advance. More than thirty candidates filed their nomination, papers for Ahmedabad (North) assembly seat. After date of withdrawal there were ten candidates in the, fray. Accordingly different symbols were allotted to the contesting candidates. The candidates arranged, meetings and put forth their charter of manifesto. Every candidate was trying to tempt and woo the voters, through his oily and sweet slogans and speeches. Posters and slogans were decorating the walls., Several meetings of many high profile leaders and Film stars were organised during the campaign., Hand bills were being circulated among the residents. The candidates were holding corner meetings, under a certain code of conduct. The election campaign came to a standstill 48 hours before the date of, polling. On the polling day tight security arrangements were made. The voters came in great number and, there were long queues in the beginning. The voting started at 7.00 P.M. and continued till 5.00 pm. The, counting was scheduled after three days. It was started in the presence of the candidates and their agents, as per the scheduled programme. The returning officer declared the result then. The elections were held, peacefully and in a congenial atmosphere., (9) Imagine you are posted as SDM in a district, prepare a report on the Pulse Polio Programme, carried out in the district., From:, Sub Divisional Magistrate, District ......................................., To,, The Chief Secretary,, Government of .........................................., Sub: Pulse Polio Programme, Sir,, Under National Programme of Polio Eradication, we have carried out the Pulse Polio Campaign on, 15th August in the district. A good advance publicity campaign was launched to make the general public, aware of the Programme and about the date 15th August, the day of vaccination. A wide publicity was made, not only in the city area, but in the remote rural areas also., Forty teams of doctors and nurses, fifteen for the city area and twenty five for the rural areas, deployed on the vaccination day to provide polio drops to every child. Male and Female nurses were, deployed to visit door to door and give the drops to the children wherever possible. More than twenty, thousand children were given the polio drops on that day., We are planning to repeat this campaign in the month of October again. This time we shall be, covering only the rural areas of the district. Our target for the district is 90,000 children. We have already, covered twenty thousand plus forty thousand (in earlier camps) total sixty thousand children so far. We, hope not only to achieve our target but also to exceed the same. Every child will be given the drops, positively. We are determined to make the Polio Eradication programme a grand success positively., R.K. Purohit, 23rd Aug, 20…., S.D.M
Page 936 :
926, , English Grammar & Composition, , (10) You are posted as District Family Planning Officer in the district. Submit a report to the Director,, Medical and Health of the State in respect to the Family Planning Campaign launched in your, district., From:, District Family Planning Officer, District .................................., To,, The Director,, Medical and Health Department, ..............................................................., ..............................................................., Sub Family Planning Campaign in the district of ..., Sir,, As per the instructions received from your office vide letter No. RJ/FP/103/200.... dated 25th, December. We launched the Family Planning Campaign on 20th January, 2006., All the staff of our department was deployed for the purpose. Various voluntary organisations, including Panch, Sarpanch and the respected persons of each village were motivated to make the, campaign a grand success. In city area the public is well aware to the advantages of adopting family, planning measures, but in rural area, more awareness is required to be created., During this campaign, 315 operations were done and 3,000 packets of condoms were distributed., To make this programme a regular feature, I like to suggest that at least two Mobile Operation van be, made available for the district to cover the rural areas.We want to fix a day for every village, on which the, pending cases and the interested cases may be operated on a regular basis., However we will be achieving our targets positively., PK Sharma, 22nd Jan, 20…., DFPO, Ahmedabad, 25th Nov. 20…., (11) You are posted as Assistant Collector in a district. Flood has caused a lot of damage in the district,, submit a factual report to Chief Secretary of the State, stating therein the measures taken by you to, control the situation and your recommendations to assist the flood affected people., From:, Assistant Collector, District ................., To,, The Chief Secretary,, ..............................................................., ..............................................................., Sub: Flood in the district of ...., Sir,, I have personally visited the area affected by the recent flood. The villages lying in the path of river, ‘Sone’ are the worst affected. As there had been little rain during the last three-four years so the people, started settling nearby the river. The sudden rains have overflooded the river and all the huts and houses, within approximately one km range of the river were completely washed away and destroyed. Flood
Page 937 :
Report Writing, , 927, , water entered the houses. People have taken shelter in hills. A huge damage to properties have been done., Two persons died in Takupaka village. An acute shortage of eatables, drinking water and dry fire wood, is, being faced., We have taken all measures to help the flood victims. Packets of food, bottles of drinking water,, wheat flour, kerosene etc, are being supplied to the people, with the assistance of the generous people and, the NGOs and other voluntary organizations and selfless clubs. To check the spread of any epidemic, diseases CMHO was called to take necessary measures immediately. A team of doctors was dispatched to, every affected village to take care of spreading of any water borne or any other kind of diseases., We are taking all possible measures to assist the flood affected people. But looking at the heavy, damage caused by the flood, more funds are required immediately. You are requested to arrange at least, five crore rupees urgently, so that the relief work can be carried out effectively., JC Bhagat, 19th Sept, 20…., Assistant Collector, (12) Suppose you are Collector of a district. Submit a report to the Chief Secretary of the State in, respect to the drought situation in the district. Inform the remedial measures taken by you and, what further measures required to control the situation., From:, Collector, District ..............................................................., To,, The Chief Secretary,, Government of ................................................................, ..............................................................., Sub : Havoc caused by the drought in the district of ..., Sir,, Our district has been suffering from the shortage of rains regularly for the last four years. Due to, scanty rainfall, the water level in whole of the district has gone down tremendously. Without water in the, wells and no rainfall, all the crops have dried up thus causing huge loss to every farmer. Our agriculture, depends mainly on rainfalls. The dams and ponds are also fully dried up. An acute shortage of water is, being faced. Cattle are either sold by the farmers or left to die for the shortage of water and fodder. The, cost of fodder has increased tremendously. This drought has so far claimed 120 lives of cattle and affected, more than 600 villages of the district with a population of 78 lacs., ‘No rains’ and ‘shortage of water’ have created famine like conditions. The drought has rendered, lacs of villagers jobless. The dead bodies of animals are stinking in the fields and creating a health hazard., The danger of spreading an epidemic is immense., I have visited almost all the affected villages. I found the situation very alarming. We are arranging, fodder from the nearby state. Water is being supplied in tanks from the city area. Loans are being arranged, for the farmers for deepening of wells and electrification of wells. The CMHO is instructed to check the, spreading any disease. Free dry wood is made available for the cremation of dead animals., We have also taken assistance of voluntary organisations, NGOs and other generous people to help, the affected people. The situation is under control, yet lot of fund is needed to help the affected people., We need at least 150 crores rupees to start relief work in a proper manner., Please arrange the necessary funds, so that the situation caused due to the drought may be checked, effectively., Piyush Dixit, 28th Aug, 20…., District Collector
Page 938 :
928, , English Grammar & Composition, , (13) As a newspaper correspondent of a national daily, write a report for your paper on the destruction, caused by flood and the relief measures have been taken by the administration., The Editor,, Indian Express,, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg,, New Delhi–110002, Sir,, I hereby submit to you a report on the flood situation in district Ropar of Haryana. Floods have, become a common feature in our country during rainy season. This time it has affected many areas of, Haryana, but the situation in district Ropar is the worst. Thousands of people have been rendered, homeless. At least twenty-two persons are reported to have been drowned. Thousands of people have, been marooned owing to heavy rainfall. One railway track is badly damaged and many roads are under, knee-deep water. Property worth crores of rupees has been washed away huts/houses destroyed., The people of the area are facing the calamity bravely. The Haryana Government is handling the, situation on a war footing. The rescue and relief operations are going on in full swing. The medicines,, clothes and other necessary articles are being supplied to the flood-stricken people by the Government, and voluntary organizations. Many boats have been pressed into service to rescue the marooned people., The Chief Minister of Haryana is personally supervising the relief operations and he has announced an, outlay of ` 250 crores to rehabilitate the affected people. Many voluntary organizations from, neighbouring States Punjab, Rajasthan and Delhi have sent men and materials to assist the relief work., The Government has exempted the farmers from payment of land revenue and postponed the repayment, of loans. The situation now appears to be quite under control though most of the areas in the district are, still submerged in water. An active team of policemen and two battalion of military soldiers have been, keeping round the clock vigil on strategic points. Due to active role played by the political leaders and, vigilance of the Government machinery a lot of sufferings of the affected people have since mitigated. It, is hoped that, in a week or so, there will be a remarkable improvement in the situation., XYZ, Correspondent, (14) Imagine that you have conducted a survey of teenagers in your city and the television programmes, they watch. Write a report for a newspaper about the survey, your findings and your critical, remarks., The Editor,, The Indian Express,, New Delhi, Sir,, I have conducted a survey of TV watching teenagers about their preferences. A peculiar similarity, was observed in the likings of the present teens. A few important points which are universally applicable, to all the children who fall between the age of thirteen and nineteen are being discussed here under., A few special traits and tendencies govern their minds. The teenagers generally select those T.V., programmes, which are action oriented or have love triangle. They prefer adventurous stories, serials, involving love, romance and separation, detective episodes, comedy serials and some other programmes, like cartoon films etc. They do not relish things of lofty and sublime nature. They enjoy funny,, imaginative, romantic and tragedy items, which can make them jump and in themselves one of the heros, of the serials. Some serials which show conflict with the society in the matter of love and marriage are, also liked by the teenagers very much. They do not need things of intellectual nature.
Page 939 :
Report Writing, , 929, , I think such type of tendencies are not good for their real development. They are living in, imaginations and dreams. They are being carried away by the imaginatives of the serials and unable to, understand the reality of the life, of the world. They should be inspired to watch different programmes, connected with political, social, religious and economic subjects. It is must for the healthy development, of the teenagers. The parents should check the children and try to discuss with them and quench their, querries. Something radical should be done to raise the level of teenagers thinking. Infact the parents can, play a vital role in this matter., I request you to publish this survey report in one of the columns of your leading daily and oblige., Yours faithfully,, Rajesh Prassanna, A free lancer., (15) Imagine that you have travelled by train and as a result of derailment of the train all the, passengers were delayed and faced many kinds of problems. Write a report for newspaper, describing the problem the passengers faced. Narrate the accidents as eye witness., The Editor,, The Hindustan Times,, New Delhi, Sub: A report on Train Accident., , Sir,, Hardly had the Meerut Shuttle travelled about 20 Kms, when suddenly its three bogies and the engine, derailed about 7.15 P.M. on Saturday, the 20th December, 20…. Nine passengers were reportedly died on, the spot and 85 injured, some of them were serious., The Ghaziabad-Meerut Administration of U.P. Government started rescue and relief operations, immediately. The nearby local residents helped in the rescue work. The policemen and military jawans, have rushed to the place of accident. The injured were taken to Ghaziabad and Meerut hospitals where, they are being given treatment. Senior Police Officers and the District Magistrate have already reached, the accident site. They are personally supervising the relief work. But still the accident victims are facing, a number of problems. Some dead bodies are still lying in the wreckage.The arrangement of power crane, could not be made for five hours. In the hospital some patients are complaining against the lack of, up-to-date facilities and prompt attention. The relatives of the seriously injured are not able to meet them., Proper arrangements of food, medicines etc, are not being made. However, the Chief Minister of U.P. is, in constant touch with the local administration. He has announced a compensation of ` 5 lacs to next of, kin of the dead and ` Fifty thousand for the injured. I hope that the situation will come back to normalcy, within two or three days. Further developments will be communicated to you in the next despatch., Yours sincerely, XYZ., (16) You participated in an inter-college debate competition as a conteztant, organized by the Lions, Club of your area, in which you spoke in favour of the motion and stood first. The topic for the, debate was, “In the opinion of the house, free education upto secondary level should be the, fundamental right of every Indian Child.” Write a report in not more than 120 words for, publication in your college magazine., Jaipur, 15th Aug, 20…., (From Rajdeep TDC IInd Yr. Sc.), Yesterday an inter-college debate competition was organized by Lions Club in our college. Total, twelve participants spoke in favour of the topic that free education upto the secondary level should be the, fundamental right of every Indian child. Simultaneously twelve contestants spoke against the motion., Many college lecturers, students and parents were there to listen to the different ideas. I was also one of
Page 940 :
930, , English Grammar & Composition, , the contestants. I pleaded that without education a man is just like a devil who can disrupt the life of a, nation. It is the education that ennobles our souls and remove darkness from our minds. Education is a, window that opens channels to achieve the highest learning. It joins us with the master minds of other, nations, whose achievements can be made use of, in the best possible way. Getting education upto, secondary level should be a Fundamental Right of every child of India. The government should see that, every school going child must attend the school. It is the education that provides wisdom, wealth,, prosperity and what not. The audience clapped time and again when I cited many examples supporting my, contentions. When the result was declared, I was adjudged as the best contestant. The function was a, grand success. Chief Guest, the District Collector, exhorted the president of the Lions Club to organise, such type of competitions on regular basis, as such debate opens the minds of the students and make them, a good citizen., (17) You are a reporter from the Times of India News service. Being an eye witness to AN-52 aircraft,, which crashed near Delhi airport. Draft a report of the crash in about 150 words., New Delhi, 21st Sept, 20…., (By a staff reporter), An Indian Air Force transport aircraft crashed near the upcoming Dwarka township in South-West, Delhi on 21st Sept., killing 22 persons including all the 17 IAF officials and the pilot on board and, injuring seven. The UK built AN-52 first hit electric wires strung across two poles, with one of its wheels, breaking off after hitting a concrete structure. It burst into flames after hitting a ten-feet high boundary, wall and finally crashed into an under construction DDA water tank. As per one eye witness the pilot, saved the residential area by slightly changing the direction of the plane, otherwise a huge loss to the lives, and the property could have taken place. The accident took place at about 7:20 A.M. Besides the IAF, Men, a 60 years old mason, two children of another mason and two passerby were also killed due to the, burning fuselage of the aircraft. The aircrafts’ fuselage lay embedded in the water-tank with parts of its, engine, wings, scattered on top of the structure. Broken wings of metal and the debris of the aircraft were, spread over an area of around 500 meters around large stretches of vacant land. IAF sources said a court, of inquiry has been constituted.The Government of Delhi has also ordered a judicial enquiry into the, cause accident., (18) You are working for Times of India as reporter. Last week, you attended a seminar on ‘Pleasures, of Eye-Donation’, organized by the Medical Association of your district. Write a report of this, seminar is not more than 120 words for publication in the Newspaper., New Delhi, 29th April, 20…., (By a staff reporter of Times of India), Last week, a seminar on ‘Pleasures of Eye Donation’ was organized by the Medical Association of, out district at the Andrew’s Community Centre on 27th April. A large number of residents attended the, seminar. The President of the Association Mr J.H. Jha, stressed the need for protection of our eyes and, emphasised the pleasures of Eye donation, “We can provide eyes to the blind and the others who need, eyes.” People can mention in their will that their eyes can be taken for the benefit of others after their, death. It will be a great source of pleasure for the departing soul. They will provide light to the needy, people. Much of our generation fail to get proper light and become prematurely blind. It is our duty to help, them. Stressing the need of the eye donation the Chief guest of the function Sh. Vijay Dutta said, “By, donating eyes we can give support and light to others.” It is said, “Eyes are the greatest Blessings on, Earth. We can help others even after our death.” More than thousand rose to register their names for eye, donation after their death. Such functions can solve the problems of blinds to a great extent., (19) You are a reporter of the Hindustan Times. One day you happened to attend a seminar on ‘Case, for Reducing the Retirement Age in the Public Sector from 60 to 55’, organised by the ‘Society of, Public Sector Employees’. Write a report on this seminar in not more than 100 words for, publication in the Newspaper.
Page 941 :
931, , Report Writing, , New Delhi, 25th June, 20…., (From our staff reporter), A very exhilarating seminar on reducing the retirement age in Public Sector from 60 to 55 was, organizesd at Sapru House yesterday by the ‘Society of Public Sector Employees’. Eminent jurists and, legal experts participated in the seminar and spoke vehemently against the reduction of the retirement, age and they compared the employees with the politicians who have no age limit for their retirement., They advocated that they can work with more zeal and zest,with more responsibility and sincerity than the, modern youth and the politicians. On the other side government advocated that by reducing the retirement, age, they will be opening avenues for unemployed youths., The employment among the youth rather posed a greater threatening to the nation. They can never be, compared with politicians as after retirement they can too join politics. It was also pleaded that this will be, less costly for the exchequer to recruit new men in the Public Sector. After a heating debate, a consensus, was arrived at to fix the retirement age in Public Sector to 58. The recommendations will be sent to the, Government for being looked into. The society also asserts that if the Government does not agree to the, consensus arrived at, the association of the public sector employees can go to the court and resort to the, strikes and other direct actions in the matter., (20) On International Women’s Day, different women activists organized functions, seminars etc, in, the capital. Being a reporter from Indian Express News Service you attended one of the, programmes. Draft a report in about 150 words., New Delhi, 9th March, 20…., (By a staff reporter, Indian Express), From workshops to burning of effigies of politicians and seminars to puppet shows, women activists, organized a wide range of programmes in the capital to mark ‘International Women’s Day’ on Monday., The ‘Joint Action Forum for Women’ organized a seminar on ‘Necessity of Women’s Empowerment, for the Development of the Nation’, in which Union Human Resource Development Minister was, the Chief Guest. Several other political leaders also graced the occasion with their presence. Most of, the speakers asserted the need of passing the bill on providing Women’s reservation in Parliament and, State Assemblies. The minister informed that the bill on reservation had already been introduced in this, budget session of Parliament and the government is trying to get the bill passed with support of the, opposition., He also informed that some political parties are opposing the bill just for the sake of opposition. The, member activists exemplify the role of women in the freedom struggle and in the development of the, nation. The president of the forum Mrs. Kidwai told that by giving 33 Percent reservation for women, no, political party is doing any favour to the women. Women constitute 50% of the total population., A demand for free education for women upto graduation, making judiciary more quick in disposing the, cases of crimes against the women was also made. Though participants expressed jubilation at the, progress women have made in several fields, but the crude statistics of crime against women and low, literacy among women bothered many. Many politicians stressed the need that the women and the girls, should avoid invitational and inciting fashions, which resulted in the increase in the crimes against the, women and girls. The necessity of moral and ethicals values was also emphasised in the education of the, young generations. The seminar was a grand success., (21) Pollution has become a problem for all. Write an article on Environmental Pollution in, Metropolitan cities. Suppose you are a correspondent of a local newspaper., , Environmental Pollution in Big Cities, New Delhi, 15th Feb, 20…., (By a correspondent), Preservation of environment is one of the most alarming problem of today. Most of the big cities are, suffering from the problem of conservation and preservation of purity of environment. Our atmosphere is, being polluted by various factors like smoke, noise, dirt, dust, chemicals and gases. Even water has, become polluted. We need a safer and healthy environment for our survival and for the survival of the
Page 942 :
932, , English Grammar & Composition, , young generation. Water, air and food are the basic necessities of life that all are becoming polluted, day-by-day. The rapid industrializsation has made everything polluted, no care has been placed for the, safe drainage of the chemical wastes, safe exhaling of the gases. The nature has provided a very balanced, and correct system for our survival. For example we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon-di-oxide. This, carbon gas is absorbed by plants. Still we need care to preserve our environment., The recent decisions and directions of the Supreme Court that the vehicles run by the CNG should, replace the vehicles run by the petrol and diesels is very important in keeping the air pure and inhalable in, big cities. We as a member of the civic society should also not spoil it by spreading unhygienic items, e.g.,, garbage and rubbish that produce foul smell. We can save our atmosphere by applying and paying careful, attention for their proper disposal. It will help us in stopping the spread of dangerous diseases and, pollution of the atmosphere. So, it is sacred duty of all to preserve our environment for our survival. We, should also adopt the motto. ‘ Keep clean and Remain clean.’, (22) English is a link language and opens a gateway to knowledge. Write a case on ‘Importance of, English in Education’. Write your description in about 100 words., , Importance of English in Education, Meerut, 26th Jan, 20…., (From special correspondent), India became free 15 August, 1947. The Britishers ruled over India, they left their imprint on us., Since, then English forms an important part of our educational system. All the technical, medical and, professional courses are taught in English. The literature of these subjects are available in great, abundance written in English. Without English our education seems to remain incomplete. It has opened a, way to see the world in its entirety. It has become a universal language. In every country, we find people, speaking, talking and understanding English. In reality, English has become a link language and we, cannot do without it. It paves our way to understand the culture, customs and other activities of different, nations. In this period of globalization it is, but necessary to learn writing and speaking good and correct, English., (23) ‘Drug Addiction’ has become great menace against the society. Write an article for your college, magazine on Drug Addiction in about 100 words., , Drug Addiction, Mumbai, 15th March, 20…., (By Kapil Nagar), The word ‘addiction’ implies to be habitual to something and it is generally applicable in bad sense., Of course, addiction to anything is bad, but drug addiction is the worst of all. The modern scientific, research has proved the harmful effects of regular use of a particular drug. It not only damages our, digestive system, but also spoils our nervous system. In reality it is a breeder and an invitation to death. It, is a slow poison, degrades one to the lowest level. All our energy and vitality is sucked like a bacteria, sucks our blood. The user becomes hollow just like a coconut. The addict person loses his moral values, and to get the drug he can commit any crime like theft, dacoity, even the murder. He cannot do any thing, properly, can’t work, can’t rest, can’t play, even can’t sleep without taking drugs. Addiction to smoking,, wine, smack, hashish and heroine distort the mental ability, agility, confidence, propriety of any decision, of a drug addict. We should avoid use of such narcotics., (24) As the correspondent of a local daily, write a report for the paper on need of vocational education, in India., , Vocational Education, Hisar, 30th April, 20…., (From Local Correspondent), The Britishers provided us a very outdated and defective system of education. That system produces, clerks and white collar job-seekers. India is facing a great problem of educated unemployment because of, this educational system. After Independence many changes have taken place in our educational system.
Page 943 :
933, , Report Writing, , The Kothari and Chattopadhaya Commissions have strongly recommended for the vocationalization of, education. Many vocational schools or colleges find place in our society. Vocational Education helps us, in controlling unemployment. Above all, vocational education gives us a sense of dignity of labour. We, can stand on our foot without feeling any work ignoble. It is a high time that Government and our society, should come forward to open more and more such vocational institutions, so that the youth do not feel, frustrated after completion their studies and get employment or can start their own ventures., (25) You are correspondent of a local daily, you find very unhealthy craze among the students for the, foreign goods. Write an article for a newspaper in about 100 words., , Craze for Foreign Goods, Chandigarh, 12th May, 20…., (From Local Correspondent), A general tendency is now-a-days seen among the students that they are attracted by foreign goods,, whether good or bad, but whatever they purchase should be originated from a foreign country. This idea, never enters into our brains that Indian goods are not in any way inferior. We have advanced to such an, extent that many items are being exported by us. Our goods are of the superb quality. Still we have a, sensation to buy a foreign make. We are admired in construction, utility and acclaim its worth. In some of, the cases, even our manufactured items are labelled as made in foreign, e.g., Japan, England and Germany, etc. We never try to examine its worth, utility and consumption. Gone are the days when even from the, smallest needle to the highest implement was imported from England or USA. This led to a habit of liking, for the foreign goods. It is also a worth mentioning fact that foreigners do not like to purchase foreign, goods. They believe in purchasing their own national goods. Let us come forward and initiate steps to buy, own Swadeshi goods. Consuming goods made in our own country saves very precious foreign exchange., Look at the following Original Reports taken from a Newspaper :, Economic Times, dated 4th Jan, 20…., , Sensex Rise Makes MF Investors Junk Debt, Mumbai, 4th January, Financial Correspondent, Equity culture is making deeper inroads due to the rising sensex. Mutual fund investors who have, been traditional debt schemes takers are opting for the riskier equity oriented schemes to crash into the, sensex party, Puja Mehra reports from New Delhi. Historically, MF investors in India have had a huge, debt bias. Total share of assets under management in equities, however, has grown gradually, but, steadily, over the past few months. As per latest data, the share of assets deployed in equities has risen to, 21.6% against 16.0% in 03. Significantly, the jump in the equity share has come despite the blow of net, outflows from existing equity schemes. These schemes suffered heavy redemption pressures from, investors booking profits. Investor preference for equities, however, is most visible in subscriptions to, new equity schemes launched by domestic funds., Economic Times, dated 04-01-20…., , SC Notice to Government on Soft Drink PIL, Our Delhi Bureau, New Delhi, 3rd January, The Supreme Court today stepped up pressure on the government to review the contents of soft, drinks marketed in the country. The court issued a notice to the Centre on a petition seeking a thorough, examination of the contents of soft drinks on the ground that they pose ‘health hazards’. This follows, the court’s observation earlier last month when it dismissed petition filed by soft drink makers Pepsi, and Cocacola, challenging a Rajasthan High Court order asking them to print on containers, the extent, of pesticide residues in their products.
Page 944 :
934, , English Grammar & Composition, , In its latest salvo, a Bench comprising Chief justice R.C. Lahoti and justice G.P. Mathur issued the, notice on a petition by the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL) alleging that the government,, which has a duty to protect the life of citizens, has not taken any initiative in this regard despite several, researches finding soft drink contents to be harmful, especially for children. The petitioner requested the, court to direct the Centre to constitute an expert technical committee to evaluate the harmful effects of soft, drinks on human health, particularly children and put in place a regulatory regime to control and check the, contents of particular chemical additives in foods and soft drinks. It also requested the court to make it, mandatory for soft drink manufacturers to disclose the contents and the quality of their products including, appropriate warning about ingredients and their harmful effects., Economic Times, 31st Dec 20…., , Fresh Tsunami Fear Causes Alert, Chennai, 30th December, Fresh panic swept the Tsunami ravaged coasts of southern India as the government today issued a, high alert against more titanic waves a possible quake near Australia could generate. The warning issued, after an emergency meeting of the home ministry’s crisis management team, triggered fresh fears as the, already traumatised people along the southern and south-eastern coastline scurried for safe ground. The, warning was flashed through television, whereby the administration asked the people to vacate their, homes in the more vulnerable villages., In some areas, loudspeakers were also used to relay the alert. But, despite the warnings, Prime, Minister Manmohan Singh’s aides said he was not cutting short his tour of the affected areas. All coastal, states and union territories, especially the worst hit Tamil Nadu and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,, were asked be on the highest alert for the next 48 hours for tidal waves hitting Indian coasts. This is barely, four days after Sunday’s giant waves generated by a huge undersea quake off Sumatra ravaged seven, South and South-East Asian nations including India and swallowed up large tracts of coast claiming at, least 60,000 lives. Amid experts fears of an ominous tectonic sea bed shift around Australia, heightened, sea turbulence was being reported from the 1,000 km., East Coast of Tamil Nadu and people were being warned to keep off the shore. Choppy conditions, and sea incursions of upto 10 metres have been reported Thursday morning from the Thiruvanmiyur, Beach in South Chennai and rough sea has been reported also at Chennai’s Marina beach. Large ripples, were said to be hitting the Kalpakkam and Cuddalore coast once again besides the Kanyakumari coast., Based on inputs from experts and weather-men, the home ministry directed immediate evacuation of, people to safer places and all shorelines to be made in accessible to the public., Economic Times, 30 Dec, 20…., , NC Leader among 9 Killed in Valley, Masood Hussain, Srinagar, 29th December, In a sudden escalation in violence, militants killed a National Conference (NC) leader in old city., Another incidents claimed eight lives including that of a soldier in other areas of the Stsgate. Police said, they have busted a number of hideouts in border Poonch-Rajouri region where a few militants were also, killed. Police said unidentified militants shot dead Farooq Ahmad Zargar, provincial president of the, Youth NC in old city’s Kawdara locality around noon. Massive protests were reported from South, Kashmir Tral township after reports of soldiers raining bullets on a passenger bus spread like wild fire., Residents resorted to brick-bating and damaged many government buildings and vehicles. Details, revealed that when Rashtriya Rifles-42 stopped a Srinagar bound passenger bus in Lalgam village in Tral,, a militant alighted from the bus and shot at one of the soldiers.
Page 945 :
935, , Report Writing, , This led to an encounter, in which three passengers and the militant were killed. Four other, commuters received serious bullet injuries and they were admitted to hospitals. Some of them are stated to, be critical. Police said the slain militant Abdul Rashid Bhat was a Hizb-ul Mujahideen cadre who was set, free after two years detention in October last. Defence spokesman Lt. Col. V.K. Batra said, the soldiers, were attacked by the militant who was killed in retaliatory fire. Asked about civilian casualties, the, spokesman said it was actually a BSF party that was passing througsh and opened fire on the bus., However, a BSF spokesman said their party reached around 30 minutes after the incident had taken, place. A fierce gun battle was killed and a soldier was wounded. In Sopore, militants shot dead a BSF man, Anuraj Kumar near the local bus stand and fled with his rifle. A hitherto unknown outfit Al-Khandak has, staked the claim for the attack. Reports from Jammu said police recovered the corpse of civilian Ali, Mohammed whom militants had kidnapped a day earlier from Sarwara belt in Rajouri. In neighbouring, Darhal belt, soldiers killed a militant whose identity was not immediately known., Economic Times, 30th Dec, 20…., , More Hooch Victims Pour in Hospitals, Our Political Bureau, Mumbai, 29th December, Municipal hospitals across Mumbai continue to register more casualties in the Hooch tragedy. The, toll from the spurious liquor tragedy in suburban Vikroli along has mounted to 65 with seven more, persons succumbing to the lethal drink. The condition of a majority of the over 80 people undergoing, treatment is reported to be serious. Of the 174 affected individuals admitted to the Rajawadi hospital in, Ghatkopar, 49 succumbed to internal haemorrhage caused by the spurious liquor. “Ten persons were, brought dead”, said hospital dean Dr. V.B. Shukla. In Sion hospital, six of the 34 persons admitted died,, hospital sources said. Over 80 people are still under going treatment in the hospitals, while some have, been discharged., Taking stern action against the erring officials the State Government on Tuesday suspended 27, officials including five from the excise department and 22 policemen. The Police also arrested 24 persons, in neighbouring Thane and Nhava Sheva for their alleged involvement in the illicit liquor trade. Taking a, serious note of the tragedy, the Maharashtra Government today decided to hand over the probe into the, spurious liquor tragedy, to the CID,, “The CID will conduct a thorough probe into the illicit liquor tragedy, once the present probe being, handled by an officer of the rank of Additional Police Commissioner is completed”, State Deputy Chief, Minister R.R. Patil, who also holds the home portfolio. Following the twin Hooch tragedy, massive raids, have been conducted over the last two days at various places in Navi Mumbai, Raigad and Thane said the, deputy CM. He said, that a large stock of illegal liquor had been destroyed. He attributed the tragedy to the, small number of licenced liquor shops and availability of cheaper illegal liquor., Interestingly, the proposal to legalise bootleggers, by offering them country liquor licences was, raised during the winter session in Nagpur. However, it is believed that the political parties were divided, on this front, which is why the subject was not brought up for discussion at the cabinet meeting today. The, Deputy CM also gave a clean chit to city police chief A.N. Roy, whose transfer was sought by opposition, leader Narayan Rane holding him responsible for the incidents. “The Police Commissioner had directed, police officials to take precautionary measures”, said Patil.
Page 948 :
938, , English Grammar & Composition, , I raise the matter now because I want to draw attention to the fact that the painter’s choice of a subject is a, far more complicated question than it would at first seem. A subject does not start with what is put in front of, the easel or with something which the painter happens to remember. A subject starts with the painter deciding, he would like to paint such-and-such because for some reason or other he finds it meaningful. A subject begins, when the artist selects something for special mention. (What makes it special or meaningful may seem to the, artist to be purely visual its colours or its form.) When the subject has been selected, the function of the, painting itself is to communicate and justify the significance of that selection., It is often said today that subject matter is unimportant. But this is only a reaction against the excessively, literary and moralistic interpretation of subject matter in the 19th century. In truth, the subject is literally the, beginning and end of a painting. The painting begins with a selection (I will paint this and not everything else, in the world); it is finished when that selection is justified (now you can see all that I saw and felt in this and, how it is more than merely itself)., Thus, for a painting to succeed it is essential that the painter and his public agree to succeed it is, essential that the painter and his public agree about what is significant. The subject may have a personal, meaning for the painter or individual spectator, but there must also be the possibility of their agreement on, its general meaning. It is at this point that the culture of the society and period in question precedes the, artist and his art. Renaissance art would have meant nothing to the Aztecs and vice-versa. If, to some extent,, a few intellectuals can appreciate them both today it is because their culture is an historical one: its, inspiration is history and therefore it can include within itself, in principle if not in every particular, all known, development to date., When a culture is secure and certain of its values, it presents its artists with subjects. The general, agreement about what is significant is so well established that the significance of particular subject accrues, and becomes traditional. This is true, for instance of reeds and water in China, of the nude body in, Renaissance, of the animal in Africa. Furthermore, in such cultures the artist is unlikely to be a free agent he, will be employed, for the sake of particular subjects and problem, as we have just described it will not occur to, him., When a culture is in a state of disintegration or transition the freedom of the artist increases, but, the question of subject matter becomes problematic for him has to choose for society. This was the basic of, all the increasing crises in European art during the 19th century. It is often forgotten how many of the, art scandals of the time were provoked by the choice of subject (Gericault, Courbet, Daumier, Degas, Lautrec,, Van Gogh, etc)., By the end of the 19th century, there were roughly speaking two ways, in which the painter could, meet this challenge of deciding what to paint and so choosing for society. Either the identified himself with, the people and so allowed their lives to dictate his subjects to him; or he had to find his subjects within himself, as painter. By people I mean everybody except the bourgeoisie. Many painter did, of course, work for the, bourgeoisie according to their copy-book of approved subjects, but all of them filling the Salon and the Royal, Academy year after year and now forgotten, buried the hypocrisy of those they served so sincerely., (1) In the sentence, ‘I believe there is a connection’(second paragraph), what two developments is the, author referring of?, (a) Painters using dying hero and using a fruit as a subject of painting, (b) Growing success of painters and an increase in abstract forms, (c) Artists gaining freedom to choose subjects and abandoning subjects altogether, (d) Rise of impressionists and an increase in abstract forms
Page 949 :
939, , Comprehension, (2) When a culture is insecure, the painter chooses his subject on the basis of :, (a) the prevalent style in the society of his time, (c) what is put no front of the easel, , (b) it is meaningfulness to the painter, (d) past experience and memory of the painter, , (3) In the context of the passage, which of the following statements would not be true?, (a) Painters decided subjects based on what they remembered from their own lives, (b) Painters of reeds and water in China faced on serious problem of choosing a subject, (c) The choice of subject was a source of scandals in 19th century European art, (d) Agreement on the general meaning of a painting is influenced by culture and historical context, , (4) Which of the following views is taken by the author?, (a) The more insecure a culture, the greater the freedom of the artist, (b) The more secure a culture, the greater the freedom of the artist, (c) The more secure a culture, more difficult the choice of subject, (d) The more insecure a culture, the less significant the choice of the subject, , (5) Which of the following is not necessarily among the attributes needed for a painter to succeed?, (a) The painter and his public agree on what is significant, (b) The painting is able to communicate and justify the significance of its subjects selection, (c) The subject has a personal meaning for the painter, (d) The painting of subjects is inspired by historical developments, , Answers : 1. (a),, , 2. (c),, , 3. (c),, , 4. (a),, , 5. (a)., , Passage II, Recently I spent several hours sitting under a tree in my garden with the social anthropologist William, Ury, a Harward University professor who specialises in the art of negotiation and wrote the best selling book,, Getting to Yes. He captivated me with his theory that tribalism protects people from their fear of rapid change., He explained that the pillars of tribalism that humans rely on for security would always counter any significant, cultural or social change., In this way, he said, change is never allowed to happen too fast. Technology, for example is a pillar of, society. Ury believes that every time technology moves in a new or radical direction another pillar such as, religion or nationalism will grow stronger-in effect, the traditional and familiar will assume greater, importance to compensate for the new and untested. In this manner, human tribes avoid rapid change that, leaves people insecure and frightened., But we have all heard that nothing is as permanent as change. Nothing is guaranteed. Pithy expressions, to, be sure, but no more than cliches. As Ury says, “people don’t live that way from day-to-day. On the contrary,, they actively seek certainty and stability. They want to know they will be safe. ”, Even so we scare ourselves constantly with the idea of change. An IBMCEO once said “We only, restructure for a good reason, and if we haven’t restructured in a while, that’s a good reason. We are scared, that competitors technology, and the consumer will put us out of business so we have to change all the time, just to stay alive. But if we asked our fathers and grandfathers, would they have said that they lived in a period, of little change? Structure may not have changed much. It may just be the speed with which we do things. ”, Change is over-rated, anyway, consider the automobile. It’s an especially valuable example, because the, auto industry has spent tens of billions of dollars on research and product development in the last 100 years., Henry Ford’s first car had a metal chassis with an internal combustion, gasoline-powered engine, four wheels, with rubber tyres, a foot operated clutch assembly and brake system, a steering wheel and four seats and it, could safely do 18 miles per hour.
Page 950 :
940, , English Grammar & Composition, , A hundred years and tens of thousands of research hours later we drive cars with a metal chassis with an, internal combustion gasoline-powered engine, four wheels with rubber tyres, a foot operated clutch assembly, and brake system, a steering wheel, four seats and the average speed in London in 2001 was 17. 5 miles per, hour !, That’s not a hell of a lot of return for the money. Ford evidently doesn’t have much to teach us about, change. The fact that they’re still manufacturing cars is not proof that Ford Motor Co. is a sound organization,, just proof that it takes very large companies to make cars in great quantities—making for an almost, impregnable entry barrier. Fifty years after the development of the jet engine, planes are also little changed., They’ve grown bigger, wider and can carry more people. But those are incremental, largely cosmetic changes., Taken together, this lack of real change has come to mean that in travel—whether driving or flying—time, and technology have not combined to make things much better. The safety and design have, of course,, accompanied the times and the new volume of cars and flights, but nothing of any significance has changed in, the basic assumptions of the final product., At the same time, moving around in cars or aeroplanes becomes less and less efficient all the time. Not, only has there been no great change but also both forms of transport have deteriorated as more people clamour, to use them. The same is true for telephones, which took over hundred years to become mobile or, photographic film which also required an entire century to change., The only explanation for this is anthropological, once established in calcified organizations humans do, two things: sabotage changes that might render people dispensable and ensure industry-wide emulation. In the, 1960s, German auto companies developed plans to scrap the entire combustion engine for an electrical design., (The same existed in the 1970s in Japan and in the 1980s in France) So for 40 years we might have been free of, the wasteful and ludicrous dependence on fossil fuels. Why didn’t it go anywhere? Because auto executives, understood pistons and carburettors, and would be loath to cannibalise their expertise, alongwith most of their, factories., (1) Which of the following views does the author fully support in the passage?, (a) Nothing is as permanent as change, (b) Change is always rapid, (c) More money spent on innovation leads to more rapid change, (d) Over decades structural change has been incremental, , (2) According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?, (a) Executives of automobile companies are inefficient and ludicrous, (b) The speed at which an automobile is driven in a city has not changed much in a century, (c) Anthropological factors have fostered innovation in automobiles by promoting use of new technologies, (d) Further innovation in jet engines has been more than incremental, , (3) Which of the following best describes one of the main ideas discussed in the passage?, (a) Rapid change is usually welcomed in society, (b) Industry is not as innovative as it is made out to be, (c) We should have less change than what we have now, (d) Competition spurs companies into radical innovation, , (4) According to the passage, the reason why we continued to be dependent on fossil fuels is that :, (a) auto executives did not wish to change, (b) no alternative fuels were discovered, (c) change in technology was not easily possible, (d) German, Japanese and French companies could not come up with new technologies, , Answers :, , (1) (b), (2) (d), (3) (b), (4) (a).
Page 951 :
941, , Comprehension, , Passage III, Fifty feet away three male lions lay by the road. They didn’t appear to have a hair on their heads. Nothing, the colour of their noses (leonine noses darken as they age, from pink to black), Craig estimated that they were, six years old-young adults. “This is wonderful!” he said, after staring at them for several moments. “This is, what we came to see. They really are maneless.” Craig, a professor at the University of Minnesota, is arguably, the leading expert on the majestic Serengeti lion, whose head is mantled in long, thick hair. He and Peyton, West, a doctoral student who has been working with him in Tanzania, had never seen the Tsavo lions that live, some 200 miles East of the Serengeti. The scientists had partly suspected that the maneless males were, adolescents mistaken for adults by amateur observes. Now they knew better., The Tasvo research expedition was mostly Peyton’s was mostly Peyton’s show. She had spent several, years in Tanzania compiling the data she needed to answer a question that ought to have been answered long, ago: why do lions have manes? It’s the only cat, wild or domestic, that displays such ornamentation. In Tsavo, she was attacking the riddle from the opposite angle. Why do its lions not have manes? (Some ‘‘maneless’’, lions in Tsavo East do have partial manes but they rarely attain the real glory of the Serengeti lions’.) Does, environmental adaptation account for the trait? Are the lions of Tsavo, as some people believe, a distinct, subspecies of their Serengeti cousins?, The Serengeti lions have been under continuous observation for more than 35 years, beginning with, George Schaller’s pioneering work in the 1960s. But the lions in Tsavo, Kenya’s oldest and largest protected, ecosystem have hardly been studied. Consequently legends have grown up around them. Not only do they, took different, according to the myths, they behave differently, displaying greater cunning and, aggressiveness. “Remember too,” Kenya: The Rough Guide warns, “Tsavo’s lions have a reputation of, ferocity.” Their fearsome image became well-known in 1898, when to males stalled construction of what is, now Kenya Railways by allegedly killing and eating 135 Indian and African labourers. A British Army officer, incharge of building a railroad bridge over the Tasavo River, Lt. Col. J. H. Peterson, spent nine months, pursuing the pair before he brought them to bay and killed them. Stuffed and mounted, they now glare at, visitors to the Field Museum in Chicago. Petterson’s account of the leonine reign of terror, the Man-Eaters of, Tsavo, was an international best-seller when published in 1907. Still in print the book has made Tsavo’s lions, notorious. That annoys some scientists., “People don’t want to give up on mythology. “Dennis King me one day.’’ The zoologist has been, working in Tasvo off and on for four years. “I am so sick of this man-eater business. Petterson made a helluva, lot of money off that story, but Tsavo’s lions are no more likely to turn man-eater than lions from elsewhere.”, But tales of their savagery and wiliness don’t all come from sensationalist authors looking to make a, buck. Tsavo lions are generally larger than lions elsewhere, enabling them to take down the predominant prey, animal in Tsavo, the Cape buffalo one of the strongest, most aggressive animals of Earth. The buffalo don’t, give up easily: They often kill or severely injure an attacking lion, and a wounded lion might be more likely to, turn to cattle and humans for food. And other prey is less abundant in Tsavo than in other traditional lion haunts., A hungry lion is more likely to attack humans. Safari guides and Kenya Wildlife Service rangers tell of lions, attacking Land Rovers, raiding camps, stalking tourists. Tsavo is a tough neighbourhood, they say and it breeds, tougher lions., But are they really tougher? And if so, is there any connection between their manelessness and their, ferocity? An intriguing hypothesis was advanced two years ago by Gnoske and Peterhans. Tsavo lions may be, similar to the unmaned cave lions of the Pleistocene. The Serengeti variety is among the most evolved of the, species—the latest model, so to speak—while certain morphological differences in Tsavo lions (bigger, bodies, smaller skills and may be even lack of a mane) suggest that they are closer to primitive ancestor of all, lions. Craig and Peyton had serious doubts about this idea, but admitted that Tsavo lions pose a mystery to, science.
Page 952 :
942, , English Grammar & Composition, , (1) The sentence which concludes the first paragraph. ‘‘Now they knew better’’, implies that :, (a), (b), (c), (d), , the two scientists were struck by wonder on seeing maneless lions for the first time, though Craig was an expert on the Serengeti lion, now he also new about the Tsavo lions, earlier, Craig and West thought that amateur observers had been mistaken, Craig was now able to confirm that darkening of the noses as lionsaged applied to Tsavo lions as well, , (2) The book ‘Man-Eaters’ of Tsavo annoys some scientists because :, (a) it revealed that Tsavo lions are ferocious, (b) Petterson made a helluva lot of money from the book by sensationalism, (c) it perpetuated the bad name Tsavo lions had, (d) it narrated how to male Tsavo lion were killed, , (3) Which of the following, if true, would weaken the hypothesis advanced by Gnosake and Peterhans, most?, (a), (b), (c), (d), , Craig and Peyton develop even more serious doubts about the idea that Tsavo lions are primitive, The maneless Tsavo East lions are shown to be closer to the cavelions, Pleistocene cave lions are shown to be far less violent than believed, The morphological variations in body and skull size between the cave and Tsavo lions are found to be, insignificant, , (4) According to the passage, which of the following has not contributed to the popular image of Tsavo, lions as savage creatures?, (a) Tsavo lions have been observed to bring down one of the strongest and most aggressive animals-the Cape, buffalo, (b) In contrast to the situation in traditional lion haunts, scarcity of non-buffalo prey in the Tsavo makes the Tsavo, lions more aggressive, (c) The Tsavo lion is considered to be less evolved than the Serengeti variety, (d) Tsavo lions have been observed to attack vehicles as well as humans, , Answers : 1. (a),, , 2. (c),, , 3. (d),, , 4. (d)., , Passage IV, Throughout human history the leading causes of death have been infection and trauma. Modern medicine, has scored significant victories against both, and the major causes of ill health and death are now the chronic, degenerative diseases, such as coronary artery disease, arthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s, muscular, degeneration, cataract and cancer. These have a long latency period before symptoms appear and a diagnosis, is made. It follows that the majority of apparently healthy people are pre-ill., But are these conditions inevitably degenerative? A truly preventive medicine that focused on the pre-ill,, analysing the metabolic errors which lead to clinical illness, might be able to correct them before the first, symptom. Genetic risk factors are known for all the chronic degenerative diseases, and are important to the, individuals who possess them. At the population level, however, migration studies confirm that these illness, are linked for the most part to lifestyle factors—exercise, smoking and nutrition. Nutrition is the easiest of, these to change, and the most versatile tool for affecting the metabolic changes needed to till the balance away, from disease., Many national surveys reveal that malnutrition is common in developed countries. This is not the calorie, and/or micronutrient deficiency associated with developing nations (Type A malnutrition): but multiple, micronutrient depletion, usually combined with calorific balance or excess (Type B malnutrition) . The, incidence and severity of Type B malnutrition will be shown to be worse if never micronutrient groups such as, the essential fatty acids, xanthophylls and flavonoids are included in the surveys. Commonly ingested levels, of these micronutrients seem to be far too low in many developed countries.
Page 953 :
Comprehension, , 943, , There is now considerable evidence that Type B malnutrition is a major cause of chronic degenerative, diseases. If this is the case, then it is logical to treat such diseases not with drugs but with multiple, micronutrient repletion, or pharmaco-nutrition’. This can take the form of, pills and, capsules—‘nutraceuticals’, or food formats known as functional foods’., This approach has been neglected hitherto because it is relatively unprofitable for drug companies—the, products are hard to patent—and it is a strategy which does not sit easily with modern medical, interventionism. Over the last 100 years, the drug industry has invested huge sums in developing a range of, subtle and powerful drugs to treat the many diseases we are subject to Medical training is couched in, pharmaceutical terms and this approach has provided us with an exceptional range of therapeutic tools in the, treatment of disease and in acute medical emergencies., However, the pharmaceutical model has also created an unhealthy dependency culture, in, which relatively few of us accept responsibility for maintaining our own health. Instead, we have handed over, this responsibility to health professionals who know very little about health maintenance or disease, prevention., One problem for supporters of this argument is lack of the right kind of hard evidence. We have a wealth, of epidemiological data linking dietary factors to health profiles/disease risks, and a great deal of information, on mechanism: how food factors interact with our biochemistry. But almost all intervention studies with, micronutrients, with the notable exception of the omega 3 fatty acids, have so far produced conflicting or, negative results. In other words, our science appears to have no predictive value. Does this invalidate the, science? Or are we simply asking the wrong questions?, Based on pharmaceutical thinking, most intervention studies have attempted to measure the impact of a, single micronutrient on the incidence of disease. The classical approach says that if you give a compound, formula to test subjects and obtain positive results, you cannot know which ingredient is exerting the benefit,, so you must test each ingredient individually. But in the field of nutrition, this does not work. Each, intervention on its own will hardly make enough difference to be measured. The best therapeutic response, must, therefore, combine micronutrients to normalise our internal physiology., So do we need to analyse each individual’s nutritional status and then tailor a formula specifically for him, or her? While we do not have the resources to analyse millions of individual cases, there is no need to do so., The vast majority of people are consuming suboptimal amounts of most micronutrients, and most of the, micronutrients concerned are very safe. Accordingly, a comprehensive and universal program of, micronutrient support is probably the most cost-effective and safest way of improving the general health of the, nation., [CAT November 2004], (1) Tailoring micronutrient-based treatment plans to suit individual deficiency profiles is not necessary, because :, (a) it very likely to give inconsistent or negative results, (b) it is a classic pharmaceutical approach not suited to micronutrients, (c) most people are consuming suboptimal amounts of safe-to-consume micronutrients, (d) it is not cost effective to do so, , (2) The author recommends micronutrient-repletion for large-scale treatment of chronic degenerative, diseases because :, (a) it is relatively easy to manage, (b) micronutrient deficiency is the cause of these diseases, (c) it can overcome genetic risk factors, (d) it can compensate for other lifestyle factors
Page 954 :
944, , English Grammar & Composition, , (3) Why are large number of apparently healthy people deemed pre-ill?, (a) They may have chronic degenerative diseases, (b) They do not know their own genetic risk factors which predispose them to diseases, (c) They suffer from Type-B malnutrition, (d) There is a lengthy latency period associated with chronically degenerative diseases, , (4) Type-B malnutrition is a serious concern in developed countries because :, (a) developing countries mainly suffer from Type-A malnutrition, (b) it is major contributor to illness and death, (c) pharmaceutical companies are not producing drugs to treat this condition, (d) national surveys on malnutrition do not include newer micronutrient groups, , Answers :, , 1. (c),, , 2. (c),, , 3. (c),, , 4. (c)., , Passage V, The viability of the multinational corporate system depends upon the degree to which people will tolerate, the unevenness it creates. It is well to remember that the ‘New Imperialism’ which began after 1870 in a spirit, of Capitalism Triumphant, soon became seriously troubled and after 1914 was characterised by war,, depression, breakdown of the international economic system and war again rather than Free Trade, Pax, Britannica and Material Improvement. A major reason was Britain’s inability to cope with the by-products of, its own rapid accumulation of capital; i.e., a class-conscious labour force at home; a middle class in the, hinterland, and rival centres of capital on the Continent and in America. Britain’s policy tended to be atavistic, and defensive rather than progressive—more concerned with warding off new threats than creating new areas, of expansion. Ironically, Edwardian England revived the paraphernalia of the landed aristocracy it had just, destroyed. Instead of embarking on a ‘big push’ to develop the vast hinterland of the Empire, colonial, administrators often adopted policies to arrest the development of either a native capitalist class or a native, proletariat which could overthrow them., As time went on, the centre had to devote an increasing share of government activity to military and other, unproductive expenditures; they had to rely on alliances with an inefficient class of landlords, officials and, soldiers in the hinterland to maintain stability at the cost of development. A great part of the surplus extracted, from the population was thus wested locally., The new Mercantilism (as the Multinational Corporate System of special alliances and privileges, aid and, tariff concessions is sometimes called) faces similar problems of internal and external division. The centre is, troubled: excluded groups revolt and even some of the affluent are dissatisfied with the roles. Nationalistic, rivalry between major capitalist countries remains an important divisive factor. Finally, there is the threat, presented by the middle classes and the excluded groups of the underdeveloped countries., The national middle classes in the underdeveloped countries came to power when the centre wakened but, could not, their policy of import substitution manufacturing, establish a viable basis for sustained growth., They now face a foreign exchange crisis and an unemployment (or population) crisis—the first indicating, their inability to function in the international economy and the second indicating their alienation from the, people they are supposed to lead. In the immediate future, these national middle classes will gain a new lease, of life as they take advantage of the spaces created by the rivalry between America and, non-American-oligopolists striving to establish global market positions., The native capitalists will again become the champions of national independence as they bargain with, multinational corporations. But the conflict at this level is more apparent than real, for in the end the fervent, nationalism of the middle class asks only for promotion within the corporate structure and not for a break with, that structure. In the last analysis their power derives from the metropolis and they cannot easily afford to
Page 955 :
945, , Comprehension, , challenge the international system. They do not command the loyalty of their own population and cannot, really compete with the large, powerful, aggregate capitals from the centre. They are prisoners of the taste, patterns and consumption standards set at the centre., The main threat comes from the excluded groups. It is not unusual in underdeveloped countries for the top, 5 percent to obtain between 30 and 40 percent of the total national income, and for the top one-third to obtain, anywhere from 60 to 70 percent. At most one-third of the population can be said to benefit in some sense from, the dualistic growth that characterises development in the hinterland. The remaining two-thirds, who together, get only one-third of the income, are outsiders, not because they do not contribute to the economy, but because, they do not share in the benefits. They provide a source of cheap labour which helps keep exports to the, developed world at a low price and which has financed the urban-biased growth of recent years. In fact, it is, difficult to see how the system in most underdeveloped countries could survive without cheap labour since, removing it (e.g. diverting it to public works projects as is done in socialist countries) would raise, consumption costs to capitalists and professional elites., (1) According to the author, the British policy the ‘New Imperialism’ period tended to be defensive, because, (a) it was unable to deal with the fallouts of a sharp increase in capital, (b) its cumulative capital had undesirable side-effects, (c) its policies favoured developing the vast hinterland, (d) it prevented the growth of a set-up which could have been capital istic in nature, , (2) In the sentence. “They are prisoners of the taste patterns and consumption standards set at the centre. ”, (fourth paragraph) , what is the meaning of ‘centre’?, (a) National government, (c) New capitalists, , (b) Native capitalists, (d) None of these, , (3) The author is in a position to draw parallels between New Imperialism and New Mercantilism because, (a), (b), (c), (d), , both originated in the developed Western capitalist countries, New Mercantilism was a logical sequel to New Imperialism, they create the same set of outputs—a labour force, middle classes and rival centres of capital, both have comparable uneven and divisive effects, , (4) Under New Mercantilism, the fervent nationalism of the native middle classes does not create conflict, with the multinational corporations because they (the middle classes), (a) negotiate with the multinational corporations, (b) are dependent on the international system for their continued prosperity, (c) are not in a position to challenge the status quo, (d) do not enjoy popular support, , Answers : 1. (b),, , 2. (c),, , 3. (b),, , 4. (a)., , Passage VI, Directions (Q. 1 to 15) Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below. If, certain words are printed in bold to help you to locate them while answering some of the questions., [Indian Bank PO August 2004], , Can India make it to a leadership position in the new millennium or will it retain the ‘fast, train-going-show’ image of the last 50 odd years? Most people believe that the potential for our country to, succeed is huge. They are also disappointed at the inability to convert the natural advantages we possess into, tangible benefits. The recent success of our infotech industry globally has reinforced the belief that when we, put our mind to it we can and do succeed. Now, the expectation is that this success will be replicated in other, areas.
Page 956 :
946, , English Grammar & Composition, , There is not doubt that India’s further will be driven by the intellectual capital of its people. Even though, many of the billion Indian people are and will continue for the foreseeable further to live in a third-world, setting, there are many Indians with the skills, ability and aspiration to prosper and flourish in a first-world, environment. It is, therefore, likely that India will, at the same time, belong to both the first and third worlds., That first-world environment will be powered increasingly by knowledge workers and brainware India, clearly has the numbers. It needs to invest in training and skill-building and also encourage entrepreneurship, and risk-taking., I have no magic recipe to convert India’s people power into a competitive advantage on global basis., Also, I am nowhere near qualified to address macro issues like universal education and school curriculam., Therefore, I have to shrink the issue into a familiar framework of ‘growing our people. ’, It is imperative that Indian business pay more than lip service to the empowerment of their employees. We, have to break the ‘do-as-you are told’ mentality which inhibits creativity and promotes the culture of servitude, long after our ‘foreign masters’ are gone. Together with empowerment, there has to be a culture of personal, accountability so that everyone realises the necessity of valuing commitment., In all areas of activity, seniority and hierarchies ( if any) must be based purely on merit. Seniority, like, respect, must be earned and not ‘termed,’ i.e., based on the length of service. Future organisations will be, based on communities and interaction between individuals and teams both within and outside the, organisation. The work environment both with respect to physical space as well as culture, must be, barrierless/boundryless, allowing the impromptu and regular and regular interaction across, workgroups/teams., Organisations must accept that empowerment and personal accountability should go hand in hand with a, degree of tolerance for mistakes and failures. Mistakes and failures are good learning opportunities for our, people and should be regarded as such unless repeated. Tolerance would also provide a safety net for those, prepared to take risks, a quality rarely seen among Indian executives today but crucial to succeed in the new, economy., Organisations must be as transparent as possible with their employees. Both good and bad news must be, shared. Often organisations and their leadership wrongly believe that the employees aren’t interested in, certain information or more arrogantly, decide that information is best withheld as it is beyond the, comprehension of their employees. Knowledge sharing must be pushed at all levels through a carrot-and-stick, approach. Those who continuously hoard knowledge must be weeded out. Everyone must come to work, thinking that they will learn and add to their skills., Performance management must be institutionalised to give everyone a clear understanding of, organisational goals, team goals, the individual’s role or goals within a team, rewards which follow from, meeting goals and career opportunities in the organisation. Encourage a sense of commitment to the, community among your employees. Apart from making them feel good about themselves it also affords, opportunities for them to work as teams in a non-work environment. Above all, make work fun. If people,, however talented, show up at work because it is a job’, then they are unlikely to realise their full potential., The above is not an exhaustive list for each organisation to get the best out of its people. But if each, organisation addresses some of these issues then people will grow individually and collectively. Thus, is, bound to have a beneficial effect on harnessing and driving their intellectual capital., (1) The author attributes success of India in infotech industry to :, (a) do-as-you are told mentality, (c) growing global economy, (e) None of these, , (b) lazy and intolerant attitude of Indians, (d) realising the latent intellectual capital
Page 957 :
@UPSC_THOUGHT, , Get Best Quality, Magazines , Pdfs, &, All Exam Study Material in, Hindi & English Both, Languages, CLICK HERE, Https://t.me/Upsc_thought
Page 958 :
947, , Comprehension, (2) Which of the following is the best way for organisations to be transparent?, (a) Share both good and bad news at all levels, (b) Share only that information which employees can understand, (c) Share only good news and withhold bad news, (d) Only relevant information should be shared, (e) None of the above, , (3) The carrot-and-stick method will realise which of the following objectives?, (a) The accountability of the employees will improve, (b) The confidential information will remain as guarded secret, (c) There will be improvement in the skill of employees, (d) The free flow of knowledge and information will improve, (e) None of the above, , (4) Which of the following measures, if adopted, according to the passage will make employees value, commitment?, 1. Stresngthening the skills, 2. Giving necessary instructions, 3. Fixing accountability, (a) All of these, (e) None of these, , (b) 2 and 3, , (c) 1 and 3, , (d) Either 1, 2 and 3, , (5) What does the word impromptu communicate in the passage?, (a) The communication should be unprovoked, (b) Employees interaction should be spontaneous and natural, (c) The work groups should be prompted to talk less, work more, (d) Work groups and teams should interact only if it is necessary, (e) None of the above, , (6) The phrase fast-train-going-slow in the passage refers to :, 1. Following the old policies of governance 2. Not realising the inbuilt potential, (a) Only 1, (c) Either 1 and 2, (e) Both 1 and 2, , (b) Only 2, (d) Neither 1 and 2, , (7) According to author, which of the following factors inhibits creativity?, (a) Giving more emphasis on seniority, (c) Asking employees to follow directions only, (e) None of these, , (b) Less emphasis on team work, (d) Liability of organisation to address macro issues, , (8) According to the passage which of the following is predicament of Indian business?, (a) The core issues of universal education are not addressed, (b) The Government policies are not favourable, (c) While strengthening employees potential the policies are more talked implemented, (d) The field of competition is uneven, (e) None of the above, , (9) To realise the full potential of the talent, what are recommendations of the passage?, (a) Making the working place as funny as possible, (b) Love your job even if you hate to work, (c) Make clear difference between job and work, (d) Make your work as interesting as if it is fun, (e) None of the above
Page 959 :
948, , English Grammar & Composition, , (10) Which of the following provides good learning opportunities?, (a) High level of tolerance for failure, (c) Overlooking the mistakes of the employees, (e) None of these, , (b) Repeating the mistakes till learning takes place, (d) Making efforts not to do the same mistake again, , (11) The phrase ‘seniority, like respect, must be earned’. . . . . . . . refers to :, 1. the seniority must reflect the expertise and knowledge, 2. the earning of seniority should be related to length of services., 3. merit should decide seniority., (a) 1 and 3, (e) None of these, , (b) 1 and 2, , (c) 2 and 3, , (d) All of these, , (12) What is the expectation of the author from the Indians?, (a) They will realise their potential in areas other than Information Technology, (b) Despite being slow they will think fast, (c) They will stop working oif forced to work like ‘do as you are told’, (d) Indian will turn natural disadvantage to advantage, (e) None of the above, , (13) Which of the following is not true in the context of the passage?, (a) India has huge potential to succeed, (b) To empower its employees Indian business pay more for the services of the employees, (c) The seniority should not be based on age, (d) India should encourage the risk taking behaviour, (e) Business bodies of future will have more knowledge workers, , (14) Which of the following best describes the word framework as used in the passage?, (a) Working within frame, (c) The basic premise, (e) None of these, , (b) Fixing frame for the assigned work, (d) Divising a defined work culture, , (15) How does sense of commitment to community among employees help people?, (a) It develops competition feeling in them., (b) People learn risk-taking even in non-work situation, (c) It encourages accountability in them, (d) People start perceiving opportunities for them to work as teams in non-work situation also, (e) None of the above, , Answers 1. (d),, 9. (d),, , 2. (a),, 10. (a),, , 3. (c),, 11. (a),, , 4. (c),, 12. (a),, , 5. (b),, 13. (b),, , 6. (b), 14. (c), , 7. (c), 15. (d), , 8. (c), , Passage VII, Directions (Q. 16 to 25) Read the following passgae carefully and answer the questions given below it., Certain words are printed in bold to help you to locate them while answering some of the questions, [Inddian Bank PO August 2014], , Many people believe that science and religion are contrary to each other. But this notion is wrong as a, matter of fact, both are complementary to each other. The aim of both these institutions is to explain different, aspects of life, universe and human existence. There is no doubt that the methods of science and religion are, different. The method of science is observation, experimentation and experience. Science takes its recourse to, progressive march towards perfection the rules of religion are faith, intuition and spoken word of the, enlightened, in general, while science is inclined towards reason and rationality, spiritualism is the essence of, religion.
Page 960 :
949, , Comprehension, , In earlier times when man appeared on Earth, he was over-awed at the sight of violent and powerful, aspects of nature. In certain cases, the usefulness of different natural objects of nature overwhelmed man., Thus began the worship of forces of nature—fire, the Sun, the rivers, the rocks, the trees, the snakes, etc. The, holy scriptures were written by those who had developed harmony between external nature and their inner, self. Their object was to ennoble, elevate and liberate the human spirit and mind. But the priestly class took, upon itself the monopoly of scriptural knowledge and interpretation to its own advantage., Thus, the entire human race was in chains. Truth was flouted and progressive, liberal and truthful ideas or, ideas expressing doubt and skepticism were suppressed and their holders punished. It was in these trying, circumstances the science emerged as a saviour of mankind but its path was not smooth and safe. The, scientists and free thinkers were tortured. This was the fate of Copernicus, Galileo, Bruno and others but, by, and by science gained ground., (16) Why does man worship the force of nature?, (a) The holy scriptures advocate the worship of forces of nature, (b) The worship elevates and liberates the human spirit and mind, (c) The worship makes man believe in faith and intuition, (d) Forces of nature reach us spiritualism, (e) None of the above, , (17) Which of the following statements is true in the context of the passage?, (a) Science and religion are antagonistic to each other, (b) Science encourages worshipping of nature, (c) Religion is essential for external peace and harmony, (d) Regimental religion was replaced by scientific principles, (e) Science is essential for inner peace of mind., , (18) According to the passage science and religion both :, (a) rely on the spoken word of the enlightened, (b) emerged out of the fear of man, (c) emerged from the desire of man to worship the forces of nature, (d) employ different methods of enquiry, (e) work at the cross-purpose of each other, , (19) Why is it said in the passage that, “science emerged as a saviour of mankind’’?, (a) Many great thinkers contributed to the progress of science, (b) Science takes recourse to progressive march towards perfection, (c) Science is inclined towards reason and rationality, (d) Man was bound in chains by religious orthodoxy, (e) The free thinkers and enlightened men were tortured, , (20) Which of the following statements is not true in the context of the passage?, (a) Man worships the forces of nature, (b) Methods of science and religion are different, (c) Regimental religion got degenerated into orthodoxy, (d) Galileo and Bruno were disciples of Copernicus, (e) The holy scriptures were written by people who had tremendous inner strength, , (21) Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word “flouted’’ as used in the, passage:, (a) mocked, (e) concealed, , (b) nourished, , (c) expressed, , (d) deflated
Page 961 :
950, , English Grammar & Composition, , (22) According to the passage science and religion :, (a) are contrary to each other, (c) are supportive to each other, (e) do not allow any deviation from their rules, , (b) have the same origin, (d) have the same aim of controlling universe, , (23) According to the passage, at the present juncture, there is a need to :, (a) encourage spiritualism as much as possible, (b) teach people to worship the forces of nature., (c) free man from all sorts of bondages, (d) explain to the people different aspects of life and universe, (e) judiciously mix the principles of science and true spirit of religion, , (24) What was the object of the authors of the holy scriptures?, (a) To teach man the methods of worshipping nature, (b) To advocate the progressive and liberal ideas, (c) To educate and raise the human spirit and mind, (d) To develop harmony between external nature and their inner self, (e) None of the above, , (25) Choose the words which is most opposite in meaning of the word ‘ ‘enlightened’’ as used in the passage., (a) uninformed, (c) downtrodden, (e) authority, , Answers : 16. (b), 17. (d),, , (b) derogatory, (d) educated, 18. (d),, , 19. (d),, , 20. (d),, , 21. (a),, , 22. (c),, , 23. (e),, , 24. (c),, , 25. (a)., , Passage VIII, Directions (Q. 1 to 15) Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it., Certain words /phrases are printed in bold to help you to locate them while answering some of the questions, [Bank PO], , In modern time Abraham Lincoln stands as the model of a compassionate statesman. He showed this, quality not only in striving for the emancipation of the American blacks but in the dignity with which he, conducted the American Civil War., Lincoln did not fancy himself as a liberator. He thought it would be better for all if emancipation was a, gradual process spread over many years. He proposed compensation for slave—owners in US bonds and, grants for the rehabilitation of blacks— ‘colonisation’ as the called it. But fate was to deem otherwise. The, haste with which the South wanted to break away from the Union with the North, compelled him to move, faster than he expected, perhaps more than most men of his time he had thought through the issue of slavery., ‘We must free the slaves’, he said, ‘or be ourselves subdued. ‘Before reading he first draft of the proclamation, of Emancipation, he told his colleagues. ‘In giving freedom to the slaves, we assure freedom to the free’., On September 22nd, 1862. Lincoln set his hand on the Proclamation of Emancipation declaring that on, the first day of January 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state ‘shall the then and forever free. ’, Lincoln’s revulsion for slavery left him without any moral indignation or passion against the, slave-owners. The guilt of the slave-owners, he felt , should be shared by the whole country the North and the, South, for it seemed to him that everyone in the nation was an accomplice in perpetuating that system. To have, whipped up any hatred against slave-owners would, to him, have been an act of malice., “I shall do nothing in malice”, he wrote, ‘what I deal with is too vast for malicious dealing”. As the Civil, War was coming to a successful conclusion, a Northerner demanded of Lincoln, “Mr President, how are you, going to treat the Southerners when the war is over?” Lincoln replied, “As if they never went to war?”
Page 962 :
951, , Comprehension, , When the news came of the Victory of the Northern against the Confederate forces, someone suggested, that the head of the Confederation Administration, Jefferson Davies, really ought to be hanged. “Judge not,, that ye be not judged”, Lincoln replied, as to the demand for the prosecution of rebels, Lincoln replied , “We, must extinguish our resentments if we expect harmony and union”. This was his last recorded utterance., (1) The sentence : ‘In giving freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . to the free’(last sentence of para 2) means :, (a) by freeing slaves, we are honouring the concept of freedom, (b) by freeing slaves, we are safeguarding our own interests, (c) if we give freedom to the slaves, they will serve us better, (d) if we do not give freedom to the slaves, they will free themselves, (e) None of the above, , (2) What came in Lincoln’s way of carrying out emancipation as a gradual process?, (a) The haste of the South to break away from the Union with the North, (b) The inadequate compensation given to slave-owners, (c) His own over-enthusiasm to complete the process fast, (d) His proposition to give grant for the rehabilitation of slaves, (e) None of the above, , (3) Which of the following makes Abraham Lincoln a compassionate statesman?, (a) His hesitation in striving for emancipation of American blacks, (b) His indifference in conducting the American Civil War, (c) His efforts to force the American blacks from slavery, (d) His efforts to conclude the American Civil War without dignity, (e) None of the above, , (4) The term ‘colonisation’ as used in passage means :, (a) making separate dwelling arrangements for slave-owners, (b) rehabilitation arrangements made for slave-owners, (c) efforts made by American blacks to free themselves, (d) handing over slaves to the slave-owners, (e) None of the above, , (5) The incidents in the passage prove that Lincoln was :, (a) not a firm administrator, (b) afraid of the majority of slaves, (c) unduly concerned for the safety of the rebels, (d) sympathetic and kind-hearted statesman., (e) unreasonably in favour of slaves., , (6) The author of the passage seems to be, (a) a staunch and biased critic of Abraham Lincoln :, (b) an advocate of the system of slavery, (c) an opponent of the system of slavery, (d) indifferent to Lincoln’s remarkable achievements, (e) impressed with Lincoln’s good qualities, , (7) According to Lincoln, the culprits of the system of slavery were :, (a) the slaver-owners alone, (c) both the slaves and the slave-owners, (e) None of these, , (b) the slaves alone, (d) all the people in the country
Page 963 :
952, , English Grammar & Composition, , (8) Which of the following statements is true in the context of the passage?, (a) Lincoln hated the demand of hanging Jefferson Davies, (b) Lincoln turned down the demand of the prosecution of rebels, (c) Lincoln wondered how mere compassion cold lead to harmony, (d) The Civil War was fought by the Northerners and Southerners against the enemies, (e) None of the above, , (9) Lincoln didn’t have any hatred for the slave-owners because :, (a) they were in a vast majority, (b) they all belonged to upper caste, (c) they would have treated him with malice, (d) they were not guilty at all, (e) None of the above, , (10) Lincoln’s reply to the Northerner’s question regarding the treatment to Southerners proves that :, (a) the Southerners were wicked in their dealings, (b) Lincoln did not have revengeful attitude towards the Southerners, (c) the Northerners were in favour of the Southerners, (d) Lincoln did not like the Southerner’s act of breaking away from the union with the North, (e) Lincoln could control his anguish against the Southerners while expressing himself, , Answers : 1. (a),, , 2. (a),, , 3. (e),, , 4. (e),, , 5. (d),, , 6. (e),, , 7. (d),, , 8. (b),, , 9. (e),, , 10. (b)., , Short Passages, Passage 1, Directions (Q. 1-5) Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it., [CDS January 2002], , At low tide he walked over the sands to the headland and round the corner to the little bay facing the open, sea. It was inaccessible by boat, because seams of rock jutted out and currents swirled round them, treacherously. But you could walk there if you chose one of the lowest ebb tides that receded a very long way., You could not linger on the expedition, for once the tide was on the turn, it came in rapidly. For this reason, very few people cared to explore the little bay and the cave at the back of it., But the unknown always drew this man like a magnet. He found the bay fresh and unlittered, as it was, completely covered by the sea at high tide. The cave looked mysteriously dark, cool and inviting and he, penetrated to the farthest corner where he discovered a wide crack, rather like a chimney. He peered up and, thought he could see a patch of daylight., (1) According to the writer, the bay could not be reached by boat, because :, (a) it had numerous layers of rock, (b) there were too many eddies, (c) it was facing the open sea, (d) there were seams of rock and treacherously swirling currents, , (2) One could visit the bay, (a) at any time one chose, (c) when there was a low tide, , (b) on certain specified occasions, (d) during the evening walk, , (3) It was not possible to ‘linger on the expedition’ because :, (a) the water rose rapidly, (c) the tide turned sprightly, , (b) the tide turned quickly, (d) the water rushed in with a great force
Page 964 :
953, , Comprehension, (4) He found the bay “fresh and unlittered” because :, (a) the sea water had receded, (b) he was the first visitor there, (c) the high tide had just washed the litter away, (d) it was not frequented by people who would pollute it, , (5) While passing through the cave, the writer discovered a :, (a) cool and secluded corner, (c) chimney-shaped rock, , Answers : (1) (d), (2) (c),, , (b) large opening, (d) big crack through which light came in, (3) (c),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (d)., , Passage 2, Directions (Q. 6-10) Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it., [CDS January 2002], , Regular physical activity provides numerous health benefits—from leaner bodies and lower blood, pressure to improved mental health and cognitive functioning. As the school physical education programme, promotes physical activity and can teach skills as well as from or change behaviour, it holds an important key, to influencing health and well-being across the life span. To improve the fitness of students, we need to rethink, the design and delivery of school-based physical education programme., Adults in the United States think that information about health was more important for students to learn, the content in language arts, mathematics, science, history or any other subject. Deposite this high ranking,, most schools devote minimal curriculum time to teaching students how to lead healthy lives. Our first step, might be to consider ways to increase curriculum time devoted to physical education. In addition, schools, need to thoughtfully analyse the design and delivery of school physical education programme to ensure that, they are engaging, developmentally appropriate, inclusive and instructionally powerful., (6) According to this passage, regular physical activity is needed to :, (a) control one’s blood pressure, (c) improve one’s cognitive skills, , (b) lose one’s weight, (d) improve one’s physical as well as mental health, , (7) In order to tone up the physical education programme :, (a) it should be made compulsory at school, (b) as assessment of the existing programme should be made, (c) a committee should be set up in every school, (d) the programme should be reoriented and implemented, , (8) According the Americans, health education is more important than teaching :, (a) social sciences, (c) any subject, , (b) liberal arts, (d) natural sciences, , (9) The author wants the reoriented physical education programme to be :, (a)given minimal curriculum time, (c)relevant to the modern society., , (b) very comprehensive, (d) thoughtful, , (10) In order to improve the physical education programme, we should, first of all :, (a) allot more time to the teaching and learning of physical activity, (b) decide on the number of activities to be taught, (c) employ qualified instructors, (d) increase the teaching load of instructors, , Answers : (6) (d), (7) (d),, , (8) (c),, , (9) (d),, , (10) (d).
Page 965 :
954, , English Grammar & Composition, , Passage 3, Directions (Q. 11-15) Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it., [CDS January 2002], , The highbrows reverse the numerical argument and imply that, because they are so few, they must, therefore be right but where they chiefly offend is in their excessive self-congratulation and contempt for, others. In the past, the highbrows were alone in expressing a feeling of superiority; the lowbrows humbly, accepted the position assigned to them. Recently, however, there has been a change and the lowbrows now, adopt towards the highbrows exactly the same attitude as the highbrows adopted towards them., (11) The reversal of the numerical argument in the context of the passage means that the highbrows :, (a) have no regard for the majority, (c) are indifferent to numbers, , (b) respect the majority, (d) have regard for the minority, , (12) A highbrow is :, (a) a liberal minded person, (c) a self-opinionated intellectual, at, , (b) a believer in conservative values, (d) a democr, , (13) The phrase ‘self-congratulation’ can best be replaced by :, (a) self-effacement, (c) self-negation, , (b) self-admiration, (d) self-criticism, , (14) The attitude of the lowbrows towards the highbrows in the past was one of :, (a) violent rejection, (c) open rebelliousness, , (b) resentful acceptance, (d) unprotesting submission, , (15) The recent change in the attitude of the lowbrows towards the highbrows suggests that :, (a) the lowbrows have rejected the superiority of the highbrows, (b) the lowbrows have become highbrows, (c) the lowbrows have become indifferent to the highbrows, (d) the highbrows have become meek and humble, , Answers : (11) (c), (12) (c), (13) (b), (14) (d), (15) (a)., , Passage 4, Directions (Q. 16-20) Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it., Crude mineral oil comes out of the earth as a thick brown or black liquid with a strong smell. It is a, complex mixture of many different substances, each with its own individual qualities. Most of them are, combinations of hydrogen and carbon in varying proportions. Such hydrocarbons are also found in other, forms such as bitumen, asphalt and natural gas. Mineral oil originates from the carcasses of tiny animals and, from plants that live in the sea., Over millions of years, these dead creatures form large deposits under sea-bed and ocean currents cover, them with a blanket of sand and slit. As this material hardens, it becomes sedimentary rock and effectively, shuts out the oxygen, so preventing the complete decomposition of the marine deposits underneath. The layers, of sedimentary rock become thicker and heavier. Their pressure produces heat, which transforms the tiny, carcasses into crude oil in a process that is still going on today., [CDS January 2002], , (16) Marine deposits under the sea do not get decomposed because they :, (a) become rock and prevent oxygen from entering them, (b) are covered by the sand and slit brought by the current, (c) contain a mixture of hydrogen and carbon
Page 966 :
955, , Comprehension, (d) are constantly washed by the ocean current, , (17) Sedimentary rock leads to the formation of oil deposits because :, (a) it becomes hard and forms into rocks which produce oil, (b) its pressure produces heat and turns the deposits of animal carcasses and plants into oil, (c) it turns heavy and shuts out the oxygen, (d) it becomes heavy and hard and applies pressure to squeeze oil, , (18) In order to have mineral oil, hydrogen and carbon are combined in :, (a) equal proportions, (c) varying proportions, , (b) fixed proportions, (d) the proportion of two and one, , (19) The time it takes for the marine deposits to harden into rocks is :, (a) a few years, (c) hundreds of years, , (b) thousands of years, (d) million of years, , (20) The most apt title for the passage is, (a) crude mineral oil, (c) how mineral oil is formed?, , Answers : (16) (b),, , (17) (b), , (b) how sedimentary rock is formed?, (d) marine deposits under the sea, (18) (c),, , (19) (d),, , (20) (c)., , Passage 5, Directions (Q. 21-25) Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it., [CDS January 2002], , To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman brain is required. A few, simple rules will keep you free, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled, by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoid the mistake of thinking that women, have fewer teeth than man, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he, counted. Thinking that you know when in fact you do not is a bad mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe, myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I was writing a book on, the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had been one enjoying this diet. Aristotle,, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval writers know all about unicorns and salamanders; not one, of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them., (21) The author portrays mankind as :, (a) very intelligent, (c) nervous and weak, , (b) having superhuman qualities, (d) by and large, lazy and ignorant, , (22) The author is in favour of drawing conclusions on the basis of, (a) reasoning, (c) empirical evidence, , (b) study of eminent thinkers, (d) discussion and consultation, , (23) According to the author, unicorns and salamanders :, (a) existed in the past but now have become extinct, (b) are invisible, (c) never really existed, (d) have caused strange stories to be written about them, , (24) The author implies that :, (a) hedgehogs eat black beetles, (c) he is writing a book about hedge-hogs, , (b) hedgehogs do not really eat black beetles, (d) he is never seen a hedgehog eating beetles, , (25) The attitude of the author is :, (a) philosophical, (c) cultural, , (b) scientific, (d) commonsensical
Page 967 :
956, , English Grammar & Composition, , Answers : (21) (d), (22) (c), (23) (c), (24) (d), (25) (b)., , Passage 6, Directions (Q. 26-30) Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it., , [CDS January], , Long ago Emperson wrote: ‘‘A man’s task is his life-preserver’’. This seems to be remarkably correct in, our modern life. The man without task is like a ship without a ballast and anchor, he is all too often merely a, drifter. Few men seem to have initiative enough to choose a task for themselves if they do not need to work., When the inevitable disappointments come, as they assuredly will, they are completely overwhelmed. But the, man who has his task has no time for vain regret, he escapes the disastrous fate which overtakes his less, fortunate brother. Work is one of the greatest safety-valves which was ever invented, and youth especially, needs it., (26) It seems to be remarkably correct in modern life that :, (a) a man has enough leisure, (b) youth needs less work and more rest, (c) the correct choice of the task preserves one’s life, (d) men fail to choose a task for themselves, , (27) The expression ‘safety-valve’means :, (a) something which blows up safety, (c) something which guarantees safety, , (b) an outlet for rent-up energy, (d) a leaf of a folding door, , (28) A ship without ballast and anchor :, (a) is in great danger, , (b) merely drifts, , (c) is very safe, , (d) may not go in the right direction, , (29) A man who suffers from vain regrets must have :, (a) chosen his life’s work rather carelessly, (b) met with disastrous fate, (c) been a victim of adverse circumstances to do, , (30) A person who has chosen the right task has no time to regret because he, (a) is engrossed in his work, (c) has succeeded in life, Answers :, , (26) (c), (27) (c),, , (b) has too much to do, (d) has a safe and secured life, (28) (d),, , (29) (a), , (30) (b)., , Passage 7, Directions (Q. 1-5) Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it., [SSC Stenographers], , Mountaineering is now looked upon as the king of sports. But men have lived amongst the mountains, since prehistoric times and in some parts of the world, as in the Andes and Himalayas, difficult mountain, journeys have inevitably been part of their everyday life. However, some of the peaks there were easily, accessible from most of the cities of Europe. It is quite interesting that while modern mountaineers prefer, difficult routes for the greater enjoyment of sport, the early climbers looked for the easiest ones, for the, summit was the prize they all set their eyes on. Popular interest in mountaineering increased considerably after, the ascent of the Alpine peak of Matterhorn in 1865 and Edward Whymper’s dramatic account of the climb, and fatal accident which occurred during the descent., In the risky sport of mountaineering the element of competition between either individuals or teams is, totally absent. Rather one can say that the competition is between the team and the peaks themselves. The, individuals making up a party must climb together as a team, for they depend upon one another for their safety., Mountaineering can be dangerous unless reasonable precautions are taken. However, the majority of fatal, accidents happen to parties which are inexperienced or not properly equipped. Since many accidents are, caused due to bad weather, the safe climber is the man who knows when it is time to turn back, however,, tempting it may be to press on and try to reach the summit.
Page 968 :
957, , Comprehension, (1) Mountaineering is different from other sports because :, (a) it is risky and dangerous, (b) it can be fatal, (c) it is most thrilling and exciting, there is no competition between individuals, , (2) People living in the Andes and the Himalayas made mountain journeys because :, (a) it was a kind of sport, (c) they lived in pre-historic time, , (b) they had to undertake them in their day-to-day life, (d) of the challenge offered by the difficult journey, , (3) Mountaineers climb as a team because :, (a) the height is too much for one individual, (c) they have to rely on each other for safety, , (b) the competition is between the team and the peak, (d) there is no competition among them, , (4) “. . . . . the summit was the prize they all set their eyes on”. In the context of the passage, this means :, (a) reaching the top was their exclusive concern, (b) they kept their eyes steadily on reaching the summit, (c) they cared for nothing but the prize of reaching the summit, (d) they chose a route from which they could see the summit clearly, , (5) “to press” in the last sentence of the passage means :, (a) to struggle in a forceful manner, (c) to work fearlessly, , Answers : (1) (c), (2) (b),, , (3) (c),, , (b) to force upon others, (d) to continue in a determined manner, (4) (a),, , (5) (d)., , Passage 8, Directions (Q.6-10) Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it., [SSC Stenographer], , On the morning of 31st August, 1573, 3000 horsemen of the imperial Mughal army paused at the banks of, the Sabarmati. The rebels, they were after, lay just beyond the swollen river but the soldiers were exhausted:, they had traversed 960 kilometers of difficult terrain in nine days, riding almost continuously. Suddenly a, warrior on a chestnut charger plunged into the raging torrent. As man and horse struggled on to the opposite, bank, a thrill ran through the army. It was the emperor, Jalaluddin Akbar ! with a roar, the soldiers followed, him across and within two days, they had put down the rebellion so thoroughly that Gujrat remained in, Mughal hands for the next 185 years., (6) The rebels were camped :, (a) across the Sabarmati river, (c) in Gujrat, , (b) on the banks of Sabarmati river, (d) in imperial Mughal courts, , (7) The expression ‘swollen river’ means :, (a) a river in flood, (c) a deep river, , (b) a calm and serene river, (d) a shallow river, , (8) The Mughal soldiers didn’t cross the river because, (a) they were cowards, (c) they were waiting for the king to arrive, , (b) they had joined hands with the rebels, (d) they were tired after a difficult journey, , (9) The sudden arrival of King Akbar :, (a) surprised the soldiers, (c) dismayed the soldiers, , (b) angered the soldiers, (d) enthused the soldiers, , (10) The attack on the rebels turned out to be :, (a) a dismal failure, (c) of no particular significance, , Answers : (6) (b), (7) (a),, , (8) (d),, , (b) a grand success, (d) an ordinary affair, (9) (d),, , (10) (b).
Page 969 :
958, , English Grammar & Composition, , Passage 9, Directions (Q. 11-15) Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it., [SSC Stenographer], , He saw nothing he had no knife or sharp instrument, the grating of the window was of iron and he had too, often assured himself of its solidity. His furniture consisted of a bed, a chair, a table, a pail and a jug. The bed, had iron clamps, but they were screwed to the wall and it would have required a screwdriver to take them off., Dantes had but one resource which was to break the jug and with one of the sharp fragments attack the, wall. He let the jug fall on the floor and it broke in pieces. He concealed two or three of the sharpest fragments, in his bed, leaving the rest on the floor., The breaking of the jug was too natural an accident to excite suspicion and next morning the gaoler went, grumblingly to fetch another, without giving himself the trouble to remove the fragments. Dantes heard, joyfully the key grate in the lock as the guard departed., (11) Dantes was in :, (a) a hostel, (c) an army barracks, , (b) a dining room, (d) a prison, , (12) Dantes’ was planning to :, (a) carve his name, (c) tease the guard, , (b) make his escape, (d) call for breakfast, , (13) The guard left the fragments because he, (a) didn’t notice them, (c) was too lazy to bother, , (b) wished to punish dantes, (d) wanted Dantes to clear up, , (14) Dantes probably broke the jug :, (a) in the morning, (c) after breakfast, , (b) during the night, (d) at exactly 3 P.M., , (15) Dantes heard the key grate in the lock when the, (a) cell door was shut, (c) storeroom was opened, , (b) cell door was opened, (d) storeroom was shut, , Answers : (11) (d), (12) (b), (13) (c), (14) (b), (15) (a)., , Passage 10, Directions (Q. 16-20) Read the following passage and answer the questions based on it., [SSC Stenographer], , Wild peacocks live together in large flocks in the forests of Central Africa. They scratch about in the, ground during the day for seeds to eat and at nightfall they fly up to the trees where they perch and sleep. Every, peacock has several wives, known as peahens. The female birds build their nests on the ground and lay from, four to six whitish, sometimes spotted eggs. During the mating season the male utters a harsh raucous cry., (16) Why do peacocks live in flocks?, (a) They are frightened of wild animals., (c) They can get more food, , (b) They cannot fly very well, (d) The passage does not tell us, , (17) ‘Perch’ in the passage means :, (a) rest, , (b) nest, , (c) climb, , (d) fly, , (b) whitish, , (c) spotted, , (d) Both ‘a’ and ‘c’, , (18) Peacock eggs are :, (a) pure white
Page 970 :
959, , Comprehension, (19) “Harsh raucous cry’ in the passage means :, (a) loud cry, , (b) deep cry, , (c) roaring cry, , (d) loud and hoarse cry, , (20) A suitable title for the passage could be :, (a) Peacock Eggs, (c) Wild Peacocks, , (b) The Habitat of the Peacock, (d) Wild Birds of Africa, , Answers : (16) (d), (17) (a), (18) (d),, , (19) (d), (20) (b)., , Passage 11, Directions (Q. 1-9) Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it., Certain words/ phrases are given in bold to help you to locate them while answering the questions., [Reserve Bank of India, Grade ‘B’ Officers], , Alleviation of rural poverty has been one of the primary objectives of planned development in India. Ever, since the inception of planning, the polices and the programmes have been designed and redesigned with this, aim. The problem of rural poverty was brought into a sharper focus during the Sixth Plan. The Seventh Plan, too emphasised growth with social justice. It was realised that a sustainable strategy of poverty alleviation has, to be based on increasing the productive employment opportunities in the process of growth itself., However, to the extent the process of growth bypasses some sections of population, it is necessary to, formulate specific poverty alleviation programmes for generation of a certain minimum level of income for, the rural poor. Rural development implies both the economic betterment of people as well as greater social, transformation. Increased participation of people in the rural development process, decentralisation of, planning, better enforcement of land reforms and greater access to credit and inputs go a long way in prospects, for economic development improvements in health, education drinking water, energy supply sanitation and, housing coupled with attitudinal changes also facilitate their social development., Rural poverty is inextricably linked with low rural productivity and unemployment, including, underemployment. Hence, it is imperative to improve productivity and increase employment in rural areas., Moreover, more employment needs to be generated at higher levels of productivity in order to generate higher, output. Employment at miserably low levels of productivity and incomes is already a problem of far greater, magnitude than unemployment as such. It is estimated that in 1987-88 the rate of unemployment was only 3%, and inclusive of the underemployed, it was around 5%., As per the currently used methodology in the Planning Commission, poverty for the same year was, estimated to be 30%. This demonstrates that even though a large proportion of the rural population was, working’ it was difficult for them to eke out a living even at subsistence levels from it. It is true that there has, been a considerable decline in the incidence of rural poverty over time. In terms of absolute numbers of poor,, the decline has been much less. While this can be attributed to the demographic factor, the fact remains that, after 40 years of planned development about 200 million are still poor in rural India., (1) According to the passage, rural poverty is associated with which of the following one or more factors?, (1) Want of effectiveness of productive efforts. (2) Dearth of employment opportunities., (3) Better sanitation and housing facilities., (a) Only 1, (e) 2 and 3, , (b) Only 2, , (c) Only 3, , (d) 1 and 2, , (2) Which of the following statements is/are true in the context of the passage?, 1. There has been a significant increase in the number of the rural poor., 2. Before the Sixth Plan, the policies regarding alleviation of rural poverty were almost nonexistent., 3. Social change coupled with financial upliftment is implied in rural development., (a) Only 1, (e) 1 and 3, , (b) Only 2, , (c) Only 3, , (d) 1 and 2
Page 971 :
960, , English Grammar & Composition, , (3) Under which of the following circumstances is employment a greater problem than unemployment?, (a) There cannot be such circumstances, (b) In rural areas where employment opportunities are less, (c) In urban areas where sanitary conditions are subnormal, (d) In areas where magnitude of unemployment is more serious, (e) None of the above, , (4) Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as an important factor for rural development?, (a) Better enforcement of land reforms, (b) Greater access of credit and inputs, (c) Transferring planning from central to local authorities, (d) Involvement of rural folk in the development process, (e) Enhancing production in the various new industries in rural areas, , (5) The passage deals mainly with. . . . . . . . . ., (a) the shortcomings in the implementation of poverty alleviation, (b) improvement in industrial growth strategies, (c) alleviation of rural poverty, (d) methodology of Planning Commission, (e) the growth rate of unemployment, , (6) Which of the following necessitates formulation of specific poverty alleviation programmes?, (a) Certain sections are not covered in the process of growth, (b) The sharper focus given in the Sixth Plan, (c) Extension of social justice to rural areas, (d) To keep the rural population outside the periphery of growth, (e) None of the above, , (7) Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the passage?, (a) The number of the rural poor people in India is quite substantial, (b) The development activities during the past 40 years had all been futile, (c) Alleviation of rural poverty needs a strong political will, (d) The unemployment situation in the country has been worsening year after year, (e) None of the above, , (8) What is the desired probable impact of formulation of specific poverty alleviation programmes?, (a) Provision of good sanitation and housing for the rural poor, (b) Ensuring certain minium income for the rural poor, (c) Change in attitude of the rural masses, (d) Increased involvement of the rural people in developmental activities, (e) None of the above, , (9) Which one or more of the following statements show/shows a striking paradox?, 1. In 1987-88, the rate of unemployment was only 3% and inclusive of underemployment it was 5%., 2. Unemployment together with underemployment was 5 % whereas the poverty was 30%., 3. More employment needs to be generated at higher levels of productivity in order to generate higher, output., (a) Only 1, (c) Only 3, (e) 2 and 3, , Answers : (1) (a), (2) (c),, , (b) Only 2, (d) 1 and 2, (3) (d),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (b),, , (7) (c),, , (8) (b),, , (9) (c).
Page 972 :
961, , Comprehension, , Passage 12, Directions (Q. 1-9) Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it., Certain words/phrases in the passage are given in bold to help you to locate them while answering the, questions., [Bank PO conducted by BSRB Delhi], Globalisation, liberalisation and free market are some of the most significant modern trends in economy., Most economists in our country seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing, seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market., A price that is determined by the seller or for the matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of, consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing as both, normal and having a valuable economic function, In fact, price fixing is normal in all industrialised societies, because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the, price-fixing that it requires., Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of, large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers that each large firm will act with consideration, of its own needs and thus avoid selling products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognised, by advocates of free-market economic theories., But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other, large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price cutting,, because price-cutting will be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most, economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of, explicit agreements among large firms; it is not., Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free-market to operate without interference, is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economics of non-socialist, countries. Most of these economies employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal, price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are, common place., Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the, countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic, development. There is no indication that they have., Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970’s the Soviet, Union began to give firms and industries some flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution, has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the USA have hailed the change as a return to the, free-market., But the then Soviet firms were not in favour of the prices established by a free-market over which they, exercised little influence; rather, Soviet firms acquired some power to fix prices., (1) The author’s primary objective of writing the passage seems to :, (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), , belie the popular belief that the free market helps enhance development of industrial societies, advocate that price-fixing is unavoidable and it is beneficial to the economy of any industrialised society, explain the methodology of fixing price to stabilise free-market, prove that price-fixing and free market are compatible and mutually beneficial to industrialised societies, create awareness among the general public regarding combating price-fixing by large firms
Page 973 :
962, , English Grammar & Composition, , (2) Which of the following statements (1), (2) and/or (3) is/are true in the context of the information given in, the passage?, The information in the passage is helpful to :, (1) know some of the ways in which prices can be fixed, (2) identify the products for which price-fixing can be more beneficial, (3) differentiate between the economies of various countries, (a) Only 1, (e) None of these, , (b) Only 2, , (c) Only 3, , (d) 1 and 2, , (3) Considering the literal meaning and connotations of the words used in the passage, the author’s, attitude towards ‘most economists’ can best be described as :, (a) derogatory and antagonistic, (c) spiteful and envious, (e) indifferent, , (b) impartial and unbiased, (d) critical and condescending, , (4) The author feels that price fixed by seller seems pernicious because :, (a) people don’t have faith in large firms, (b) people don’t want the Government to fix prices, (c) most economists believer that consumers should determine prices, (d) most economists believe that no one group should determine prices, (e) people do not want to decide prices, , (5) Which of the following statements is definitely true in the context of the passage? Price fixing is :, (a) a profitable result of economic development, (b) an inevitable result of the industrial system, (c) the joint result of a number of carefully organised decisions, (d) a phenomenon uncommon to industrialised societies, (e) a result of joint venture of the Government and industry, , (6) According to the passage, price fixing in non-socialistic is generally :, (a) intentional and widespread, (c) conservative and inflexible, (e) conservative and scarce, , (b) illegitimate but beneficial, (d) legitimate and innovative, , (7) What was the result of the then Soviet Union’s change in economic policy in the 1970’s?, (a) They showed greater profits, (b) They had less control over the free-market, (c) They were able to adjust to techno advancement, (d) They acquired some authority to fix prices, (e) They became more responsive to free market, , (8) The author’s primary concern seems to, (a) summarise conflicting viewpoints, (c) criticise a point of view, (e) prepare a research proposal, , (b) make people aware of recent discoveries, (d) predict the probable results of a practice, , (9) Which of the following statements about the socialist industry is/are false?, (1) It works under certain price restrictions, (2) It has no authority to determine price, (3) It hails the strategy of price fixing, as a major deviation, (a) Only 1 is false, (c) Only 3 is false, (e) 2 and 3 are false, , Answers : (1) (b), (2) (a),, , (b) Only 2 is false, (d) 1 and 2 are false, (3) (b),, , (4) (c),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (a),, , (7) (e),, , (8) (a),, , (9) (c).
Page 974 :
963, , Comprehension, , Passage 13, Directions (Q. 1-5) Read the following passage carefully and then answer these questions based on, what is stated or implied therein., , [Management Aptitude 2001], , Are the 1980s and 1990s the era of colour? According to some people, they are. Now you can buy radios, and electric fans in lavender and pink. Restaurants have an emphasis on flowers and colourful plates. Cars are, coming out in pink and aqua., Even bathroom fixtures are being made in ‘honeydew’ and ‘blond’. Part of the importance of the colour, of an object is that the colour affects the way one feels about it. You want a vacuum cleaner to look light and, easy, which is why it may be coloured in pastels and light colours. But gardening equipment and athletic, equipment you want to look powerful., You would never find a lawn mower in pink, but red would be fine. Not very long ago, sheets were, always white and refrigerators commonly came in colours like ‘old gold’ ‘avocado green’ and, ‘coppertone’. Now those are thought of as old-fashioned, popular colours change because fashion, influences everything., In fact, new colours often spring from the fashion industry. It’s a lot cheaper to make a blouse or skirt than, a sofa. After people get used to seeing new colours on clothing or towels, they are ready to accept those, colours in carpeting, refrigerators or cars. Colour- analysis consultants have been very successful in recent, years. People want to choose the most flattering colours for make up and clothing., Some car designers are even saying that people may begin buying cars of the colour that goes with their, skin colouring. This sounds too extreme. It’s hard to believe that people are that impressionable., (1) The main subject of the passage is :, (a) popular colours today, (c) the influence of colour, , (b) colour consultants, (d) colours that flatter people, , (2) The word ‘era’ in line I could best be replaced by which of the following words?, (a) Season, (c) Epic, , (b) Age, (d) Generation, , (3) According to the author which of the following is not popular now?, (a) Coppertone, (c) Pastels, , (b) Colourful cars, (d) Colourful bathroom fixtures, , (4) According to the author, why would red be a good colour for a lawn mower?, (a) Because it is strong, (c) Because it is light, , (b) Because it is cheap, (d) Because it is pastel, , (5) In this passage, which of the following are not used names for colours?, (a) Fruit, (c) Minerals, , Answers : (1) (c), (2) (b),, , (b) Hair colour, (d) Drinks, (3) (a),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (a).
Page 975 :
964, , English Grammar & Composition, , Passage 14, Directions (Q. 1-5) Read the following passage carefully and then answer these questions based on, what is stated or implied therein., [Management Aptitude 2001], If life exists on Mars, it is most likely to be in the form bacteria buried deep in the planet’s permafrost or, lichens growing within rocks, say scientists from NASA. There might even be fossilised Martian algae locked, up in ancient lake beds, waiting to be found. Christopher Mckay of NASA’s Ames Research Centre in, California told the AAAS that exobiologists, who look for life on other planets, should look for clues among, the life forms of the Earth’s ultra-cold regions, where conditions are similar to those on Mars. “Lichens, for, example are found within some Antarctic rocks, just beneath the surface where sunlight can still reach them., The rock protects the lichen from cold and absorbs water providing enough for the lichen’s need”, said, Mckay., Bacteria have also been found in 3-million-year-old permafrost dug up from Siberia. If there are any, bacteria alive on Mars today, they would have had to have survived from the time before the planet cooled, more than 3 billion years ago. Nevertheless, McKay is optimistic, “It may be possible that bacteria frozen into, the permafrost at the Martian South Pole may be viable. ”, McKay said, “Algae are found in Antarctic lakes with permanently frozen surfaces. Although no lakes are, thought to exist on Mars, they might have existed long ago. If so, the dried-out Martian lake beds may contain, the fossilised remains of algae. ” “ On Earth, masses of microscopic algae form large, layered structures, known as stromatolites, which survive as fossils on lake beds and the putative”, Martian said, Jack Farmer,, one of McKay’s colleagues. The researchers are compiling a list of promising Martian lake beds to be, photographed from spacecraft”, said farmer. Those photographs could help to select sites for landers that, would search for signs of life, past or present. ” “If we find algae on Mars, I would say the Universe is lousy, with algae, “McKay said. “Intelligence would be another question. ”, (1) The passage is primarily concerned with, (a)the possibility of life on Mars, (c) research on Mars, , (b) selecting sites for landers on Mars, (d) Findings of Christopher McKay on Mars, , (2) Lichens survive in the extreme cold conditions of Antarctica on Earth for all the following reasons,, except :, (a), (b), (c), (d), , some Antarctic rocks protect lichens beneath their surface, bacteria in the Antarctic frost protect lichen from the residual cold after the rock absorbs water, sunlight penetrates the surface of the Antarctic rock where lichen grows, the Antarctic rocks protect the lichen from cold by absorbing water and leaving enough for the lichen’s needs, , (3) Which of the following statements is not true?, (a), (b), (c), (d), , If any bacteria are alive today on Mars, they must have survived from the time before the planet cooled, Space photographs of Martian craters should reveal to the explorers signs of life there, Bacteria frozen into permafrost at the Martian South Pole may be viable, On digging up, more than 3 million years old Siberian permafrost has revealed bacteria, , (4) The most primitive forms of life likely to exist on Mars are all the following except, (a) villus and spare, , (b) bacteria, , (c) algae, , (d) lichen, , (5) Exobiologists might find on Mars algae similar to stromatolites on earth because :, (a) on our planet stromatolites are formed by microscopic algae, (b) martian lake beds may contain fossilised remains of algae similar to stromatolites on earth, (c) there is evidence that photosynthesis which takes place in Earth’s algae can be found in Martian algae on be, found in Martian algae too, , (d) All of the above, , Answers : (1) (a), (2) (b),, , (3) (b),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (d).
Page 976 :
965, , Comprehension, , Passage 15, Directions (Q. 1-5) Read the following passage carefully and then answer these questions based on, what is stated or implied in the passage., , [Management Aptitude May 2001], , A jolly musicologist by the entirely unobjectionable name of Henry Pleasants has written a book called, ‘The Agony of Modern Music’. That word ‘Agony’ is right. Much of it is just not written down but improvised., Much of what passes for music of these times is raucous noise and the excuse for persisting with it is that every, common youngster understands and likes it., The pleasant fellow concedes that ‘serious’ music is virtually dead. This may be dismissed as yet another, pleasantry which the undirected young indulge in. Paul Hindesmith, possibly one the last of the classical, giants. Once said that some composers tended to develop an oversublimated technique “which produces, images of emotions that are far removed from any emotional experience a relatively normal human being ever, has., That is just the point. High art can never be totally democratised. There is a barrier between the egghead, and the hoipolloi and it would be lazy idealism to ignore this. When Bach played and beethoven roared, who, was then the gentleman?, The pity of it is that while talking music to the masses, all known rules are broken and improvisation, becomes king. That, roughly speaking is how jazz was born; by dropping discipline, inspiration, deep, personal emotions and every element of creative art and adopting improvisation as its main rationale. Why,, they even tried to smuggle bits of jazz into serious music so that the composer could somehow survive., Now they are going one step further : learn it by ear, don’t write down the stuff, make it up as you go along, and hope, by these shoddy techniques, that everyone present will applaud and thus, provide the composer and, the performers with their daily bread., (1) The author uses the word ‘improvisation’ to suggest :, (a) making the original more sublime, (c) rendering the original more popular, , (b) tampering with the original, (d) simplifying the original, , (2) According to the author high art cannot be democratised because :, (a) high art is oversublimated, (b) people differ in their emotional experience, (c) masses cannot be expected to appreciate what only the few intelligent can, (d) democratising necessarily involves improvisation, , (3) They tried to introduce bits of jazz in serious music so that :, (a) music might survive, (b) the masses could take to serious music, (c) the new composers might survive, (d) music is democratised, , (4) Which of the following words can best replace the word raucous in the paragraph?, (a) shrill, (c) pleasant, , (b) soothing, (d) popular, , (5) Speaking of the techniques of some composers Paul Hindesmith said that they evoked image of, emotions:, (a) not experienced by normal people, (c) never felt by masses, , Answers : (1) (b), (2) (b),, , (3) (c),, , (b) felt only by subnormal people, (d) not experienced by eggheads, (4) (a),, , (5) (a).
Page 977 :
966, , English Grammar & Composition, , Passage 16, Directions (Q. 1-5) Read the passage given below carefully and then answer these questions based on, what is stated or implied in the passage., [Management Aptitude 2001], One simple concept lies behind the formation of the stars : gravitational instability. The concept is not, new. Newton first perceived it late in the 17th Century. Imagine a uniform, static cloud of gas in space., Imagine then that the gas is somehow disturbed so that one small spherical region becomes a little denser than, the gas around it so that the small region’s gravitational field becomes slightly stronger. It now attracts more, matter to it and its gravity increases further, causing it to begin to contract. As it contracts its density increases,, which increases its gravity even more, so that it picks up even more matter and contracts even further. The, process continues until the small region of gas finally forms a gravitationally bound object., (1) The primary purpose of the passage is to :, (a) describe a static condition, (b) support a theory considered outmoded, (c) depict the successive stages of a phenomenon (d) demonstrate the evolution of the meaning of a term, , (2) It can be inferred from this passage that the author views the information contained within it as :, (a) lacking in elaboration, (c) speculative and unprofitable, , (b) original but obscure, (d) uncomplicated and traditional, , (3) With which of the following words can you replace the word uni ‘form’ as given in this passage?, (a) uniting, , (b) varying, , (c) gaseous, , (d) unvarying, , (4) What does the underlined word ‘it’ stands for in the passage?, (a) gravitational instability, (c) small spherical denser region, , (b) cloud of gas, (d) matter, , (5) The author provides information that answers which of following questions?, (1) What causes the disturbances that changes the cloud from its original static condition?, (2) How does this small region’s increasing density affect its gravitational field?, (3) hat is the end result of the gradually increasing concentration of the small region of gas?, (a) Only 1, , Answers : (1) (c), (2) (d),, , (b) Only 2, (3) (d),, , (c) 2 and 3, (4) (c),, , (d) 1, 2 and 3, , (5) (c)., , Passage 17, Directions (Q. 1-4) Read the passage given below carefully and then answer these questions based on, what is stated or implied in the passage., , [UPSC Assistant Provident Fund Commissioners], , A great deal of the world’s work is neither producing material things nor altering the things that Nature, produces, but doing services of one sort or another. Thoughtless people are apt to think a brickmaker more of a, producer than a clergyman. When a village carpenter makes a gate to keep cattle out of a field of wheat, he has, something solid in his hand which he can claim for his own until the farmer pays him for it. But when a village, boy makes as noise to keep the birds off he has nothings to show, though the noise is just as necessary as the, gate., The postman does not make anything—the policeman does not make anything—the doctor makes pills, sometimes; but that is not his real business, which is to tell you when you ought to take pills and what pills to, take, unless indeed he has the good sense to tell you not take them at all and you have the good sense to believe, him, when he is giving you good advice instead of bad. The lawyer does not make anything substantial—they, are all in service., (1) Thoughtless people think a brickmaker more of a producer than a clergyman because more of a, producer than a clergyman because :
Page 978 :
967, , Comprehension, (a) a clergyman is an idler, (b) a brickmaker produces something solid which he can keep with him till he gets its price, (c) a brickmaker, being physically stronger than a clergyman, can naturally produce more, (d) he cannot understand the philosophical lectures of the clergyman, , (2) According to the author of the passage, a large number of persons :, (a) are producing material things, (c) are doing nothing in particular, , (b) are altering the things that nature produces, (d) offer services, , (3) The writer thinks that :, (a) both the doctor and the patient are sensible when one makes pills and the other buys them, (b) the doctor is sensible and the patient is insensible, (c) the doctor is insensible and the patient is insensible., (d) both the doctor and the patient make sense when one offers and the other receives a service., , (4) The writer’s description of the doctor’s business :, (a) strengthens the main argument of the passage because the doctor’s business is to make pills, (b) is irrelevant to the main argument of the passage, (c) weakens the main argument of the passage, (d) illustrates the difference between producing something and offering a service, , Answers : (1) (b), (2) (d),, , (3) (d),, , (4) (d)., , Passage 18, Directions (Q. 1-6) : Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions which are based on what is, stated or implied in the passage., [Management Aptitude], Since the world has become industrialised, there has been an increase in the number of animal species that, have either become extinct or have neared extinction. Bengal tiger, for instance, which once roamed the jungle, in vast numbers, now number only 2300 and by the year 2025 their population is estimated to be down to zero., What is alarming about the case of Bengal tiger is that this extinction will have been caused almost entirely, by poachers who according to some sources, are not interested in material gain but in personal gratification., This is an example of the callousness that is part of what is causing the problem of extinction. Animals like the, Bengal tiger, as well as other endangered species, are a valuable part of the world’s ecosystem. International, laws protecting these animals must be enacted to ensure their survival and the survival of our planet., Countries around the world have begun to deal with the problem in various ways. Some countries, in, order to circumvent the problem, have allocated large amount of land to animal reserves. They then charge, admission to help defray the costs of maintaining the parks and they often must also depend on world, organisations for support. With the money get, they can invest in equipment and patrols to protect the animals., Another solution that is an attempt to stem the tide, of animal extinction is an international boycott of, products made from endangered species. This seems fairly effective, but it will not, by itself, prevent animals, from being hunted and killed., (1) What is the author’s main concern in this passage?, (a) Problems of industrialisation, (c) Endangered species, , (b) The Bengal tiger, (d) Callousness of man, , (2) According to the passage, poachers kill for :, (a) material gain, , (b) personal satisfaction (c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’, , (d) None of these, , (3) Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word ‘alarming’?, (a) Serious, , (b) Dangerous, , (c) Distressing, , (d) Frightening
Page 979 :
968, , English Grammar & Composition, , (4) Certain species are becoming extinct because of :, (a) industrialisation, (c) love of products made from them, , (b) poaching, (d) all of these, , (5) The Phrase ‘Stem the tide’ means, (a) save, , (b) stop, , (c) touch, , (d) spare, , (6) Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude?, (a) Concerned, , (b) Vindictive, , Answers : (1) (c), (2) (b),, , (3) (d), , (c) Surprised, (4) (d),, , (5) (b),, , (d) Generous, , (6) (a)., , Passage 19, Directions (Q. 1-6) Read the passage carefully and then choose the best answer for each question., [Management Aptitude], , The conservative is not an extreme individualist. He may be willing to concede numerous arguments of, the unqualified individualists, for his own respect for the dignity of the individual is not surpassed by that of, any man. Yet he cannot agree to the full implications of individualism, which is based so he thinks on an, incorrect appraisal of man, society, history and government. In his own way, the individualist is as much a, perfectionist as the Socialist and with perfectionism the conservative can have no truck., In particular, the conservative refuses to go all the way with economic individualism. His distrust of, unfettered man, his recognition to groups, his sense of the complexity of the social process, his recognition of, the real services that government can perform all these sentiments make it impossible for him to subscribe to, the dogmas and shibboleths of economic individualism : laissez-faire, the negative state, enlightened, self-interest, the law of supply and demand, the profit motive., The conservative may occasionally have kind word for each of these notions, but he is careful to qualify, his support by stating other, more important social truths. For example he does not for a moment deny the, prominence of the profit motive, but he insists that it be recognised for the selfish thing it is and be kept within, reasonable, socially imposed limits., (1) The conservative is :, (a) a perfectionist, , (b) an economist, , (c) a socialist, , (d) None of these, , (2) The conservative is against economic individualism for all the following reasons except :, (a) he does not trust free men, (c)he believes in groups, , (b) he believes in the authority of the government, (d) he feels that social processes are important, , (3) The author mentions all the following catchwords of economic individualism except :, (a) free trade, , (b) the profit motive, , (c) balance of trade, , (d) the negative state, , (4) Which of the following words can replace the underlined word ‘truck’?, (a) Dealing, , (b) Bargain, , (c) Debate, , (d) Transport, , (5) Which of the following statements is true?, (a) The socialist and the individualist tend to be broadly similar in their views, (b) The conservative believes that profit motive originates in selfishness, (c) The conservative is also an extreme individualist, (d) None of the above, , (6) Which of the following could be an appropriate title for the passage?, (a) Anarchy and freedom, (c) A conservative Apology, , Answers : (1) (d), (2) (d),, , (b) Progress and The conservating, (d) The conservative stand, (3) (a),, , (4) (a),, , (5) (b),, , (6) (d).
Page 980 :
@UPSC_THOUGHT, , Get Best Quality, Magazines , Pdfs, &, All Exam Study Material in, Hindi & English Both, Languages, CLICK HERE, Https://t.me/Upsc_thought
