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J 3061: FUNDAMENTALS OF FRUIT PRODUCTION, , J 3061 EXCERCISE NO 2PART I/03092020/10:00-11:30 AM, , OBJECTIVE: HORTICULTURAL TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS, USED FOR VARIOUS OPERATIONS, , Objective: Identification of common iools and equipments used for the cultivation of horticulture, crops, , , , A. Identification of common tools used in manual preparation of land and intercultural, operations for the cultivation of horticulture crops., , B. Identification of large implements used for land preparation and sowing of horticulture, crops., , C. Identification of plant protection equipments used for controlling horticulture pests., , D. Identification of implements used in harvesting of horticulture crops., , Objective: Acquaintance with different tools and equipments along with their use in horticulture, production., , Student's expectations/learning objective:, , e Importance of different implements in vegetable production., e Functions and handling of different tools and equipments., , Handouts/material required/equipment’s & tools: Paper sheet and pen to note down the, instructions, different tools and equipments., , Pre-learning required: Different methods of field preparation and intercultural operations in, horticulture crop production., , Introduction:, , From the beginning of agriculture, the man has invented and used numerous kinds of, implements/machinery for various field operations. The consistent efforts are being made to, improve the working efficiency of the first introduced tools. Presently, wide variation exists in the, use of implements. On the one hand, the advanced countries have adopted all the mechanized, automatic machines for conducting various field operations thereby, reducing the dependence on, manpower. On the other hand, in under developed and developing countries, most of the agricultural, operations are done manually with small hand tools and implements which need more manual, labour. The implements according to the power used for their application can be grouped into three, categories:, , 1. Hand-operated: The implements which are used by hand. These are less efficient as compared to, animal drawn or power drawn implements. However, hand-operated tool/implements are very, important in small land holdings especially in areas with undulating topography where human labour, is readily available and is relatively cheaper e.g. hand plough, spade, sickle, etc., , 2. Animal drawn: The heavy implements requiring more power to draw cannot be operated by, human beings. Hence, animals such as bullocks, buffaloes, yak, camel, horses etc. are used to draw, , , , DR R CHANDRA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE, AMAR SINGH COLLEGE, LAKHAOTI, BULANDSHAHR, , 7) Edit with WPS Office

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J 3061: FUNDAMENTALS OF FRUIT PRODUCTION, , them, these implements are called as animal drawn implements e.g. plough, cultivator, harrow, seed, drill etc., , 3. Power drawn: The implements and machinery requiring more power for their operation are called, power drawn implements/machines. They can be operated with tractors, engines or any such power, e.g. tractor drawn ploughs, harrow, cultivators, threshers, combines etc., , Advantages of improved implements and machines: The improved implements and machines, increase the working efficiency of various farm operations by achieving:, , In time field operations., , Quality bed/land preparation., , Desired plant population can be maintained., , Economy and effective use of seed, fertilizers, chemicals and other inputs., Reduction in drudgery in crop cultivation., , g@aoop, , Different operations which are required for the systematic cultivation of vegetable crops can be, grouped into:, , a. Seed bed/land preparation, , Fertilizer application and sowing, , Inter-cultivation, , Irrigation and drainage, , Plant protection, , . Threshing and cleaning, , A. Identification of common tools used in manual preparation of land and intercultural, operations for the cultivation of horticulture crops, , mepaoe, , Tillage implements (Seed bed preparation and other inter-cultural operations): Tillage is the first, field operation for cultivation of any crop. Successful cultivation of crops needs tillage practices for, seed bed/land preparation. A good seed bed/land free from weeds provides favourable conditions, for raising a good vegetable crop. A number of tillage implements are used to make the soil friable, and suitable for sowing/planting and good enough to sustain the plant life., , 1. Spade: A hand tool consists of flat iron blade and iron joint to fix the wooden handle and, has a sharp front. It is available in different sizes and is used for:, , e Lifting and turning the soil., , e Digging the pits, preparing channels for irrigation and drainage., , e Construction of field bunds., , e Preparation of seed beds and hoeing of crops sown at wide row spacing and earthing up., , e Uprooting of bushes and stubbles., , e Harvesting of potato, sweet potato etc. by digging., Small garden spade: Blade is smaller in size than the spade. It is most commonly used, , for making field bunds, seed bed preparation and hoeing (breaking and loosening of soil, along with weeding) of crops., , , , DR R CHANDRA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE, AMAR SINGH COLLEGE, LAKHAOTI, BULANDSHAHR, , 'W7) Edit with WPS Office

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11, , 13., , 14., , J 3061: FUNDAMENTALS OF FRUIT PRODUCTION, , Khurpa: It is widely used in hard soils for breaking and loosening the soil in addition to, weeding, earthing up and digging small pits for transplanting vegetable seedlings., Potato and other vegetables can be harvested with it., , Digging-cum-weeding hoe: The iron blade which is slightly bigger than that of khurpa is, fitted to a straight handle with its cutting ends downwards. It is used for giving deep, hoeing about 2-5 cm deep so as to loosen the soil and remove the weeds., , Hand hoes: Mostly used for inter-cultural operations including removal of weeds,, collection of stubbles and breaking of crusts to facilitate seed emergence., , Garden rake: It is used for collecting stump and other residues of plant in the nursery. It, also used in breaking clods and levelling of land., , Trowel: It is used for lifting nursery plants and also for transplanting seedling., , Hand leveller: It is used in small beds or nursery beds for levelling land and covering the, seed after sowing. It can also be used for even distribution of manure., , Shovel: It is used for placing/lifting dug-out soil from one place to another., , . Fork: It is used for loosening the soil in addition to weeding, mixing of compost in the, , soil., , . Hoe-cum-rake: It is used for digging, hoeing, earthing up, levelling and collecting weeds., 12;, , Pronged hoe: It is available with two, three or four arms. It is used for digging of hard, soil and also for digging crops like potato, turnip etc. It can also be used for mixing, manures., , Hand cultivator/hand pronged hoe: It is a small hand fork type cultivator which is useful, for loosening and aerating the soil without damaging the roots. It can be used for small, scale vegetable growing., , Pick Axe/Mattocks: Pick axe has two edges with provision of axial hole in the centre for, attachment with handle. One edge of pick axe is pointed and another is broadened. It is, used for digging hard, compact and stony soils., , , , DR R CHANDRA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE, AMAR SINGH COLLEGE, LAKHAOTI, BULANDSHAHR, , 'W7) Edit with WPS Office