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PA P E R – V I, KNOWLEDGE AND CURRICULUM, , UNIT – III., SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE, & VALUES, , DR SOHAIL ZAKIUDDIN, A S S I S TA N T P R O F E S S S O R, , M A R AT H WA D A C O L L E G E O F E D U C AT I O N, DR RAFIQ ZAKARIA CAMPUS, AURANGABAD

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1. Factual knowledge:, , ‫حقیقت کا علم‬, , Factual knowledge consists of the basic elements students must, know to be acquainted with a discipline or solve problems in it., It includes knowledge of terminology and specific facts.

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2. Conceptual knowledge:, , ‫تصوراتی علم‬, , Conceptual knowledge consists of the interrelations among the basic, elements within a larger structure than enable them to function together., It includes knowledge of categories, principles, and models.

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3. Procedural Knowledge:, , ‫طریقہ کار کا علم‬, , Procedural Knowledge refers to the knowledge of how to, perform a specific skill or task, and is, considered knowledge related to methods, procedures,, or operation of equipment., Procedural knowledge is also referred to as, , Implicit Knowledge, or know-how.

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) ‫حکمت عملی(علم شناسی‬, 4. Metacognitive knowledge, (also called metacognitive awareness) is what individuals know about, themselves and others as cognitive processors., Metacognitive regulation is the regulation of cognition and learning, experiences through a set of activities that help people control their learning.

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SOURCES, Each of us possesses a great deal of knowledge. We know, about the world around us, we know about abstract, concepts and ideas, philosophers have often wondered, where this knowledge ultimately comes from., The following are some of the major sources of knowledge:, INSTINCTREASONINTUITIONSELF-REALISATION-

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INSTINCT, , ‫جبلت‬, , Instinct, an inborn impulse or motivation to action typically, performed in response to specific external stimuli., Today instinct is generally described as a stereotyped,, apparently unlearned, genetically determined behavior, pattern.

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REASON, , ‫وجہ‬, , A cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event., The power of the mind to think, understand, and form, judgments logically.

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INTUITION, , ‫بصیرت‬, , The ability to understand something instinctively, without, the need for conscious reasoning., It is the ability to know something without analytic, reasoning, bridging the gap between the conscious and nonconscious parts of our mind.

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SELF-REALISATION, , ‫خود کو سمجھنا‬, , Self-realization is the truth of who we are, what we are — the realization, that we are not the physical body, the physical form that we believe, ourselves to be, but the energy within that physical form that gives us life.

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REVEALED KNOWLEDGE, , ‫علم جو نازل ہوا ہے‬, , Knowledge that cannot be attained through philosophical,, or the merely human, powers of reason and inquiry, but, through God's revelation in Scripture.

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EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE V/S REVEALED KNOWLEDGE