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3. Kingdom Plante, , Mr.Gund Sir-9527480811, , Kingdom Plante:- Kingdom Plantae is further classified on the basis of characteristics like, absence or presence of seeds, vascular tissues, differentiation of plant body,, , Cryptogams:-They are spore producing plants and do not produce seeds and flowers. They, reproduce sexually by gametes but sex organs are concealed, , Phanerogams: - They are commonly called seed producing plants. They produce special, reproductive structures that are visible., , Cryptogams, ❖ Division: Thallophyta: ➢ Plant body is thalloid i.e., undifferentiated into root, stem and leaves., ➢ They are mostly aquatic; few grow on other plants as epiphytes., ➢ Some grow symbiotically and epizoic i.e., growing or living non-parasitically on the, exterior of living organisms., ➢ They can be multicellular, unbranched, filamentous, ➢ Reproduction takes place by vegetative asexual and sexual way., , •, , algae are classified as per its pigments like chlorophyll, xanthophylls and phycobilin, ❖ Chlorophyceae (green algae): -. E.g., Chlorella. Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chara, Volvox, Ulothrix etc., , ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, , These are mostly fresh water., Plant body is unicellular, colonial, filamentous., Cell wall contains cellulose., Chloroplasts are of various shapes like discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped,, ribbon-shaped or spiral, The stored food is in the form of starch., Pyrenoids (fix co2 ) are located on Chloroplast, Members are rich in protein, so used as food;
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3. Kingdom Plante, , Mr.Gund Sir-9527480811, , ❖ Phaeophyceae (Brown algae): - E.g. Porphyra, Laminaria, Sargassum, , Fig- Laminaria, , fig- Sargassum, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, , Plant body Mostly marine, rarely fresh water., Cell wall has cellulose, fucans and algin, Photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll-a, -c and fucoxanthin are present., Mannitol (type of sugar alcohol) laminarin (starch glucan) and starch are stored food, materials., Body is usually differentiated into holdfast, stalk called stipe and leaf-like photosynthetic, organ., Many species of marine algae are used as food., , ❖ Rhodophyceae (Red algae): E.g., Batrachospermum Porphyra, Gracillaria, Polysiphonia,, , Fig- Batrachospermum, , ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, , fig- Gracillaria, , fig- Polysiphonia, , These are found in marine as well as fresh water on the surface, deep sea water., Plant body is thalloid, Cells contain chlorophyll a, d and phycoerythrin, Cell wall is made up of cellulose and pectin, Stored food is in the form of Floridean starch, Commercially important agar-agar which is used as solidifying agent in tissue culture, medium is obtained from red algae.
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3. Kingdom Plante, , Mr.Gund Sir-9527480811, , ❖ Division-Bryophyta: ➢ Bryophytes are mostly terrestrial plants, ➢ They are found in moist shady places., ➢ they need water for fertilization and completion of their life cycle., ➢ they are called ‘amphibious plants(both aquatic & terrestrial)., ➢ Vegetative plant body is thalloid or leafy., ➢ Bryophytes have root-like structures called rhizoids, ➢ Rhizoids are unicellular in liverworts while multicellular in mosses., ➢ Rhizoids absorb water and minerals and also help in fixation of thallus on the, substratum., , Bryophytes are divided into two groups: Liverworts and mosses., , ❖ Liverworts (Hepaticeae): E.g. Riccia, Marchantia, , Fig- Anthoceros., ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, , These are primitive group of Bryophytes., Gametophyte possesses flat plant body called thallus, The thallus is green, dorsiventral, prostrate with unicellular rhizoids, Some member possesses flattened thallus., The thallus produces horny structures which are called sporophytes hence the name, hornworts- eg.Anthoceros., , ❖ Mosses (Musci): E.g., Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum, , Fig- Funaria, ➢ These are advanced members possess erect plant body., ➢ the life cycle includes two stages namely; protonema (protonema is a thread-like, chain of cells) stage and leafy stage., ➢ protonema helps in the vegetative propagation., ➢ The leafy stage has erect, slender stem like main axis bearing spiral leaf like, structures., ➢ Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation and budding.
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3. Kingdom Plante, , •, , Mr.Gund Sir-9527480811, , Bryophytes-Economic importance:➢ Some mosses provide food for herbivorous mammals, birds, ➢ a moss; provides peat used as fuel Mosses are also used as packing material for, transport of living materials., ➢ they have significant water holding capacity., ➢ They decompose rocks to form soil and make them suitable for growth of higher, plants., ➢ mosses help in prevention of soil erosion, thus act as so binders., , ❖ Division- Pteridophyte: - e.g. Nephrolepis, Selaginella, Lycopodium, , Fig- Nephrolepis, First vascular and true land plants., the first successful terrestrial plants with true roots, stem and leaves., Pteridophytes grow in moist and shady places., Pteridophytes show sporophytic (produces spores) and gametophytic (that forms gametes) stages, in life cycle., ➢ Secondary growth is not seen in Pteridophytes due to absence of cambium., ➢ Pteridophytes are classified as – Psilopsida- (Psilotum), Lycopsida – (Selaginella and, Lycopodium), Sphenopsida – (Equiesetum) and Pteropsida Adiantum) (Dryopteris,, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, , •, , Economic importance: ➢ Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purpose, ➢ They are soil binders- (Soil binders also provide temporary dust, wind, and soil, stabilization (erosion control)., ➢ Many verities are grown as ornamental plants.
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3. Kingdom Plante, , Mr.Gund Sir-9527480811, , Phanerogams, ❖ Division: Gymnospermae e.g. Cycas, Pinus, Gnetum, ➢ There are about 70 genera and 1000 living species of Gymnosperms in world. In India, it is represented by 16 genera and 53 species., ➢ Most of the Gymnosperms are evergreen, shrubs or woody trees., ➢ plants producing naked seeds, Seeds are not covered by fruit., ➢ They are vascular plants. (xylem & Phloem tissue presents), ➢ It is differentiated into root, stem and leaves., ➢ The root system is tap root type. In some, roots form symbiotic association with other, life forms., ➢ Coralloid roots of Cycas show association with blue green algae., ➢ The coralloid roots contain Cyanobacteria, which has a blue-green growth that fixes, nitrogen., ➢ stem is mostly erect, aerial, solid and cylindrical., ➢ Secondary growth is seen in Gymnosperms due to presence of cambium., ➢ Spores are produced by microsporophyll (Male) and megasporophyll (Female), , Fig-Cycas plant, , •, , Fig-Megasporophyll, , Fig-Coralloid roots, , Economic importance: ✓ Cycas is grown as ornamental plant. (Used for garden), ✓ Pinus is used as source of pine wood, turpentine oil and pine resin.
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3. Kingdom Plante, , Mr.Gund Sir-9527480811, , Angiospermae- (this point is reduced for temporary), ❖ Plant life cycle & alternation of generation., ➢ Life cycle of a plant includes two phases or distinct generations namely sporophyte, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, ➢, , ➢, ➢, , (diploid: 2n) and gametophyte (haploid: n)., Some special diploid cells of sporophyte divide by meiosis to produce haploid cells., These haploid cells divide mitotically to give rise to gametophyte., The gametophyte produces male and female gametes., which fuse during fertilization to produce diploid zygote., It divides by mitosis to form diploid sporophyte., The sporophytic and gametophytic generations generally occur alternately in the, life cycle of a plant., This phenomenon is called alternation of generations., Distinct alternation of these generations is two observed in Bryophytes and, Pteridophytes., In algae, based upon the nature of dominant phase in life cycle, it is called, haplontic, diplontic or haplo diplontic life cycle., , Diplontic, , Haplo-diplontic, , Haplontic, , Diplontic: ➢ Diplontic life cycle refers to the life cycle of organisms, which is dominated by the diploid, stage. Plants and algae show alternation of generation. All the plants showing sexual, reproduction alternate between two multicellular stages, viz. Haploid gametophyte and, diploid sporophytes., , Haplo-diplontic: ➢ Haplo-diplontic life cycle involves the alternation of generations between a haploid, gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte., , Haplontic: ➢ The zygote divides meiotically to form haploid cells, which undergo mitosis to form, multicellular haploid organisms, ➢ is a simplest and most primitive type of life cycle.
