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Computer Science - XI, , Chapter 1: The Discipline of Computing, Abacus: Considered as the first computer for basic arithmetical calculations. Discovered by, the Mesopotamians around 3000 BC., Napier’s bones: A set of numbering rods by which a multiplication problem could be easily, performed. Invented by John Napier, a mathematician in 1617 AD., Pascaline: A computing machine that was capable of adding and subtracting two numbers, directly and that could multiply and divide by repetition. Developed by Blaise Pascal (a, French mathematician) in 1642, at the age of 19., Leibniz’s Calculator: In 1673 the German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von, Leibniz designed a calculating machine called the Step Reckoner. The Step Reckoner, expanded on Pascal’s ideas and extended the capabilities to perform multiplication and, division as well., Difference Engine: In 1822, Babbage invented this machine that could perform arithmetic, calculations and print results automatically., Analytical Engine: In 1833, Charles Babbage started designing the real predecessor of the, modern computer. The Engine had a ‘Store’ (memory) where numbers and intermediate, results could be stored, and a separate ‘Mill’ (processor) where arithmetic processing could, be performed. Its input/output devices were in the form of punched cards containing, instructions. These instructions were written by Babbage’s assistant, Agusta Ada King, the, first programmer in the world. Charles Babbage’s great inventions – the Difference Engine, and the Analytical Engine earned Charles Babbage the title ‘Father of Computer’., Generations of Computers:, , Von Neumann architecture:, The mathematician John Von Neumann designed computer architecture. It is known as Von, Neumann architecture. It consists of a central processing unit (CPU) containing arithmetic, logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU), input-output unit and a memory for storing data and, , 1, , Joy John’s CS Capsule

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Computer Science - XI, instructions. This model implements the ‘Stored Program Concept’ in which the data and, the instructions are stored in the memory., , Transistors: Developed at Bell Laboratories by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William, Shockley in 1947., Integrated Circuits: Silicon chips that contained miniaturised transistors were developed by, Jack Kilby, an engineer with Texas Instruments., Artificial Intelligence: AI is the ability to simulate human intelligence. AI is the branch of, computer science concerned with developing computer programs (intelligent systems) for, solving complex problems by the application of process that are analogues to human, reasoning process. The two most common AI programming languages are LISP and Prolog., The fifth-generation computing also aims at developing computing machines that respond, to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organisation. Such intelligent, systems are still in the development stage, though there are some applications, such as, speech recognition, face recognition and robotic vision and movement that are already, available., Programming language: It is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to, a computer. The first programming language developed for use in computers was called, machine language. Machine language consisted of strings of the binary digits 0 and 1. To, make programming easier, a new language with instructions consisting of English-like words, instead of 0’s and 1’s, was developed. This language was called assembly language. Later, new languages called high level languages were developed which are machine independent, and which used simple English-like words and statements., Algorithm: a step by step procedure to get the solution for a given problem., Turing Machine: A model of a computer proposed by Alan Turing in 1936. He made, significant contributions to the development of computer science, by presenting the, concepts of algorithm and computing. Turing proposed an imitation game which is later, modified to Turing test and it is considered to be the test for determining a machine's, intelligence. Considering these contributions he is regarded as the Father of Modern, Computer Science as well as Artificial Intelligence., Joy John’s CS Capsule, 2

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Computer Science - XI, , Questions from Previous Years’ Question Papers, 1. Who is known as the father of Modern Computer Science?, a) Alan Turing, c) Charles Babbage, , b) John Von Neumann, d) Ada Lovelace, , 2. Match the following:, a) First Generation Computer, b) Second Generation Computer, c) Third Generation Computer, d) Fourth Generation Computer, , i), (ii), (iii), (iv), , (1) (July 2017), , Microprocessor, Vacuum Tube, Transistor, Integrated Circuit, (2) (July 2017), , 3. Compare any three features of five generations of computers., , (3) (March 2017), , 4. Order the following technologies according to different generations of computers (First, to Fifth Generation), a) Transistor, b) Vacuum tube, c) Artificial intelligence, d) Microprocessor, (1) (Sept. 2016), 5. Following are some facts related to the evolution of computers:, (Usage of transistors, Introduction to Very Large Scale Integration Circuit, Construction, of ENIAC), Categorise these under respective generations and briefly explain each., (3) (March 2016), 6. Which is the first automatic electromechanical computer?, a) Pascaline, b) Abacus, c) Mark I, d) Analytical Engine, (1) (Sept 2015), 7. Find the correct match for each item in column A and column B., A, B, a) Abacus, i) Preprogrammed, b) Pascaline, ii) Computing Machine, c) Jacquard’s Looms, iii) Punched cards, d) Mark I, iv) Counting frame, , (2) (Sept 2015), , 8. Write the number represented by the following Abacus., , (1) (March 2015), , 9. Briefly write the major changes in the technology during the different generations of, computers., (2) (March 2015), , 3, , Joy John’s CS Capsule