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And then Gandhi Came, 1. The relevance of Gandhian ideas in the modern world., Or, How could Gandhiji enlighten Indian freedom fighters? What was the effect of his, leadership?, Twenty first century world is a world of wars and revolutions. Man hates man. He, is in a mad race to achieve money, power and other material benefits. In this, journey he forgets his parents, siblings, teachers, elders and every other human, being. He is always motivated by selfish interests. Crimes and violence are on the, rise. Women and even little children are not spared from his acts of brutality. It is, at this juncture, Gandhian ideas become all the more relevant. It is important to, scrutinize here the working of Gandhian ideals in the pre-independent Indian, context., Even after the First World War, India was grappled with the menace of poverty,, unemployment and repressive laws. The nation was awaiting a leader who became, a beam of light in their darkness. Gandhiji entered Indian politics when the country, was in search of an able and efficient leader., He amazed the world with his faith in ahimsa and nonviolence. He defeated the, British Empire with these ideals. He showed the path of tolerance and love. He, believed in the great theory of love. He realized that only love could elicit love., He understood that act of forgiveness draws love and kindness even from enemies., Gandhiji answered the bullets and brute force used by the British Empire with, patience and tolerance. Truth was his religion. His followers became more, truthful than they had been earlier. He made them shameful about their, subjugation to the British. He exhorted them to fight against exploitation. Indians, became aware that this exploitation was the cause of their poverty and misery., Gandhiji found that fear made them submissive. Hence he taught them the lessons, of fearlessness and truthfulness. He analyzed the minds of Indians and brought, into effect a psychological revolution., , 1 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Gandhiji’s call of action was two-fold. He led the fight to win freedom from, foreign rule and freedom from social evils. He was involved in the solution of, minority problems, the raising of the depressed classes and the ending of, untouchability. He knew that fear, prestige, the co-operation of the people were, the supports of the British rule. So he attacked the very foundation of British, support. He asked Indians to give back the titles. Accordingly, Tagore gave up his, knighthood and he himself gave back the title Kaisar e Hind conferred upon him, by the British King. He was against the pomp and glory of viceregal court. He, promoted Khadi as one of the simpler means of living. The rich also accepted these, simpler ways. Modesty became the fashion. Curiously enough, the rich were not, so anxious to show off their riches., Whenever his followers erred he himself took penance by fasting. Nobody has, seen love and tolerance in its purest form. Fasting became his quiet means of, winning over his rivals. During partition when Muslims and Hindus entered in, bloodshed, Gandhiji could stop their fight with this modest weapon. His, personality was convincing. His life was his message. He acted out what he spoke., Hence he was accepted in the larger community., Gandhiji was the leader of common man. He was a real man with flesh and blood., The hearts of the Indian freedom fighters could be enlightened when a man with, life and blood bore the pains when his followers sinned. His words of wisdom and, magnanimity were beyond their imagination. His words had a symbiotic, relationship with his actions. No wonder, why he could revolutionize the lives of, the Indian masses., It should be noted here that contempt breeds contempt and only love engenders, love. The modern day man gropes in darkness since he cannot see love and, tolerance anywhere. If Gandhij, with his approach of nonviolence could force a, vast empire to yield, then it was the power of his ideas followed by his deeds., Thus Gandhian ideals still have immense scope of leading the world towards peace, and love., 2. Women will enjoy the same right as men. This is the India of my dreams., Gandhiji said. What do you think of this opinion? Comment., 2 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Finding a space for women in the socio-cultural milieu is not a country specific, problem. It transcends across nations. The news surprises us that in total numbers, the U.S. has more cases of rape and sexual assault than India does, including, aggressive sexual assaults in university campuses, though after the Delhi Nirbhaya, case, India is singled out on this issue., It is paradoxical that the only country which produced woman President, Prime, Minister, Chief Ministers, Lok Sabha Speaker, Leader of Opposition, female, executives in the national financial institutions, treats its daughters with the least, dignity and honour. India ranks among the countries with the highest levels of, infanticide, with millions of “missing girls”., India has complex cultural attitudes to its women. For the large majority of women, in India, life is both tough and uncertain. On one side media require women to, tantalize men towards it. On another side, women’s success stories are not given, enough coverage. It is worthwhile to cite here an instance when Prime Minister, Modi gave a backhanded compliment to Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, for being tough on terrorism “despite being a woman”. Patriarchal attitudes are not, changed even though the country had contributed firebrands of women freedom, fighters., Women in India are apt to be called weaker sex. They rank 140 out of 179, countries in the Mother’s Index Rank while Chinese women rank 61. This is clear, indicator of India’s poor maternal health., According to the 2011 census, male literacy rate in India is 82.14% while female, literacy rate is 65.46%. This low level of literacy has a negative impact on the, lives of women and their families. Moreover it adversely affects the economic, development of the country too. Numerous studies show that illiterate women, have high levels of fertility and mortality, poor nutritional status, low earning, potential, and little autonomy within the household. A woman’s lack of education, also has a negative impact on the health and well being of her children. For, instance, a recent survey in India found that infant mortality was inversely related, to mother’s educational level., Educating girl child and retaining them in schools strengthens maternal health., 3 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Education provides mental strength and mental toughness. It in turn multiplies the, number in labour force. Education and labour help women to break the shackles of, exclusion. It helps them realize their potential. Actually it is a proven fact that, women labour force raises the GDP of a country. Employed women tend to spend, their money on developmental processes as against employed men., But the work environment should be productive and harmonious. In India equal, pay for equal work is still a distant dream while safety in the work place is a myth., Gender specific issues are not yet addressed in the Indian workplaces. Brutal, working hours is another problem. In India, different NGOs and SHGs have, proven that women on assuming leadership, become mentor and guide to other, women. Prerna is one such organization working among rural women. In Kerala,, we have the case of Rabiya who made her entire villagers literate despite being, confined within a wheelchair. There are much more examples like Sunitha, Krishnan, Sudha Murti etc. Government shows affirmative discrimination by, giving scholarships to girl child in India., Women have always played a pivotal role in Indian history in the form of Gargi, and Maithreyi in the Vedic Age, Jhansi Rani, Indira Gandhi, Indira Nuyi and many, more. But this parade of women does not relieve us from the greater blow. The, size of the women population trampled is alarmingly high. Indian woman has to, redraw her space in a wide canvass of inclusion. She has to cross many milestones, towards achieving that., Only through mutual understanding and support women can attain this goal. Men, should give her the right to live with dignity and the right to live as a human being., Moreover, they have to accept that women are indispensable in raising nation’s, G.D.P, when they become part of the workforce. Even this mode of thought has to, be changed. Rather than men giving her the right to live with dignity, women have, to win her right. While winning the rights and privileges, women should not forget, her role in the making of a family because only she can transform the four walled, house into a ‘home’ with the tenderness of her love and affection. Thus India can, raise its head among the countries of the world by enhancing the pride of its, women., , 4 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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LIVE TV REPORT, Good evening. We are going to witness a historic journey of five men in a hot air, balloon from Paris. Here, at the factory of La Villette, operations have started to, get Le Horla, the hot air balloon for the rise. The balloon is lying in the courtyard., Around three hundred people have gathered here to be witness to this odd kind of, travel. The crowd is thrilled and excited and they express their own doubts and, happiness. Some criticize this novel type of balloon with which the adventurous, young men are about to experiment. Now you can see the balloon is being filled, with air through a long tube of yellow cloth. The attendants of Captain Jovis spread, the net so as to distribute the pressure equally at every point. The balloon is, attached to a basket. The crew is getting ready for the travel. They fill the basket, with barometers, siren, two trumpets, the eatables, the overcoats and raincoats and, small articles. Lieutenant Mallet is the night watch man. He jumps aboard and, occupies his position between the basket and the balloon. M. Etierine Beer, M., Paul Bessand, M. Patrice Eyries and M. Guy de Maupassante now get in. Oh the, basket is too heavy for the balloon. M. Eyries is getting out sad. M. Joliet requests, the ladies to stand aside a little not to throw sand on their hats in rising. On his, command, Le Horla gets its liberty with the strike with a knife. Within a second, they are flying skyward. This is a hot air balloon take off which would be recorded, in the history of man’s unquenchable thirst for exploration. Let us wish the, exuberant and innovative men all the best. I am Julia De Silva, reporter, BBC with, cameraman Alexander Joseph., 2. “Are women empowered in our society?” Write four arguments in favour of, and against of this topic., For, 1. So many laws have been formulated to protect women from atrocities like, dowry, sex abuse, domestic violence, denial of education etc., 2. Women are given employment opportunities to make them financially secure., 3. Women are given equal rights to education through Right to Education Act,, 2009., 4. In the political front, women are given reservation., 5 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Against, 1. Laws are not implemented properly., 2. Instead of the perpetrators of crime, the victims are punished., 3. Though the prenatal testing is punished, the number of female feoticides is on, the rise., 4. Inside her home itself woman is discriminated., II. How do you welcome the tourists? Write the script of the welcome speech., Dear Tourists,, Welcome to this wonderland of exquisite beauty. I’m sure you shall never regret, the choice of this spot as tourist destination., This location is famous for its lovely greenery and lush hills and silvery, backwaters. Natural beauty here shall mesmerize you., Stalls and shops here carry exotic objects which catch your attention and at the, same time they are unique in nature too., It could be proper if you do not linger long in one place alone. Then you may miss, other places of interest. Do have healthy meals from established restaurants., It has been nice to see you all over here. Wishing you the pleasantest and nicest, experiences that will cherish your life long., Thank you., Character of Hasan, Hasan, the serang is the most memorable character in the story titled ‘Serang of, Ranaganji’. A short and ugly looking man with short legs and a large, disproportionate head, Hasan is not at all a presentable figure. But he is an abode, of noble feelings and sentiments. Hasan is always ready to shoulder any, responsibility happily. When small pox spread in the deck, Hasan’s assistance, helped the doctor to tackle the situation in a better way. While nursing the patients,, he even risked his life. He didn’t mind the doctor’s advice. When the doctor told, 6 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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him that the company must give extra pay for his invaluable service, what Hasan, answered was remarkable. He replied that he was contented with his lot. He was, unmistakably sincere and completely detached from the usual hope of reward. He, always hated money. He had courage, self- control and faith. He disregarded, ‘tomorrow’. In a world which forgets values, Hasan becomes the symbol of, nobility and magnanimity., Character of Jope Smith, Jope Smith belongs to upper class. She presents herself in a dashing style to look, younger. She is a bore - an assertive bore. She is the chief promoter of, entertainments in the ship. She gives importance only to looks. She is much, selfish. She does not spare anyone from her nasty wit. It was too much improper, on her part to tease Hasan for his looks. This incident itself shows her beastly, character about which the Doctor A.J. Cronin mentions at the end of the story., Character of Hamble, Captain Hamble is a strict disciplinarian and a just and fair minded officer. He, knows his crew in and out. He rightly judges the character of Hassan as the finest, man he has. He is duty-bound to the core. That is why he cannot give any of his, officers when the Doctor demanded to help him at the time of the crisis., , Gooseberries, 1.’Money, like vodka can play queer tricks with a man.’ What were the queer, tricks?, Ivan Ivanich has a brother named Nicholai. Even when he was working in the, exchequer, he thought of buying a small farm with a gooseberry bush by the bank, of a river or a lake. He used to live meagerly and never had enough to eat and, drink. Then he was married to an elderly ugly widow with the idea of buying a, farmhouse with a gooseberry bush. The lady was rich. But Nicholai still lived, stingily, kept her half-starved, and put the money into the bank in his own name., After the death of his wife, he materialized his dream. The duck-pond in his, farmhouse was coffee-coloured . But Nicholai was least worried about it. He, 7 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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ordered twenty gooseberry-bushes and settled down to a country life. Hence at this, point Ivan feels that money like vodka play queer tricks with a man., 2. It was hard and sour, but I saw a happy man, one whose dearest dream had come, true, who had attained his goal in life, who had got what he wanted and was, pleased with his destiny and with himself., a. Who is referred as happy man?, Nicholai Ivanich, b. What was his dream?, His dream was to buy a farmhouse with a gooseberry bush inside it., c. What does gooseberry symbolize in this story?, In this story, Nicholai was living in a town and working in the Exchequer. Even, then his dream was to buy a farmhouse with a gooseberry bush. He had lived, stingily and saved his money to attain this goal. When his dream came true, even, the gooseberries he got from his farm tasted sweet. It is Nicholai’s happiness, which made the gooseberries sweet in taste. Gooseberries at first taste bitter and, later taste sweet. Nicholai at first led a bitter life. But in the old age he became, happy and contented. Gooseberries thus become a symbol of life., 3. I am an old man now and am no good for the struggle. I commenced late. I can, only grieve within my soul, and fret and sulk., a. What do you mean by fret?, To be worried, b. What do you mean by sulk?, To be angry, c. Who speaks this?, Ivan Ivanich., d. Comment on this view., Ivan Ivanich paid a visit to his brother, Nicholai Ivanich’s house. He found there, a happy man whose dearest dream was attained. Nicholai was living in a town and, working in the Exchequer. Even then his dream was to buy a farmhouse with a, goose berry bush. He had lived stingily and saved his money to attain this goal., When his dream came true, even the gooseberries he got from his farm tasted, sweet. It is Nicholai’s happiness which made the gooseberries sweet in taste., At the same time, Ivan Ivanich was working as a veterinary surgeon. He did not, cherish any dream at all. Now when he sees his brother’s happiness, he feels, 8 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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remorse. He regrets that he has not achieved anything in life. This regret is, meaningless. Age cannot make anyone weak. Even in old age one can live a, fruitful life. There are chances of doing great things in life. Only thing one wants, to achieve this is a healthy mind. An old man can still engage in a work he likes., He might be not that much strong. But the experience he acquired over the years, will help him to attain his dream. Hence age becomes an added advantage. Age, does not matter. Ivan needn’t grieve for becoming old., 4. Sketch the character of Ivan Ivanich and Nicolai Ivanich., Ivan Ivanich and Nicolai Ivanich are the brothers in the story Gooseberries. Ivan is, the protagonist while Nicolai figures in the story with in the story narrated by Ivan., Though brothers, both of them are poles apart. Ivan and Nicholai lived in, countryside after the death of their father. Both of them enjoyed their lives in the, country. But only Nicholai is drawn to the country. He pined away in the, Exchequer. He thought of one thing, how to get back to the country, and to buy a, small farm somewhere by the bank of a river or a lake. With this dream, he used to, live meagerly and never had enough to eat and drink, dressed like a beggar and, always saved and put his money into the bank. With the same idea of buying a, farmhouse with a gooseberry bush, he married an elderly, ugly widow, not out of, any feeling for her, but because she had money. With her he still lived stingily,, kept her half starved, and put the money into the bank in his own name. After her, death he materialized his dream. He bought three hundred acres with a farmhouse,, a cottage, and a park. Then he ordered twenty gooseberry-bushes and settled down, to a country life., On the other hand, Ivan lived a contented life with his profession as a veterinary, surgeon. He did not cherish any dream. He was leisurely enjoying his holidays., He was lavish unlike Nicholai. He never sympathized with his brother’s desire., But when he realized that his brother could materialize his dream and enjoy his life, in his old age, Ivan became jealous. Till then Ivan thought that life is an alloy of, happiness and sadness. Now that Ivan found a completely satisfied man. That, makes him remorseful. He is now sorry that he has become old and he can no, longer work for a dream. Thus Ivan presents himself as selfish and jealous man,, while Nicholai appears as a man who is steadfast in his goal., Critical appreciation of ‘If’, 9 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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A versatile poet, novelist and short story writer, Rudyard Kipling was first English, poet to receive Nobel prize for literature. ‘If’ is Kipling’s most beloved poem and, along with White Man’s Burden his most famous. The poem is addressed to the, poet’s son John, while it was inspired by his friend, Leander Starr Jameson, the, Scots born colonial politician who led the expedition towards Second Boer War., The poem is called ‘If’ because the poet presents a series of situations and the, desired behaviour one would accept in these situations. Then only he shall become, a perfect and ideal man., If’ consists of a multitude of characteristics essential to the ideal man. They almost, all express classic British stoicism and reserve – the stiff upper lip. A man must, be humble, rational, persevering, dependable. They must be truthful and patient., The old fashioned virtues of fortitude, responsibilities and resolution are articulated, in the poem., PARAPHRASE OF IF., The poem is called ‘If’ because the poet presents a series of situations and the, desired behaviour one would accept in these situations., If you are strong enough and if you can take responsibility for your actions and, choices bravely when all around you lose their strength and find fault with you., And if you believe in yourself when all others mistrust you. Do not blame them, for their blames upon you. Others’ doubts do not matter if you are right and, convinced. If you are patient enough and if you don’t lose your temper. Wait with, patience for the fruit of your labour. Sometimes victory may be around the corner., Others may tell lies about you. You shouldn’t engage in telling lies. You may be, hated by many around you, but don’t let hatred conquer your heart. But you, shouldn’t appear so good and don’t talk with too much wisdom., People don’t like too much self righteous persons. Dreams are good and chase the, dreams. But don’t let the dreams cloud your reason. They should be put into action., Think, but those thoughts also should be translated into action. Thoughts and, dreams can not make things happen. Success and failures are common in life. You, should treat them equally. Tolerate what those dishonest men do with your words, 10 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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to trap other fools. Your words may be used for evils. Sometimes you may see, your, life fallen and broken. But don’t lose your heart. Bend and get those lost and, broken things to build up your life from ashes once more. Great successes come, after great disappointments. If you lose whatever you have earned, even then take, risks in life. You need to work from the beginnings sometimes. But don’t speak, about your loss to anyone. A man must be able to risk, his achievements while aiming towards bigger goals. You must use your mental, and physical strength for the further course of action with renewed strength,, courage and determination, Despite all the losses and disappointments, you should have the will or strong, determination to hold your spirits high, Even when you have nothing, gather courage to have a fresh start. It is better if you, have the will to proceed. Let that spirit of determination stay in you and hold you, to build up your life Be a man who fits well with All the sections of society., Mingle with common crowd. But never lose your individuality. Be virtuous while, interacting with common man. Be in touch with them when you interact with men, of high rank. Remain unaffected by friends and enemies. Foes can reduce your, confidence and friends can make you overconfident. Let all men consider you but, you should be least affected by others’ attitudes towards you. If you value, everyone equally, not giving specialimportance to a particular person., Time if wasted will never forgive you. Fill every minute with meaning. If you heed, these pieces of advice then you can conquer this earth and everything upon it. You, will be a PERFECT man., , 11 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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USE AND MISUSE OF CYBERSPACE, The advent of the World Wide Web brought about a revolutionary change in the, dissemination of information. A cultural transformation from the printed space to, the cyber space took place. It redefined the spatial dimensions of our universe., There has not been any objection to the use of cyberspace among those who have, enjoyed the varied benefits of cyberspace. But there has not been any objection to, its misuse because of the havoc it creates in modern world. Especially because the, misuse of cyberspace has added one more category to the world of crimes, that is, cybercrimes., The merits of cyberspace use are many and varied. Firstly, there is the information, explosion which helps us with the click of a mouse. The search engines are myriad, in number and it serves the purpose. We can download anything from legal texts, and lists of great new restaurants to game software or interesting presentations., Secondly, the entertainment services make our home itself a space for leisure and, enjoyment. Cyberspace caters to the needs of all irrespective of age and gender., Thirdly, within a spark of the second, communication is possible through emails, and other services. Messages and details can be speedily attached and sent., Fourthly, there is scope for creating groups of real communities like Whatsapp,, Facebook etc. People in these groups can engage in communication, discussions, and debates., But all these can create problems if cyberspace is misused. Firstly, the freedom to, download texts and other things itself is misused most of the times. Unwanted or, illegal texts are also downloaded by some individuals., Secondly, the entertainment services make people addicts to cyberspace. People, may watch porn sites. Small children may also become addicts to porn sites or, games., Thirdly, the communication services reduced distance between two persons staying, at two ends of the world. But nowadays these services have widened the distance, between the minds., 12 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Fourthly, the decibel level is high sometimes in the communities created with the, help of cyberspace. Rude participants may make a revolution possible with the, heated discussions., To sum up, it can be stated that since our society needs growing up and since there, are no perfect answers and solutions there is space for individual choice and, individual responsibility. As far as cyberspace is concerned the user himself has to, impose his moral rules., II. Technology making society alive/Benefits of technology in enhancing social, interaction, We are living in a world of technological revolution. Technology has raised our, living standards and facilitated our transportation modes and so on. Moreover, the, world has witnessed great explosion in communication. This revolution in, communication has brought its own advantages and disadvantages., Firstly, technology makes communication faster. It reduced the distance between, the individuals staying at two ends of the world. Within the click of the mouse or, with a ring of the phone messages can be immediately passed., Secondly, technology affords diverse formats of interaction. This include mobile, phones, emails, fax,facebook, whatsapp etc. This gives enough scope for, discussions and debates also., Thirdly, technology provides entertainment services even inside our homes. We, can watch movies and play games in door and be happy and merry without the, strain of going out., Fourthly, technology helps group interactions possible through methods like, teleconferencing, Whatsapp, Facebook etc., Fifthly, technology helps to communicate seeing the face even we are miles apart., The services like scype make it possible., Lastly, technology takes away the tedium and boredom of idling away the time. It, can make leisure time lively and productive with fun and information., , 13 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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But all these can create problems if these possibilities are misused. The, entertainment services make people addicts to these technologies. Social, networking sites like Whatsapp and Facebook take a lot of time. The participants, are forced to watch the same video or audio clippings. The photographs pasted, may be morphed and misused. Personal details can be used for fraud. Another, problem is the porn sites. People may watch porn sites. Small children may also, become addicts to porn sites or games. Since the entertainment services are, provided inside the homes, most of the times visitors are unwelcome. Mingling, among the people is minimized thus. Though the communication services reduced, distance between two persons staying at two ends of the world, these services have, widened the distance between the minds. The possibility of seeing through the, computer monitor takes away the emotional attachment of the physical presence, among the dear and near. Due to this possibility the children who are far away, tend to stay where they are for a long period. The decibel level is high sometimes, in the communities created with the help of cyberspace. Rude participants may, make a revolution possible with the heated discussions. Engaging in discussions, and debates through these services may take much of the precious time which, could otherwise be productive., To sum up, it can be stated that since our society needs growing up and since there, are no perfect answers and solutions there is space for individual choice and, individual responsibility. As far as technological revolution is concerned the user, himself has to impose his moral rules and to abide by the social etiquettes., Application Letter and C.V., To [email protected], Subject Job application for ______, Sir,, With reference to your advertisement dated ____ in _____ daily, I would like to, apply for the post of _____., I am ______ with excellent communication skills and brilliant academic, background. I assure that I shall discharge my duties in the capacity of this post to, the best of my capacities. I request that I may be considered for the same., 14 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Yours faithfully,, NAME, CURRICULUM VITAE, PERSONAL PROFILE, Name:, Age and Date of Birth:, Address:, Name of Parents and Occupation:, Hobbies:, EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS, EXPERIENCE PROFILE, ACHIEVEMENTS, DECLARATION, I declare that the details given above are true to the best of my knowledge., Place, , Signature, , Date, , NAME, FIRST FLIGHT, , 1.After reading the story His First Flight you became inspired to become highly, successful in life. That night you write your diary. What would be that diary entry?, Oh! What a good day. At school read the story of a young seagull. He was too, diffident to recognize the power of his wings. If and only if he could make an, attempt he could have joined his brothers and sister earlier. Now I realize that I too, act like the same seagull. I also have wings. But I don’t understand the lot of, power and potential in me. Instead I sit idle in my own comfort zone. If I am, 15 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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going like this my life would never become successful. Moreover, my life would, end in a disastrous failure. No…. I am not going to be like this. Surely I will fly., My aim is the top of the mountains. My dreams are sky high. Who I am is enough., With these unique qualities in me I will conquer this world and become the most, successful man in this world., 2. After reading the story you are inspired to write a letter to your close friend., What would be the letter?, Dear friend,, How are you? Hope you are well. Here my family and me are well. How is your, school? Are you enjoying there?, Now I have something special to write to you. I read the story ‘His First Flight’ by, Liam O’Flaherty. It was about a seagull which was afraid to fly. His family, provoked and tempted him in many ways to react. Finally he was forced to fly., After reading the story I felt that we are more or less like this seagull. We have, wings. But we think we are incapable and we are not utilizing it. Shan’t we use, our potential to its fullest? Surely we can. Shan’t we swear that we shall be the, best in the world in our own unique way? Of course, we have the power in us. Let, us do it., Nothing more to pen. Give my love to all at home., Yours lovingly,, Sd/Name, To, Address, 3. “Only his mother was looking at him”. What does this tell of mother’s character?, The young seagull’s mother was deeply concerned about him. But at the same, time, his father and brothers and sister were doing their works. For any child, its, 16 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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mother had deeper and more serious concern about it. Here also even if it is a bird,, the seagull’s mother was more attached towards him., 4. ‘He waited a moment in surprise, wondering why she did not come nearer, and, then maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish.’, a. What does this tell about young seagull’s character?, The young seagull is lazy. He wanted to have food without working., Moreover, he was diffident to fly. He didn’t think that he could fly. He, had fears and inhibitions., b. Do you think that the mother is resourceful? Why?, The young seagull’s mother is much resourceful. She resorted to all, means to put him into action. At first, she threatened. Then she teased., Now she tempted him with a piece of food. She knew that the sight of, the food would make him act., c. What is the technique she used?, The mother was using the technique of temptation., d. Necessity is the mother of invention. Substantiate this proverb in this, instance., Innovative actions are carried out when there is a need. Sometimes, circumstances and situations trigger these actions. In this instance, the, young seagull is filled with fears and inhibitions. He was not sure of, himself. He thought that he could not fly. He had wings. But he didn’t, have the belief in his wings. His parents tried hard to put him into action., They threatened him to starve till death; they teased him; they tried to, elicit his envy by appreciating the elder ones. At last, his mother resorted, to temptation. She knew that he was hungry. And her insight told her, that he would respond at the sight of food. Truly, the sight of food, maddened him because he was already hungry. The food was almost, within his reach. He thought he had to only dive for the fish. But the, next moment he found himself above the water. Unknowingly his innate, instinct for flight was awakened. He found his wings spread and he was, soaring upwards. Thus the situation of getting food within his immediate, reach forced him to try for it. Need for food becomes the necessity here, , 17 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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and invention is his newfound knowledge of flight. Thus necessity, becomes the mother of invention here., 5. Which of the following is the theme of this story?, a., b., c., d., , Teaching how to fly, Creates a need to fly, Importance of facing challenges courageously, Importance of independence and self confidence, Ans. c, , 6. The story His first Flight belongs to _________ category of stories., a., b., c., d., , Folktale, Fiction, Fable, Myth, , Ans: a, 7. The word used for ‘stopped’., Ans: halted, 8. The story His First Flight aims at inculcating the readers with the importance of, building self-confidence and self-reliance. Establish the statement quoting, instances/events from the story., Success is the outcome of self confidence, self esteem and self reliance. Everyone, is born into earth after a great fight for survival. This shows that he is capable for a, flight. Everybody is born with some innate potential. Each one is blessed with, some special talents and abilities. Thus everyone is unique. This unique quality, will help each one to make a mark of one’s own in this world. But the, manifestation of these qualities needs self confidence, self esteem and self reliance., Each and everyone are gifted with wings. But one has to shed one’s fears and, inhibitions towards the successful utilization of abilities. One has to be sure of, oneself. The young seagull’s story teaches us all these lessons., , 18 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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The little one is blessed with the shortest wings. But he did not realize the ability, of his wings. He was filled with fears and inhibitions. He was not sure of himself., His brothers and sister had already flown away. They were mastering the art of, flight under the tutelage of his parents. The young seagull felt that his wings could, not support him. He flapped his wings and tried to fly. But the vast expanse of the, sea made him afraid to fly. He wanted to reach his family without having to fly. At, this point his family’s attempt was to build self confidence and self esteem in him., They also tried to impart him the lesson of self reliance., His parents tried hard to put him into action. They threatened him to starve till, death; they teased him; they tried to elicit his envy by appreciating the elder ones., At last, his mother resorted to temptation. She knew that he was hungry. And her, insight told her that he would respond at the sight of food. Truly, the sight of food, maddened him because he was already hungry. The food was almost within his, reach. He thought he had to only dive for the fish. But the next moment he found, himself above the water. Unknowingly his innate instinct for flight was awakened., He found his wings spread and he was soaring upwards. Thus the situation of, getting food within his immediate reach forced him to try for it. Finally, the young, seagull acquired enough self confidence. He learnt to be self reliant. He soon, enjoyed a happy living., One can attain success and happiness with self confidence and self reliance. The, young seagull becomes a perfect example for this moral., 9. The mother bird is,  Responsible,  Caring,  Loving, Add three more qualities of her. Then sketch the character of the mother., The mother seagull is resourceful, considerate, motivating, inspiring and intelligent., The mother seagull is the most interesting character in the story His First Flight., She is the embodiment of motherly love and care. She was considerate to the core., She takes care of the elder ones already with him. At the same time, she considers, the youngest one who has not still joined them. She felt responsible to put the, 19 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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young seagull into action. Only she was looking at him while others in the family, were engaged in other actions. She was deeply concerned about him. For any, child, its mother had deeper and more serious concern about it. Here also even if it, is a bird, the seagull’s mother was more attached towards him. The means through, which she put him into action shows her resourcefulness and intelligence. Her deep, insight told her that he would respond at the sight of food. So she went towards, him with a piece of fish. Truly, the sight of food maddened him because he was, already hungry. The food was almost within his reach. He thought he had only to, dive for the fish. But the next moment when he dived at the fish, she had swooped, past him. He found himself above the water. Unknowingly his innate instinct for, flight was awakened. He found his wings spread and he was soaring upwards., Thus the mother proves herself to be motivating and inspiring., The mother seagull becomes the epitome of care, concern, love, responsibility,, resourcefulness and intelligence., 10. Read the story and answer the following questions., 1. Which word in the first paragraph means wide?, expanse, 2. Find a sentence in the second paragraph which shows that the young, seagull was a coward?, But for the life of him he could not move., 3. ‘He even gnawed at the dried piece of eggshell.’ Why did he do so?, He wanted to elicit sympathy from his parents so that they would bring, him fish or they would carry him towards the other end., 4. Pick out instances from the story for the following qualities of the mother, bird., a. Caring, b. Responsible, c. Motivating, 5. Gawl-ool-ah’, she screamed back mockingly. What would have the, mother said? Do you agree to the attitude of the mother? Why?, The mother would have asked him to make his own attempt at flying., Yes, the mother’s attitude was proper. If she had helped him, he would, never have learnt the lesson of flying. Actually the young seagull was, 20 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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not unable to fly. In fact, he had shorter wings. But he had fears and, inhibitions. He was not sure of himself. Hence he needed only an, awareness of his abilities. The mother’s attempt was to build his self, confidence., 6. What did the mother bird do to tempt the young bird into flying?, The deep insight of the mother bird told her that the young seagull would, respond at the sight of food. So she went towards him with a piece of, fish. Truly, the sight of food maddened him because he was already, hungry. The food was almost within his reach. He thought he had only, to dive for the fish. But the next moment when he dived at the fish, she, had swooped past him. He found himself above the water. Unknowingly, his innate instinct for flight was awakened. He found his wings spread, and he was soaring upwards. Thus the mother motivated and inspired the, young one into action., , 1. The following diagram shows the development of the various plots in the, story ‘His First Flight’. Quote relevant events/instances from the story to, establish each stage. One has been done for you., Issue : _Courage to face challenges in life., Adverse circumstances/, Obstacles, : The young bird did not have confidence to fly, into the sea., : He had no food to eat., : His family left him and they were enjoying, in the sea., : Even his mother did not come with some, food for him., : He could see only the sky above and the sea, beneath him., :The cliff was getting hot, as the sun was, ascending the sky., Temptation, : The sight of food, , 21 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Reaction, : He dived at the fish. He found himself into, the space., Effect/Result, :The young seagull became aware of his, ability to fly. He started flying in the sky and he learnt to float on water., 11. Discuss the role of family in the life of young ones citing instances from, the story, His First Flight, The young seagull is blessed with the shortest wings. But he did not realize, the ability of his wings. He was filled with fears and inhibitions. He was, not sure of himself. His brothers and sister had already flown away. They, were mastering the art of flight under the tutelage of his parents. The young, seagull felt that his wings could not support him. He flapped his wings and, tried to fly. But the vast expanse of the sea made him afraid to fly. He, wanted to reach his family without having to fly. At this point his family’s, attempt was to build self confidence and self esteem in him. They also tried, to impart him the lesson of self reliance., His parents tried hard to put him into action. They threatened him to starve, till death; they teased him; they tried to elicit his envy by appreciating the, elder ones. At last, his mother resorted to temptation. She knew that he was, hungry. And her insight told her that he would respond at the sight of food., Truly, the sight of food maddened him because he was already hungry. The, food was almost within his reach. He thought he had only to dive for the, fish. But the next moment he found himself above the water. Unknowingly, his innate instinct for flight was awakened. He found his wings spread and, he was soaring upwards. Thus the situation of getting food within his, immediate reach forced him to try for it. Finally, the young seagull acquired, enough self confidence. He learnt to be self reliant. He soon enjoyed a, happy living., The role of the family is indispensable in teaching the young ones the need, for self confidence, self esteem and self reliance., PRECIS WRITING, Make a note on the passage And Then Gandhi Came, 22 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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The condition of India was uncertain with humiliation, helplessness, hopelessness, and anger. Gandhiji’s arrival saw political freedom taking a new shape. He, removed the black pall of fear and upset the working of people’s minds. He spoke, the language of the millions of Indians and exhorted against exploitation., His teachings were fearlessness and truth. He created in Indians a desire to submit, no longer and a feeling of shame. His methods were psycho analytical. His action, was two-fold: challenging and resisting foreign rule and fighting against social, evils like minority problem, respect to titles, desire for pomp and splendor., According to Gandhiji’s wishes and ideas India is to be moulded in which even the, poorest shall feel that it is their country and all communities shall live in perfect, harmony. Untouchability and intoxicating drinks and drunks are forbidden there., Gandhiji was filled with self confidence and an unusual kind of power. He was a, vital personality who attracted masses., LETTER TO THE EDITOR, Anamika, House No. 7, Pullepady, 14.03.2016, The Editor, The Hindu Daily, Sir, Sub: Presentation of women’s issues reg:I would like to express my strong resent over the presentation of women’s issues in, media., Atrocities against women are on the rise nowadays. Each and every day we wake, up to hear the frightening news of rapes, murders and crimes upon women. It, seems media do not give due importance to reveal the story. The presentation, finally takes away the honour of women. The columns and editorial notes do not, give adequate coverage to create awareness on this issue., I strongly believe that as an advocate of public opinion media can perform this, mammoth task by detailing the women’s issues. I request that more of this paper’s, pages may be reserved to present these issues so that general public may get the, first-hand knowledge., Yours sincerely,, 23 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Sd/ANAMIKA, DEATH THE LEVELLER, 1. What is the summary of the poem ‘Death the Leveller’?, ‘Death the Leveller’ by James Shirley is a powerful poem which declares that, death is a great democrat. Shirley says that for death, the rich and the poor are alike., Death doesn’t consider the rank, status or power of its victim., The poem has three stanzas. In the first stanza the poet says that glories based on, birth and status are insignificant. We have no defense against death. Death, equalizes the status of a king and a poor farmer., The second stanza elaborates the idea that the earthly victories are of no, importance. Many war heroes have reaped the lives of men with their swords. Man, enjoys defeating his fellow beings. But one day the victorious also will be defeated, by death. Shirley reminds the reader that all men will be captivated by death., In the third and final stanza, the poet continues his reflections upon the futility of, earthly glories. Death would not spare the victor or the victim. The destiny of a, man will end up in a tomb. The only thing that will remain is our good deed. Even, after our death, the fragrance of our good deeds will remain., 2. Write a short paragraph on the poetic devices employed by James Shirley in the, poem ‘Death the Leveller’, ‘Death the Leveller’ is a simple poem which depicts the poet’s reflections on death., It consists of three stanzas and each stanza contains eight lines. The language is, simple. The poem is rhythmic and the rhyme scheme is A-B-A-B-C-C-D-D. The, last four lines in each stanza are rhyming couplets. It may be noted that the rhythm, is in tune with the theme. The first four lines in a stanza describe and the last four, lines summarize the theme. The whole poem is built around the metaphor of death., The actions of the just blossoming into sweet smelling flowers, is another, metaphor in the poem. Yet another metaphor can be seen in the line ‘glories of or, blood and state / are shadows’. Death is also personified as a great equalizer. It also, becomes a symbol. Symbolism is also used by referring to the ‘sceptre and crown’, 24 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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and ‘scythe and spade to represent power and the oppressed respectively. These, images are also examples of metonymy. Imagery is used abundantly to enforce the, theme. Oxymoron is another figure of speech used by the poet ( early or late and, Victor-victim)., 3. What is the message of the poem?, The poem gives the message that our glories are not real. Death, the leveler, equalizes all men. In this sense death is a great democrat. Nobody can escape, death, not even the kings and the mighty lords. What lasts forever on earth are the, good deeds of men who are just. Impermanence of beauty, power, value and glory, are contrasted with permanence of good deeds. Everything other than the good, deeds is reduced to death., 4. Explain the following lines, A, ‘The glories of our………not substantial things., The poet says that the victories and power we gain through our birth and, status in society are not real, they are mere shadows., b. ‘”There is no armour against fate”, We cannot avoid death. Nothing can protect us from death., c. “Sceptre and crown………scythe and spade, Death equalizes the mighty kings and the poor common men. For death,, powerful kings and poor peasants are equal., d. “Some men with sword………..where they kill”, The great warriors kill people at the battlefield and in return they earn, laurels., e. “Upon death’s purple alter…..victor-victim bleeds “, Death is inevitable. Both the victor and the victim face death alike., f. “Only the actions of the just……blossom in their dust”, The only everlasting thing on earth is the good deed done by just men., Everything else turns into dust after death., Critical appreciation of SUNRISE ON THE HILLS, H.W. Longfellow the great American poet has dealt with simple themes in an, elevated style. The poem Sunrise on the Hills is a true product of American, 25 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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romanticism. The poet becomes a traveler with an unquenchable thirst to seek, beauty, knowledge and experience. He stands upon the hills where he is enchanted, by the mesmerizing charm of nature. Then he waxes eloquent on her beauty., Being enwrapped with emotions, the poet expounds his philosophy of life. All his, senses are touched by nature in all its elegance and eloquence. In the end he, moves to the spiritual realization that nature heals every worry. His message is, clear to this world which is vying among one another to exploit nature. His cry is, for a return to the lap of nature., The mood of the poem is optimistic with its tone solemn and sublime. All the, descriptions are vivid and picturesque., The scene of a sunrise seen from hills is sweetly described through abundant use of, symbols and figurative language. The most beautiful among these figurative, expressions is the metaphors used while comparing sun to a gallant knight and, nature to his sweetheart and princess. Sun is described as a knight in arms, returning victorious after a long battle, the reason why he is not visible during the, night. Horizon becomes glorious in his presence and now his retreat is to seek the, arms of his ‘sweetheart’ nature. This impending union makes every being romantic., Soft gales also visit the valleys dressed with sunrays and kiss them. Here the gales, and vales are personified., True to his romantic spirit, the poet draws parallels from battle. Clouds belong to, the forces of enemy. They are overpowered by the lances of mountaintops thrown, by sun. Clouds though gathered thus get scattered. Clouds and pinnacle are, compared to rival force and lances. These are the other instances of metaphors., ‘Veil of clouds’ is yet another metaphor which contributes to much of the beauty, of description. Sun the lover lifts the veil of his sweetheart, nature displaying her, charm in the form of valleys and cascades. Nature blushes at the touch of the first, rays of her lover. The metaphor here becomes lovely. Blue lakes become nature’s, pair of blue eyes and woods bending become her eyelashes. Nature smiles and her, smile is contagious. The background score for the union of Sun with Nature is, provided by the music of birds and cascades., , 26 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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The first stanza of the poem abounds with visual imagery while the second stanza, with auditory imagery. Spiralling bittern gives kinesthetic image too., , All these images bring in the themes of love, adventure and battle as in all, romantic poems., Apart from the figures of speech the poet uses certain sound devices to convey the, theme more effectively. ‘Mist thrust’ is an instance of alliteration where a cluster, of consonant sounds is repeated. The rhyme scheme makes the poem more, enjoyable., Longfellow has given a strong message with the help of forceful imagery and, symbols. The dexterous use of sound devices and other poetic techniques makes, the theme distinct. Nature is the soothing balm for all our sorrows. Our tears can, never reduce the sweetness of nature. In turn nature’s sweetness can dim our, worries., The poem is reminiscent of William Wordsworth’s lines in Daffodils,, For oft when on my couch I lie, In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye, Which is the bliss of solitude, And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils, ‘Sunrise on the Hills’ bears eloquent testimony to H.W. Longfellow’s poetic spirit, and romantic imagination. The poem emerges as a celebration of glory of nature., The message of the poem, Sunrise on the Hills, The poem ‘Sunrise on the Hills’ by H.W. Longfellow is a celebration of glory of, nature. The poet has given a strong message with the help of forceful imagery and, symbols. Nature is the soothing balm for all our sorrows. Our tears can never, 27 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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reduce the sweetness of nature. In turn nature’s sweetness can dim our worries., Nature has the healing power. The poet advocates a return to the lap of nature., Nature gifts us with sublime thoughts., The Price of Flowers, 1. Why did Maggie ask Mr Gupta whether he was a vegetarian?, Maggie heard that Yogis are vegetarians. She wanted to confirm whether Mr, Gupta was a Yogi. If Mr Gupta were a Yogi she could ask him to look into the, crystal given by an Indian Yogi and to tell whether her brother was alive or not., Maggie and her mother were depressed because they had not known about him for, a long time, 2. “I do not know what you will think of the request I am going to make”. What, was the request Maggie made to Gupta?, Maggie and her mother had not known about Frank for a long time. Her mother, became bedridden because of her anxiety about her soldier son Frank in India. She, believed that Mr Gupta could gaze into the crystal given by the Indian Yogi and, tell about the whereabouts of Frank. Maggie believed that Mr Gupta never tells a, lie because he is a Hindu. So she requested him to tell the lie that Frank was alive, and fine after gazing into the crystal and thus to save her mother’s life., 3. “I have done my sinful things. So I decided to do this”. What is the meaning of, ‘sinful’? What did Mr Gupta decide to do?, ‘Sinful’ means wrong., Maggie believed that Mr Gupta never tells a lie because he is a Hindu. So she, requested him to tell the lie that Frank was alive and fine after gazing into the, crystal and thus to save her mother’s life. Mr Gupta decided to tell the lie., 4. ‘Her head dropped back. Tears of happiness welled from her eyes. She, whispered faintly. ‘God bless you! God bless you!, Whose head dropped back?, Maggie’s mother’s., What is the meaning of ‘faintly’?, feebly., Whom does she bless? Why?, Mr Gupta. Maggie and her mother had not known about Frank for a long time., Her mother became bedridden because of her anxiety about her soldier son Frank, in India. She believed that Mr Gupta could gaze into the crystal given by the, Indian Yogi and tell about the whereabouts of Frank. She wanted Maggie to invite, Mr Gupta for crystal gazing. Thus Mr Gupta went to Maggie’s house and gazed, into the crystal. He didn’t know anything. Maggie requested him to tell the lie, 28 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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that Frank was alive and thus to save her mother’s life. He told the lie that Frank, was alive. Hearing this Maggie’s mother became happy and blessed him., 5. ‘The joy of doing this was beyond all price. The grief in her heart would be, eased a little’. What does this imply?, Maggie gave Mr Gupta a shilling to buy flowers and to lay on her brother’s grave, in India. In India flowers are plenty. They need not be bought. Moreover the girl, had earned the shilling with much hard work. But Mr Gupta realized that this, simple gift of love is priceless. She would not be deprived of the joy of giving it. It, is the price of her love and sacrifice. So Mr Gupta took the shilling., 6. What is the significance of the title ‘Price of Flowers’?, Maggie gave Mr Gupta a shilling to buy flowers and to lay on her brother’s grave, in India. In India flowers are plenty. They need not be bought. Moreover the girl, had earned the shilling with much hard work. But Mr Gupta realized that this, simple gift of love is priceless. She would not be deprived of the joy of giving it. It, is the price of her love and sacrifice. So Mr Gupta took the shilling. It is only a, shilling. But it has the value of love, affection, care, concern a sister cherishes for, a brother. Hence the title ‘Price of Flowers’ is apt and appropriate., 7. Sketch the character of Maggie., The thirteen year old Maggie is the protagonist in the story ‘The Price of Flowers’., She hails from a poor family. She worked in a shop and earned a small amount, with which she supported her widowed mother. She was a responsible daughter., She presents a sad and anxious figure with large eyes. However, her clothes, betrayed her poverty. She was ambitious and she nurses the dream of becoming a, secretary. She was hard working and she was hopeful about a bright future. She, says that when she becomes a secretary, she will take her mother away. This, shows that she is loving and caring. When her mother became ill, she took care of, her mother with deep concern. She invited Mr Gupta and requested him to tell a, lie regarding her brother in order to save her mother’s life. She was considerate to, the core. Her behaviour towards Mr Gupta tells us that she is polite and refined in, her manners. She gave Mr Gupta a shilling to buy flowers and to lay them on her, brother’s grave. It was the hard earned money she parted. Even this single, incident indicates that Maggie is the embodiment of love, affection, care and, concern. Beyond any doubt her character puts a deep imprint in the minds of any, reader., 8. What is brain work? What kind of profession do you like? Prepare a write up., Maggie wanted a work which helps her make use of her mental ability. Now she, works as an unskilled worker. Actually Maggie is a young efficient and smart girl., She has got the talent to do a work which needs intelligence. Unfortunately she is, placed in such a condition., 29 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Like Maggie I also like to get a job which needs mental ability. Such a job only, gives happiness. I would like to become a teacher. A teacher’s brain works and he, or she can make others’ brain work., 9. Write the letter Mr Gupta writes to Maggie after visiting Franc’s grave., Dear Maggie,, How are you? Hope you and your mother are fine., Last week, I visited _______. It was filled with _____. When I stood there I felt, like talking with Franc. It seems that he was telling me that you and mother should, not be unhappy even for a while. He told me he was happy after all., Maggie, I would like you to be more courageous and win the life battle. In the end, you can fulfill your dreams. Franc will be happy in the other world., Yours lovingly,, Sd/GUPTA, Travel essay, Travel is an eye opener. It provides new, refreshing experiences before us and, often helps us to change our vision and outlook towards life. As the Greek hero, Ulysses speaks, going beyond the horizons helps ‘to strive, to seek, to find and not, to yield.’, I like travel and I never miss an opportunity whenever I get a chance to travel., Hence when I heard a tour is being arranged to (place) I immediately seized the, chance., To see rivers, flowers, birds make one happy. So is it with –(place)---------., It was a tour from our school. We departed from (school or house) in a tourist bus, at 8 a.m. The journey was all the more jovial with lot of fun, songs and games., On our way we stopped at (place) for lunch. ------ is known for its -------. We, enjoyed sightseeing and shopping there. At night we stayed at KTDC Hostel., Next day we left for –(place)-----. It was very beautiful. It was a thrilling, experience. We visited (place). It was highly informative., It was for the first time I have seen these places. I enjoyed all the sights. In the, evening we had boating. It was a nice experience. At night we returned to our, home., This trip gave me a chance for an admiration of natural beauty, love for adventure, and exploration of new cultures, customs and traditions., Even now the memories of this travel are fresh in my mind. I liked the trip. I, would like to go once more., 30 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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I WILL FLY, Important questions, 1.On the basis of Dr Kalam’s speech prepare a speech to motivate and prepare the, S.S.L.C/ Plus two students for the examination., Dear friends,, I would like to talk you to give you confidence and courage in the forthcoming, examinations. Success is one of the sweetest things we like to have. Remember, that success is the outcome of self esteem and self confidence. Lack of self esteem, and lack of self confidence lead to nervousness and nervousness leads to failure., Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam would always appreciate the youth that the ignited mind of, the youth is the most powerful resource on the earth, under the earth, and above the, earth., Let me assure you that you are born with potential. Nothing can fail you. You are, born with goodness and trust. No one can defeat you. You are born with ideas and, dreams. An idea can change your life. You are born great. Why should you lose, this greatness while growing up? You are born with confidence. That was why you, smiled when you were a baby. You are born with wings. You can fly sky high., Yes sky is the limit. Why are you afraid then?, Don’t rely on any foul means. Write the exams well. In your school and at your, home, your teachers and parents may tell you to be so and so. Wherever you go,, people say, “You have to be somebody else or everybody else”. To quote Dr, Kalam, “the challenge is that you have to fight the hardest battle which any human, being can ever imagine, and never stop fighting until you arrive at being a unique, you”., With this let me stop my words. All the best for a bright future. Thank you., 2.Draft an email to your friend who is studying abroad to communicate your, thoughts and ideas on Dr Kalam’s message., To [email protected], 31 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Subject: Dr Kalam’s message, Dear friend,, Hope you are well. How is your studies? How is your life abroad? Do you miss, India? Anyway don’t miss the chance of utilizing the studies abroad. This is a rare, chance. Make the maximum output there., I send this mail now since I was inspired by reading Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s, speech ‘I Will Fly’. I would like to talk to you to give you confidence and courage, in the forthcoming examinations. Success is one of the sweetest things we like to, have. Remember that success is the outcome of self esteem and self confidence., Lack of self esteem and lack of self confidence lead to nervousness and, nervousness leads to failure. Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam would always appreciate the, youth that the ignited mind of the youth is the most powerful resource on the earth,, under the earth, and above the earth., , Dr Kalam assures that you are born with potential. Nothing can fail you. You are, born with goodness and trust. No one can defeat you. You are born with ideas and, dreams. An idea can change your life. You are born great. Why should you lose, this greatness while growing up? You are born with confidence. That was why you, smiled when you were a baby. You are born with wings. You can fly sky high., Yes sky is the limit. Why are you afraid then? In your school and at your home,, your teachers and parents may tell you to be so and so. Wherever you go, people, say, “You have to be somebody else or everybody else”. But the challenge is that, you have to fight the hardest battle which any human being can ever imagine, and, never stop fighting until you arrive at being a unique you., Wishing you all the best for becoming a unique personality., Regards, ANAMIKA, Prepare a précis of the passage And Then Gandhi Came., , 32 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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The condition of India was uncertain with humiliation, helplessness, hopelessness, and anger. Gandhiji’s arrival saw political freedom taking a new shape. He, removed the black pall of fear and upset the working of people’s minds. He spoke, the language of the millions of Indians and exhorted against exploitation., His teachings were fearlessness and truth. He created in Indians a desire to submit, no longer and a feeling of shame. His methods were psycho analytical. His action, was two-fold: challenging and resisting foreign rule and fighting against social, evils like minority problem, respect to titles, desire for pomp and splendor., According to Gandhiji’s wishes and ideas India is to be moulded in which even the, poorest shall feel that it is their country and all communities shall live in perfect, harmony. Untouchability and intoxicating drinks and drunks are forbidden there., Gandhiji was filled with self confidence and an unusual kind of power. He was a, vital personality who attracted masses., LETTER TO THE EDITOR, Anamika, House No. 7, Pullepady, 14.03.2016, The Editor, The Hindu Daily, Sir, Sub: Presentation of women’s issues reg:I would like to express my strong resent over the presentation of women’s issues in, media., Atrocities against women are on the rise nowadays. Each and every day we wake, up to hear the frightening news of rapes, murders and crimes upon women. It, seems media do not give due importance to reveal the story. The presentation, finally takes away the honour of women. The columns and editorial notes do not, give adequate coverage to create awareness on this issue., I strongly believe that as an advocate of public opinion media can perform this, mammoth task by detailing the women’s issues. I request that more of this paper’s, pages may be reserved to present these issues so that general public may get the, first-hand knowledge., Yours sincerely,, 33 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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Sd/ANAMIKA, PROFILE – SHORT BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, (How to expand the hints?), STEPHEN HAWKING’S PROFILE, Birth -1942, Schooling St.Alban’s School-1950,university College, Oxford – 1959,, Ph. D at Cambridge – 1963, contracted ALS – 1963,Fellowship at Caius -1965,, Marriage – 1965, Lucacian Professor of Mathematics – 1980, tracheotomy – 1984,, Publication of Brief History of Time -1988, Stephen Hawking was born in 1942 (on 8th January,1942). He joined/was educated, at St. Alban’s School in 1950. He joined University College, Oxford in 1959. He, joined for Ph. D in 1963. He contracted ALS in 1963. He got fellowship at Caius in, 1965. He got married to Jane Wilde in 1965. He became Lucacian Professor in, Mathematics in 1980. He underwent tracheotomy in 1984. He published Brief, History of Time in 1988., Introduction (First Sentence), _____________ is a famous personality who made a positive difference in the, lives of many., Conclusion (Last sentence), It is true that his/her life gives great inspiration and motivation., Eg. for other events in life.,  Award Padmasree, He was awarded Padmasree.,  Death 2017, He passed away in 2017.,  Books – Freedom At Midnight, 34 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

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He wrote books like Freedom at Midnight., His famous works/books were,  Famous works - __________, ________, His famous works were _______, ______, THE WRECK OF THE TITANIC, 1. Theme and Message, The Wreck of the Titanic, the poem written by Benjamin Peck Keith is about one, of the greatest tragedies at sea. On 14 April, 1912, The Titanic which carried 2100, passengers and crew collided with an iceberg and sank into the depths of the, Atlantic Ocean. The poem records this tragedy which showed the courage,, heroism and patriotism of the British. Even in the face of death, the passengers and, the crew of the Titanic were duty bound. They upheld values of valour and, fortitude. When the ship was sinking the men cried ‘The women and children first’., The band was playing ‘Nearer My God to Thee’. The poem thus exhorts us to be, brave and noble in any crisis., 2. The poetic devices, The Titanic is compared to ‘a poem of iron and steel’ and ‘sea dream’. The figure, of speech used here is metaphor. The Titanic is personified. Here the figure of, speech is personification. In the lines ‘Out of the night,/ Loomed an ominous form, of ghostly white,’ iceberg is compared to the ominous form and the poetic device, here is metaphor. The iceberg is again compared to towering mountain of ice and, here also the poetic device is metaphor., , 35 CONSOLIDATED NOTES OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH - PREPARED BY DR SAJEENA SHUKKOOR, HSST, (ENGLISH), THIRUVANANTHAPURAM