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er Vet), , ) Networking, , , , , , U, , , , , , Syllabus, , Basic introduction to Networking, Network protocols: http, ftp etc., IP address, DNS,, Browsers, Transferring files. ssh, telnet, ping, traceroute, route, hostname, networking, GUI., , , , , , , , Syllabus Topic : Basic Introduction to Networking, , 9.1 Basic Introduction to Networking, , , , , , , , , , , , ¢ — All pieces of hardware and software programs speak different languages., , ¢ For communication between two computers we need a special program in, operating system that performs this function., , ¢ There are 7 layers of communication protocols which is known as OSI (Open, system Interconnection) model. ,, , * A computer network is a collection of computers connected by, , communication links., , 9.1.1 Goals of Computer Network, , , , , , , , , , * Sharing of Resources : Resources are been shared. For eg. One printer is, shared by different nodes of computers.
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2, ¥ Linux (MU - B.Sc. Comp) =, chine, . Reliability : Whatever work done on one mai, two or more machines., . Saving money : As resources are being shared lot of, , ¢ Security mechanism : Security is been provided =, different user account., , 9.1.2 Modes of Communication, , , , , , , , Three different types of communication modes are :, , 1) Simplex, , If the communication is unidirectional that means, communicate and other only listens th, , en this type 0, mode is simplex., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 2) Half Duplex, , Half Duplex is bidirectional i., , e. both nodes can tr, receive but not simultaneously,, , , , , , Raa, , Rh, ‘Data flow., bart, ech, , , , , , , , Node 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 3) Full Duplex, , Full Duplex ig bidire, , ctional comm:, transmit ag well as rece, , jive simultane, , ‘unication i.e, D, Ously,, , , , , , E Nodo 1
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Poe, , , , Pengou-ssecmy stg, 9.1.3 OS! Model, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Fig. 9.1.1 : OSI model, , 1. Physical Layer, , It describes media over which the data travels., , 2. Data Link Layer, , It describes the means by which the bits are carried across the physical, layer., , 3. Network Layer, , This layer handles the routing of data through a network., 4. Transport Layer and Session Layer, , It provides end-to-end session integrity., 5. Presentation Layer and Application Layer, , These provide interface to the application.
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Ww 9-4, Linux (MU - B.Sc. Comp), ————, , labus Topic : Network Protocols nite : ftp etci), Sylla =, , , , , , , , 9.2 Network Protocols, , , , @. Whatis a protocol ? Explain the different types of protocols in n, , , , ° Protocols are set of rules used for communication., , ° Different types of Network Protocols are as follows :, , , , HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol) |, , TCP/IP, , UDP, , ICMP, , 1., 2., 3., 4., Ds, 6., , Mail Protocols POP3 and SMTP, , , , 9.2.1 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), , ° HTTP has separate client and server components., , . Client request the server for a document and the server respond |, it., , The protocol is also stateless in that each connection is unaware of th, Life cycle of a connection using http is,, , 1) The client contacts the source and opens a connecti, 80, 2) Client requests the web Server for some servic, Consist of request, header followed by data sent by, 3) Server now, 8en i, a ds a response which has response head, 4), , S, erver waits for more requests and finally clo
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wae, , ¥ Linux (MU - B.Sc. Comp), , — 95 Networking, , , , , , 92.2 FTP (File Transfer Protocol), , FTP command is used to transfer files between hosts., , Like telnet, ftp can also be involved with or without the address., , FTP is simple and convenient protocol., , FTP hostname by default will connect you to the system, you must have a, , login id to be able to transfer the files., , ASCII and Binary files can be transferred., FTP establishes two types of connections :, , co Data transfer : It transfers data from one place to another., , o Control transfer : It transfers control to another system and also, control activities of remote machine., , FTP command uses various options, , , , , , , , -P Use passive mode for data transfer, , , , -i Interactive prompting during multiple file transfer, , , , -e Disables command editing and history support, , , , , , -d Enables debugging, , , , , , , , 9.2.3 TCP/IP, , TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol) are two, different procedures that are often linked together. When information is, sent over the Internet, it is generally broken up into smaller pieces or, "packets",, , The use of packets facilitates speedy transmission since different parts of a, message can be sent by different routes and then reassembled at the, , destination.
