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part <I Statistical Methods-I (P-VI) 4.2 Elements of Demography, $c., , : INTRODUCTION, pemography (or population studies) includes study of events related, , human life. Events related to human life such as birth, death, sickness,, | riage, divorce, migration etc. are called vital events. Vital statistics is a, F of vital events. Vital statistics is defined as a branch of biometry, hich deals with data and laws of human mortality, morbidity and, »mography. It is very much useful in many respects. Vital statistics give, jmerical summary regarding vital events. Thomas Malthus claimed in, 798 that, the population increases according to geometric progression,, jwever resources such as food grains etc. increases according to, ithmetic progression. It is necessary to study the methods of population, rojection. It is necessary to study the methods of population projection, ) estimate average life expectancy, sex ratio, dependency ratio,, opulation density, infant mortality rate and percentage of literacy etc., , In this chapter, we study statistical methods of measuring birth rates,, eath rates, population growth rates., , =, , 2 MET AINING VITAL STATISTIC:, , The following .are the sources mainly used to obtain data of vital, vents; :, , (a) Census Method: Census is conducted at the interval of 10 years, 1almost all countries in the world. Census has wider scope. It consists of, omplete enumeration of population along ‘with the information, igarding age, sex, education, caste, occupation, income, marital status,, ype of house etc. Therefore, census gives a good deal of information, egarding vital statistics., , As census is conducted after every 10 years, for inter censual period,, iformation related to vital events cannot be made available. This is a, nain drawback of this method., , (b) Registration Method: This is an important way of obtaining vital, tatistics. In most of the countries vital statistics registers are maintained., t is legally compulsory to report events like birth, death. Similarly, Narriages are also to be registered. Along with birth registration, related, nformation like place of birth, mothers age, religion, occupation of, yarents, family size etc. is automatically recorded. Deaths are, tutomatically recorded in urban areas automatically recorded because, tisposal of body requires a death certificate from the authorities. Apart, fom this hospital records is also a prominent source of vital statistics.

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~ ie. |, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ' thodel(P-Vi) 4d Element, B.Sc. Part - Il: Statistical Methods ( vat Of Damoary, However, registration method is subject to some shorten., , for example, some births are likely to remain unregistered, Similar, deaths are not reported in rural areas. Some communities like L,, Shikalgar and Adivasis etc. move from place-to-place, So, information about them is rarely registered. Hence the §j, generally underestimated. Hence the figures are, underestimated. |, (c) Sample Surveys: Sometimes special sample Surveys yy, conducted to get the information which is not available in census oy 44, registration of the vital events. National sample survey has conducts, such surveys on family planning, morbidity etc., , Remarks: Many times vital statistics collected by using above method i, not enough. ., , For example, population for intercensal year is not available, Statistical methods are used to estimate these figures., , Population Measurement:, , 3, =, , " SUch, QUres an, , Seneraliy, , q, , Population for intercensal year or time say, t is required to determine, death rates, fertility rates etc., , Population at time t (P,) is given by relation: P;-= Po + (B-D) + (I-£), Where, Po: Total population at last census., B: Total births during last census to period time’t’., D: Total deaths during last census to period time’t’., “I: Total immigrants during last cerisus to period time’t’., E: Total emigrants during last, 4.3 RATES OF VITAI a, Vital statistics give data in the form of frequency distribution or table,, , Such a data as it cannot be helpful to draw conclusions. It needs to be, processed to analyze the situation. For example,, , census to period time't’, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , State Population | No. of deaths, A ny dy, B n2 d2, , , , , , , , , , In order to complete mortality situation of the above two States, (Countries), at-least we need to determine the. percentage of deaths 0”, proportion of deaths in the population of a state.

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||; Statistical Methods-I(P-VI)__—_4.4 Elements of Demography, , To study vital events, mainly the rates of vital events are used. We, , 1 ebelow 2 general definition of rate of vital event., “iv, Number of cases of vital events, , rate of vital events = Total number of persons exposed to the, risk of occurrence of the event, , xK, , e, k is constant. The ratio in the above relation is usually very smaller, , her, | hence for convenience it is multiplied by, K = 1000., , magnitude,, , , , , , , , We discuss below different mortality rates or death rates., , ‘4, Crude Death Rate (CDR): This is the simplest death rate used to, ure mortality. Annual death rate is given by,, , Annual deaths (D, M = Annual mean population (P), , eas, , x 1000, , lerits and Demerits of CDR:, Merits: CDR is easy to understand and easy to compute., , | Demerits: “CDR does not take into account the age and sex, ‘Histribution. It is generally observed that the proportion of deaths in the, ge group 0-10 years and that of the age group 55-100 years is larger as, compared to the proportion of deaths in the age group 10-55 years., ortality rate is slightly higher for males than that of females..Therefore, DR can be used only for comparison of mortality of two places if age, nd sex distribution are near about same. Similarly, we can compare, ortality for two years for the same place if the years are not too apart., ‘ause age and sex distribution gradually changes. If CDR for two places, re same we cannot say that, the places are similar in this respect., loreover CDR differs for different locality, occupation etc. ”, , Note:, / 1. CDR usually lies between 3 and 23 per thousand., , 2. Since population varies over time, denominator in CDR, considered as mid-year population. 7, , P Two bar diagrams are given below, the first exhibits CDR of India and, peor countries and the second exhibits how CDR of India is falling, own due to advancement of medical sciences.

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B.Sc, Part - Il: Statistical Methode-I(P-VI)__—4.5 Elements of Demogran, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , yi CDR 2011, 10., 9, 8 7.43 7.17, @ 7 Ce, 8 3 5.96, o 5, eu, 8 3, 2, 4, 0 ‘i r T ——r> xX, India Pakistan China Shrilanka Japan, Countries, Fig. 4.1, y, CDR of India (1931-2011), 357 34.2, o 3°) F274, 22.8, 2, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Fig. 4.2, ~~ 2. Specific Death Rate (SDR): A specific death rate is a death rate, computed for a specific segment of the community. Various segments, may be Age, Sex and Occupation etc. Thus specific death rate is given by;, Total number of deaths in a specified section of the, , “ population in the given period, ~ Total population of a specified section in the given period, Among all types of specific death rates, Age SDR is widely used for its, different applications. In order to compare mortality conditions of two, , localities or time periods, Age SDR is very much useful for LIC for fixing, ~ premium. :, , SDR x 1000

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a| Methods! (P-VI 46, Ih suas — Elements of Demography, , P, D, = Number of deaths in im age group,, P| = Total population of jt age group,, , “th ', sede SDR for the i" age group is denoted by M, and is defined as, , D;, M, = 5 x 1000, , by taking number of deaths and Population according to a, 1 specific Sex, Sex SDR can be defined., , we can also find Area SDR by using no. of deaths and population, , of respective area. Thus, death rate for country A will be;, A, , D, M* = 5x x 1000, D*® = Total number of deaths in country A,, P? = Total population of country A., , 3, Sometimes specification may be according to two criteria, for example, Age SDR for country A will be,, , a Number of deaths in the i" age group in Country A «1000, i= Total population of i* age group in Country A, Fea, , A Department of Statistics, , a D, M; = o x 1000 Kisan Veer Mahavidyaiaya, Wai, i Dist. Satara - 412803, , Since, M; = Bt 1000 we get, MiPi= D, x 1000., , Note that, D = 5 D, and P = 2 P; hence,, , CDR = ex 1000, P;, , £0, _ EMP 1000, , = DP. ons EP ise, age WI, oe CDR can be computed from Age SDR and 49, ulation in the, 5 ; ; useful in, “DR is the best measure of mortality: It is very mh, , etc., “Nstruction of life tables, fixing LIC premium