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GARDENING, By, , Meenakshi S Murigennavar, M.Sc, B.Ed,KSET, Department of Botany, S K ARTS COLLEGE AND H S S K SCIENCE INST, HUBBALLI
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Principles of Gardening, • Garden design encompasses the aesthetic, beauty, artistry, knowledge on growth and, development of plants and the principles of, garden maintenance in different seasons., • While garden can be defined as place for, growing plants and exhibiting various form of, plant life which are consciously directed for, ornamental or practical use or both.
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Enclosure, A garden room, defined by, borders of, various materials
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Shape and Form, The contour and, three-dimensional, qualities of, individual plants, or groups of plants, in the garden, as, well as the outline, of a garden room, itself
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Framing the, View, Directing attention to, an object or view by, screening out, surrounding, distractions while, creating a visually, balanced and, organized, composition
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Entry, A defined point of, entrance into a, garden enclosure
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Focal Point, Positioning an, object to draw the, eye and to create a, feature of, attention
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Structures, A variety of constructed features, within the garden
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Color, Orchestrating the, color palette in, the garden, through the, selection and, arrangement of, plants and objects
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Texture, Pattern,, and Rhythm, , Using surface, characteristics,, recognizable, motifs, and the, cadence created, by the spacing of, objects as, elements of design
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Abundance, An ample to, overflowing quality,, created by the, generous use of, plants and materials
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Whimsy, Elements of lighthearted fancy
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Mystery, Piquing a sense of curiosity,, excitement, and occasional, apprehension through the garden’s, design
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Time, Various garden styles representing certain ages of, design
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COMPONENTS OF GARDENING, • Components differ greatly from one garden to another under, normal circumstances., • A garden is your opportunity for positive action to resolve, personal concerns and problems., • Like any garden owner, you must include certain necessities, in your garden., • Begin a list of your essential components. As you plan your, garden, research for the native flora and fauna of your area., • By growing native plants in your garden, you can help feed, local birds, insects, and mammals and help prevent the, extinction of more wildlife.
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Lawn, • The lawn is the green carpet for a landscape., • It provides a perfect setting for flowerbeds, a, shrubbery, or a specimen tree., • It is a basic feature for home ground, development and an essential feature for any, other type of garden.
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Shrub and Shrubbery, • Evergreen and deciduous shrubs of all shapes, and sizes are the building blocks of the home, landscape.
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Climbers and Creepers., Climbers and Creepers are used to, grow against or over walls, trellises,, arches, pergolas, pillars, or any large, trees.
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Flower beds and, borders., Flower Borders are, continuous beds of, more length than, width containing, plants of, heterogeneous, character as flower, beds which are, composed of, plants of one kind, only.
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Walks and Paths., All these should, occupy minimum, space and not too, many in number., Paths may be made, of earth, brick,, concrete or paved., Paved paths are, effective in a, formal garden.
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Rockery, •This is intended to, bring together in a, shorter space an idea, of mountain or alpine, garden with plants, growing in the, crevices of rocks., • This is an elevated, structure resembling a, miniature mountain, range or slope of a hill, with few dominant, peaks or valleys.
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Carpet Beds, •In a large public garden, close-growing plants, like Verbena or Alternanth, era ( joyweeds, or Joseph's, coat) are used to form, certain designs or letters., •Foliage plants are better, suited than flowering, plants as they stand severe, clipping much better., •Carpet beds require, constant attention and, need not allowing them to, overgrow.
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Topiary., , •Certain plants are often, trimmed to shapes of, animals or birds..etc., •Shrubs are well suited, for bending and, withstand frequent, trimming for developing, topiary., • Shrubs like Casuarina,, Bougainvillea, Cupressu, s (cypress), are suitable, for Topiary work.
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Sunken Garden, • This garden goes, down through a series, of terraces to a small, pool or a fountain at a, bottom., • In the terraced, flower beds, the lawn, is laid out., • This form of the, garden taking, advantage of natural, depression. It breaks, the monotony of a flat, ground of the garden.
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Arch,Pergola, Arches are, generally erected, over walks, usually, at the entrance,, and are two meters, in height., Pergolas are series, are arches, connected over a, walk.
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Trophy:, • The arrangement of potted colorful foliage or, flowering shrubs and flowering annuals or, herbaceous perennials around a tree or any, central objects such as a statue. These potted, plants often arranged in tires.
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Edges, • These are materials of any description that is, used in gardens for dividing beds, borders, from the roads, walks or paths demarcating, spaces allotted for particular purposes as, flower beds. Dwarf growing plants up to 2030cm height such as Eupatorium (bonesets,, thoroughworts, or snakeroots),, Alternanthera which should stand frequent, trimming.
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Trees, • Trees are formed the main framework of the, garden., • Generally planted along the boundaries. A, spreading tree is an ideal feature for picnic, ground in the formal garden.
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Garden Adornments, • There are several adornments and accessories, such as fountains, garden seats, statues,, ornamental posts and pillars, trellises, hanging, baskets, tubs, vases, and urns with plants make, the garden more enjoyable., • Playing a fountain is an interesting feature in the, garden and garden seats are made of stones,, concrete, or metal are placed under a tree., • Arbors serve as support to several beautiful plants, and dispel monotony in the garden.
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Garden Seats, Garden seats are, a necessity in, any backyard., The seats should, be comfortable,, durable, artistic, looking, and, should not look, out of place.
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Ornamental tubs, Urns, and Vases:, , These add beauty to, the garden. Plants, displayed in, decorative containers, or urns at suitable, places look beautiful., The tub or the jar can, be made of timber or, preferably of brick,, concrete or carved out, of stone
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Bird Baths, •These are nothing but, large bowl-shaped, containers, generally, made of concrete,, fixed over a pillar or, column which is about, 1 meter tall., •Water is stored in a, bowl for the birds to, come and drink or, bathe in it., •Bird baths should be, constructed at quiet, corners of the garden.
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Floral Clocks, •These are nothing but, giant clocks, operated, by electricity, equipped, with huge hands for, showing the seconds,, minutes, and hours., •Concealed in an, underground chamber, the clock shows only, the hands on the ground, against a dial of green, and red foliage plants,, carpet beddings, flower, beds or even decorative, pebbles.
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Japanese Lanterns, •These types of lamps, are made of carved, white stone or white, marble with fire box, and are suitable for, areas having snowfall., • There is no harm, even if these are used, in hot climates; the, Japanese lanterns can, be positioned in proper, places- near house or, near stream or pool.
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Ornamental stones, •
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• Decorative stones, pebbles, gravels of different, textures, sizes and colors, if correctly placed,, improve the look of any garden to a great extent., • The stones can be placed near lily pools, in the, midst of streams and waterfalls., • Beautiful pebbles are very popular in indoor, gardening & tabletop arrangements like, terrariums, bottle gardens, dish gardens & fairy, gardens.
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Fountains
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• The fountain is the most attractive hardscaping, feature of a gardening culture. Unless there is, water under pressure one cannot have any real, fountain., • There are various classic as well as moderns, designs of fountains. To make fountains more, colourful during the night, deck it with coloured, lights are underwater., • Note that these lights are waterproof and have an, automatic switch to change the colours at regular, intervals.
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Statues
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• Statues of animate or inanimate objects are, used in the garden to improve its look., • The statues can be carved out of stone or, made of bronze., • The detailed figures are also placed as the, focal point of small or a big garden., • Use the statue of the artistic value.
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Plant Stands:, , •The plant stands are also, very useful structures for, decorating the gardens., •Plant stands are made of, mild steel rods, moulded in, different fashions with, various sized rings attached, to hold the pots growing, plants., •These can be showcased, in the terrace garden, at the, entrance of a house, or in, any other highlighting, position in the backyard.
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LAWN MAKING
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A lawn is an area where the grass is, grown as a carpet for a landscape and, is the basic feature of any garden., It serves to enhance the beauty of the, garden., A beautiful well-maintained lawn can, make the entire landscape look good.
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• Lawn sets a suitable background for a specimen, tree or shrub as well as colorful beds and borders., • Generally, the lawn should be wide open with, access to direct sunshine, especially in front of, rockery and a water pool., • The lawn is the natural green carpet that serves, as the center of the garden for many of the major, activities like holding parties, social functions,, active and passive recreation..etc.
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Steps in Lawn Making, 1. Preparation of soil, 2. Selection of grass, 3. Planting of grass., 4. Management of lawn., a.Mowing., b.Rolling, c.Irrigation., d.Weeding., e.Fertilization., f.Scraping., 5. Management of disease& other problems.
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1. Preparation of soil:, • Fertile, well-drained soil with good Water, Holding Capacity is ideal., • pH should be between 5.5 to 7.0.
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Care during summer:, • Soil should be up to 45cm depth by spade so that, clods of earth are exposed to the sun for killing, weeds, insects, and Microorganisms., • Care during rainy season:, • Few days before rain starts, break the clods and, spread and incorporate 40-50 cartloads/acre of, well rotten FYM., • Roll the ground lightly., • During rain, the soil will settle down and weeds, will germinate which should be removed before, sowing the grass.
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2. Selection of grass:, • 1.Cool Season grasses., , • They start growth at 5°C and grow at their, fastest rate when the temp is between 1025°C., • They retain their color well in extreme cold, and typically grow very dense., • Examples: Bluegrass, Bentgrass, Rye grasses,, Fescues...etc.
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2. Warm-season grasses., • They only start growth at temp above 10°C, and grow fastest when the temp is between, 25°C and 35°C., • Many warm-season kinds of grass are quite a, drought-tolerant and can handle very high, summer temp.
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3. Planting of grass:, •, , Methods of planting:, 1. Seeding., 2. Dibbling of roots., 3. Turfing., 4. Bricking., 5. Planting on polythene.
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Seeding:, * About 30kg of seeds need for one hectare., The seeds should be sown on a windless day, evenly and thinly and covered with fine light soil., * The ground should have rolled again and, water liberally with a rose tank or with a holed, pipe fitted with a nozzle., * The seeds take 5 weeks to germinate.
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Dibbling of roots:, * This is one of the cheapest and slowest, methods., * Small roots are dibbled about 15cms apart, into the prepared ground., * The roots spread and grow underground in, course of 6 months.
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Turfing:, • Turf are pieces of the earth with compact grass grow on, them., • Turf should be cut uniformly thin in the square from the, place where the grass is grown short, compact, and free, from weeds., • They should spread on the ground side by side., • Gaps should be filled with soils., , • The entire turf area should be rolled and watered liberally.
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Bricking:, • Bricking is the method to replace the few, unhealthy patches in the well-maintained, lawn., • In this method a piece of lawn along with soil, in the shape of bricks is taken out and planted, and watered immediately., • This rejuvenates the lawn.
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Planting on polythene:, • In this method lawn is grown on thick, polythenes., • First polythene is cut into suitable pieces of, desired dim, Mixture of soil(3-4cm) is sprayed, over the polythene sheets and grasses are, grown over it., • It can be rolled and taken to a place and rolled, out where the temporary effect is to be, created. ensions.
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4. Management of lawn, 1. Mowing., 2. Rolling., 3. Irrigation., 4. Weeding., 5. Fertilization., 6. Scraping.
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Mowing:
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Interval of mowing in an established, lawn depends upon the season., In rainy and winter season mowing, is done at the interval of 7-10 days., During spring mowing is done at 15, days interval.During Summer, mowing is done at monthly, intervals.
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Types of mowers, 1. Hand mower., 2. Bullock mower., 3. Tractor Mower., The mower is the selected basis of the size of, the lawn.
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Machine drew mower
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Hand mower.
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Rolling:
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• Rolling:, Rolling is done so as to suppress the upright, growth to anchor the grass family in the soil., , It also was done to maintain the level of the, ground.
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Irrigation:
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• Water requirement of the lawn depends on, the season, the type of soil and grass-grown., • During autumn and winter months watering, is done at an interval of 10days., • During spring and summer months watering is, done at an interval of 7 days., • Generally flood irrigation is done in India. But, sprinkler irrigation is best.
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Weeding:, • Regular mowing controls the population of, weeds by removal of an upper portion of the, weeds and starving the roots., • Hand weeding is also followed by home, lawns.Weedicides like 2,4-dichlorophenoxy, acetic acid can be sprayed for controlling the, deep-rooted weeds., • Mechanical weeders can also be used.
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Mechanical weeder
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Fertilization:, Application of 50-60g/sqm of a mixture of two, parts of CAN: 1 part SSP: 1 part of potassium, sulfate during the rainy season maintains the, healthy growth of grasses., Spraying of urea @30g/10 lit of water is also, useful for the growth of grass.
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Scraping:, •, , It is done to renovate the old lawn when it becomes old and the grass becomes, compact., , •, , After 3-4yrs during summer months lawn should be scrapped completely with the, help of khurpa and raking should be done in both ways., , •, , Before the start of rain topdressing should be done with a mixture of garden soil,, sand, and sieved leaf mold in 1:2:1 ratio., , •, , Bonemeal @1kg/100 m2 should also be applied before the onset of rain., , •, , Thus grasses grow luxuriantly and will make a compact and healthy turf.
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5 Major diseases in the lawn, making:, 1. Fairy ring.
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Control of fairy ring disease:, This can be controlled by drenching the soil with, the Bordeaux mixture (4:4:50) or by spraying, blitox.
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Pale or yellow lawn:, • This may be due to waterlogging conditions or, lack of water or due to poor drainage., • The deficiency of N is also a possible reason, for yellowing., • Hardening of soil and subsequent oxygen, deficiency in the roots is also a possible cause, of yellowing.
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Control of yellowing:, •, •, •, •, , Providing proper drainage in rain-prone areas., Regular irrigation in rainfed areas., Supplementing N fertilizers in the soil., Loosening the soil with the help of khurpa.
