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Theories of, Psychology, By Himanshi Singh
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Something About Me!, • This is HIMANSHI SINGH., • Have keen interest in Psychology., • Pursuing Eng. Hons. From Delhi University., • I’ve done D.El.Ed from Delhi., • I have a YouTube channel named “Lets LEARN”.
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Let’s Connect them!
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We’re going to discuss…, •, •, •, •, •, , Birth of Psychology, Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalysis, (Freud & Defense Mechanism), , •, •, •, •, , Behaviorism, (Pavlov, Skinner, Thorndike), Gestalt Psychology, Cognitive School(Piaget,, Vygotsky), , • Humanism(Maslow, Carl Rogers)
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Birth of Psychology, • Psychology was born at the time of two Greek Philosophers Plato and, Aristotle., , •, •, •, •, •, , Etymologically Psychology has two Greek words – Psyche and Logos., Psyche means soul and Logos means study., In 17th century John Locke said, “Mind of a child is Tabula Rasa”., Brain is the center of consciousness?, Woodworth’s Thought?
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1. Structuralism, •, •, •, •, , Wilhelm Wundt(Father of Psychology)., First lab of Psychology at Leipzig, Germany in 1979., Introspection Method., The Animal Mind-Washburn.
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2. Functionalism, •, •, •, •, , William James(Father of American Psychology)., Principles of Psychology (1890)., Marry Whiton Calkins- An Introduction To Psychology(1901), First female President of American Psychological Association(APA).
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3. Psychoanalysis, •, •, •, •, •, , Sigmund Freud, Three states of mind- Id, Ego, Super Ego., Analysis of forgetfulness, mispronunciation, jokes and dreams., Oedipus and Electra., Eros and Thanatos.
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Stages of Psychodynamic Theory, • Freud believed that life is a combination of tension and pleasure., • According to Freud, the center of all human actions is satisfaction of sexual, libido. on the basis of this fact, he classified following five stages:, , 1. Oral Stage (0-2 years), According to Freud, mouth is the first organ to give pleasure. Child gets oral, stimulation by breast – feeding, thumb-sucking, biting, etc., Oral stimulation could lead to an oral fixation in later life.
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2. Anal Stage (2-3 years), Child gets pleasure by stimulation of excretory organs of body. Child gets pleasure by, holding, releasing and manipulation of urination and defecation process., 3. Phallic Stage (4-6 years):, Child learns the difference between a man and a woman. Oedipus & Electra develops!, 4. Latency Stage (7-12 years):, A child learns to hide his desires by suppression. Freud said that most sexual impulses, are repressed during the latent stage and sexual energy can be sublimated by school, work, hobbies and friendship., 5. Genital Stage (13-19 years): This is the stage of development of reproduction, organs.
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Defense Mechanism, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Denial, Regression, Acting Out, Repression, Projection, Sublimation, , •, •, •, •, •, , Displacement, Humor, Rationalization, Compensation, Fantasy
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4. Behaviorism, • J.B Watson- Father of Behaviorism., • In 1912, he denied to accept Psychoanalysis method of mind and, consciousness as a Science., , • He admitted Psychology as a study of stimulus and response which can be, measured objectively., , • He was influenced by I.P Pavlov’s classical conditioning., • Hull-drive-reduction- “Principles of Behavior”.
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Classical Conditioning- I.P Pavlov, • It involves learning to associate an unconditioned stimulus that already, brings about a particular response (i.e. a reflex) with a new (conditioned), stimulus, so that the new stimulus brings about the same response.
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Key Points, • Stimulus: anything which, , •, affects behavior., •, • Response: behavior elicited by •, the stimulus., •, • Unconditioned stimulus, •, • Conditioned stimulus, , Conditioned response, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Discrimination
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Operant Conditioning – B.F Skinner, • Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between, a particular behavior and a consequence., , • Also known as Instrumental conditioning., • Most influential Psychologist of 20th century.
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Trial & Error – E.L Thorndike, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Father of Educational Psychology., Prominently known for “Trial and Error Theory”., Subject-cat, Stimulus-fish, Motivation-smell, Drive-hunger
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Laws of Learning, • Thorndike classified two different categories of laws of learning:, • Primary Laws of Learning., • Secondary Laws of Learning.
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Secondary Laws of Learning, 1., 2., 3., 4., , Law of Primacy, Law of Recency, Law of Intensity and Stimulus, Law of Multiple Response, , 5. Law of Set or Attitude, 6. Law of Analogy and, Assimilation, , 7. Law of Associative Shifting, 8. Law of Partial Activity
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5. Gestalt Psychology, •, •, •, •, •, , The whole is greater than the sum of its parts., Father of Gestaltism is Wertheimer., People associated with it are Kohler, Koffka, Kurt Lewin., Insightful Learning, Sultan.
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6. Cognitive Psychology, • In 1960, Miller and Jerome Bruner established cognitive school., • Information Processing Theory is given by Bruner., • Enactive, Iconic, Symbolic Learning.
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Jean Piaget, • Schema: Schema is set or pattern or information., • Assimilation: When new schema is added in pre-, , existing schema, it is called assimilation., • Accommodation: When pre-existing schema is, modified due to introduction of new schema, it is called, accommodation.
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1. Sensory motor stage (0-2 years), • Understanding of a child is made through his/her senses., • At the age of 9-10 month, child develops the ability to find hidden objects., This is called ability of Object Permanence., , • This stage is also called infancy.
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2. Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years), • The development of language is most significant feature., • According to Piaget, child learns to think first and develops the language later., • There are two forms of play decentration and shows decontextualization, later., , • Ego-centrism is there at this stage., • Animism is there., • Toy Age.
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3. Concrete Operational Stage, •, •, •, •, , In this stage, child starts thinking., Child develops the ability of reversibility., Child develops the ability of conservation., Child is not able to think abstract concepts i.e able to do concrete thinking., , 4. Formal Operational Stage(11-15):, , • In this stage child develops abstract thinking., • Child develops the ability of hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
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7. Humanism, • Spiritual father of humanism is Abraham Maslow., • Carl Rogers- Theory of Self, non-directive counselling., • Humanism is the third force of Psychology.
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Hierarchy Of Needs
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Carl Rogers
