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206, , Getting Started, 12, , s the term Getting Started suggests, it is from this point that you will start, your journey into the world of Intermet. You will learn to create, design and, publish your own Web pages on the Internet. However before, beginning with, the actual development of Web, pages, you must learn about some basic concepts, related to the Internet., In this chapter, you are, going to read about Web browsers'and Web servers., You will also be covering concepts like, Hypertext, Uniform Resource, Locators, (URL), Electronic mail and other services available. on.the. Web., Those of you, who have surfed the Web enough and are already familiar with, the concepts discussed here, may feel like, saipping this chapter. You. are most, , welcome to do so and proceed to the next chapter. which covers designing and, planning a Web site., , WHAT IS THE INTERNET?, The Internet is, , a, , computer network made, , up of thousands of, , computer net, works worldwide. The exact number of these networks is not known, hewever,, it is certain that the numbers, , are, , in millions and, , are, , increasing at a rapid rate., , The Internet started as a United States government research, project, way, back in 1969. The concept was introduced when the, needed, a sysgovernment, , tem, which could be reliable for sending information across their remote units., They were looking for a system where computers could connect and diseonnect, without disturbing the other computers on the networkK., A Network is a collection of computers or other computing devices, , connected together, so that they can communicate with each other.

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Vc Publishinj, In order to carry out this project, United States formed an organization called, , the ARPANET, which stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency. Once, the computers were connected, they needed a set of network rules to make these, , computers communicate. This set of network rules was called the TCP/IP, , (Transmission Control Protocoll Internet Protocol)., , The ARPANET remained in use until world war II was over and then due to, the lack of finance it started to face some problems. It was then, that the U.S., , government invited science organizations and universities to use this network, for their research and, , All computers, , on, , study., , the Internet, , vast amounts of information., , use, , TCP/IP,, , which allows them to, , exchange, , TcP/IP is a set of network rules that dictates how information is, sent and received across networks, They are the two most important protocols since they allow networks to talk, with one another and exchange information. TCP is a, method used along with, the (IP) to send data in the form of, message units between computers over the, Internet. While IP takes care of handling the actual, delivery of the data. TCP, , takes, , care, , of keeping track of the individual units of data (called, , packets) that a, , message is divided into for efficient transmission of data over the Internet., For, , moment, try to imagine hundreds of computer networks, all trying to, communicate with each other but unable to do so as all of them have a different, a, , communicating language. So, what is the way out? The result is one common, network protocol-TCP/IP and one large and unimaginable network-the, , Internet., Now that, , you know that there is a large, be wondering, "Who owns this Internet?", , network called Internet, you might, , Any single organization, institute, or country does not own the Internet. It is, jointly owned by millions of universities, governments, organizations and citizens all over the world. No one has complete control over the Internet. The, National Science Foundation in the U.S. looks into methods to improve the per-, , formance of the Internet. A group called the Internet Engineering Task, Force or ETF committee supports this foundation. This committee has to conform to the guidelines of Internet Architecture Board (TAB)., , There is another important group ealled the World Wide Web Consortium,, also called as W3C. The W3C was founded in October 1994 to assist the World, Wide Web to its full potential by developing common standards that promote its, evolution. It is an international industry consortium, jointly hosted by the Mas-, , sachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Laboratory for Computer Science [MIT/LCS] in the United States; the Institut National de Recherche, en Informatique et en Automatique [INRIA] in Europe; and the Keio Uni., versity Shonan Fujisawa Campus in Japan., At this stage you might think all ihis is great but why is the Internet so, , important:, , What can it, , be used for?

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*, , led, , ****** *n* ** * * * * * *, , THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERNET, , nce, , ese, , The importance of Internet is a vast subject in itself and is dificult to discuss in, few lines. Nevertheless, the following answer should hopefully make it clear, , IP, , and motivate you to be a part of this great network. The Internet has becomea, , to, , major source of expanding business, education and learning throughout the, , S., k, , world. The information available on the Internet is immense and is, growing, each day. Many universities, research organizations, and companies use the, Internet to exchange information or to expand their market. Information has, , become easily available to students, researchers, customers and all the other, people irrespective of their individual computer environments and their physical location., Using the Internet it has become very simple and fast to communicate to, , anyone in the world within minutes using the e-mail tacility. Por example busi., ness companies can now access large number of customers all over the world, which would have been impossible otherwise. It is an example of a revolution, our lives as, that is making as deep an impact, ary communication technology, the printing press, the telephone or the television., has had impact on other essential sery., In addition to commerce, the Internet, reservations, airline reservations, shoppina, ices like travel agencies, hotel, has made i" possible to communi., medical and so on. This network of networks, on, , cate at incredible, , of nformation and, unimaginable amount, the ultimate power to, the audience. It has given people, , speed,, , access an, , with the whole world as, themselves., freely communicate and express, "World Wide Web" and it's, is to understand the term, , The next step, , WHAT IS THE, , scoDe, e., , "WORLD WIDE WEB"?, , CERN (Conseil, for Nuclear, Nucleare), (European 0rganizätion, , The Web was essentially invented, , by Dr Tim, , Berners-Lee at, , Europeen pour la Recherche, in 1991. The need arose when the sciéñtists, SwitzerlaFd, Genevd,, Research)in, distributed computers. It, on ditferent,, , to information, information from any, of universal readership of, was Tim Berners-Lee's idea, user, the Web. The idea was that any computer, computer that laid the base for, in, information from any other computer anywhere, read, to, any, able, should be, at CERN arrived at a common set of, the world. To achieve this the scientists, at CERN needed, , access, , rules:, , because ofthe, central control, the Web would grow, to a specific guideline., who agree. to publish and read according, (Network, same transfer protocols, servers would use the, , There would be, , no, , people, All Web, , Language) and mechanisms., Web in more detall in, The following sections will help you to understand the, terms of its power and scope of communication.

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Wcb Publishing, , h e World Wide Web is based on a Hypertext Information System, , In a Hypertext Information System, information can be read in a non- linear, and flexible manner. When you use Hypertext Information System then yonm, from one point to another, of skipping sections and, have the choice of moving, read as you wish to. Hypertext documents are created, hasically the freedom to, usuaily visible as underlined words and get, using hyperlinks. Hyperlings arethe user to another, page or another part of the, activated by mouse chcK, 1aking, on text and graphics., You can create hyperlinks, same page., retrieval is called hypertext and the system,, This concept of information, In a hypertext, is called the Hypertext Information System.., , which uses this,, , text, System certain, , or, , graphics, , are interconnected, , in, , a manner, , that the, , user, , to read a topic all you, per requirement. So,, can, one page to, text. And this way you move from, an underlined, on, click, do is, text or image. A single hypertext, on someunderlined, clicking, another simply, documents. If you have worked on, contain links to many separate, can, document, used the online help proWindoWs application and, , easily switch, , between them as, , by, , Microsoft Word, , vided in the, , or on, , other, , have, software then you, , experienced, , a, , hypertext system to, , some, , to the bounds of one, are not restricted, Web, the, you, But wnen you experience, travel! Imagine in, have the whole world to, software er area. You, and provide, particular, hobbies you mention books, of, one, your, as, Web page, books. So, now the, your personal, contain information about, that, to pages, on the, Some hyperlinks, to another by clicking, Web, page, from, your, move, visitor to your page can, simply clicking on, extent., , this way by, have provided. And in, located all, hyperlinks that you, number of different Web pages, user visits a, , hyperlinks the, in Fig. 1.1., the diagram as shown, world. Something like, , Your, starting, Page, , 4 of 19, , ig. 111 Hypertext hnfomation System, , over, , the

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r e t t i g Startai, -, , they are, , possible to have hyperlinksthatdo not show an underline when, Internet Explore and Netscape, displayed in the Web browser Browsers like, text without the underline., Navigator have options for displaying a hyperlink, lt is, , to create a Web page where, Also, using cascading style sheets now it is possible, You will learn to do, the hyperlinked text is displayed without the underline., that whether, , to know, this later in the book. But for now, it is important for you, mouse arrow encounters a, the text is underlined or not whenever your, at the screens shown, hyperlink on a Web page it turns into a hand icon. Look, , Fig. 1.2., JM Scftweto Micnsait irtesrrAixckst, , JM Software Microsoit inteinet Ewploier, , DWeb, , w e b bodkUMsaekchapieri ig1.2hi, , bookM sctvaelchefigl.2a, .'., , JM Software House, , JM Software House, , Sovart Development, Maketing, Customgr Support, , Software Devclopment, , Marketime8, , CustomeSupport, , ig. 1.2. A Screenshot Showing Hyperlinks., , Hypertext information has no defined structure, it enables you to read text., and visual înformation depending ón what you wish to know next, **, , a, , Producing hypertext for the Web is accomplished þy creating documents with, language called HyperText Markup Language, or HTML. In the later, , ters you will learn to create Web, pages, , e Web, , is Platform, , using, , this, , ianguage., , chap-, , Independent, , The World Wide Web is based entirely on the Interriet and, makes use of all the, features that the Internet provides, The Internet, envelops the physical aspects, of the envVironment, the computers, and the, networks while the Web. comprises, mainly of, , the services provided on top thelnternet., TheWorld Wide Web provides a userofinterface, to the, Internet makingit very., easy to áccess information from different, It allows you to connect to, thousands of other computers across the machines, world. Your access to the Web is not, dependent on the fact that you are, working on a PCor a sophistjcated, computer. The Web is not confined, , software., , to any, , grapnics, , particular machine configurauon, , or

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Web Publishing, The, you, , can access, , information from any, , called, , cross, , platform means that, , system., computer running any operating, Windows while the, , viewing a Web site on a computer running, It is also, a Unix operating systern., may be coming from a machine running, and tte, site on a Macintosh computer, , You, data, , termplatform independent or popularly, can, , be, , possible that you may be viewing a Web, not, Over the Web all this just does, data may be coming from an IBM machine., matter!, , The Web is Graphical in Nature, text-based connections., , were using, Before the graphical Web emerged, users, called UNIX shell-accounts., These text-based connections are also popularly, imultimedia component. They show a.l, They do not display images or any other, as the data transfer is muca, the data as orly text and are still quite popular,, , faster using ihis mode., , shell account. The main differWeb Browser used for the UNIX, cannot see images and, between Lynx and other Web Browsers is that you, than using the, all the commands on' the keyboard rather, , Lynx, ences, , is, , a, , you have to enter, , mouse. Using this browser you can move around by highlighting emphasized, and then pressing the, words in the screen with the arrow up and down keys,, , Enter key to follow the link. It is available for download from the site http:!, Web supports multimedia like,, lynx.browser.org/ The graphical aspect of the, interface, making it more accessisound, graphics and video. It basically uses an, , browser., ble to end-users. This interface is called the Web, , You can view a combination of text, images, audio and video on the Web by, , using a single application called the Web, , Browser., , We will be coming back to the Web Browser a litle later in this chapter. Now, we will move on to yet another important concept of the Web-the URL, , WHAT ARE LINKS OR URLS, (UNIVERSAL RESOURCE LOCATORS)?, Every bit of retrievable information on the Web is defined in terms of a URL, (Universal Resource Locator). A URL includes the name of the protocol (HTTP,, , FTP, Gopher), where it is located and where it is siored (directory andfilename), A URL is basically a pointer to information on the Web. The URL system gives, , each and every document on the Web a separate addressing entity. No two, URLs can be exactly similar., You can give a URL directly in your browser window (Pig. 1.4) and retrieve, , your information or you can create a hypertext link to the URL within a Wet, page. For exarnple, so, to go to the CNN Web site via a Web page, you need to, create hypertext link to the specific URL, Click here to go to <A HREF=ht tp://mwM.Cna.com>CNN-The News Web site«//

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Getting Storted, is displayed in a, When the document, to the, 1.3, will be displayed, in, , Web, , browser, the, he foll, following scTven, , user., , Fig., , shown, , CNN website MicadoltInteinetExplore, , SEI, , ]D:Webbook\UMsoftiwaselchaplerligl.3h E0, Chick here to go to CNN- The News Web Site, , Fig. 13 ADocument as Viewed Inside a Brouser, ****, , You will learn to create hyperlinks later in the book when you begin, ing a Web page. For now let's look at a URL in little more detail., , The, , Here,, , develop-, , URL-http://www.microsoft.com/msdownl oad/default.htm, , http:// is the Web protocol. It is necessary for all Web clients and servers, to use a certain rule or protocol to be able to read and, send hypertext, documents to each other. In the above example, HTTP.protocol is being, used. HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer, Protocol, , TheHypertextTransfer Protocol is aset of rules uscd by Web clients(endusers) and Web servers to communicate with each, , other., host that you are trying to access on the World Wide Web., microsoft is the domain name, which is actually a longstring of, and dots. It is also called, the IP (Internet Protocol). Actually, numbers, theidentification number of the server one is trying to access. It isthe IP is, usually, a big, number, something like-203.120.127.14, Since we may have trouble, remembering all those numbers, the domain, name was, wwwis the, , created. It acts as a substitute for the IP numbers. If, you wanted, to, yõu could type a site's IP number, but, it's much eesier to use the domaitu, name and let the, server translate it for, you and direct you to the, site on the Internet., respectiv

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Gettiny Started, , 9A, , Web browser. In, , cone across the termprevious pages you must have, can, Web browser in nore detail. We, a, at, the following section we will look, we, if, better, a Web browser much, understand the relation of a Web server to, look at them as server and client., , In the, , Clients and Servers, into basically two types:, the Internet can be categorized, services (like Web, Those machines that provide, clients and servers (Fig. 1.5)., the Web are called servers., to other machines on, etc.), FTP, servers,, clients., servers,, these services are called, use to connect to, And the machines that users, a page,, read, to, at www.yahoo.com, connect to Yahoo Web site, when, you, and, So,, Internet to service your request, a server on the, providing, is, Yahoo actually, no, Your machine is probably providing, as a client., are using the services, rule, not, does, This, put, you, client., Internet and is just a, most, services to anyone else on the, a client, but generally, and, a server, of a machine to be both, , All the machines, , on, , the possibility, , of the machines, , are, , either, , a, a server or, , client machine., , Server Machine running, a Web Server, , Client Machine running, a Web browser, , Your browser, , connects to, , the server and requests, a page, , back, The Server sends, , the requested page, , Fig. 1.5, , Client-Server Relationsbip., , WHAT IS A WEB BROWSER?, World, , and navigate through the, Web, pages, view, USing a Web browser, you, documents to, and display Web, format, to, is, browser, the, and retrieving Web, Wlae web. The role of, displaying, uf, capable, are, he viewer. All Web browsers, for you to, browsers available, Web, of, a variety, can, , its capa, pages on the Internet. There, upon, depending, infornation, the, displays, use1or he.Web,Thebrowser that are being used are eitherreeware or, bility. Most of the browsers, Navigato n, browsers are Netseape, are, , Shareware., , lhe two most popular

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web, , Wed hublishing, , iMicrosoft Internet Explorer. These two browsers are available for frcc to indi-, , .viduals as well as organizations., Freeware is software that is available for use at no cost or for a very nominal, , usually voluntary price., Shareware is software with usually limited capability or incomplete documentation, which is available for trial but can be upgraded only upon payment of a, fee to the developer or author., , Netscrpe Navigator, Netscape Navigator entered the market in 1995 and became a hit instantly. It is, a popular browser on the Web and was, developed by Netscape Communication, , Corporation (Fig. 1.6). You can download the latest Netscape version 4.5 from, the Netscape site at http://home.netscape.com/, on, , The term download means that you can copy, the Internet to your own. The opposite term,, , file from another, computer, upload refers to moving files, a, , from your computer to another., If you want the complete Internet tools from, Netscape then you could go in, for the Netscape Communicator 4.6 software. This browser has, features like, , Netscape Messenger (this includes e-mail, , and newsgroup, , features), Netscape, , Composer (this is a Web page editor) and Netscape Conference (this is for online, , conferencing). Netscape Communicator is available for Windows, Macintosh, and Unix., Nescaperaducta, , NelcapeProductNetscape, , NestIpeSearchWebMai, , NE, , ******:, , ng BoddyThalHeloD, , anytime, anywbere, ClickHere!, **********, , ******, , You are hare Home oroduting.4 Inlerngl Downlpad> Mtstape Frniusts, , Retscape Products, Smarilitate, , Plugles, Shguewat, , Seraels, , Delault to, , Yod are curenilytusirng:, Natstape Canmunitador 4.5, nishlanpas, intbad,IanisadhEogpium, , Wpgrade Availabte!, , Screen Courtesy: http://www.netscape.com, , Fig. 16, , 7he Netscatpe Nauigator Brouser., , ******, , ***., , Sun

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Web Publshiny, , Embedding is a, , the, , browser, , may, , HTML, doeu, , as MIME types. MIME, , plug-ins?, , functionality of another alien, , term sed when you use the, component, which can be used on the Web., What are the file formats or features that need, EHle formats requiring plug-ins are known, , ments., , Plug-ins help in viewing multimedia elements which, not support., , wiMacromedia presentation files that are embedded in, , --, , Adobe's Portable Document Format. These documents are the MIME, , you, , the future, , e now, to read about another important aspect, Web-The, Webgoing, Server., , We, , now, , of the World Wid", , Sers can onlyuse it. Macintosh and UNIX supports are planned tor, , As of, , can view and ealt, , rowerPoint presentations directly from within your Web browser., vex works best with Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser., , Dlbyof the browser Active Xis used generally, med)a applications, For example, using Active, , S, , :he capato enhance Web rages with, , Pug-ans and Java applets that can be sent over the Internet to exte", , they, , called "Controls" that are objects that may provide interactive or other user, dependent functions. Active X controls are not limited to a Web browser only,, can be used from within another software, program also. They are ike, , ActiveX is a technology developed by Microsot. ActiveX has components, , NPAVI32 Dynamic Link Library for video in Windows (file sufix .avi), , Shockwave Plash for Macromedia flash file (fiie suffixes .spl, sw, , LiveAudio for sound files (file suffixes.au, aiff, .wav, .midi), , browser, some of them are:, , Once a plug-in is configured to your browser, it will automatically launch, when you choose to access a file type that it uses. Netscape Communicator 4.6, comes with a variety of helper applications and plug-ins configured to the, , creasing rapidly., , the browser's Web site, or at special download sites on the Web, or from the, companies that create these plug-ins. The number of available plug-ins is in-, , Web browsers are often standardized with a smal-stite of plug-ins, especially for playing multimedia content. Additional plug-ins may be obtained at, , will open the hyperlinked file name with the sutfix pdfwithin your browse, , the Acrobat Reader plug-in hás been configured to your browser, the program, , type application/pdf and are associated with the file extension pdf. So, when, , ated, , Adobe Acrobat Reader. The Acrobat Reader allows you to view documentscre, , Let us take the example of a very conmon plug-in used on the Web- the, , form calculations based on thebinary numbering system., , A binary number system has just two unique digits, 0 and 1.Computers per, , or .htm., , eengion handled by Web browsers is text/html associated vith the file exter, , fot, Muli puposc Multimedia Internet Mail Extension. MIME type of file format was stands, originally, developed to help e-mail sottware handle a variety of binary ile attachmenta., Tnernel, The use of MIME then ater expanded to the Web itself. The basic MIME, type, , 12

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GettingStarted, , 13, , *, , A, , WHAT IS A WEB SERVER?, Just as you need a Web browser to view a Web page, to host or publisn them on, , the Web you need a Web server., A Web server is a program or software on computers that allows Web pages to, be published on the Web., , The role of the Web server is very important, since it is responsibke for Web, document storage and retrieval. Por instance, when you use a browser to view a, , Web page, your browser actually makes a connection to a Web server using the, HTTP protocol. When the Web server accepts the connection, it sends the pages, that your browser requested. The browserthen interprets and presents this, document to you. The Web browser is only responsiblé for document presentation. On unavailability of the document, it sends an error message to your, , browser., , Web servers are also availab/eor different platforms, like Apache server for, UNIX, Microsoft IIS for Windows, NCSA HTTPd for UNTX and Windows NT, and Domino Go Webserver for Unix, Windows NT, Windows 95/98, OS/2. 'There, , are many more Web servers available and you can get detail information about, them from the site http://serverwatch. internet.com/, Web servers not only talk to the different browsers that connect to them; they, , also manage the input.and output operation, which the browsers demand. These, operations can be database manipulations and form handling. At this stage all, you need to know is the role and importance of a Web server. You will learn, more about the Web server in the later chapters when you learn to puslish your, own Web page on the Web., , INTERNET SERVICES, Apart from the Web servers and browsers, there are some more other useful, services available over the Internet. Table 1.1 shows some of the popular and, most often used Internet services., , Table 1.1 Pupular nternet Sereices, internet Services, Electronic Mail (e-mail), , Description, E-mail is used to send messages and files to people across the, , world., , Newsgroups are the discussion groups on the Internet where, , vewSgToups, , people come together to discuss different, topics, , File Trañsfer Protocol (FTP), , ., , across the Internet., Gopher organizes information, , Gopher, WorldWide, , This service allows users to transfer binary files and programs, , Web, , on, , the Internet into, , menus., , wwwcan be accessed singhtml documents and has, , is, components like graphics, audio, video and text. It, , the concept of hyperlinking:, , based on

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Web Publishing, , Electronic Mail (e-mail), Electronic mail is used to transfer ASCII text messages from one Internet user, to the other. This service like the postal services allows the user to address the, , mail directly to a specific person. The mail arrives in the users e-mail box that is, on a computer connected to the Internet. Browsers like Microsoft Internet 3x-, , plorer and Netscape Navigator have the facility to send and receive mail pro-, , vded you have an Internet access account. Figure 1.8 shows an e-mail screen, from Microsoft Outlook 97., , MProject Status Message, Arial, , [email protected], Project Status, , Jude:, , We, , need to discuss, , project status, , How about Friday, 8th Oct. at 4 PM in board room?, Please confirm., , Regards, , Monica, , Fig. 1.8 e-mail Screen from Microsoft's Oullook 97., , e-mails that, , are, , sent, , across, , the Web follow, , something like the following:, , a, , certain, , convention, which is, , [email protected], , Here,, , Yourname will be your account name., , .Host will be the, services., , name, , of the computer hat provides you with the Irternet.

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Subdomain will be your internal designation (this may, some email äddresses), , be optionaj, , Domain is the type of host., Firstleveldomain name defines the type of your organization orcount, For, , example, [email protected]., , jude is the, , name, , here, , of the e-mail account holder., , del2 is the host computer name., , vsnl is the subdomain name representing computers in the organizatia, n e t is the domain name for all computers connected at vsnl., , i n is the country code for India., Email addresses can be shorter and simpler than the one discussed abo, , For instance, my an e-mail address is, [email protected], whe, monikas is the name of the account, hotmail is the domain and com is ti, first level domain, , specifying it as, , the commercial entity., , This E-mail account is registered with Microsoft's Hotmail service, which ig, commercial e-mail site. You must have noticed that this e-mail address doesn, , have a host name or sub-domain name. This is because this e-mail Web si, accesses, , Internet, , directly. This setting largely depends on, , the Web, , server se, , tings., , Newsgroups, USENET is a non-physical worldwid, The basis for newsgroups is USENET., There are cui, network of computers, which transmit messages to newsgroups., (known as newsgroups) available o, rently thousands of discussion categories, on the Internet where people pos, Usenet. Newsgroups are discussion groups, to educa, discuss almost any topic, ranging from sports, messages, replies, and, th, has become a very popular service on, tion to technical subjects (Fig. 1.9). It, browsers have built in features to acces, Internet and most of the popular, , Usenet Newsgroups., You, , can, , want to, choose which newsgroups you, , read, so that they do not clut, , The, , of, , a, , newsgroup, , de, , topic., ter your mailbox. They are organized by, is focussed. For example,, discussion, the, scribes the subject on which, o, have discussions in the field, comp.windows.misc will, called, newsgroup, of dis, computers, where the, cussion. You, , can, , reply. The reply, newsgroup., , Windows, , name, , main topic, operating system will be the, , read an, to any newsgroup for others to, message, your, post, users of th, on the other, is not guaranteed, it all depends, , there will b, that you are interested in,, find, subject, and, any, discuss, You, is non, choice of subject. And if there, to, dedicated, your, at least one newsgroup, own!, can even create your, can, , then you, , identifies the information tha, a hierarchy that, in, arranged, Newsgroups, categories, sub-categorie, them. Newsgroups contain several, in, the cat, found, Can be, displays some of, shown, are, , and, , are, , separated by periods. The table, , below, , i