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4. Study of permanent slides- Bey, Amphioxus through Pharynx, Intestine, Gonad and Caudal region; V.S. skin, T.S. Testis, T.S., Ovary of Frog; T.S. Stornach, T.S. Intestine, T.S. Liver of fish, , 5. Permanent stained preparation:, , Fish scales — Placoid, cycloid, ctenoid; Hyaline cartilage and striated muscle, ’, , oh ; Section B : Genetics ~, , , , , 1, Study of monohybrid and dihybrid ratio, % 2. Study of normal human karyotype ( Normal male and female), 3. Study of characters and karyotypes of Syndrome like Down, Klinefelter & Turner, 4. Study of the genetic traits (Hardy Weinberg law) in human being (Tongue rolling, ear, lobe, PTC taster/ non taster), Distribution of Marks — Total Marks 30, i. Dissection ne, ji, Identification and comment on spots 08, (4.Museum specimens, 4 slides — 2 from frogembryology, and 2 from histology), iii. Genetics experiment 03, iv. Genetics study —Karyotypes , syndromes, genetic traits inman 03, v. Permanent stained preparation 03, vi. Submission of certified practical record 03, vii. | Submission of slides 02, vill. Viva voce 02, a=, Semester — IV, Paper - Vil : Life and Diversity of Animals — Chordates, (Reptilia, Aves and Mammals), init —1 5 (9 Periods), , 1.1 Reptilia- Classification based on temporal vacuities, , 1.2 Poison apparatus, biting mechanism , snake venom and its importance, , 1.3 Aves — Comparison of Ratitae and Caranitae, Flight adaptations and migration, _ 1.4 Mammals — General characters of Prototheria, Metatheria and Eutheria, nit (9 Periods), 2.1 Modern theories of evolution : Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism, , 2.2 Adaptations — Cursorial, Aquatic, Terrestrial, Fossorial and Volant, , 2.3 Introduction to genetic basis of evolution — Species Deme, Variation, , 2.4 Races in Man ieucescle, Wegrene Mongoloid and Australoid), , x, jit 1 9 Period:, Ca Ke L eitnade Alushelp pithy cus, ee, 12g» 9. valu Kon, , Bian 1 Dear, , 10

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General Characters, Reptiles represent the first class of vertebrates, fully adapted for life in dry places on land They have, no Obvious diagnostic characterises ‘of their own that, immediately separate them from other classes of, vertebrates. The characters of reptiles are in fact a, combination of characters that are found in fish and, amphibians on one hi and in birds and mammals, ‘on the other. The class name refers to the mode of, locomotion (L., repere or repaun, to creep oF crawl),, and the study of reptiles is called Herpetology (Oty, , herpeton, reptiles). =, Predominantly terre: creeping or burrowing,, mostly carnivorou! r-breathing, cold-blooded,, s and tetrapodal vertebrates., y symmetrical and dit, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , vi, , , , , , , , , , sible into 4, , , , . Digits provided with, , Li 32 pairs, pentadacty!, imbs absent in a few, , horny claws, However, 1, , lizards and all snakes., , Exoskeleton of horny epi, , plates and scutes., , Skin dry, cornified and devoid of glands., , Mouth terminal. Jaws bear simple conical teeth,, , In turtles teeth replaced by horny beaks., , Alimentary canal terminates into a cloacal, , aperture., , Endoskeleton bony. Skull with one occipital, , condyle (monocondylar), A characteristic T, shaped interclayicle present., , 9. Heart usually 3-chambered, 4-chambered in, , crocodiles. Sinus venosus reduced, 2 systemic, , arches present. Red blood corpuscles oval and, , nucleated. Cold - blooded., , Respiration by lungs throughout life., , Kidneys metanephric. Excretion uricotelic., , Brain with better development of cerebrum than, , in Amphibia. Cranial nerves 12 pairs., , 13. Lateral line system absent. Jacobson's organs, present in the roof of mouth., , 14, Sexes separate, Male usually with a muscular, , , , dermal scales, shields,, , , , 10., 11., 12., , copulatory organ., 15. Fertilization internal. Mostly oviparous. Large, yolky meroblastic eggs covered with leathery, D, , p, Jun is cull do cue, , na At, L-aer® On mn cael., , , , Class 7. Rep, , mbryonic, « and, No, , laid on land. B, chorion, yolk sa, ing development., esemble adults., , shells, always, membranes: (amnion,, allantois) appear dur!, metamorphosis, Young t, 16, Parental care usually absent,, , -€lassification, Kecording to Bogert, there are more than 7,000, , living and several extinct species of reptiles, groupe, into approximately 16 orders of which only 4 are, living, The class Reptilia is fi ivided into 5 major, groups or subclasses on the basi of presence ot, absence of certain openings through the posteroteral or temporal region of the skull. =e ete), , A> Subclass I-Anapsida ¢ Ho cavily, , @ Primitive reptiles-with a solid skull roof. No, , temporal openings., , 3. Oraer 1, Chelonia or Testudinata, (Gr,, chelone, turtle; L., testudo, turtle)., , 1. Body short, broad and oval., , 2. Limbs clawed and/or webbed, paddle-like., , 3, Body encased in a firm shell of dorsal carapace, and ventral plastron, made of dermal bony plates., Thoracic vertebrae and ribs usually fused to, carapace., , 4... Skull anapsid, with a single nasal opening and, , without a parietal, foramen, Quadrate is, immovable., , 5, No sternum is found., , 6. Teeth absent. Jaws with horny sheaths., , i, , 8, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Cloacal aperture a longitudinal slit., Heart incompletely 4-chambered with a partly, divided ventricle., 9, Copulatory organ single and simple., 0, About 400 species of marine turtles, freshwater, terrapins and terrestrial tortoises., Examples, Chelone, Chrysemys, Testudo,, Trionyx, Dermochelys, low, g Subclass If Euryapsida (extinct), Skull with a single dorso-lateral temporal opening, on either side bounded below by postorbital and, squamosal bones., , © ) Subclass TU Parapsida (extinct), ~ Skull with a single dorso-lateraf temporal opening