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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY,, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS), for, Faculty of Science and Technology, Under Graduate Program, SUBJECT: BOTANY, , B. Sc. Second Year, , With Effect from June 2020, 1

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Introduction:, The University Grants Commission (UGC) has initiated several measures to bring equity,, efficiency and excellence in the Higher Education System of country. The important measures, taken to enhance academic standards and quality in higher education include innovation and, improvements in the curriculum, teaching-learning process, examination and evaluation systems,, besides governance and other matters., Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University has several initiatives towards academic, excellence, quality improvement and administrative reforms. In view of this priority and inkeeping with Vision and Mission, process was already initiated towards introduction of semester, system, grading system and credit system. University had implemented Choice Based Credit, System (CBCS) pattern at UG level from the academic year 2016-2017 progressively., Revision and updating of the curriculum is the continuous process to provide an updated, education to the students at large. In view of this priority and in-keeping with Vision and, Mission, process of revision and updating the curriculum is initiated and implemented at UG, level from the academic year 2019-2020 progressively. Presently there is wide diversity in the, curriculum of different Indian Universities which inhibited mobility of students in other, universities or states. To ensure uniform curriculum at UG level , curriculum of different Indian, Universities, syllabus of NET, SET, MPSC, UPSC, Forest Services and the UGC model, curriculum are referred to serve as a base in updating the same., The CBCS provides choice for students to select from the prescribed courses .The choice based, credit system provides a ‘cafeteria’ type approach in which the students can take courses of their, choice, learn at their own pace, undergo additional courses and acquire more than the required, credits, and adopt an interdisciplinary approach to learning. Our university has already, introduced the choice based credit system. The semester system accelerates the teaching-learning, process and enables vertical and horizontal mobility in learning., Keeping in mind BoS in Botany prepared the curriculum to ensure up-to-date level of, understanding of plant sciences. Studying plant sciences prepares the students for a career, working either in an educational institution or an industry in which they can be directly involved, in the research and development and Knowledge of modern and applied plant science and, excellent career prospects., The study of Botany aims to expand and increase current knowledge about plants in order to, solve problems in many fields including agriculture, ecology, medicine, biotechnology and, 2

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horticulture are some of the objectives kept in mind during executing the syllabus., How plants function at the cellular, tissue, organ, and organismal levels? How evolution of, plants and how they contribute to biodiversity. How interactions with each other impacts their, physical environment are the core objectives., The addition of Skill enhancement courses aims to develop skills in plant sciences and practical, experience in the students., At the end of the curriculum, the student should have increased: an aptitude towards science and, nature and also undertakes the fundamental and applied research in plant science in the benefit of, the human and nature., At last comments, suggestions are welcome from all the teachers, stakeholders and students for, the upbringing the curriculum., , Salient Features:, The syllabus of B.Sc. S.Y. Botany has been framed to meet the requirement of Choice Based, Credit System. The courses offered here Plant anatomy, Embryology, Plant physiology and Plant, metabolism and Biochemistry will train and orient the students in the specific fields of Botany., This would help students to lay a strong foundation in the field of Botany., The courses which deal with the environment, sustainability and ethics are Viruses, Bacteria, Algae , Fungi , Lichens and Mycorrhiza, Plant Ecology , Phytogeography and Environmental, Biology,, , Bryophytes, Pteridophytes Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany and Taxonomy of, , Angiosperms. These courses create awareness about conservation of biodiversity and its, relevance with the socio-economical and environmental aspects. It also aims to make the, students aware of bioethics, legislations and acts prevalent to control the degradation of our, environment., Overall after completion of this course, students will also acquire fundamental knowledge in, Plant Science and also understand that Botany is an integral part of the human life and, developments., Skill Enhancement Courses offered during third year of this program are being designed with the, aim of imparting specific skills to the students which will lead to the self-employability through, development of their own enterprises., , Program Educational Objectives:, The Objectives of this program are:, 3

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PEO1: To provide an updated education to the students at large in order to know the importance, and scope of the discipline and to provide mobility to students from one university or state to, other., PEO2: To update curriculum by introducing recent advances in the subject and enable the, students to face NET, SET, UPSC and other competitive examinations successfully., PEO3: To impart knowledge of plant science as the basic objective of Education., PEO4: To develop a scientific attitude to make students open minded, critical and curious., PEO5: To develop an ability to work on their own and to make them fit for the society., PEO6: To expose themselves to the diversity amongst life forms., PEO7: To develop skill in practical work, experiments, equipments and laboratory use along, with collection and interpretation of plant materials and data., PEO8: To make aware of natural resources and environment and the importance of conserving, the same., PEO9: To develop ability for the application of the acquired knowledge in the fields of life so as, to make our country self-reliant and self-sufficient., PEO10: To appreciate and apply ethical principles to plant science research and studies., , Program Outcomes:, The Outcomes of this program are:, PO1: This program will train and orient the students in the field of diversity of different life, forms, Plant Anatomy, Plant Embryology, Plant Physiology, Plant Metabolism and, Biochemistry., PO2: This program will help the students for their career development., PO3: This program will provide updated curriculum with recent advances in the subject, and enable the students to face NET, SET, UPSC and other competitive examinations, successfully., PO4: This program shall train and orient the students for laboratory skills and serve as, human resource for the educational institutes, industries and other organizations., PO5: The programme also has a strong interdisciplinary component. Emphasis is given on the, experimental learning through hands-on laboratory exercises, field trips and assignments., PO6: Students will be able to understand and explain different specializations of Botany such as, anatomy, Embryology, developmental biology, physiology, biochemistry etc. Students will be, 4

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able to demonstrate the experimental techniques and methods in plant sciences and have, innovative research ideas., PO7: The programme will enlighten the current thrust areas of the subject and provide, substantial exposure and skills in plant biology., PO8: Skill Enhancement Courses being offered during this program will provide job, opportunities and additional specific skills to the students for self-employability through the, development of their own enterprises., , Prerequisite:, The optional courses are offered to the students registered for undergraduate programs. Such, students should have the basic knowledge of Plant Science and willing to gain additional, knowledge in the field of Botany., Admissions to B. Sc. Program are given as per the University rules., , 5

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) FOR, Under Graduate Course, Faculty of Science and Technology, SUBJECT: BOTANY, CLASS: B.Sc. SECOND YEAR, An Outline:, Semester/, Annual, , Course No., , Course Name, , CCB-III, (Section-A), , Theory Paper-VI:, Plant Anatomy, , CCB-III, (Section-B), , Theory Paper-VII:, Plant Physiology and, Biochemistry, Theory Paper-VIII:, Plant Embryology, , Instructional, Hrs/week, 03, , Total, Periods, 45, , Marks for, Internal, External, (CA), (ESE), 10, 40, , Credits, (Marks), Credits: 02, (Marks:50), , Semester-III, , CCB-IV, (Section-A), Semester-IV, , CCB-IV, (Section-B), , CCBP-II, Annual, Pattern, , SECB-I, , CCBP-III, Annual, Pattern, , SECB-II, , Theory Paper-IX:, Plant Metabolism and, Biotechnology, Practical Paper-X:, Practicals based on, CCB-III (Section-A), CCB-IV (Section-A), , 03, , 45, , 10, , 40, , Credits: 02, (Marks:50), , 03, , 45, , 10, , 40, , Credits: 02, (Marks:50), , 03, , 45, , 10, , 40, , Credits: 02, (Marks:50), , 03, , 16, Practicals, , 10, , 40, , Credits: 02, (Marks:50), , 45, , 25, , 25, , Credits: 02, (Marks:50), , 16, Practicals, , 10, , 40, , 45, , 25, , 25, , Credits: 02, (Marks:50), , Marks:, 60+50=, 110, , Marks:, 240+50=, 290, , Credits:, 12+04=16, (Marks:, 300+100, =400), , SEC- I A Fruit, &Vegetable processing, OR SEC-1 B, Bioinstrumentation, Practical Paper-XI:, 03, Practicals based on, CCB-III (Section-B), CCB-IV (Section-B), SEC- II A Nursery &, 03, Gardening, OR SEC-II B, Biofertizers, Total Credits Semester-III and IV, , Credits: 02, (Marks:50), , ESE : End Semester Examination, CA : Continues Assessment, SECB: Skill Enhancement Course, Botany, CCB: Core Course Botany, CCBP: Core Course Botany Practical., 6

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Distribution of Credits: 80 % of the total credits for the ESE and 20% for CA, CA of 10 Marks (Theory): 05 Marks for test & 05 Marks for Assignment, CA of 10 Marks (Practicals): 05 Marks for test & 05 Marks for Record Book, Submission of collection, and field note and Excursion Report., CA of 25 Marks: 15 Marks for Seminar & 10 Marks for Test, , 7

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS), BOTANY, B.Sc. Second Year, Semester III, CCB-III (A), Theory Paper- VI, Plant Anatomy, Periods 45, Credits: 02, Maximum Marks: 50, ______________________________________________________________________________, Learning Objectives:, , 1. To know about the internal structure of the most evolved group of plants, the Angiosperm., 2. To study cells, tissues, meristem, epidermal and vascular tissue system in plants., 3. To acquire knowledge of tissue systems, histology and growth pattern in plants., Learning Outcomes:, 1., , The students will be able to understand the meristem (RAM & SAM) different simple and complex tissues, and secondary growth in root and stem., 2. Students will acquire knowledge of anatomy of root, stem and leaf in dicot and monocot plants., _________________________________________________________________________________, , UNIT I: MERISTEMATIC TISSUE (10 Period), Introduction and Scope of Plant Anatomy, Meristematic Tissues: Definition, classification based on origin, function, position and, development, organization of root apical meristem (RAM) and shoot apical meristem (SAM),, apical cell theory, Histogen theory and Tunica corpus theory., Unit II : TISSUE SYSTEMS IN PLANTS (12 Period), Simple Tissues: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma., Complex tissues: Xylem and Phloem., Secretory Structures in Plants: Laticiferous tissues (Latex cells and vessels), glandular tissues, (External glands-digestive glands, nectary glands & internal glands-Oil glands, hydathodes), Adaptive & Protective systems in plants: stomata, Epidermis, cutin, cuticle & other types of, coverings, epidermal appendages., UNIT III: ANATOMY -I (11 Period), Vascular Bundles: Definition and types., Primary structures:, 8

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Root anatomy of Monocotyledons (Maize) and Dicotyledons (Sunflower),, Stem anatomy of Monocotyledons (Maize) and Dicotyledons (Sunflower),, Leaf anatomy of Monocotyledons (Maize) and Dicotyledons (Sunflower),, Primary growth in roots and stems of plants., UNIT IV: ANATOMY -II (12 Period), Secondary Growth- Normal Secondary growth in root and stem of Dicotyledons (Sunflower),, Anomalous Secondary growth: Achyranthes stem, Mirabilis, Bignonia and Dracaena stem., Wood Anatomy- Annual rings , Wood Elements, heartwood and sapwood, Springwood,, Summer wood, Tension Wood, Economic importance of wood and wood elements,, Dendrochronology., Periderm: Development and composition of periderm, rhytidome and lenticels., , 9

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS), BOTANY, B.Sc. Second Year, Semester III, CCB-III (B), Theory Paper- VII, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Periods 45, Credits: 02, Maximum Marks: 50, ______________________________________________________________________________, Learning Objectives:, 1., 2., 3., , To make students realize how plants function, namely the importance of water, minerals, hormones, and, light in plant growth and development; understand transport mechanisms and translocation in the phloem,, applications of plant physiology., To acquaint the students with the types and their functions of different biomolecules and secondary, metabolites, To know the role of different plant growth regulators in plant physiology., , Learning Outcomes:, 1., , Students will gain the knowledge of water and nutrient uptake, movement in plants, role of mineral, elements, translocation of sugars, Role of various plant growth regulators, phytochrome in plants., 2. Students shall learn different types of biomolecules and secondary metabolites, 3. Students will learn the flowering physiology, vernalization and seed dormancy in plants., ____________________________________________________________________________________________, , UNIT-I: PLANT WATER RELATIONS (11 periods), Physical aspects of water absorption – Diffusion, DP, DPD Imbibition Osmosis – OP,, Exosmosis, Endosmosis, Plasmolysis ,Water potential ,Mechanism of water absorption by root –, active and passive absorption, Ascent of sap: Introduction and mechanism (transpiration pull theory), Transpiration: Definition, types, structure of stomata, mechanism of opening and closing of, Stomata (starch-sugar theory and K+ pump theory), guttation, antitranspirants., Plant movements: Introduction, classification, paratonic and nastic movements., UNIT-II: MINERAL NUTRITION (11 periods), Major and Minor elements: Introduction, source, deficiency symptoms and their role. Foliar, nutrition , hydroponic technique., Mineral salt absorption: Introduction, mechanism of passive absorption (ion exchange theory), and active absorption (carrier concept theory), Translocation of organic solutes: Introduction, mechanism of translocation (Munch-Mass, Flow hypothesis), 10

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UNIT-III: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (12 periods), Growth and Plant growth regulators: Introduction, phases of growth, measurement of growth, (Arc indicator and Pfeiffer’s auxanometer), factors affecting growth., Chemical nature and practical applications of Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic Acid, and Ethylene. Circadian Rhythms in plants., Seed dormancy: Introduction, causes of seed dormancy and methods of breaking seed, dormancy, Seed germination: Introduction, types and mechanism of seed germination,, Physiology of flowering: Introduction, Photoperiodism (LDP, SDP and DNP), Phytochrome,, red and far red light responses on photomorphogenesis. Photo-morphogenesis: Photo receptors,, phyto-chrome, crypto-chrome, Vernalization and devernalization: Introduction, mechanism and significance, UNIT-IV: BIOMOLECULES AND SECONDARY METABOLITES (10 periods), Carbohydrates: Introduction, structure and classification, Monosaccharides, disaccharides and, polysaccharides (starch and cellulose) biological functions of carbohydrates., Protein- Introduction, classification and biological functions of Primary, secondary (α helix and, β sheets), tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, Lipids: Introduction, structure classification and biological functions of lipids., Secondary metabolites: Biological functions of tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids,, essential oils and organic acids, , 11

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS), BOTANY, B.Sc. Second Year, Semester IV, CCB-IV (A), Theory Paper- VIII, Plant Embryology, Periods 45, Credits: 02, Maximum Marks: 50, _____________________________________________________________________________, Learning Objective:, 1.To study the flowering and fruiting, reproduction process, role of pollinators, ovule fertilization, Endosperm and, seed development in angiosperms., Learning Outcomes:, 1., 2., , This course will be able to demonstrate foundational knowledge in embryology of plants., Students will be able to understand the development of pollen, Ovule, and fertilization and palynological, information., , ____________________________________________________________________________________, , UNIT I: EMBRYOLOGY (13 Periods), Introduction- Definition and Scope,, Contribution of embryologists: W. Hofmeister, E. Strasburger, S.G. Nawaschin, P. Maheshwari,, B.G.L. Swamy and B.M. Johri, Microsporangium- Structure of typical anther, T.S. of Anther, Microsporogenesis, Structure of, Pollen grain, Development of male gametophyte, male sterility, Pollen germination, Pollen tube, growth and guidance, Pollen storage, Pollen allergy, Pollen embryo. Brief account of Palynology, UNIT II: POLLINATION BIOLOGY (10 Periods), Pollination, introduction, definition, Agents of pollination, mechanism of pollination in Salvia, plant, types of pollination, self-pollination, cross pollination, adaptations (contrivances) in, pollination, UNIT III: MEGASPORANGIUM AND FERTILIZATION –II (11 Period), Megasporangium- Structure of typical ovule, L.S. Ovule, types of ovule (Orthotropous,, Anatropous, Hemianatropous, Amphitropous, Camphylotropous and Circinotropous), Megasporogenesis, structure of the embryo sac, Development of Monosporic (Polygonum type),, Bisporic (Allium type) and Tetrasporic (Adoxa type) female gametophytes,, 12

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS), BOTANY, B.Sc. Second Year, Semester IV, CCB-IV (B), Theory Paper- IX, Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology, Periods 45, Credits: 02, Maximum Marks: 50, _____________________________________________________________________________, Learning Objectives:, 1., 2., , To study of different pathways in Photosynthesis , respiration , nitrogen metabolism, To gain the knowledge of basic aspects and applications of plant tissue culture, 3. To study the different aspects of genetic engineering and bioinformatics, Learning Outcomes:, 1., , Students will be able to understand the various metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, respiration,, Nitrogen metabolism etc. which are important for life., 2. Students shall be become familiar with the gene cloning and its transfer in plants, 3. Students shall learn different databases and their applications, ____________________________________________________________________________________, , UNIT-I: PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION (11 periods), Photosynthesis: Introduction, ultra structure of chloroplast, photosynthetic pigments, concepts, of two Photosystems, Mechanism of photosynthesis, Light reaction, Hill’s reaction, Cyclic and, Non-cyclic photophosphorylation, , Calvin cycle (C 3) and Hatch and Slack (C4) pathway, CAM, pathway, Significance of photosynthesis, photorespiration., Respiration: Introduction, ultra structure of mitochondria, structure and functions of ATP,, significance of respiration. Respiratory quotient (RQ), Types of respiration:, Aerobic respiration- Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, Electron Transport System. Anaerobic respirationFermentation (Alcoholic and Lactic acid), UNIT-II: ENZYMES AND NITROGEN METABOLISM (11 periods), Enzymes: Introduction, nomenclature and classification (IUB), mechanism of enzyme action, (Lock and key model, induced fit model), Concept of holoenzyme, mechanism of regulation of, Enzyme activity-Feedback and allosteric regulation., Nitrogen metabolism: Introduction, types of nitrogen fixation- Physical and biological, (Symbiotic and Asymbiotic), Ammonification, Nitrification and Denitrification, Nitrate, reductase, Nitrogen cycle., 14

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UNIT –III: BIOTECHNOLOGY-PLANT TISSUE CULTURE (12periods), Introduction to Biotechnology, current uses of biotechnology,, Plant Tissue Culture: Introduction to plant tissue culture, totipotency of plant cells, basic aspects, of tissue culture laboratory, nutrient media, composition and its preparation , Technique of plant, tissue culture: selection and surface sterilization of explants, inoculation, incubation, (temperature and light regime) ,Initiation of callus cultures and cell suspension cultures,, Regeneration of plants (Organogenesis and embryogenesis)., Applications of tissue culture: Micropropagation, Production of disease free plants, production, of secondary metabolites, Anther culture and production of haploids, protoplast culture and, somatic hybridization, synthetic seeds, UNIT-IV: BIOTECHNOLOGY-GENETIC ENGINEERING (11 periods), Introduction to genetic engineering ,tools and techniques and applications of recombinant DNA, technology, Cloning vectors (Plasmid-PBR 322, Bacteriophage, Cosmid, Phagemid ), Gene, cloning, Genomic library and cDNA library, Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer, transgenic, plants, Polymerase Chain Reaction and its applications., Bioinformatics: Introduction, Biological database, NCBI, BLAST., , 15

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, BOTANY – CURRICULUM, B.Sc. General (Semester Pattern), Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) Pattern, B. Sc. Second Year, Annual Pattern, CCBP-II, PRACTICAL PAPER-X: BASED ON THEORY PAPERS-VI & VIII, Maximum Marks: 50, _____________________________________________________________________________________, , Practical Exercises:, 1. Study of Meristematic tissues (Study of root apex and shoot apex) with the help of Slides/, Models/Charts/ Photocopies (2 practicals), 2. Study of tissues, Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Xylem And Phloem, (Permanent slides only) (2 practicals), 3. Maceration of tissues and the observation of sclereids- types, vessels- thickening, 4. Study secretary tissues with the help of Slides/Models/Charts/ Photocopies, 5. Study of Epidermal tissue system: stomata types; trichomes: non-glandular and glandular, 6. Microtomy: dehydration, clearing and embedding of material, section cutting, dewaxing, 7. Preparation of a double stained permanent slide of stem of Maize, Sunflower,, Achyranthus, Mirabilis, Bignonia and Dracaena, for the study of internal structures, (6 practicals ), 8. Study of wood specimens for Heart wood ,sap wood etc., 9. Study of Leaf anatomy : Dicot and Monocot leaf (only Permanent slides), 10. Study of root anatomy: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary growth:, Helianthus (only Permanent slides)., 11. Study of T.S of anther with help of Datura flower, 12. Mounting of pollen grains (available flowers only) Ipomea, Vinca, Malvaceae and, Legume., , 16

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13. Study of Ovule/Types of ovules–Megasporogenesis and Female gametophyte (permanent, slides/ Models ), 14. Study of embryo and types of Endosperms (permanent slides/ Models/ Charts), 15. Study of Seed dispersal mechanisms (adaptations through photographs / specimens), 16. Field study of several types of flower with different pollination mechanisms (Wind, pollination, thrips pollination, bee/butterfly pollination, bird pollination), 17. One short and one long Botanical excursion are compulsory, , 17

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, BOTANY – CURRICULUM, B.Sc. General (CBCS Pattern), Skeleton Question Paper, B. Sc. SECOND YEAR BOTANY, Annual Pattern, CCBP-II, PRACTICAL PAPER-X: BASED ON THEORY PAPER-VI & VIII, Time: Four hours, , Maximum Marks: 40, , _____________________________________________________________________________________, Note: - (i) Attempt all questions, (ii) Show your preparation to the examiner, (iii) Draw neat and well labeled diagrams wherever necessary, , ____________________________________________________________________________________, , Q1. Make a double stained permanent preparation of the given specimen-A. Identify and, describe its internal structure. (Maize stem / Sunflower stem / Mirabilis /Bignonia / Achyranthus, stem for specimen-A may be given alternately to the students), (10 marks), , Q2. Make a temporary preparation of (Maceration of tissues) given material and describe xylem, elements, (10 marks), , Q3. Describe T.S. Anther / L.S. Of Ovule with the help of given material (Flower), (08 marks), , Q4. Identify and describe the given spots (Histology & Anatomy - 2, Embryology -2) giving, reasons, (08 marks), , Q5. Viva-voce, , (04 Marks), , 18

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, BOTANY – CURRICULUM, B.Sc. General (Semester Pattern), Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) Pattern, B. Sc. Second Year, Annual Pattern, CCBP-III, PRACTICAL PAPER-XI: BASED ON THEORY PAPERS-VII & IX, Maximum Marks: 50, _____________________________________________________________________________, Practical Exercises:, 1. To determine the water potential of potato tuber, 2. To determine the osmotic potential of vacuolar sap by plasmolysis, 3. To study the effect of temperature/ organic solvent/ concentration of different organic, , solvents on permeability of plasma membrane (Beet root) by using colorimeter /, spectrophotometer., 4. Separation of photosynthetic pigments by paper chromatography., 5. To study the effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis., 6. Determination of RF value and identification of amino acids in a mixture., 7. Preparation of standard graph of starch/Glucose using Colorimeter/ Spectrophotometer, and determination of starch / Glucose content of the given plant material., 8. Preparation of standard graph of protein using Colorimeter/ Spectrophotometer and, determination of protein content from given plant material., 9. To estimate the percentage of oil content in given oil seeds using Soxhlet extractor., 10. Study of catalase activity under different pH and temperature., 11. To study the phenomenon of seed germination (effect of light and darkness)., 12. Demonstration of osmosis by potato osmoscope., 13. Demonstration of Ascent of Sap by Balsam plant ., 14. To study the mineral deficiency symptoms in at least four locally available plants., , 19

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15. Demonstrations of the Arc indicator (lever auxanometer), Clinostat (Geotropism), Kuhn’s, fermentation tube experiment (Requirements, procedure and workings of the same are, expected)., 16. Qualitative analysis of proteins (Biuret/ Xanthoproteic/ Millon tests), Carbohydrates, (Molisch /Fehlings /Benedict’s) Glucose, sucrose, starch, Cellulose and Pectin., 17. Qualitative test of tannin, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids., 18. Micro chemical test for organic acids – Tartaric acid, Citric acid, Oxalic and Malic acid., 19. Study of tools used in Tissue culture laboratory for sterilization and inoculation. Principle, and working of Autoclave, oven, incubator, Laminar Air flow,, 20. Preparation of media for tissue culture., 21. Establishment of callus cultures –from carrot., 22. Different steps involved in genetic engineering for production of Bt. cotton, Golden rice,, Flavr Savr tomato through photographs., 23. Study of methods of gene transfer through photographs: Agrobacterium-mediated gene, , transfer ., 24. Study major biological databases., 25. Botanical Excursions (Two short excursions and one long excursion and visits to, Research laboratories), , 20

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, BOTANY – CURRICULUM, B.Sc. General (CBCS Pattern), Skeleton Question Paper, B. Sc. Second Year, Annual Pattern, CCBP-III, PRACTICAL PAPER-XI: BASED ON THEORY PAPER-VII & IX, Time: Four hours, , Maximum Marks: 40, , ___________________________________________________________________________, Note: - (i) Attempt all questions, (ii) Show your preparation to the examiner, (iii) Draw neat and well labeled diagrams wherever necessary, , __________________________________________________________________________, Q1. Perform any one experiment (From practical exercise 1 to 6), , (12 Marks), , Q2.Perform any one experiment (From practical exercise 7 to 11), , (10 Marks), , Q3. Describe procedure and working of any one experiment (From practical exercise 12 to 15), (06 Marks), Q4. Perform any four micro-chemical tests (Protein-1, carbohydrates-1, Secondary metabolites 1,, Organic acids-1), (08 Marks), Q5. Viva –Voce, , (04 Marks), , 21

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, BOTANY – CURRICULUM, B.Sc. General (Semester Pattern), Choice Based Credit System (CBCS), Skeleton Question Paper, B. Sc. Second Year, Theory Paper, Time: 1 hour 30 min., , Maximum Marks: 40, , ______________________________________________________________________________, Note: - (I) Attempt all questions, (ii) Illustrate your answer with suitable labelled diagrams, wherever necessary, , ______________________________________________________________________________, Q1. Single long answer Type question, 15 marks, OR, Two sub questions (a and b of 8 & 7 Marks), , 15 marks, , (This question will be based on any two units with equal weightage to each unit), Q2. Single long answer Type question, , 15 marks, , OR, Two sub questions (a and b of 8 & 7 Marks), , 15 marks, , (This question will be based on remaining two units with equal weightage to each unit excluding, units used in question no 1), Q3. Attempt any two of the four (Each of 05 Marks), , 10 marks, , a), b), c), (Note: This question shall be on entire syllabus and must have one sub-question from each of, the units), , 22

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) FOR, SUBJECT: BOTANY, B.Sc. Second Year, Annual Pattern, SECB-I (A) FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING, Periods: 45, , Credits: 02 (Marks-50), , ______________________________________________________________________________, UNIT I, Production and processing scenario of fruits and vegetables in India and World, Scope of fruit, and vegetable preservation industry in India. Present status, constraints and prospects, Overview, of principles and preservation methods of fruits and vegetables ( Physical and Chemical),, Commercial processing technology of fruits and vegetables, Primary processing and pack house, handling of fruits and vegetables; Peeling, slicing, cubing, cutting and other size reduction, operations for fruits and vegetables, Minimal processing of fruits and vegetables Blanching, operations and equipment., UNIT II, Preparation and preservation of juices, squashes, syrups, sherbets, nectars, cordials, etc;, Problems on squash and RTS; Processing and equipment for above products and FSSAI, specification Preparation, preservation and machines for manufacture of crystallized fruits and, preserves, jam, jelly and candies, Preparation, preservation and machines for manufacture of, preserve, concentrate, fruit wine, pickles, sauce, paste, ketchup; toffee, cheese, lather, soup, powders; FSSAI specification, Commercial processing technology of selected fruits and, vegetables for production of various value added processed products., Practicals :, 1. Preparation of jam/ jelly from selected fruit, 2. Preparation of RTS beverage e.g. Amala, Mango and Pineapple etc, 3. Preparation of squash, 4. Preparation of fruit candy, 5. Preparation of fruit leather, 6. Preparation of fruit toffee, 7. Preparation of pickle, 23

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8. Preparation of banana and potato wafers, 9. Visit to fruits and vegetable processing unit, Note: Minimum of 5 practicals need to be conducted., Reference Books, 1. Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Principles and Practices: Srivastava R.P. and Sanjeev, Kumar International Book Distributing Company, New Delhi 2005, 2. Post-Harvest Technology of Fruits and Vegetables: Handling, Processing, Fermentation, and Waste Management vol. I & II Varma L. R. and Joshi V.K. Indus Publishing, 2000, 3. Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables: Khader ICAR, New Delhi 2010, 4. Preservation of Fruits and Vegetable: G. Lal, G.S. Siddappa, G.L. Tandan ICAR, Publication,, New Delhi 1996, 5. Fruit and Vegetable Processing M.G. Danthy FAO, Rome, 6. Post-harvest Handling and Processing of Fruit and Vegetable I.S. Singh Text book Fruit, Processing David Arthey,, 7. Handbook of Fruit and and Vegetable Processing Sinha and Hui John Wiley Sons, 2010, 8. Fruit and Vegetable Preservation -Principles and Practices Srivastava RP & Kumar S, International Book Distributors, 2003, 9. Handbook of Fruit Science &Technology: Production, Composition and Processing., Salunkhe DK & Kadam SS. Marcel Dekker 1995, , 24

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) FOR, SUBJECT: BOTANY, B.Sc. Second Year, Annual Pattern, SECB-I (B) BIOINSTRUMENTATION, Periods: 45, , Credits: 02 (Marks-50), , ____________________________________________________________________________________, , UNIT I, Chromatography and Centrifugation: General principles of separation, paper chromatography,, thin layer, affinity, gel permeation, ion exchange, GLC, HPTLC, preparative and analytical, centrifugations and their application, UNIT II, Electrophoresis and Spectroscopy: Basic principles of electrophoresis, Factor affecting,, Electrophoretic mobility, native and denaturing PAGE, isoelectric focusing, 2DE, Pulse field gel,, Electrophoresis. Spectroscopy: Theory and applications of Ultra violet and visible spectroscopy,, IR, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Mass and applications., Practicals, 1. Centrifugation, a. Isolation of cell organelles like cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes etc., b. Determination of molecular weight of protein by centrifugation, 2. Chromatography, a. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography, b. Separation of sugars by TLC, c. Separation of plant pigments by paper/ TLC, d. Purification of proteins by Column / ion exchange / Molecular sieve chromatography, 3. Electrophoresis, a. Separation of soy bean proteins by PAGE, 4. Spectroscopy, 25

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a. Validation of Lambert-Beer’s law (Photometer), b. Estimation of DNA by DPA method (UV spectrophotometer), c. Estimation of reducing sugars by DNSA method (VIS-Spectrophotometer.), Note: Minimum of 5 practicals need to be conducted., Reference Books:, 1. Practical Biochemistry Paperback – 2016 - Damodaran Geetha K, 2. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry Paperback –2017 - David Plummer, 3. Practical Biochemistry Paperback –2013 - R. C. Gupta, 4. Practical Biochemistry: A Student Companion Paperback –2015 - Tiwari Anand, 5. Laboratory Manual for Practical Biochemistry Paperback – 2013 - Shivaraja Shankara Ym, 6. A Text Book of Practical Biochemistry: 2006 - Rashmi A. Joshi, Manju Saraswat, , 26

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) FOR, SUBJECT: BOTANY, B.Sc. Second Year, Annual Pattern, SECB-II (A) NURSERY AND GARDENING, Periods: 45, , Credits: 02 (Marks-50), , ______________________________________________________________________________, UNIT I, Nursery: definition, objectives and scope and building up of infrastructure for nursery, planning, and seasonal activities - Planting - direct seeding and transplants., Vegetative propagation: air-layering, cutting, selection of cutting, collecting season, treatment, of cutting, rooting medium and planting of cuttings , Hardening of plants , green house , mist, chamber, shed roof, shade house and glass house., Gardening: definition, objectives and scope, different types of gardening , landscape and home, gardening , parks and its components , plant materials and design , computer applications in, landscaping, Landscaping highways and Educational institutions., Gardening operations: soil laying, manuring, watering, management of pests and diseases and, harvesting., UNIT II, Ornamental Plants: Flowering annuals; Herbaceous perennials; Divine vines; Shade and, ornamental trees; Ornamental bulbous and foliage plants; Cacti and succulents; Palms and, Cycads; Ferns and Selaginellas; Cultivation of plants in pots; Indoor gardening; Bonsai, diseases, and Pests of Ornamental Plants., Principles of Garden Designs: English, Italian, French, Persian, Mughal and Japanese gardens;, Features of a garden (Garden wall, Fencing, Steps, Hedge, Edging, Lawn, Flower beds,, Shrubbery, Borders, Water garden). Some Famous gardens of India., Practicals:, 1. Preparation of nursery beds and sowing of seeds., 2. Study of Soil sterilization process, 3. Seed sowing and transplantation methods, 27

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4. Study Garden tools and implements, Study of containers - earthen containers, pots,, polybags, cement pots and ceramic pots., 5. Garden designing and hedge preparation methods, 6. Identification of landscape trees, shrubs / climbers and ground covers., 7. Layout of land for lawn and Preparation of land for lawn., 8. Designing of home gardens, 9. Identification and growing of indoor plants of their basic requirements, 10. Patterns of flower arrangement in vase, 11. Study of disease and pastes of ornamental plants, 12. Visit to commercial nursery., Note: Minimum of five practicals need to be conducted, References:, 1. Agrawal, P.K. (1993). Hand Book of Seed Technology. New Delhi, Delhi: Dept. of, Agriculture and Cooperation, National Seed Corporation Ltd., 2. Bose T.K., Mukherjee, D. (1972). Gardening in India. New Delhi, Delhi: Oxford & IBH, Publishing Co., 3. Jules, J. (1979). Horticultural Science, 3rd edition. San Francisco, California: W.H., Freeman and Co., 4. Kumar, N. (1997). Introduction to Horticulture. Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu: Rajalakshmi, Publications., 5. Musser E., Andres. (2005). Fundamentals of Horticulture. New Delhi, Delhi: McGraw, Hill Book Co., 6. Sandhu, M.K. (1989). Plant Propagation. Madras, Bangalore: Wile Eastern Ltd., , 28

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) FOR, SUBJECT: BOTANY, B.Sc. Second Year, Annual Pattern, SECB-II (B) BIO-FERTILIZERS, Periods: 45, Credits: 02 (Marks – 50, ___________________________________________________________________________________, UNIT 1, General account about the microbes used as biofertilizer – Rhizobium – isolation, identification,, mass multiplication, carrier based inoculants, Actinorrhizal symbiosis., Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication – carrier based inoculant, associative effect of, different microorganisms. Azotobacter: classification, characteristics – crop response to, Azotobacter inoculum, maintenance and mass multiplication. Cyanobacteria (blue green algae),, Azolla and Anabaena azollae association, nitrogen fixation, factors affecting growth, blue green, algae and Azolla in rice cultivation., UNIT II, Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association, taxonomy, occurrence and, distribution, phosphorus nutrition, growth and yield – colonization of VAM – isolation and, inoculum production of VAM, and its influence on growth and yield of crop plants., Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, recycling of biodegradable municipal,, agricultural and Industrial wastes – biocompost making methods, types and method of, vermicomposting – field Application. Biofertilizers - Storage, shelf life, quality control and, marketing., Practicals:, 1. Isolation of Phosphate solubilizing micro-organisms from rhizosphere, 2. Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules of leguminous crop, 3. Isolation and purification of Azotobacter from soil, 4. Isolation and purification of Beijerinckia form soil, 5. Isolation of Azospirillum, , 6. Isolation Blue Green Algae from soil, 29

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SWAMI RAMANAND TEERTH MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, NANDED, SEMESTER PATTERN CURRICULUM UNDER, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) FOR, SUBJECT: BOTANY, B.Sc. Second Year, Annual Pattern, SECB-I &II, END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION (ESE), ______________________________________________________________________________, SEAT NO:, MARK SHEET, , Sr. No., , 1, 2, 3, Total, , END OF, SEMESTER, EXAMINATION, (ESE), Skill Work report, submission, Over all skill, judgment, Skill Work, presentation, , Maximum, Marks, , Obtained, Marks, , 10, 10, 05, 25, , Name & Signature of:, Examiner- 1:, Examiner- 2:, , 31

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REFERENCES :, , , Atwell, B.J. Kriedcrmann, P.E. and Jumbull, C.G.N. Plants in Action: Adaption in Nature, , , , Bajracharya, D. 1999. Experiments in Plant Physiology: A Laboratory Manual. Narosa, , , , Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin, J., Bertoni, G. P. (2009). The World of the Cell,, 7thedition. San Francisco, Cambridge: Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing., , , , Beevers, L. Nitrogen metabolism in Plants. William and Sons Ltd., London, 1976., Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., Stryer, L. (2011). Biochemistry. New York, NY: W. H., Freemanand Company., , , , Bewley. J.D. and Black, M. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination, Plenum, , , , Bhatla, S.C., Lal, M.A. (2018). Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism., Singapore: Springer Nature, Singapore Pvt. Ltd., , , , Bhattacharya, K., Majumdar, M.R. and Bhattacharya, S.G. 2006. A Textbook of, Palynology.New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. New Delhi., , , , Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas, Publishing House. Delhi. 5th edition., , , , Bhojwani, S.S. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Dantu, P.K. The Embryology of Angiosperms (6th, revised and enlarged edition). Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 2015., biology of plants. Published by Krishan Makhijanifo I.K. International Pvt. Ltd, Upkhaar, CinemaMarket, New Delhi, 2007., , , , Biondi, F. Tree-ring Analysis of Environmental Change: Principles and Applications of, Biotechnology. Published by S.Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., 7361 Ram Nagar,, , , , Bob B. Buchanan, Wilhelm Gruissem and Russel, L. Jones. Biochemistry and Molecular, , , , Bray, C. M. Nitrogen metabolism in Plants.Longman, 1983., 32

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, , Brown C. W and Thorpe T. A 1984 Cell culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of plants,, Academic Press Orlando, , , , Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R. L. 2000 Biochemistry and Molecular, Biology of Plants. American Soc. Of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA., , , , Burgess, J. An Introduction to Plant Cell Development. Cambridge University Press,, , , , C.S. Shah and J.S. Quadry. A Text book of Pharmacognosy 13th edition.Published by, B.S. Shah Prakashan, Ahmedbad, 2008., , , , Campbell, M.K. (2012). Biochemistry, 7th edition. Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage, Learning., , , , Campbell, P.N., Smith, A.D. (2011). Biochemistry Illustrated, 4th edition. London,, Co., California, USA., Chu, C 1978 Plant Tissue Culture, Peking Science Press, Peking, , , , Cooper, T.G. 1977. Tools in Biochemistry.John Wiley, New York, USA., , , , Copeland, R.A. 1996. Enzymes: A Practical Introduction to Structure, Mechanism and, Data Analysis. VCH Publishers, New York., , , , David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox. Lehninger Princip les of Biochemistry 7thn, edition .Published by W.H. Freeman company, 41 Madison Avenue, Newyork, 2015., Dendrochronology. Springer; 1 edition. 2010., , , , Dennison C. 1999.A guide to Protein Isolation. Kluwer Academic Publishers,, Dordrecht,The Netherland., , , , Devi, P. 2000. Principles and Methods of Plant Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and, Genetics. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India., , 33

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, , Devlin, R. M. and Witham F.H. Plant Physiology, CBS Publication and Distributions,, Delhi,1986., , , , Dickison, W.C. (2000).Integrative Plant Anatomy. Cambridge, U.K.: Harcourt Academic, Eastern Ltd.. New York, 1895., , , , Dubey. R.C. 2006. A text book of Biotechnology. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi – 110055, , , , Easu, K. 1983. Plant Anatomy - Wiley Eastern Limited., , , , Epstein, E. Mineral nutrition in Plants. Principles and Perspectives. Wiley, 1976., , , , Esau, K. (1977).Anatomy of Seed Plants. New Delhi, Delhi: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., , , , Evert, R.F., Eichhorn, S. E. (2006). Esau’s Plant anatomy: Mersitems, Cells, and tissues, of the, , , , Fageri, K. and Van der Pijl, L. The Principle of Pollination Ecology. Pergamon Press,, Oxford,1979., , , , Fahn, A. 1977 – Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press., , , , Fahn, A. Plant Anatomy. (3rd edition). Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982., , , , Forester,A.S. l960. Practical Plant Anatomy. D. Van Nostrand Company lnc., , , , Fosker, D.E.Plant Growth and Development. A Molecular Approach. Academic Press,, San Diego, 1994., , , , Frank B. Salisbury and Cleon W.Ross, 2002. Plant physiology 3 rd edition CBS, publishersand distributors.Germany, 1988., , , , FRIEIFELDER, D. (Ed.) 1990. Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House. New, Delhi., , , , Gamborg O. L and Phillips. G.G. 1975 Plant Cell, Tissue culture and Organ culture, Fundamental Methods. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi., 34

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, , Goodwin Y.W., and Mercer E.I. 2003. Introduction to Plant Biochemistry, 2nd edition., CBS Publishers and distributors., , , , Gurumani, N. Research Methodology for biological sciences. Published by MJP, publisher, 47 Nallathambistreet, Triplicane, Chennai, 2014., , , , Harborne, J.B. Phytochemical methods a guide to modern techniques for plant analysis, 3rd edition. Published by Chapman and Hill, London, 1998., , , , Hopkins, W. G., Huner, N. P. A. (2009). Introduction to Plant Physiology, 4th edition., New Delhi, Delhi: Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., , , , Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and, Sons U.S.A. 4th edition., , , , Howell, S.H. Molecular Genetics of Plant Development. Cambridge University press,, , , , Jain. J.L., Sunjay Jain and Nitin Jain, 2012. Fundamental of Biochemistry.Published by, S. Chand and Company Pvt and Ltd, 7361 Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 2002., , , , Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and LubertStryer.Biochemistry.6th Edition,, Published by W.H. Freeman company, 41 Madison Avenue, Newyork, 2006., , , , Johri, B.M. (1984). Embryology of Angiosperms. Netherlands: Springer-Verlag.., , , , Kochhar, S.L., Gujral, S.K. (2017). Plant Physiology: Theory and Applications. New, Delhi, Delhi: Foundation Books, Cambridge University Press India Pvt, Ltd., , , , Kokate, C.K., Purohit, A.P and S.K.Gohale. Pharmacognosy 13th edition.Published by, , , , Kramer, P. J. Plant and soil water relationship, 1969., , , , Leins, P., TucKer, S.C. and Endress, P.K. Aspects of Floral Development, J. Cramer,, , , , Levitt. Responses of plant to Environmental Stress. Academic Press, New York. Bidwell, , 35

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, , Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger, 2002. Plant Physiology 2nd edition, Sinauer, Associates,Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts., , , , Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger. Plant Physiology 5th Edition. Sunderland,, Massachusetts,USA, 2010., , , , Lyndon, R.F. Plant Development. The Cellular Basis, UnninByman, London, 1990., , , , Mauseth, J.D. 1988. Plant Anatomy - The Benjamin Cumming Publishing Co., , , , Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simmon Gibbons and Elizabeth, Williamson.Fundamental of pharmacognosy and phytothraphy 2nd edition.Published by, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2012., , , , Moore, T.C. 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones (2nded)., SpringerVerlag, New York, USA., , , , Murphy, T.M. and Thompson, W.E. Molecular Plant Development. Prentice Hall, New, Jersey,1988., , , , Nair, P.K.K. (1970) Pollen Morphology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publications, New Delhi., , , , Nair, P.K.K.1985. Essentials of Palynology. Today & Tomorrow Printers and Publishers ,, New Delhi. NiraliPrakashan, Pune, 2002., , , , Narayanaswamy, S 1994. Plant Cell and Tissue, Tata –Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co.,, Ltd., NewDelhi., , , , Nobel, P.S.1999. Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology (2nd ed)., , , , Noggle G.R. and Fritz G. J., 1986 Introductory Plant Physiology Prentice Hall., India.Private Ltd.Delhi, 1992.Performance, in Cultivation, MacMillan Education., Sydney, Australia, 1999., , , , Plant Body: their structure, function and development. New Jersey, U.S.: Wiley- Liss., 36

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Press. New York, 1994., , , Proctor, M. and Yeo, P. The Pollination of Flowers. William Collins Sons, London, 1973., , , , PUROHIT, S.S., AND S.K. MATHUR. 1993. Fundamentals of Biotechnology., Agrobotanical Publishers. India., , , , Raghavan, V. (2000). Developmental Biology of Flowering plants. Netherlands:, , , , Raghavan, V. 1997. Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge University, Press,Cambridge., , , , Raghavan, V. 1999. Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants.Springer -Verlag, New, York., , , , Raghavan, V. Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge University Press,, , , , Rastogi, S. C. Biochemistry. Published by Tata McGraw Hill publishing company, Limited, 7 West patel Nagar, New Delhi, 2008., , , , Raven, F.H., Evert, R. F., Eichhorn, S.E. (1992). Biology of Plants. New York, NY:, W.H. Freeman and Company., , , , Raven, P.H., Evrt, R.F. and Eichhorn, S. Biology of Plants (5th edition). Worth, New, York,1992.RGS.Plant Physiology. MacMillan Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1972., , , , Reinert J and Bajaj Y. B. S 1977 (Ed) Applied and Fundamental Aspects of Plant cell,, Tissue and Organ culture , Springer Verlag, Berlin Ronald Press, New York., , , , Roseline, A.Pharmacognosy. Published by MJP publisher, 47 Nallathambistreet,, Triplicane, Chennai, 2011., , , , Salisbury, C. B and Ross C.W. Plant Physiology, CBS Publication and Distributions,, Delhi,1986., , , , Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W.1992: Plant Physiology (4thed). Wadsworth Publishing, 37

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, , Sathyanarayana, U., and U. Chakrapani. Biochemistry 3rd edition. Published by, Arunabha Sen Books and Allied (P) Limited, 8/1 Chintamoni Das Lane, Kolkata, 2009., , , , Sedgely, M. and Griffin, A.R. 1989. Sexual Reproduction of Tree Crops, Academic, Press,London., , , , Shivana, K.R. and Johri, B.M. 1985. The Angiosperm Pollen: Structure and Function., Wiley Eastern Ltd., New York., , , , Shivana, K.R. and Rangaswamy, N.S. 1992. Pollen Biology: A Laboratory Manual., Springer-Verlag, Berlin., , , , Shivanna, K.R. (2003). Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Oxford and IBH Publishing, Co. Pvt. Ltd. Delhi., , , , Shivanna, K.R. and Rangaswamy, N.S. 1992. Pollen Biology –A Laboratory Manual., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, , , , Shivanna, K.R. and Rangaswamy, N.S. Pollen Biology: A Laboratory Manual. SpringerVerlag. Berlin, 1992., , , , Shivanna, K.R. and Sawhney, V.K. (eds) 1997. Pollen Biotechnology for Crop, Production and Improvement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge., , , , Shivanna, K.R. and Sawhney, VK. Pollen Biotechnology for Crop Production and, Improvement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.Sons, Inc. Springer, , , , Steeves, T.A. and Sussex, I.M. Patterns in Plant Development (2nd edition). Cambridge, , , , STREET, H. E. 1977. Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Blackwell Scientific Pub. Oxford., , , , Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I. M., Murphy, A. (2018). Plant Physiology and, Development, 6th edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Sinauer Associates., , 38

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, , Veerakumari, L. Bioinstrumentation. Published by MJP publisher, 47 Nallathambistre et, Triplicane, Chennai, 2006., , , , Verma, S.K. and MohitVerma. A Text book of Plant physiology, Biochemistry and, , , , Verma, V. Plant Physiology. II Ed. Athena Academic. London, 2016., , , , William G. Hopkins, 1999. Introduction to Plant Physiology, 2nd edition, John Wiley A, Sons,Inc., , , , William G. Hopkins, 1999. Introduction to Plant Physiology, 2nd edition, John Wiley A, , , , William, G. Hopkins. Introduction to Plant Physiology. II Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc.,, NewYork, 1995., , …………………………………………...20062020………………...…………………………., , 39