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27, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , UNIT, , II, , KEY TERMS, Community, , -, , Is a territorial group., , Environment, , - Any thing that surrounds a man and influences his, behaviour., , Individualization, , - Is the process in which a person becomes more, autonomous., , Socialization, , - Is a process whereby an individual becomes the, functioning member of his society., , Society, , - Is a network of social relationships., , INSID, E, , Nature of Society, Individual and Society, Human Vs Animal Society, Characteristics of Community, Community Vs Society, Socialization Process, Agencies and Theories, Individualization, Personal Disorganization, Individual and Environment, , (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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28, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , II, , INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , INTRODUCTION :, Aristotel rightly pointed out that "Man is a social animal". He lives in a, Society. While he is living in the society, he develops it. On the other hand, the society provides all the necessities to human beings for their survival, and development. Man always lives in society. Society is essential for human, beings. Their existence is unthinkable if they are detached from the society., MacIver maintained that "The society is a system of usages and procedures,, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisons; of controls of, human behaviour and liberties" 1 ., , Definitions :, "A group of human beings living in a co-operative effort to win subsistence and, to perpetuate species", – W.G. Sumner, "Group of individuals co-operating for achievement of any object of common, interest and utility", – Giddings, "It is an aggregation of human molecules in mutual relationship", "Society is a web of social relationships", , – Pareto, , – R.M. MacIver, , NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN SOCIETY :, Man has always lived in the society. Both the society and individual are, inseparable. One is essential for the existence of the other. They are, interdependent. Society is a social system with different procedures and, groups., Society liberates human behaviour and also limits it with well defined, controlling agencies. Society is a net work of social relationships. There is, a contrast between social and physical relationships. Mutual awareness is, 1. MacIver, R.M. and Charles, H. Page "Society" P.54, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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29, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , inevitable in social relationship. A block board and a piece of chalk have, physical relationship. But one is not aware of the existence of the other., There must be mutual recognition of each other's existence to those who, involve in social relationships. Lock and key may also be taken as other, example for physical relationship. As society is a complex system, the, relationships are also equally complex., Society involves both likeness and difference. Human beings are regarded, as unique species. This uniqueness is due to the culture, which human, beings alone possess. Hence the analysis of any human society must, certainly be carried out on the cultural level. The fundamental difference, between human society and animal society is the culture itself. Man alone, has culture and the animal does not. The important characteristics of, human society are discussed below., People, , Likeness and, Difference, , Co-operation, , CHARACTERISTICS OF, HUMAN SOCIETY, Authority, , Culture, , Social Change, , Fig. Characteristics of Society, , 1., , People : Society means people. Society is composed of human beings. It is, a large group of people. Society is a permanent and continuing grouping, of human beings. The human beings establish a net work of social, re lat ionsh ips. These relationships are established through mutual, understanding, co-operation and interaction. The people in the society, belong to different ages and both sexes. They unite together by certain, laws of behaviour. The people of each society live within certain physical, boundaries. And thus, each society is separated from the other society., , 2 . Likeness and difference : To MacIver, society means likeness and, difference. Here likeness means similarity. The people belong to each society, have common ideas and ideologies, similar aims and objectives. In every, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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30, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , society there are certain common usages and procedures. The behaviour, and ways of the living of people are also similar. Thus we can find likeness, in the society. There are diversities and variations in every society. There, are male female sex differences without which we cannot think of, reproduction and survival of society. All the people belong to a society, cannot take up the same work. There are occupational differences,, difference in the division of labour and specilization. People take different, occupations for satisfying different wants and needs. There are individual, differences in skills, abilities, interests, attitudes etc. Thus the difference is, also an inevitable characteristic of human society., 3., , Culture : Social life is not limited to man alone. Highly organized forms of, social life is found among some animals. The main difference between, human and animal societies lies in culture. While former possesses the, culture, it is absent in the latter. Kingsly Davis told us that "The culture is a, profound possession that ramifies throughout human life and accounts for all of, man's truly unique qualities" 2 . Human societies differ widely., These differences are due to the differences in their cultures. Culture, learned and acquired. The culture is transmitted from one generation, the other through symbolic interaction and communication., , 4., , is, to, , Social Change : Human society is always changing. Change is inevitable., Social change means any modification in the structure and function of a, social system. There is no society which is not changing. Scientific, discoveries, inventions, migration, natural calamities etc., are some of the, important factors responsible for social change. In the simple societies the, change occurs slowly. In the advanced societies change occurs rapidly., Change need not always be positive, it may also be a negative. Social, change occurs in both the forms i.e., development and decay., , 5 . Authority : Authority refers to the power structure which governs the, society. Authority is essential for the smooth running of any society., Authority operates in the form of state, government and law. It protects, the solidarity of the society. It controls the law and order situation and, establishes peace and harmony in the society. The authority also takes up, different social welfare programmes for the depressed, suppressed and, weaker sections of the society., 2. Davis, Kingsly. " Human society" P.3, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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31, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , 6. Co-Operation : Co-operation is one of the most important aspects of human, society. Both co-operation and conflict operate in any society. Co-operation is, the process of extending mutual help between individuals and groups., Co-operation is the continuous process in the human society. It is the, process by which people come together and work together for achieving a, common goal. Man cannot spend his life in isolation. He always needs cooperation at every stage of his life., , INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY :, Man is a social animal. He always lives in society. Man and society are, inseparable, and interdependent. The existence of one without other is, unthinkable. From ancient times onwards attempts have been made by, social thinkers to study the relationship between individual and society., They have proposed number of theories to explain this aspect. Let us, examine some of those theories as follows., , Social Contract Theory :, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Rousseau were the important thinkers who, proposed social contract theory., Hobbes maintained that the earlier man was a brute leading an isolated, social life. Primitive man was in constant warfare with his fellow men. To, get rid of the unbearable condition in which man started living in a society., According to Locke the original state of man in early days was peaceful., In order to advance himself he made contract with his neighbours and, united into a large group., Rousseau maintained that the life of a primitive man was fundamentally, cruel. The primitive man hold an agreement with his fellow men to live, peacefully in the society., This theory faced the following criticism., , , This theory assumes that the society is an artifical device., , , , This theory pressumes that the human society is an outcome of, contract made by men., , , , Man never lives in isolation., , , , This theory cannot explain any thing about the relationship between, individual and society., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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32, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , Organismic Theory :, Herbert Spencer, and Oswald Spengler were the important thinkers who, proposed organismic theory. Organismic theory views the human society as a, living organism., According to this theory, like an organism, society goes through the stages of, birth, growth, maturity, decline and death. The individual treated as cell of, the organism. The nervous system is compared with social control system and, government. The circulatory system is compared with transportation and, communication systems of society., This theory was also criticised by many, as follows., , , We cannot see such a life cycle like birth, growth, death etc, in the case, of society., , , , The individual in the society can think independently, but the cells of, organism do not have any mechanism of thinking., , , , Unlike cells, the individual in the society has an independent existence., , , , This theory cannot explain about the relationship between individual, and society., , Group Mind Theory :, McDougall and Lebon were the most important thinkers who proposed, the group mind theory., The word "group mind" was first used by French psychologist Lebon., According to these thinkers every group has a mind of its own. According, to this theory the individual loses his conscious personality in a group., The group mind has a power of influencing the individual. The conscious, motives of the individual have no role in the group. Only the unconscious, motives dominate, because of the influence of group mind., This theory was also attacked by critics as follows., , , The theory suppressed the importance of the individual., , , , This theory talks about the influence of the group only., , , , The idea of group mind is a false conception., , , , Group mind theory nowhere explained about the relation between, society and individual., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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33, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , If we examine all these theories logically we can clearly say that none of, them explained about the relationship between the society and individual., Individual is the product of society. On the other hand the society cannot, perpetuate without individuals. Group life is indispensable to human, beings. The group makes the biological individual as a social being. Any, person who is deprived of socialization in a society cannot develop, humanity. This may be illustrated by taking three cases of children who, were left in extreme isolation., 1., , Wolf children : Two children have been forced to live among animals., They were discovered in a wolf's den in the forest of Bengal. They were, named Kamala and Amala. Kamala was eight years old and Amala was, six years old. Amala died after two months of their discovery, Kamala, continued to live for some more years., Kamala's behaviour was found to be like that of a wolf. She walked on all, four (legs and hands). She could not speak, but made growls like a wolf., She was eager to eat the raw meat, she used to lick the milk like an animal., After some years she also died., , 2., , Anna : Anna was an illegitimate child. She was caused to kept in a separate, room at the age of six months. She was discovered when she was six years, old. She had almost missed socialization for nearly six years. It was found,, on her discovery, she could hardly walk or speak. she was indifferent about, the people around her., , 3., , Kasper Hauser : Kasper Hauser was brought up in the forest of Nuremberg, from his childhood. He was discovered at his 17th years of age. At this age, he hardly could walk, could mutter only some meaningsless words. He, had mistaken animate objects for inanimate. Subsequently he was provided, some education. But, Kasper Hauser never could become normal., , Conclusion :, All these three instances clearly tell us that living in a society is essential, for a man for developing human nature. A man is a man among other, men. A man who is isolated from society will remain as an animal. A person, becomes a human being because of his interacton with other human beings., Human behaviour cannot be acquired in extreme isolation. The individual, and society are interrelated and inseparable. One without the other cannot, exist. Individual and society are the both sides of the same coin., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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34, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUMAN AND ANIMAL SOCIETY :, Social life is not limited to human beings only. Highly organized forms of social, life is found among many animal species. Many similarities can be drawn, between the social life of apes, (gorillas, and chimpanzees) and human beings., Social life is also present among ants, bees, some birds etc. Such aspects like cooperation, conflict, divison of labour, communication are common among animal, societies also. Domination and subordination are also characterised by animal, societies. Nevertheless, there are many differences between human society and, animal society. Let us examine these differences as follows., 1 . Culture : Human beings are unique species, because they only possess, cultur e. Hers kovit s defined cultu re as " The man made part of the, environment". Culture is learned, acquired and inculcated. Culture is super, organic and super individual. The culture is the product of man., On the other hand the animals cannot produce any culture, hence,, do not possess it., 2., , they, , Communication : Man alone has language and symbols. Man expresses his, needs and desires through necessary symbols and language. Man acquires, abundant knowledge with the assistance of language. Based on this, knowledge man develops his society., Animals do not possess any language or symbols. This is also true among, the highest animals like apes. A.L. Krober correctly said that "Animals donot, talk, because they have nothing to say"., , 3 . Behaviour : Human behaviour is guided and controlled by folkways, mores,, customs, traditions and values. The human behaviour is meaningful., Human behaviour is always changing. The behaviour of one individual, may differs from other individual., Animal behaviour is not meaningful. The behaviour among animals, is, based upon instincts. No variation can be seen in the animal behaviour., 4 . Co-operation : Co-operation is an elementory form of social process., Human beings are mutually extending their co-operation. Co-operation is, inevitable to human beings at all levels of their life., The co-operation is very limited in animal society. Co-operation is mainly, found between mother and its younger ones. Domination and subordination, are the natural laws of the animal society., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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35, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , 5 . Social change : Change is immanent and inevitable in human society. We, cannot find any society which is not changing. The scientific discoveries,, inventions, acculturation, migration, natural calamities are mainly, responsible for bringing changes in human society., The animal societies are not dynamic societies. They are only static societies., 6 . Social Institutions : Human society is composed of number of social, institutions. Marriage, family, polity, economy, education, religion etc.,, are the most important social institutions. They protect the interests of the, people and control their behaviour., The social institutions are absent in animal society. The strongest and bravest, animal can alone protect its interests., 7 . Social Organization : Every human society is bestowed with well defined, system of social organization. Social organization is the process of, establishing peace and harmony in the society. Role, status, folkways,, mores, values, norms and the institutions are the elements of social, organization., There are no such social values, norms, flokways and institutions in the animal, society. Hence there is no social organisation in animal society., Social life is not limited to human beings alone. Highly organized forms of, social life is also found among many animals. But, there are number of, differences in the process of communication, behaviour, co-operation etc., Human society operates with high level organization, animal society, operates at inistinctive level., , CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMMUNITY :, Community is a territorial group. It is the place where people live together., There are certain common ties among these people which will bind them, together. There is high degree of solidarity among the people of a, community. MacIver observed that in a community "The people live together, in such a way that they share, not this or that particular interest, but the basic, life, we call that group a community"., Communities are mainly three types, they are, (1), , The tribal community, , (2), , The rural community and, , (3), , The urban community., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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36, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , Definitions :, Bogardus defined community as "A social group with some degree of we feeling, and living in a given area"., Koenig defined a community as " A group of people who occupy a definite, territory with which they identify themselves and in which a certain degree of, solidarity exists"., Green and Arnold defined a community as a "Cluster of people, living within a, contiguous small area who share a common way of life"., The following are the most important characteristics of a community., People, Territorial, group, , A Particular, Name, , Characteristics of, a Community, , Permanent, Nature, , Network of, Interactions, , Complex, system, , Likeness, Community, Sentiment, , Fig. Characteristics of a Community, , 1., , People : Community is composed of a large or a small group of people., They include the people of different sexes and different ages. They involve, in various occupations for their livelihood., , 2., , Territorial group : Community is a local territorial group. The people live, in a particular kind of territory. In the words of Davis "The people cluster, together. Nearness facilitates contact, furnish protection, and makes easier the, organization and integration of people" 3 ., , 3 . Complex system : Community is a complex social system. Community, includes all types of major social institutions such as marriage, family,, education, religion, economy, polity and so forth. The people are, 3. Davis, Kingsly. " HUMAN SOCIETY" P. 311, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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37, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , conforming themselves to different folkways, mores, norms, values, and, customs. Community is a complex social system with a definite social, structure and function. Each community has its own organization., 4., , Likeness : The way of life of people in a community are common. They, have common values, interests, ideas and goals. In this sense they are all, alike. So likeness is one of the characteristics of a community., , 5., , Community Sentiment : The people who are living in a community have, a sense of belonging together. They have community sentiment with "We, feeling". They develop "They feeling" towards other communities. The people, of a community play together, worship together and work together., , 6., , Network of Interactions : Community is a network of social interactions., The interactions take place between individuals and groups. Social contact, is the basis for social interaction. The interaction is symbolic interaction. It, depends upon common language and symbols., , 7., , Permanent Nature : Communities are permanent entities. It does not mean, they are static, they are essentially dynamic. They have their own long, history., , 8 . A Particular Name : Every community has its own name. People call, community with that name. Community gets identity and respect with, that name. Name also helps in differentiating one community from the, other., , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMMUNITY AND SOCIETY :, Both the community and society are social groups one small and one large, respectively. Both of them are composed of people. Nevertheless, there are, certain differences between community and society. These differences can, be seen in the following table., Society, 1., , Community, , Society is a network of social, relationships. They are multiple., Some of these relationships are, temporary and others are, permanent. Some of the relationships are simple and some are, complex., , Community is a network of, interactions. The interactions take, place between individuals social, groups. Social contact is the basis for, interaction. The interaction is, symbolic, based on language and, symbols., , (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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38, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , 2 ) Society is a social order. There will, not be any sentiment. Society is an, ever changing complex system with, the network of social relationships., In the society degree of sense of, belonging together is less., , All the people of a community have, a sense of belongining together. They, develop a particular type of feeling, called "we feeling", As a result of this, feeling the people develop, community sentiment., , 3 ) Society is not a territorial group., It spreads widely. It is a large social, system., , Community is a territorial group., It means people live in a particular, locaity with definite boundaries., , 4 ) Society is an abstract entity. It is, not concrete. Society is a system of, social relationships, that cannot be, witnessed., , Community is concrete. We can see, the people concretely who are living, in a community, , 5 ) In the society the interests and, objectives of the people are not, common. They are diversified., , In the community, the interests and, goals of the people are common and, mutually dependent., , 6 ) Society is composed of various, communities. It is a large group of, communities., , Communities are the parts of, society. Some sociologists called the, community as sub-society., , Communities are parts of the society. The community and society are, interdependent. The development of the society depends upon the progress, achieved by its communities and vice versa. Both are necessary for the, welfare of human beings., , THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION TYPES AND IMPORTANCE :, Man at birth, is a biological entity. He becomes social and human because, of the process of socialization. It is the process whereby different social, roles, customs, values, folkways, mores and habits are learnt, acquired and, internalized by the individual. It is the process of learning the different, aspects of his own culture. Without learning the culture the individual, cannot develop human personality, self and human mentality. Socialization, is the process of learning one's own culture. But the individual cannot learn, his entire culture. Johnson maintained that "Typically no one member of the, group possesses the entire culture of the group, every full member must possess, enough of the culture"4., 4. Johnson, Harry. M. "Sociology" P.11, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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39, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , Definitions :, "Socialization is the process whereby an individual becomes a functioning, member of a society into which he is born, that is,he behaves and acts in, accordance with its folkways and mores", – Samuel Koenig, "Socialization is the process by which the child acquires a cultural content, along, with selfhood and personality", – Green, "Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the, norms of the group", – Ogburn, "Socialization is the process by which the newborn individual moulded into a, social being", – Davis, The ind iv idua l' s persona lity is deve lop ed through the pro cess of, socialization. Personality may be defined as "Sum total qualities of an, individual". The individual develops different personolity traits through, the process of socialization., The entire socialization process depends upon the four following factors., 1), , Imitation : Imitation is the process in which the individual acts and behaves, like others., , 2), , Suggestion : Suggestion is the process of communicating the information, to others and inviting their acceptance., , 3), , Identification : Identification is the process by which the child gradually, knows the things which satisfy his needs., , 4), , Language : Language is an arbitrary for symbolic communication. The, cultural transmission takes place through language., Entire socialization process revolves round on these four factors., , Agents of Socialization :, According to Davis two types of persons play a cruicial role in socializing the, child. They are (1) The persons those who have authority over the child are, called "authoritarians" (2) The persons those who have equality with the child, are called "equalitarians". These two are the important agents of socialization., Authoritarians, Agents of socialization, Equalitarians, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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40, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , Authoritarians :, The authoritarian persons are older than the child. They have authority, over the child. The authoritarians are matured persons. The child is, immature. In the process of socialization the aspects related to morality,, obedience, discipline, responsibility and so on, are transmitted by the, authoritarian persons. The authoritarian persons who socialize the child, are parents, kinsmen, teacher and master., , The Equalitarians :, Similarity of age, sex and status should be the basis of equalitarians. In the, equalitarian group the child acquires the informal aspects of culture such, as small folkways, shades of meaning, secret mode of gratification,, forbidden knowledge etc. The children of equalitarian type look at the world, with the same view. Hence, they can participate in one another's subjective, attitudes. They can also practice grown up roles., , Types of Socialization :, Based on the nature, the socialization is classified into three types. They, are ; ( 1 ) Anticipa tory socia l izat ion ( 2 ) Re socia liza t ion and, (3) Desocialization., Anticipatory socialization, Socialization, , Resocialization, Desocialization., , 1 . Anticipatory Socialization : The young child learns the fundamental, values, knowledge, beliefs of their culture through the process of, socialization. The socialization that occurs during childhood is called, anticipatory socialization., 2 . Resocialization : Socialization is a continuous process, that happens, throughout the life time of an individual. Adults must be socialized into a, new set of roles, norms, values, expectations. Always they leave behind, their old social roles and enter new roles. This is refered to resocialization., 3 . Desocialization : Abandoning of earlier attitudes and habits is called, desocializtion. Situation demands for desocialization. For example,, discarding certain habits like drinking alcohol, smoking, committing, offences etc., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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41, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , Importance of Socialization :, Socialization transforms a biological being as a social and human. The child, learns the folkways, mores, customs, traditions of his culture by way of, socialization. The emergence of the self and its development take place through, the process of socialization. Because of the socialization the mind comes to, function. Socialization makes the individual as a useful member of society. It, provides him social maturity. Socialization is an inevitable link between an, individual and social group. Since a social group is a base for socialization,, man's existence is unthinkable apart from living in it. Without socialization, the man remains as an animal. Socialization is impossible to an isolated person., Such an isolated person cannot become human. The instances of Kaspar Hauser,, Amala – Kamala and Anna are the best examples in this context., , AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION :, Socialization is the process whereby the indivdual learns the folkways,, mores, norms and values of his society. In this process individual learns, various techniques of performing different social roles. Green defined, socialization "As a process by which the child acquires a cultural content, along, with selfhood and personality." A number of agencies are responsible for the, socialization of the individual. The family is the first agency of child's, socialization. Gradually, the growing child gets exposed to many other, different agencies of socialization., The following figure indicates the fact how the individual gradually expands, his relationship with different agencies of socialization., , INDIVIDUAL, , F, A, M, I, L, Y, , K, I, N, S, M, E, N, , N, E, I, G, H, B, O, U, R, S, , S, C, H, O, O, L, , P, E, E, R, G, R, O, U, P, S, , C, O, M, M, U, N, I, T, Y, , S, O, C, I, E, T, Y, , Fig. Expantion of Agencies of Socialization, , (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS), , N, A, T, I, O, N, , I, N, T, E, R, N, A, T, I, O, N, S

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42, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , The following are the most important agencies of socialization., 1., , Family : Family is the basic unit of the society. The family is a primary, group. The child is born into it. The initial phase of socialization starts in, the family. Child has a close contact with his parents and other family, members. In the family the child learns language, norms, values, basic, patterns of behaviour by way of socialization. The family controls emotions, of the child. In the family the child develops basic skills related to feeding,, dressing, washing, toileting and so on. In the family the child acquires, basic traits of personality. What happened in the family during infancy, and childhood has a profound influence on later life of the inividual. A, child in a good family acquires good habits, and a child in a bad family, acquires bad habits., , 2., , School : The first outside institution where the entry of the child takes, place, is the school. Here the child learns the different ways of adjusting, with the rules, and authority of the school. The classmates, the teachers, and the teaching subjects have their impact on the child. The school, provides knowledge to the child and enriches the process of socialization., The socialization at the school brings number of changes in the attitudes,, opinions, ideas and behaviour of the child. By way of socialization the, school moulds the child as a future responsible citizen of the nation., , 3., , Peer group : Peer group is the group of children with same age, sex and, rank. Peer group also includes a play group. A peer group is also an, important agency of socialization with its own activities. Peer group is, governed by its own informal rules and regulations. In the peer group child, learns to play,compete and co-operate. The members of peer group mutually, exchange the secrets, explore their own world. The peer group members, take the roles of grown up, and train themselves to practice for future, expectations., , 4., , Religion : Religion is based on the systems of belief and faith. Religion provides, the sense of identity of past and future. Norms and values differ from one, religion to other. By way of sociaization the individual internalizes the norms, and values of his own religion. The religious beliefs also mould the personality, of the individual. In socialization the religion enables the individual to, differentiate between sacred and profane. The individual also develops such, concepts like "Here" and "Here After". In the Hindu religion the individual is, socilaized by the concepts like Dharma and Karma., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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43, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , 5., , Mass media : Mass media includes press, radio, television, cinema and so, on. The mass media influences the values and attitudes of the individual., As an agency of socialization the mass media helps in the formation of, opinions and attitudes . Media also helps the individual to discard certain, harmful habits through desocialization., As an agency of socialization the mass media is responsible to form both, the ethical and unethical values. Media plays a crucial role in developing, many personality traits. The media helps the indivdual to internalize new, knowledge through the process of socialization. Media influences the, sentiments and the emotions., , 6., , Political system : Political system deals with power structure. The power, is vested in the hands of the state. The indispensable functions of the state, are formation and implimentation of laws, rules and regulations. The, individual should obey them. Non–conformity to them leads to punishment, by the state. The political ideologies, the rights and duties, the rules and, regulations are learnt by the individual through the process of socialization, by various political institutions., , STAGES OF SOCIALIZATION :, Socialization is the process whereby the child internalises different roles., On the other hand, the child also internalizes the roles of others with whom, he will interact. The internalization of the roles takes place in different, stages. Johnson described the following four stages of socialization., 0 to 1 Year, , 1 to 4 years, , Stages of, Socialization, , 4 to 12 years, , 12 to 20 years, Fig. Stages of Socialization, , In each stage the child internalizes some roles, but not just one role. In the first, three stages the family assumes the role of agency of socialization. In the fourth, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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44, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , stage both the family, outside groups and institutions play the role of socializing, agencies. Here some light may be thrown on these four stages., 1., , Oral Stage : The main aim of the oral stage of socialization of the child is, the establishment of oral dependency. In this stage only the mother, interacts with the child, but not any other member of the family. In oral, stage there will not be any role differenciation. In this stage the role of the, mother and child cannot be demarcated. The erotic bodily contact with, the mother is manifested in the child. The roles of the mother and child, are "merged" in the oral stage., , 2., , Anal Stage : The anal stage is the second stage of socialization. The process, of socialization, in this stage, differes from family to family and culture to, culture. Generally this stage begins soon after first year and will be, completed during third year. However, the span of this stage differs from, class to class, family to family and society to society. In the anal stage the, child internalizes two roles, that is, his own role and that of his mother. In, this stage the child starts of taking some degree of care about himself. Here,, the new demand is toilet training. The child receives much care in this, stage. The child will be made to discriminate between correct and incorrect., The correct performance will be rewarded and incorrect performance will, be modified. In this stage the socialization process will be an unpleaseant, event for both the mother and the child. In the anal stage the father, gradually assists the mother and child as well., , 3., , Oedipal Stage The oedipal stage covers the age span from about 4 years, to 12 years or untill reaching puberty. In this stage the child interacts with, all the members of his family. In this stage the child internalizes all the, following four dual roles., 1., , Husband - Father, , 2., , Wife - Mother, , 3., , Son - Brother and, , 4., , Daughter - Sister, , Sigmund Freud told us, that the "Odipus complex" among the boys and, "Electro complex" among the girls will be manifested in this stage. Freud, maintained that because of presence of Odipus complex among the boys is, believed to develop sexual feelings towards his mother. It is resulted in, jealousy and rivalry towards father. Freud also told us, because of the, presence of Electro complex in the girl, she is belived to develop sexual feeling, towards her father. But, Freud's theory is still a controversial one., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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45, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , In this stage the child is provided a social role based on his/her sex. Certain, folkways and mores of the family enable the child to identify the sex role boy as a boy and girl as a girl. While enacting these sex roles father will, help the boy, and mother will help the girl for making necessary, discriminations., 4 . Adolescence Stage : The stage of a adolescene starts at the attainment of, puberty. In this stage the child wants to be more independent. The child, diverts his attention from parents to peer group. Rapid physiological, changes will appear in this stage. Many developments take place in the, sex organs, the muscles, body hair among boys. The developments occur, in the mammary glands, hips and body hair in girls. These developments, have enormous effects on sex and emotional aspects. In this stage the, adolescent tries to establish contacts with the opposite sex. Through, different folkways and mores the parents control the behaviour of their, child. The parents help the child to develop moral values in this stage., Socialization never stops at the end of fourth stage. It is a coutinuous and, life long process. It goes on happening until death., , THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION :, Socialization may be defined as the process whereby the biological entity, will become social and human. The most important aspect of socialization, is the emergence and development of self. Sociologists and psychologists,, had proposed a number of theories on the emergence and development of, self. Let us, examine some of important theories of socialization., , Cooley's Theory :, C.H. Cooley's theory is also known as the theory of "looking glass self"., Cooley introduced the term primary group. It is a small group whose, members have intimate face-to-face contacts. Cooley maintained that the, child develops the concept of self through the contact with the primary, group members. The child is aware of the other's attitudes towards him., The child forms the concept of himself basing on the other's attitudes, towards him. The child looks at himself through the other's eye. The others, serve as a mirror to the child for conceiving of himself as better or worse., Cooley called the child's idea of himself as "looking glass self"., , (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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46, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , G.H. Mead's Theory :, G.H. Mead was a social psychologist. He maintained that the society is the, determining factor for socialization. Mead opined that the child is, conscious of himself through the social communicative contact with others., The child gets a picture of himself by performing the role of others. These, others include parents, close friends and finally members of his society as, a whole. Mead identified two separate aspects in self. They are (1) The "I", and (2) The "Me". The "I" is the response of the individual to the attitudes, of others. The "Me": is the organized set of attitudes of others which oneself, assumes. "I" and "Me" together constitute the personality. The novelty,, consciousness, responsibility of a person are manifested due to "I" and the, "Me". "I" refers to change and "Me" refers to stability., , Freud's Theory :, Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalyst. According to him the human mind, is divided into three components viz., (1) Id (2) Ego and (3) Super ego., "Id" is concerned with the satisfaction of sex desire. "Ego" takes the role of, mediator between desire and action. " Super ego" represents the moral, aspects of the society. These moral aspects are the behavioural norms. Freud, felt that the individual's super ego is a reflection of the parents attitudes, towards right and wrong. In the process of socialization the individual, adapts the morals of his society through super ego., Thus number of sociologists and psychologist proposed various theories to, explain about the development of self through sociolization., , SOCIALIZATION AND HEALTH :, Socialization is the process of social learning. Man learns the folkways,, mores, customs, traditions and values of his culture. He also acquires, number of habits through the process of socialization. These habits that, are learned, have a greater impact on the health aspects of the people., While good habits improve the health status, the bad habits cause greater, damage to the health. Hence, the relation between socialization and health, should be viewed in the light of habit formation., , Socialization and healthy habits :, The follow ing healt hy ha bits are a quire d thr ough t he pr ocess of, socialization., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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47, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , 1., , The habits of taking bath twice a day, cleaning the mouth before and, after taking food, cleaning the hands with soap before eating and, after visiting lavatory keep the individual hygienic., , 2., , The habit of exposing to sun light helps in absorbing vitamin-D., , 3 . The habits like proper food handling, proper washing of dishes,, controlling of insects etc, promote food hygiene. Such type of, socialization prevents the food born diseases., 4., , The mother's habit of breast feeding keeps the babay healthy., , 5 . Habit of keeping the house and its environment clean, and habit of, taking nutritious food provide general health and longevity., , Socialization and Unhealthy Habits :, Through the process of socialization the individual may also acquire certain, bad habits. These bad habits will affect the health of individuals and their, family members. Some of them are examined as follows., 1., , The habit of smoking is very harmful and it affects the heart., , 2 . The habit of smoking with the burning end of the cigar in mouth is, associated with oral cancer. This habit is found in the north coastal, area of Andhra Pradesh., 3., , Drug addiction is resulted in chronic intoxication., , 4 . The habit of drinking, health problems., 5., , alcohol damages, , the liver and causing other, , Habit of drinking impure water leads to water borne diseases, , 6 . Habit of abnormal reading and abnormal watching of T.V and cinemas, damages the eye sight., Thus, socialization as an agent of habit formation either improves the, health of people or damges it., , INDIVIDUALISATION :, Individua li sat ion is the process whereby a person becomes more, autonomous, and self determined. He will become more or less independent, of his group and wants to be different from others. Through the process of, socialization he acquires the sense of inner responsibility. MacIver felt that, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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48, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , the "Individualisation is the process in which men become less bounded by, tradition and custom in the regulation of their lives, less submissive to authority, and dictation in matters of thought and opinion"., Individualisation is the process manifesting in a person's own individual, nature. It is an outcome of strong inner motive, "recognition". Recognition, is a very powerful social motive that makes the person to be more, individualistic. The individual does not follow others blindly. The person, reveals greater differences. He himself expresses in a greater variety of, ways. MacIver said that "A social being has more individuality when his conduct, is not simply immitative or result of suggestion"5 . Self determination and self, approval play a major role in decision making. The individual does not, blindly accept others. He is having his own judgements., We should not ignore the role of social group. The social group and society, are equally important to any person, either highly individualistic or less, individualistic, Time and again we should say the existence of an individual, apart from living in a group is unthinkable. Interaction in and with a social, group makes the biological man as a social being. On the other hand the, individualisation also helps in the formation of new social groups., , Aspects of Individulisation :, Four important aspects of individualisation are identified by Karl, Mannheim. They are as follows :, 1 . Pro cess of b ecoming differe nt fr om o thers : Be cause of the, individualisation the individual wants to be different from others., Formation of new groups is the result of this differentiation. The division, of labour speeds up the process of formation of new groups. The external, differentiation is the main reason in this regard. As they are isolated from, others, the people develop various types of personalities., 2 . New forms of self regarding attitudes : Individualisation makes a person, become aware of his specific character. He develops a new system of, evaluating himself in higher terms. He regards himself as an unique person., The person thinks that he is superior to others., 3., , Individualisation through objects : Individualisation encourages a person, to develop fixed feelings towards certain people and objects. These fixed, , 5. MacIver, R.M. and Charles, H. Page "Society" P.50, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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49, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , feelings are based on the wishes of the individual. The economic aspects,, family conditions. social mobility and so on, are the important factors which, influence the wishes of the individual., 4 . Introspection and Inw ardness : The atmospher e of large cities is, characterised by unfriendliness, indifference and confusion. Under these, conditions the community does not influence the individual. As a result, the individual develops the sense of partial isolation. This is called, introspection., Individualisation is the process whereby the individual becomes more, autonomous and self determining. He will become more or less independent, of his social group. He develops the sense of inner responsibility. He is less, immitative and less suggestive. Individualisation is less in primitive, societies. Individualisation operates among the members of more complex, societies. The aggregation of masses in the city emphasizes the individuality., The social mobility, the multiplicity of opportunities etc., force the, individual to make his own decisions and to plan his life career., , PERSONAL DISORGANIZITION :, Every human society consists of certain folkways, values and norms. They, are the guiding principles of human behaviour. They play an important, role in the harmonious and smooth functioning of society. Society demands, its members to conform with them. If any individual fails to meet these, demands, he will become disorganized. G.R. Madan maintained that "When, a person deviates so much from the normal conception of balance as to be treated, in an exception manner, he is then considered to be truly disorganized" 6 ., In every human being there are three important aspects viz (1) physical, (2) social and (3) psychological. There is always balance between these, three aspects. If there is any imbalance between these three aspects such a, person will be disorganized. The following are some of the causes for, personal disorganization., 1 . Physiological Factors : Physicall illness, injuries, mental deficiencies,, physically handicapped etc., lead to maladjustments. Due to these, physiological deficiences the individual lacks sufficient skills to perform, his normal duties and obligations. As a result he becomes disorganized., 6. Madan G.R "Social Problems" Volume one P.37, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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50, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , 2., , Conflict of Goals : If an individual has two goals, which are opposite in, their character, they are not compatible with one another. Let us take an, example of a soldier who wants to escape from the battle, at the same time, he appears brave to his fellow soldiers. It is impossible because both these, goals of soldier are mutually opposed, Kingsly Davis maintained that "If, the ends are strongly held, however, the efforts, to control one or other may, fail, giving rise to neurotic or psychotic symptoms" 7 ., , 3., , Conflict of Roles : Every individual in the society enacts different roles., He wants to perform all these roles successfully. Each role makes demand, over the other role regarding spending of time and energy. Take an example, of a nurse, who loves her work in the hospital, and also loves her children, as a mother. Nevertheless, the time and energy may not permit her to enact, these two roles equally. It leads to conflict of roles. As a result she becomes, a disorganized person., , 4 . Social Factors : The following social factors cause maladjustments and, individual disorgonization., , , Sudden death of earning member of family, , , , Economic disorder, or sudden loss of property, , , , Lack of co-ordination in between social institutions., , , , High level competition and conflicts, , , , Disorganization of family, , , , Drug addiction and alcoholism, , , , Lack of proper social security, , , , Lawlessness in the social order etc., , Symptoms of Behaviour :, The behaviour of the disorganized person differs from a normal and ordinary, person. Such behaviour is disapproved by the society. The following behaviour, patterns are quite common among disorganized persons., , 7., , , , Non-Conformity to the social norms., , , , Accepting disappoved behaviour., , , , Always revolting and becoming a revolutionary., , Davis, Kingsly. "Human society" P. 160, (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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51, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , , , Becoming mentally maladjusted and neurotic., , , , Committing rapes., , , , Sex with sibllings., , , , Alcohol and drug addiction., , , , Attempting murders., , , , Commiting suicide., , Remedies :, The problem of personal disorganization is becoming more complex and, complicated in the contemporary society. Through their analysis social, scientists are searching for better remedies. Something has been already, done in the field of personality reorganization. Still much has to be done, in this field. In dealing with this problem, the social scientists have their, own approaches and opinions. The environmentalists concentrate on, bringing changes in environment. Those who believe in the heredity factors, are concerned in the improvement of human behaviour through eugenic, means. The psychologist and psychoanalysts are interested in finding the, cause and remedy in the individual alone. Thus, each social scientist is, interested only in one factor, ignoring the other factors. We cannot solve, any problem with one sided approach. The integral approach is only, solution for suggesting measures for personality reorganization., , INDIVIDUAL AND ENVIRONMENT :, Any thing that surrounds a man and influences his behaviour is called, environment. There are large number of surroundings to which the man, responds and reacts. The human reaction to the environment is meaningful, and symbolic. MacIver correctly observed that "The environment is a complex, totality in man's experience". The environment is in different types. All of, them are mutually dependent. They are the parts of total environment., We cannot separate physical environment from social environment. The, physical and social aspects are mutually blended and influenced. Human, behaviour is the result of stimuls from environment and response to it., , Types of Environment :, The environment is generally classified into (1) Physical environment, (2) Biological environment and (3) Social environment., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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52, 1), 2), , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , Physical Environment : It includes soil, rivers, mountains, oceans, climate etc., Biological Environment : It includes plants and animals, , 3 ) Social Environment : It includes, social groups, social institutions,, folkways, mores and modes of behaviour etc. Man always respond to all, these types of environments. All these environments have their influence, on human behaviour. Man makes adjustments with his environment., , Social Heritage :, Man has to depend upon his social environment to develop social nature., This social environment is also called social heritage. Graham Walls had, coined the term social heritage. Walls defined social heritage as "The, knowledge, experiences and habits, which are socially, not biologically,, transmitted, being handed down from generation to generation through social, participation and education"., Man becomes social and human through the process of interaction with, his social environment i.e., social heritage. The type of human he becomes, depends upon the type of environment in which he has been brought up., The new born baby is slowly introduced to the environment. His first, environment is his parents and other family members. Later gradually he, is introduced to the community and society., The environment satisfies all the primary and secondary needs of the, individual. The folkways, mores and norms provide liberty and limitations, to his behaviour. MacIver opined that "The tools that man uses, the art he, creates, the Gods he worships, his courtship and marriage practices, his very, ideas, are dependent on his social heritage"., All the parts of social heritage cannot be acquired by an individual. He, can easily learn some aspects like speech, folkways, mores, methods of, utilizing already deviced tools etc., The other parts of the social heritage, like art, sculpture, literature, music are difficult to acquire. They need, greater ability, skills and interests to accquire them. No two individuals, are alike in possessing the number of parts of the social heritage. While, some possess more parts others possess less. But, no individual can master, more than a fragment of his social heritage., The wants of modern man are complex. The social heritagte aspects of modern, society are also very complex. So the perfect condition of attaining them,, adjustment with them is a difficult task. The modern social heritage is an ever, changing complex system. As a result the adjustment to it is partial., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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53, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , The individual is selective in his adjustment to social heritage. He can adjust, with some, but not with all. Man cannot survive as human being without, the interaction with social heritage. Without contact with social heritage, man cannot develop his social character. His existence is unthinkable apart, from the social heritage., , (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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54, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , Focus Points, , , Aristotel rightly pointed out that "Man is a social animal"., , , , Man has always l ived in the society. The society and individual are, inseparable., , , , Social life is not limited to man alone. Highly organized forms of social, life is found among some animals., , , , Social contract theory proposed The primitive man hold an agreement with, his fellow men to live peacefully in the society., , , , Organismic theory views the human society as a living organism., , , , A man is a man among other men. A man who is isolated from society will, remain as an animal., , , , Community is a territorial group. It is the place where people live together., , , , Man at birth, is a biological entity. He becomes social and human because, of the process of socialization., , , , The entire socialization process depends upon the four factors viz.,, (1) Imitation (2) Suggestion (3) Identification and (4) Language., , , , Socialization transforms a biological being as a social and human., , , , Without socialization the man remains as an animal., , , , Individual i sation is the process whereby a person becomes more, autonomous, and self determined., , (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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55, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , Important Questions, Essay Questions :, Q. 1 Explain the nature and characteristics of human society ?, Ans: Refer P. No. 29 to 31., Q. 2 Define a community and discuss its characteristic features?, Ans: Refer P. No. 35 to 37., Q. 3 Define society and draw a distinction between community and society ?, Ans: Refer P. No. 37 & 38., Q. 4 Describe the interelationship between the individual and society ?, Ans: Refer P. No. 31 to 33, Q. 5 Define socialization, explain it as a process ?, Ans: Refer P. No. 38 to 40., Q. 6 What are the various agencies of socialization ?, Ans: Refer P. No. 41 to 43., Q. 7 Define socialization, and explain in brief the various theories of socialization ?, Ans: Refer P. No. 45 to 46., Q. 8 What is the relationship between health and socialization?, Ans: Refer P. No. 46 & 47., Q. 9 Define socialization and explain various stages of socialization ?, Ans: Refer P. No. 43 to 45., , (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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56, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , Q. 10, , Write an essay on the process of individualisation ?, , Ans: Refer P. No. 47 to 49., Q. 11, , What are the various factors of personal disorganization?, , Ans: Refer P. No. 49 to 51., Q. 12, , Explain the relationship between individual and environment ?, , Ans: Refer P. No. 51 to 53., , Short Questions :, Q.1, , 1 Narrate the influence of family on socialization., , Ans: Refer P. No. 42., Q.2, , 2 Write about the influence of religion on socialization., , Ans: Refer P. No. 42., Q.3, , 3, , Mention the impact of mass media on socialization, , Ans: Refer P. No. 43., Q.4, , 4 Explain the influence of school on socialization., , Ans: Refer P. No. 42., Q.5, , 5 Give details of individualisation., , Ans: Refer P. No. 47., Q.6, , 6 Narrate various types of environment., , Ans: Refer P. No. 51., Q.7, , 7 Explain about social heritage., , Ans: Refer P. No. 52., Q.8, , 8 Differentiate between society and community., , Ans: Refer P. No. 37, 38., (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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57, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , Brief Questions :, Q.1, , 1 Define Socialization., , Ans: Refer P. No. 38., Q.2, , 2, , Write about Freud's theory., , Ans: Refer P. No. 46., Q.3, , 3, , Mention looking glass self (Cooleys theory)., , Ans: Refer P. No. 45., Q.4, , 4 Enlist "I" and "Me"., , Ans: Refer P. No. 46., Q.5, , 5 Enlist the characteristics of community., , Ans: Refer P. No. 36., Q.6, , 6 Enumerate the characteristics of society., , Ans: Refer P. No. 29., Q.7, , 7 List all the stages of socialization., , Ans: Refer P. No. 43., Q.8, , 8 write any four agencies of socialization., , Ans: Refer P. No. 42, 43., Q.9, , 9 Mention the agents of socialization., , Ans: Refer P. No. 39., Q.10 0 Enumerate the factors of socialization., Ans: Refer P. No. 39., , (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)

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58, , A Textbook of SOCIOLOGY, , Objective Type Questions, 1., , Fill up the Blanks :, , (i), , Man is a __________ animal., , (ii), , Social relationships involve __________., , (iii), , Society involves likeness and __________., , (iv), , Man and society are __________. [Ans: Inseperable/interdependent], , 2., , True or False :, , (i), , Society is network of social relationships., , [Ans: True], , (ii), , Man is a biological animal., , [Ans: False], , (iii), , Community is a territorial group., , [Ans: True], , (iv), , The initial phase of socialization starts in school., , [Ans: False], , 3., , Choose the Correct Answer :, , (i), , Theory of 'looking glass' self is proposed by, , (ii), , (iii), , (iv), , [Ans: Social], [Ans: Mutual awareness], , (a), , Freud, , (b), , Mead, , (c), , C.H. Cooley, , (d), , Darwin, , [Ans: Difference], , [Ans: c], , According to Divine origin theory the society is created by, (a), , Man, , (b), , Kings, , (c), , Group of men, , (d), , God, , [Ans: d], , Organismic theory compares society with, (a), , God, , (b), , A tree, , (c), , An organism, , (d), , A Mountain, , [Ans: c], , The first outside agency of socialization is, (a), , Family, , (b), , School, , (c), , Religion, , (d), , Mass Media, , (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS), , [Ans: b]

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59, , Unit-II ::::: INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY, , 4., , Match the Following :, , (i), , Thomos Hobbes, , (a), , Graham Walls, , [Ans: iv], , (ii), , Organismic theory, , (b), , Group Mind Theory, , [Ans: iii], , (iii), , Lebon, , (c), , Herbert Spencer, , [Ans: ii], , (iv), , Social heritage, , (d), , Social Contract Theory, , [Ans: i], , (FLORENCE PUBLISHERS)