Page 2 :
CHEMISTRY, • Matter, • Physical and Chemical changes of Matter, • Classification of Matter, • Atomic Structure, • Radioactivity, ASPIRANT OF INDIA, • Acid & Base, • Classification of Elements, • Carbon & its compounds, • Industrial Names of Some Important Compounds

Page 3 :
MATTER, • Matter is anything which has mass and occupies space., • It exists in five states, Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma, Bose-Einstein, condensate., • States,, • Gas balloon contains helium gas and neon sign bulb contains neon gas, • The mixture of helium and O2 is utilized by deep sea diver, ASPIRANT OF INDIA, • Lavoisier is known as the ‘Father of Modern Chemistry’, • Solid to liquid – Fusion, • Liquid to Gas – Vapourization, • Gas to Liquid – Condensation, • Solid to Gas - Sublimation

Page 4 :
Physical & Chemical Changes, • Physical Change – It is the change which only affect the physical, properties like colour, hardness, density, melting point etc, of matter., E.g., sublimation, boiling, vaporization, cutting of trees, burning of, candle, etc., • Chemical Change – These affect the composition as well as, chemical properties of matter and result in the formation of a, new substance. Photosynthesis, Ripening of fruits ASPIRANT OF INDIA

Page 5 :
ASPIRANT OF INDIA

Page 6 :
Classification of Matter, Pure Substances, Elements, , Compounds, , Mixtures, Homogeneous, , Heterogeneours, ASPIRANT OF INDIA, , Metals, , Non-Metals, , Metalloids

Page 7 :
Pure Substance, • A substance that consists of only a single type of constituent particles is, called pure substance, e.g. gold, etc, , Elements, • They contains only single type of atoms, Elements known at present are, 118. Out of which 94 are natural., • Elements which are liquid at room temperature are Mercury (Hg) and, Bromine (Br2), ASPIRANT OF INDIA, , Compounds, , • A compound is made up of two or more elements combined in a fixed, ratio., • Water, ammonia, Carbon dioxide, sugar

Page 8 :
Mixtures, Homogeneous,  Two solutions mixed (Alcohol with water), Heterogeneous Mixtures, Dispersed Phase, , Dispersion, Medium, , Type of Colloid, , Examples, , Liquid, , Gas, , Aerosol, , Fog, clouds, Mist, , Solid, , Gas, , Aerosol, , Smoke,, Automobile, exhaust, , Gas, , Liquid, , Foam, , Liquid, , Liquid, , Emulsion, , Milk, face-cream, , Solid, , Liquid, , Sol, , Milk of magnesia,, Mud, , Gas, , Solid, , Foam, , Foam, rubber,, sponge, pumice, , Liquid, , Solid, , Gel, , Jelly, cheese,, butter, , Solid, , Solid, , Solid Sol, , ASPIRANT OF INDIA, Shaving cream, , Coloured Gem stone,, milky glass

Page 9 :
• Scatter light because of the presence of large solute, particles, i.e., they show Tyndall’s effect and Brownian, movement., • Blue colour of sky is also due to scattering of light by, dust particles suspended in air, ASPIRANT OF INDIA, • Alum is used to purify water as it coagulated the impurities, present in the water, • FeCl3 is used to stop bleeding as it coagulates the blood, • Reverse osmosis is used for desalination of sea water.

Page 10 :
Atomic Structure, Particle, , Discovery, , Electron ( e ), , J J Thomson, , Proton (p), Neutron ( n ), , ASPIRANT OF INDIA, , Goldstein, , Chadwick

Page 11 :
Mole Concept, • The Word ‘Mole’ was introduced by Wilhelm Ostwald’s, • It can be defined as the number of molecules present in 12g of C- 12, • 1 mol = 6.023 * 10 23 = Avogadro’s number (NA), , Atomic Number (Z), • It is equal to the number of protons., • It is written as a subscript to the left side of the symbol of the atom, ASPIRANT OF INDIA, • e.g. 6C here 6 is the atomic number of carbon, , Mass Number (A), • It is equal to the sum of number of proton s and number of neutorns., • It is written as a superscript to the right side of the symbol of the, atom, e.g., C 12 here 12 is the mass number of carbon (C), • Mass Number = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons

Page 12 :
Isotopes, , • These have same atomic number but different mass number., • Protium, Deuterium, Tritium, , Isobars, • These have same mass numbers but different atomic numbers,, • Eg. 18 Ar 40 and 20 Ca 40 are isobars, , Radioactivity, , ASPIRANT OF INDIA, , • It was discovered by Henry Becquerel but term radioactivity was given, by Madam Curie., • Alpha, Beta, Gamma Rays, • Nuclear Fission – Nucleus is broken down into two or more – Nuclear reactor, and Atom bomb, • Nulcear Fusion - Fusion of two or more particles – Hydrogen bomb, Energy, of Sun

Page 13 :
Uses of Radioisotopes, • Iodine – 131 – Study the structure and activity of Thyroid, gland, • Iodine – 123 – Used in brain imaging, • Cobalt – 60 – Treatment of Cancer, ASPIRANT OF INDIA, • Sodium – 24 –Injected along with salt solution to trace the, flow of blood., • Phosphorus – 32 – Leukemia Therapy, • Carbon – 14 – Study the Kinetics of Photosynthesis

Page 14 :
ACID & BASE, ACID, , BASE, , Sour Taste, , Bitter Taste, , Turn blue litmus Red, , Turn Red Litmus Blue, , Substance which gives H+ ions in therir, aqueous solution (Arrhenius Concept), , Bases give OH- ion in therir aqueious, solution (Arrhenius Concept), , Lewis acid is an electron- pair, acceptor., HCl, HNo3, , ASPIRANT OF INDIA, , Lewis base is therefore an electron-pair, donor, NaOH, KOH

Page 15 :
Sources of SomeImportant Acids, Acid, , Source, , Citric Acid, , Lemon, Orange, Grapes, , Maleic Acid, , Unripe Apple, , Tartaric Acid, , Tamarind, , Acetic Acid, , Vinegar, , Lactic Acid, , Milk, Curd, , Hydrochloric acid, , Stomach, , Oxalic Acid, , Tomato, , Formic Acid, , Ant Venom, , ASPIRANT OF INDIA

Page 16 :
PH Value, • It is a measure of acidity or basicity of a solution, • It is 7 for neutral solution, greater than 7 for basic solution, and less than 7 for acidic solution., Substance, , pH, , Substance, , pH, , Gastric Juice, , 1.0 – 3.0, , Rain Water, , Soft drinks, , 2.0 – 4.0, , Tears, , Lemon, , 2.2 – 2.4, , Sea water, , 8.5, , Vinegar, , 2–3, , Milk of magnesia, , 10.5, , Urine (human), , 4.8 – 8.4, , Milk (cow), , 6.3 – 6.6, , Saliva (Human), , 6.5 – 7.5, , Blood Plasma, ( Human ), , 7.3 – 7.4, , 6.0, , ASPIRANT OF INDIA, , 7.4

Page 17 :
Catalysis, , • It was discovered by Berzelius, • It is a term used for the reactions /processes which occur in the, presence of certain substances that increase the rate of the reaction, without being consumed. Such substances are called Catalysts., Process, Manufacture of ghee from vegetable, oils, Contact process for the manufacture of, Sulphuric Acid, Deacon’s process for the, manufacute of Chlo;rine, Conversion of Sucrose into Glucose and, Fructose, Conversion of Milk into Curd, , Catalysts, Nickel, , ASPIRANT OF INDIA, , Pt Powder, Cupric Chlo;ride, Invertase Enzyme, Lactase (Lactobacilli)

Page 19 :
ASPIRANT OF INDIA

Page 20 :
Facts / States, • Brass – Cu + Zn, • Bronze – Cu + Sn, • Stainless Steel – Fe +Cr +Ni+C, • Aqua Regia – 3 : 1 = HCl : HNO3, ASPIRANT OF INDIA, • Ferric Oxide – Fe2O3 – Jeweller Rough, • Silver Nitrate – AgNO3 – Voter’s Ink, • Silver Iodide (AgI) – Artificial Rain, • Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) – Oxidising agent, bleaching, agent, insecticide, washing old oil paintings.

Page 21 :
Carbon and Its Compounds, • Graphite (Black Lead ) – It is opaque and black, very, good conductor, • Diamond – Highly transparent and hardest material, • Low electrical conductivity, ASPIRANT OF INDIA, • Fullerences ( C 60 ), • It is look like football

Page 22 :
Industrial Names of Some Important Compounds, Industrial Name, , Chemical Name, , Alum, , Potassium aluminium sulphate, , Borax, , Sodium tetraborate decahydrate, , Caustic Soda, , Sodium Hydroxide, , Laughing Gas, , Nitrous Oxide, , Marsh Gas, , Methane, , Quicklime, Ruby or Sapphire, , Calcium oxide, ASPIRANT OF INDIA, Aluminium oxide, , Spirit, , Methyl alcohol, , Vinegar, , Acetic Acid, , Slaked lime, , Calcium hydroxide, , Muratic Acid, , Hydrogen Chloride, , Sand, , Silicon dioxide