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Science, Quarter 3 - Module 2, Feedback Mechanisms in the, Female Reproductive System, , Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines, , 10

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Science- Grade 10, Alternative Delivery Mode, Quarter 3 – Module 2: Feedback Mechanisms in the Female Reproductive System, First Edition, 2020, Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work, of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or, office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit., Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of, royalty., Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders., Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from, their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim, ownership over them., Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon, Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Randolph B. Tortola, CESO V, Development Team of the Module, Author/s, Content Editor, Language Editor, Reviewers, Illustrator and Layout Artist, Management Team, Chairperson, Co-Chairpersons, , Members, , :, :, :, :, :, , Crystal Jade S. Mongas, Loniel D. Barro, PhD, Maria Luisa M. Casiño, Ellen A. Azuelo, PhD, Rejynne Mary L. Ruiz, PhD, Crystal Jade S. Mongas, , : Arturo B. Bayocot, PhD, CESO III, Regional Director, : Victor G. De Gracia Jr., PhD, CESO V, Assistant Regional Director, : Randolph B. Tortola, PhD, CESO IV, Schools Division Superintendent, : Shambaeh A. Abantas-Usman, PhD, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent, : Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD, : Neil A. Improgo, EPS-LRMS, Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., EPS-ADM, Elbert R. Francisco, CID Chief, Ellen A. Azuelo, EPS-Science, Rejynne Mary L. Ruiz, LRMDS Manager, Jeny B. Timbal, PDO II, Shella O. Bolasco, Librarian II, , Printed in the Philippines by, Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon, Office Address:, Sumpong, Malaybalay City, Telephone:, (088) 813-3634, E-mail Address:, [email protected]

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Lesson, 1, , The Menstrual Cycle, , What’s New, WHAT’S THE WORD?, Direction: Observe the four pictures and solve the puzzle by working out what the word is., Every box corresponds to a certain letter. Write your answer in a separate, sheet of paper., , Figure 1.1 What’s the word model, Source: www.google.com Images Labeled for Reuse, , Were you able to figure out the, mystery word? Excellent! This process only, occurs among females. It is a normal vaginal, bleeding that occurs as part of a female’s, monthly cycle, which, is, known, as, menstruation., , 1

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What Is It, We have previously discussed that an ovary normally releases only one egg every 28, days. What controls the timing are the hormones. Hormones control many of the changes in, the reproductive system. They also coordinate the development of the ovum and the uterus., Remember that hormones are chemicals that can affect certain body organs. This cycle, among females occurs every month starting when a female is 10 to 13 years old and it, continues for about 40 years. If an ovum is not fertilized in the fallopian tube, the corpus, luteum degenerates, the progesterone production stops, and the inside membrane of the, uterus breaks down. The breakdown and discharge of the soft uterine tissues and the, fertilized egg is called menstruation. This is the monthly changes or periods that take place, in the female reproductive system., The Menstrual Cycle, The female sex hormones control the secondary sex characteristics as well as the, ovarian and uterine cycle. Like males, females also secrete follicle stimulating hormone, (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) as directed by the pituitary gland during puberty. This, signals the start of puberty which includes the development of the secondary sex, characteristics in females and the onset of menstruation. A female experiences body, changes even before the first menstruation which is also known as menarche. The female, secondary sex characteristics include the development of the breast; growth of underarm, and pubic hair; rounded body shapes brought about by a widespread layer of fat in areas like, the abdomen, hips and thighs; widening of the hips in preparation for childbirth; and the, development of higher pitched voice. At puberty, the master gland which is the pituitary, gland starts a series of hormonal changes that make a woman capable of pregnancy. These, hormonal changes and the effects they produce is called the menstrual cycle. While the, length of this cycle varies, the typical cycle is about 28 days. During this process, changes in, both the ovary and the uterus take place., The Ovarian Cycle, At the start of the cycle, the pituitary gland secretes increased amount of FSH and, this allows an ovarian follicle to mature. The female sex hormone called estrogen, is also, secreted as the follicle cells develop. When the follicle cells multiply, the cells signal an, increased level of estrogen in the blood, and the pituitary gland secretes another hormone,, the luteinizing hormone (LH)., LH and FSH bring about the maturation of the follicle which results to ovulation -- the, releasing of the mature egg. Ovulation usually occurs on the 14th day of the cycle. During, ovulation, the egg is ready for fertilization within 24 hours from its release. Still under the, influence of LH, the cells of the ruptured follicle develop into a yellow body called the corpus, luteum. The yellow body then produces more estrogen and another female sex hormone, called the progesterone. Both hormones prepare the uterine wall for the possible, implantation of a fertilized egg. The rise in the level of estrogen and progesterone exerts a, feedback control over the pituitary gland to inhibit the secretion of LH and FSH. The corpus, luteum is deprived of the hormones that maintain it with the drop in the amount of these two, hormones, hence the corpus luteum begins to degenerate. Thus, the gland’s influence on, the progesterone level will affect the endometrial wall in a domino effect., , 2

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Figure 1.2 The ovary, Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse, , The Uterine Cycle, A series of changes also happens in the uterus as a consequence of the hormones, while events are taking place in the female’s ovary. With the low levels of progesterone, the, surface of the endometrium or wall begins to disintegrate and the blood vessels rupture., Blood and some accompanying endometrial tissues flow out of the vagina in a process, called menstruation. This menstrual phase lasts for about five days., , Figure 1.3 The ovarian and uterine cycle, Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse, , After the menstrual period, the endometrium starts to build up due to the increasing, amount of estrogen by the developing follicles in the ovary. This is the proliferative phase of, the uterine cycle which lasts for 6 to 14 days. The formation of the corpus luteum and the, secretion of progesterone trigger the endometrium to double in thickness and prepare itself, for a developing embryo. The uterine glands also become mature and they produce a thick, secretion. Hence, the secretory phase of the uterine cycle begins on the 15th day until before, the onset of the next menstrual phase. However, this cycle may be interrupted by stress,, health concerns and pregnancy. But if pregnancy does not occur, the cycle begins anew., , 3

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What’s More, ACTIVITY 1: CAN YOU DESCRIBE ME?, In this activity, you will describe how menstruation occurs in the female reproductive system., Direction: Study the diagram below to describe how menstruation occurs and answer the, guide questions that follow., , Figure 1.4 The phases/cycles, Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse, , Guide Questions, 1. Record your observations on the table below., Phases, Hormones Involved, 2. How does the menstrual cycle occur in females?, , _____________________________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________, , Were you able to record your, observations? Good job! Remember,, hormones coordinate the development of, the ovum and the uterus., , 4

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ACTVITY 2: FROM THE PITUITARY WITH HUGS, Objective, Explain how the hormones are involved in the reproductive systems, Procedure, 1. Analyze the picture and take note of your observations., , Figure 1.5 Human free body diagram, Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse, , 2. Organize your ideas and explain the roles of hormones in the male and female, reproductive systems., 3. From the following choices, select the appropriate word that would make the, sentences correct. Choose only the CAPITAL LETTER., A. Hormones, D. Ovaries, B. Reproductive System, E. Follicles, C. Testes, F. Uterus, (1) _____________ play an important role in both the male and female (2), _____________. The (3) _____________ gland controls the functions of both the (4), _____________ and (4) _____________. These hormones keep the (5) _____________, working properly., The production of sperm cells and the release of semen can be regulated by (6), _____________. The female reproductive system, just like the male reproductive system, is, also regulated by hormones. The (7) _____________ produce hormones that control the, growth and release of eggs from the (8) _____________. While other hormones prepare the, (9) _____________ so a baby can develop and other (10) _____________ still control the, stretching of the uterus during pregnancy., , Good job! You were able to, explain the roles of hormones in the, male and female reproductive systems., Keep up the good work!, , 5

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What I Have Learned, Now, let us try to remember the concepts that you have just learned today. Ready,, set, go!, Direction: Answer the following question in complete sentences. (15 points), What are the functions of the ovaries, follicles, follicle stimulating hormone,, corpus luteum, and progesterone?, , What I Can Do, DIFFERENTIATED TASK, Direction: Choose only ONE TASK from the following activities:, A. Make a healthy advisory letter that will provide information about, menstruation and the female reproductive system., B. Compose a jingle with lyrics or content talking about menstruation and the, female reproductive system., C. Make a poster with a slogan that illustrates menstruation and the female, reproductive system., D. Make a brochure about menstruation and the female reproductive system., E. Make a poem about menstruation and the female reproductive system., , RUBRIC FOR SELF-CHECK, (To be used by the teacher in rating the output), , Accuracy of the Content, Organization and Coherence of Idea, Clarity of the Message, Creativity, Completeness, TOTAL, , 30 %, 20 %, 20 %, 20 %, 10 %, 100 %, , Assessment, , Direction: Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a, separate sheet of paper., 1. Which days of the cycle does menstruation occur?, A. days 1-6, B. days 7-13, C. days 14-20, D. days 21-28, , 6

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2. A biologist made a hypothesis that the pituitary and the ovary both influence the uterine, cycle in females. Which of the following observations would best support this hypothesis?, A. The removal of the pituitary is followed by death., B. The removal of the ovary can greatly affect the menstrual cycle., C. The removal of the ovary is followed by a non-functioning pituitary., D. The uterine development takes place only when both pituitary and ovary are present., 3. A woman’s unsafe period is the day near or during _________., A. fertilization, B. menstruation, C. ovulation, D. sexual intercourse, 4. In a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, on which day following the beginning of the menstrual, period is the level of the luteinizing hormone most likely to be the highest?, A. day 7, B. day 14, C. day 21, D. day 28, 5. What happens during ovulation?, A. A sperm can fertilize an egg., C. An ovum is released from the ovary., B. A zygote becomes an embryo., D. A follicle releases the hormone FSH., 6. Which of the following is responsible for a series of hormonal changes?, A. thyroid gland B. pituitary gland, C. parathyroid gland D. thyme gland, 7. When does ovulation usually occur?, A. 7th day, B. 14th day, C. 21st day, D. 28th day, 8. Why does the endometrium start to build up after the menstruation period?, A. Due to the increasing amount of estrogen, B. Due to the decreasing amount of estrogen, C. Due to the increasing amount of progesterone, D. Due to the decreasing amount of progesterone, 9. When does the secretory phase of the uterine cycle begin?, A. 14th day, B. 15th day, C. 21st day, D. 22nd day, 10. Which of the following refers to the first menstruation?, A. menstrual cycle, C. ovulation, B. menarche, D. fertilization, 11. In which of the following is there an increased amount of FSH?, A. menstrual cycle, C. uterine cycle, B. ovarian cycle, D. all of the choices, 12. The cells of the ruptured follicle develop into a yellow body called the __________., A. menarche, C. corpus luteum, B. luteinizing hormone, D. follicle stimulating hormone, 13. How long does the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle last?, A. 5-10 days, B. 6-14 days, C. 7-14 days, D. 8-21 days, 14. Which development after menstruation causes the endometrium to start building up?, A. developing follicles, C. developing uterus, B. developing ovary, D. developing uterine lining, 15. Which of the following is the breakdown and discharge of the soft uterine tissues and the, fertilized egg?, A. pregnancy, B. menstrual cycle, C. menarche, D. menstruation, , 7

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Lesson Hormone Feedback and, Menstruation, 2, What’s New, Menarche is the most obvious signal of the onset of puberty in females. This is, the first menstrual discharge of, blood, from, the, vagina., Menarche also signals the, beginning of cyclic changes in, the ovary., Oocytes, that, were, unripe or untouched are now, brought up to become active., Thus, every month, an ovarian, cycle takes place. Figure 2.1, shows the changes in the lining, of the uterus as the month, progresses., Figure 2.1 Changes in the uterine lining, Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse, , Before moving on, let us first, try an activity. In this activity, you are expected to compare the changes that occur during the, menstrual cycle. Try to figure out what occurs in its every stage., Direction: Complete the table below by comparing the changes that occur during the, menstrual cycle., Part, , Event, , Blood Flow, , Menstruation, occurs., The follicles, are formed in, the ovary., The oocytes, burst from the, ovary., The corpus, luteum is, formed., , Follicular, , Ovulation, , Luteal, , Number, of Days, , 8, , Hormone, Produced

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What Is It, The human ovaries can usually produce only one egg during a 28-day cycle of, activity. The mass of ovarian, cells produces an ovum or an, egg and it also forms a follicle., The cycle is controlled by FSH, or the Follicle-Stimulating, Hormone. This hormone is, produced in the anterior lobe, of the pituitary gland. The, follicle becomes filled with a, fluid containing the hormone, estrogen when the egg, reaches, maturity., Most, importantly, the rising level of, FSH, stimulates, follicle, maturation and estrogen production., Figure 2.2 A cross section of the ovary, , Figure 2.2 shows the cross section of a human ovary with different stages of, development. As the cycle continues and after the ovum has been discharged, the follicle, turns yellow and it forms the corpus luteum. The yellow body formation is controlled by, another hormone of the pituitary gland called the LH or luteinizing hormone. The corpus, luteum then produces another hormone known as progesterone. Progesterone brings about, effects in the secondary characteristics primarily on the breasts. During pregnancy,, progesterone causes breast enlargement. Moreover, this hormone maintains the growth of, the mucus lining of the uterus., , To summarize, the important female hormones are as follows:, Female, Hormone, Estrogen, , Location, , Function, , Follicles/Ovary, , Progesterone, , Corpus, Luteum/Ovary, , LH, , Pituitary Gland, , FSH, , Pituitary Gland, , 9, , Responsible for secondary, female characteristics;, thickens endometrium;, inhibits growth of facial hair, Stimulates endometrium;, inhibits uterine contractions, and ovulation, Develops and maintains the, corpus luteum; stimulates, ovulation, Stimulates the formation of, follicles in the ovaries

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Have you experienced menstrual cramps? Probably yes,, you have. In reality, some females experience menstrual cramps every, month. Did you know that menstrual cramps are the results of the strong, contractions of the uterine wall that occur before and during menstruation?, What do you think is its cause?, Cramps can be caused by the excessive secretion of, prostaglandins. Shedding of the endometrium of the uterus results in the, inflammation of the endometrial layer. As a consequence of this inflammation,, prostaglandins are produced., In a nutshell, the following summarizes the important events during the menstrual, cycle:, 1. The pituitary gland begins the cycle., 2. The pituitary releases hormones that cause the egg in the ovary to mature., The luteinizing hormone (LH) initiates the maturation of the follicles, converts, ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum and cause the secretion of, progesterone. The other hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), assists in the maturation of the follicles and cause the secretion of estrogen, from the follicles., 3. Meanwhile, the ovary itself releases a hormone called estrogen. Estrogen is a, hormone that causes changes in the female reproductive system. This, hormone also causes the uterus to increase in thickness. The uterus becomes, thicker so that the fertilized egg can attach to it., 4. The ovary releases an egg on day 14. Now, assume that no sperm was present., 5. The egg moves through the oviduct and enters the uterus., 6. At the same time, the uterus continues to thicken., 7. The egg has not been fertilized, therefore, it will not attach to the uterus., 8. The thick uterus is no longer necessary, so it begins to break apart. The cells of, the thickened uterus break off and leave the vagina. The unfertilized egg is also, lost. Some blood is lost, too. This loss of cells from the uterus lining, blood and, egg is called menstruation., 9. After menstruation, the cycle starts again., , What is a feedback mechanism?, , Figure 2.3 Negative feedback mechanisms in the menstrual cycle, , 10

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A feedback mechanism is the process through which the level of a certain, substance influences the level of another substance. A negative feedback affects the, production of hormones in the menstrual cycle. Moreover, high levels of one, hormone may inhibit the production of another hormone. Figure 2.3 presents the, negative feedback mechanisms in the menstrual cycle. Based on the figure, follicle, stimulating hormone or FSH stimulates the ovaries to release estrogen. High levels, of estrogen then prevent more production of FSH. Estrogen then stimulates the, release of luteinizing hormone or LH from the pituitary gland, which in turn, controls, the production of progesterone. Moreover, high levels of progesterone can then, inhibit the further release of LH., , What’s More, ACTIVITY 1: CAN YOU JUSTIFY ME?, Objective, Determine the hormones involved in regulating the processes in the female, reproductive system, Procedure, Check “Yes” if the hormone is involved in regulating the given process, otherwise, check “No”. If your answer is “No”, please state the reason behind it. Write your, answers in the table., Hormone, , 1., , Yes, , No, , Adrenocorticotropic, , 2. Estrogen, 3., , Antidiuretic Hormone, , 4., , Progesterone, , 5., , Parathyroid Hormone, , 6., , Luteinizing Hormone, , 7., , Epinephrine, , 8., , Follicle Stimulating Hormone, , 9., , Testosterone, , 10. Melatonin, , Congratulations for being able, to determine the hormones, involved in regulating the, processes in the female, reproductive system!, , 11, , Reason

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ACTIVITY 2: THERE’S A FEEDBACK!, A., Objective, Describe the feedback mechanisms involved during a menstrual cycle, Materials, 2 calendar charts, diagrams of the male and female reproductive systems, scissors, tape or glue, Procedure, Part A – FOR NO FERTILIZATION, 1. Get a calendar. It must be marked with the day-to-day changes in the menstrual, cycle., 2. Note that certain events are marked on certain days., 3. Make a copy of the diagrams of the menstrual cycle like those found in the next, page. Some of the diagrams will show the events in the ovary, and some will, show the events in the uterus. They are not in the proper order, though. Cut out, each square., 4. Place the diagram in the space to the right of the corresponding description., 5. Tape or glue your diagrams in the right places/dates where they occur., 6. Make sure that they are correctly placed., Part B – WITH FERTILIZATION OF THE EGG, 1. Get another calendar marked by the day-to-day changes in the menstrual cycle., 2. Again you will be given a set of diagrams to place on the calendar. The, diagrams will not be in proper order. Also, you may not need all the diagrams, that show the uterus., Observations:, , 12

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B. Study the given pictures to describe the feedback mechanisms involved during the, menstrual cycle and answer briefly the guide questions below., , A, , B, , Source: www.google.com Images Labeled for Reuse, , Guide Questions, , 1. How long does a menstrual cycle usually last if fertilization has not taken place?, 2. Describe what happens to the egg during the first 14 days of the cycle in Part B., 3. Describe what happens to the egg and the uterus during the last 14 days of the, cycle in Part A., 4. What takes place after fertilization?, , What I Have Learned, , Direction: Answer the following question in complete sentences. (15 points), Why is the menstrual cycle an important adaptation for reproduction in humans?, , What I Can Do, DIFFERENTIATED TASK, Direction: Choose only ONE TASK from the following choices., A. Make a poem about the role of hormones in the female reproductive system., B. Compose a jingle with lyrics or content talking about the feedback mechanism, in the female reproductive system., C. Make a poster with a slogan that illustrates the feedback mechanism involved, in the female reproductive system., D. Produce a newscast about what happens when the body produces more follicle, stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone., E. Make a brochure about the feedback mechanism in the female reproductive, system., , 13

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RUBRIC FOR SELF-CHECK, (To be used by the teacher in rating the output), , Accuracy of the Content, Organization and Coherence of Idea, Clarity of the Message, Creativity, Completeness, TOTAL, , 30 %, 20 %, 20 %, 20 %, 10 %, 100 %, , Assessment, Direction: Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a, separate sheet of paper., 1. Which of the following hormones is responsible for the secondary female characteristics?, A. estrogen, B. progesterone, C. LH, D. FSH, 2. Which hormone stimulates the endometrium?, A. estrogen, B. progesterone, C. LH, D. FSH, 3. Which of the following inhibits uterine contractions and ovulation?, A. estrogen, B. progesterone, C. LH, D. FSH, 4. Which hormone develops and maintains the corpus luteum?, A. estrogen, B. progesterone, C. LH, D. FSH, 5. The _________ stimulates the formation of follicles in the ovaries., A. estrogen, B. progesterone, C. LH, D. FSH, 6. It is the process through which the level of a certain substance influences the level of, another substance., A. FSH, B. LH, C. menstruation, D. feedback, 7. An increase in FSH may also indicate a reduction in the production of good quality eggs, and embryos for _________., A. fertilization, B. menstruation, C. ovulation, D. all of the choices, 8. It is an abnormally high levels of LH during non-ovulatory times in the menstrual cycle., A. menarche, B. menopause, C. LH, D. FSH, 9. Which phase signals the beginning of cyclic changes in the ovary?, A. menarche, B. menopause, C. LH, D. FSH, 10. The mass of ovarian cells produces a/an _______., A. sperm, B. ovum, C. LH, D. FSH, 11. What hormone does the corpus luteum produce?, A. estrogen, B. progesterone, C. LH, D. FSH, 12. What hormone brings about significant effects primarily on the breasts?, A. estrogen, B. progesterone, C. LH, D. FSH, 13. During pregnancy, what hormone causes breast enlargement?, A. estrogen, B. progesterone, C. LH, D. FSH, 14. What results during strong contractions of the uterine wall?, A. menarche, B. menstruation, C. menstrual cramps D. AOTC, 15. What happens to the cycle after menstruation?, A. The cycle ceases., C. The cycle reverses., B. The cycle starts again., D. The cycle ends., 14

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Lesson Hormone Feedback and, Pregnancy, 3, What’s New, Now that you have already known about the parts and functions of the human, reproductive system, let us now trace what happens to the ovulated egg to its orderly, sequence of events from the time an egg is ovulated. In this activity, you should be able to, arrange the sequence from the beginning to the end of fertilization and implantation in the, uterus., Direction: Complete the table below by sequencing the events from the time an egg is, ovulated. Arrange orderly by numbering the items from 1 to 7. Write your answer, inside the table., Event, , Sequence, , Fertilized egg attaches to the uterus, Fertilized egg moves out of the oviduct, Egg is fertilized in the oviduct, Vagina receives the sperm, Egg moves into the oviduct, Egg is released from the ovary, Egg is in the ovary, , Well done! You were able to perform the activity! You many proceed to the next. Have fun!, , 15

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What Is It, A zygote or a fertilized egg is formed when a sperm successfully penetrates the, nuclei fuse. A fertilization membrane develops to prevent other sperms to further penetrate, the egg. This process wherein the sperms’ nucleus, and the ovum’s unite is called fertilization. It, usually takes place while the egg is traveling along, the oviduct or fallopian tube. It will take about 7 to, 10 days for an egg, fertilized or not, to reach the, uterus., Upon successful implantation of a, developing embryo in the endometrium, the, developing embryo and the uterine lining jointly, form a special organ called the placenta. This will, provide nourishment for the embryo. It also, secretes the hormone called human chorionic, Figure 3.1 The zygote, gonadotropin (HCG), which is related to LH since, Source: www.google.com Image Labeled for Reuse, they act on the same receptor. Remember that the, LH maintains the corpus luteum. With the corpus, luteum intact, progesterone production is maintained and the uterine wall will not, menstruate. HCG actually passes in the urine. It is the same hormone detected in pregnancy, tests. If the embryo is abnormal or if it dies, HCG will drop and the endometrium will, disintegrate causing a woman to have a miscarriage., , Figure 3.2 Pregnancy test, Source: www.google.com Image Labeled for Reuse, , As your guide, refer below for the summary of the stages of reproduction:, , 1. Egg cells are formed in each ovary., 2. Each month, one ovary releases an egg. Normally, only one egg is, released about every 28 days. The ovaries usually take turns in releasing, the eggs., 3. Once released from the ovary, the egg moves into a tube called oviduct., Oviducts are tube-like organs that connect the ovaries to the uterus. The, uterus is a muscular organ in which the fertilized egg develops., 4. Sperm cells are released into the vagina during mating. The vagina is a, muscular tube that leads from the outside of the female’s body to the, uterus. Sperm cells swim from the vagina into the uterus and into the, oviducts. If an egg is present, fertilization takes place. Once fertilized, the, egg moves down the oviduct into the uterus., 5. The fertilized egg then attaches itself into the wall of the uterus which is, 16

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called implantation. Once attached, it will remain there for nine months as, it develops into a baby., , Figure 3.3 A human embryo, Source: www.google.com Image Labeled for Reuse, , What, is, ectopic, pregnancy? Ectopic pregnancy, results if implantation occurs, anywhere other than the uterine, cavity. The most common site of, ectopic pregnancy is in the, fallopian tube. Implantation in, the fallopian tube can be fatal, and can cause the tube to, rupture., In some cases,, implantation can occur in the, mesenteries of the abdominal, cavity and the fetus can develop, normally, but must be delivered, by caesarian section., , Figure 3.4 A cross section of the ovary, Source: www.google.com Image Labeled for Reuse, , As a summary, outlined below are the different processes involved during pregnancy., Ovulation, This refers to the release of a mature egg from the ovary. It usually takes, place on the 14th day from the first day of menstruation if the cycle is a 28-day cycle., Fertilization, When a sperm encounters an egg cell in the fallopian tube, it releases, digestive enzymes. Those enzymes clear the path for the sperm nucleus to fuse with, the nucleus of the ovum or egg cell. A zygote is now formed., Implantation, This occurs before the end of the first week. By this process, the zygote, attaches to the uterine lining, and some of its cells send out projections that has been, part of the maternal tissue. The inner cell mass becomes the embryonic disc. This disc, 17

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will give rise to the embryo proper during the week following implantation., Birth or Parturition, “Happy birthday!” is a very common greeting to mark the anniversary of a person’s, birth., Birth takes place about 39 weeks after fertilization. The birth process begins when, the uterus starts to contract. For the next two to eighteen hours, the contraction becomes, stronger and more frequent. The cervical canal dilates fully and the amniotic sac ruptures., Birth typically occurs less than an hour after full dilation. Immediately afterward,, uterine contraction forces fluid, blood and the placenta out of the body. The umbilical cord, is now cut, and the newborn embarks on its nurtured existence in the outside world., , What’s More, ACTIVITY: A-MAZE-ING EGG RACE!, Objective Trace the processes involved during the release of an egg and fertilization, Procedure, Shade the arrow that correctly traces the processes involved during the release of an, egg. Your answers will guide you to the end of the maze., , What I Have Learned, Direction: Answer the question below in complete sentences. (15 points), Why does menstruation stop when a woman becomes pregnant?, , 18

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What I Can Do, DIFFERENTIATED TASK, Directions: Choose only ONE TASK from the following:, A. Make a poem about the benefits of family planning and post it on your, Facebook account. You may include pictures of your family to, reinforce your point., B. Select a tweet regarding Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive, Health Act of 2012 and share your thoughts about it. Post it on your, Facebook timeline., C. Look for a short video about AIDS and help spread awareness and, prevention of AIDS through your social network. You may share it on, your Facebook, Twitter or Instagram accounts., , RUBRIC FOR SELF-CHECK, (To be used by the teacher in rating the output), , Accuracy of the Content, Organization and Coherence of Idea, Clarity of the Message, Creativity, Completeness, TOTAL, , 30 %, 20 %, 20 %, 20 %, 10 %, 100 %, , Assessment, Direction: Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a, separate sheet of paper., 1. Which hormone prevents menstruation among pregnant women?, A. HCG, B. LH, C. oxytocin, D. prolactin, 2. HCG which is secreted by the chronic membrane is similar in structure and function to, ______., A. FSH, B. LH, C. estrogen, D. progesterone, 3. How many hours will the egg cell be viable for fertilization?, A. 12 hours, B. 24 hours, C. 48 hours, D. 72 hours, 4. The egg will most likely be fertilized while it is travelling in the ______., A. cervix, B. fallopian tube, C. uterus, D. vagina, 5. What is formed when a sperm successfully penetrates the nuclei fuse?, A. egg, B. sperm, C. ovum, D. zygote, 6. Upon successful implantation of a developing embryo in the endometrium, the developing, embryo and the uterine lining jointly forms a special organ called the ______., A. cervix, B. fallopian tube, C. placenta, D. uterus, 7. Where are egg cells found?, A. ovary, B. uterus, C. placenta, D. vagina, 8. What results if implantation occurs anywhere other than the uterine wall?, 19

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A. menarche, B. menopause, C. ectopic pregnancy D. miscarriage, 9. What occurs before the end of the first week by which the zygote attaches to the uterine, lining?, A. menstruation B. fertilization, C. implantation, D. ovulation, 10. This secreted hormone provides nourishment to the embryo., A. LH, B. FSH, C. HCG, D. all of the choices, 11. Sperm cells are released into the ________ during mating., A. ovaries, B. uterus, C. fallopian tube, D. vagina, 12. What does the ovary release every month?, A. egg, B. sperm, C. LH, D. FSH, 13. What will drop if the embryo is abnormal or if it dies?, A. HCG, B. LH, C. FSH, D. all of the choices, 14. Which of the following results to the disintegration of endometrium?, A. menarche, B. menopause, C. menstruation, D. miscarriage, 15. Which of the following is the most common site of ectopic pregnancy?, A. ovaries, B. fallopian tube, C. uterus, D. vagina, , Assessment (Unit Test), Direction: Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a, separate sheet of paper., 1. Which days of the cycle does menstruation occur?, A. days 1-6, B. days 7-13, C. days 14-20, D. days 21-28, 2. A biologist made a hypothesis that the pituitary and the ovary both influence the uterine, cycle in females, which of the following observation would best support this hypothesis?, A. The removal of pituitary is followed by death., B. The removal of the ovary can greatly affect the menstrual cycle., C. The removal of the ovary is followed by a non-functioning pituitary., D. The uterine development takes place only when both pituitary and ovary are present., 3. A woman’s unsafe period is the day near or during _________., A. fertilization, B. menstruation, C. ovulation, D. sexual intercourse, 4. In a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, on which day following the beginning of the menstrual, period is the level of luteinizing hormone most likely to be the highest?, A. day 7, B. day 14, C. day 21, D. day 28, 5. What happens during ovulation?, A. A sperm can fertilize an egg., C. An ovum is released from the ovary., B. A zygote becomes an embryo., D. A follicle releases the hormone FSH., 6. It is the process through which the level of a certain substance influences the level of, another substance?, A. FSH, B. LH, C. menstruation, D. feedback, 7. An increase in FSH may also indicate a reduction in the production of good quality eggs, and embryos for _________., A. fertilization, B. menstruation, C. ovulation, D. all of the choices, 8. It is an abnormally high levels of LH during non-ovulatory times in the menstrual cycle., A. menarche, B. menopause, C. LH, D. FSH, 20

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9. What signals the beginning of cyclic changes in the ovary?, A. menarche, B. menopause, C. LH, D. FSH, 10. Which of the following is produced by the mass of ovarian cells?, A. sperm, B. ovum, C. LH, D. FSH, 11. Where are the sperm cells released during mating?, A. ovaries, B. uterus, C. fallopian tube, D. vagina, 12. What does the ovary release every month?, A. egg, B. sperm, C. LH, D. FSH, 13. If the embryo is abnormal or if it dies, _______ will drop., A. HCG, B. LH, C. FSH, D. all of the choices, 14. What results to the disintegration of the endometrium?, A. menarche, B. menopause, C. menstruation, D. miscarriage, 15. Which of the following is the most common site of ectopic pregnancy?, A. ovaries, B. fallopian tube, C. uterus, D. vagina, , 21

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ASSESSMENT (UNIT, TEST), 1. D, 2. B, 3. C, 4. B, 5. A, 6. D, 7. A, 8. B, 9. A, 10. B, 11. D, 12. A, 13. A, 14. D, 15. B, , What I know, 1. A, 2. B, 3. B, 4. A, 5. D, 6. C, 7. A, 8. C, 9. C, 10.C, 11.D, 12.A, 13.A, 14.D, 15.B, , 22, What's More, , Activity, , Assessment, 1. A, 2. B, 3. B, 4. A, 5. D, 6. C, 7. A, 8. C, 9. C, 10.C, 11.D, 12.A, 13.A, 14.D, 15.B, , Lesson 3, What’s More, Activity 1, , What I Know, , 1. No- synthesis of sex, steroids, 2. Yes, 3. No- increases water, absorption, 4. Yes, 5. No- stimulates, Calcium uptake, 6. Yes, 7. No- increase heart, rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar, 8. Yes, 9. No- male development, 10. No- blocks secretion, of LH and FSH,, promotes sleep, , 1. A, 2. B, 3. B, 4. C, 5. D, 6. D, 7. A, 8. B, 9. A, 10.B, 11.B, 12.B, 13.B, 14.C, 15.B, , Activity 2, 1. 28 days, 2. It moves out of the, uterus, 3. The egg is fertilized, and attaches to the, uterus for implantation, 4. Implantation, , Assessment, 1. A, 2. B, 3. B, 4. C, 5. D, 6. D, 7. A, 8. B, 9. A, 10.B, 11.B, 12.B, 13.B, 14.C, 15.B, , Lesson 2, Assessment, What’s More, , What I Know, , Phases/Hormone, , 1. D, 2. B, 3. C, 4. B, 5. A, 6. B, 7. B, 8. A, 9. B, 10.B, 11.B, 12.C, 13.B, 14.A, 15.D, , 1. Blood Flow- None, 2. Follicular- Estrogen, 3. Ovulation- None, 4. Luteal- Estrogen and, Progesterone, The egg travels through a, thin tube called a fallopian, tube of the uterus. If the egg, is fertilized by a sperm cell, it, attaches to the wall of the, uterus,, where, overtime, develops into a baby. If the, egg, not, fertilized,, is, the, uterus lining breaks down, and bleeds causing a period., , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., , 1. D, 2. B, 3. C, 4. B, 5. A, 6. B, 7. B, 8. A, 9. B, 10.B, 11.B, 12.C, 13.B, 14.A, 15.D, , d, e, h, g, c, b, a, f, , Lesson 1, , Answer Key