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=, , Chapter 1.:-Living World, •, •, , Planet earth is made up of abiotic and biotic components., The biotic components are the living beings present around us., , •, , The abiotic components These includes the climate, temperature soil, water,, organic compounds as proteins,carbohydrates,lipids etc.and inorganic, substances like Calcium, Magnesium, phosphorus ,Sulphur Nitrogen etc ., , Basic principles of Life:, 1) Metabolism:•, •, •, , The sum total of all the reactions occurring in the body of an organism is called metabolism., Metabolism provides energy and many chemical molecules which is required for survival., Metabolism consist of two processes, , •, , a) Anabolism: Building up new molecules e.g photosynthesis in plants in which, complex carbohydrates are formed from simple substances such as water and CO2 in, presence of light and chlorophyll, , •, , b) Catabolism: Breaking of molecules e.g Respiration during respiration glucose is, breaking down into CO2 and water with the released of energy, , •, , Non living object do not show metabolism but metabolic reactions can be, demonstrated in cell free system (in vitro)., Hence metabolism and cellular organization of the body is the defining features of life form., , •, , 2.) Growth and development:•, •, , Growth is exhibited by all living organism., Increase in body mass is considered as growth., , •, , Non living objects also grow. Mountains and sand mounds show growth. However, the, growth exhibited by non-living objects is by accumulation of material on the surface ., , •, , In living organism growth is form inside due to increase in number of cells and, tissues from within the body for a limited and specific period ., , •, , As growth exhibited by both living and non-living things growth is not considered as, defining features of life, , 3).Ageing:, •, , Growth and development are not the processes which have unlimited time span., , •, , At certain point of time, the molecules, organs, systems begins to lose their effective, working and become old. This is ageing process of the body, , 4).Reproduction:, •, •, •, , Reproduction is a characteristic of living organisms., Organisms reproduce asexually or sexually and produced their own kind., Reproduction ensures continuity of race., , •, , However there are living organisms which do not reproduce e.g. Mules, sterile

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•, , worker bees, infertile human couples etc., Hence reproduction also cannot be defining characteristics of living organisms, , 5) Death:- When the capacity to perform metabolic reactions is lost. it results into death, 6) Response:, •, •, •, , Technically complicated features of all living organisms is irritability i.e. their ability, to sense their environment and responds to it., All living organisms respond to environmental factors like light, temperature, water etc., All organisms are ‘aware’ of their surrounding., , •, , Consciousness therefore is the defining property of living organisms., , Diversity in living organisms:•, , Enormous variety of living organisms exists on the earth. It is not possible for human beings to, remember the characteristics of all these organisms without their systematic arrangement., , •, , Among the living organisms there is great diversity for their proper study and for understanding, interrelationship, systematic and taxonomy is used, , •, , Systematics:- Systematics is the scientific study of similarities and differences among different kinds of, organisms and also it includes their identification, nomenclature and classification., , •, , Taxonomy: It is the branch of biology which deals with the collection, identification,, nomenclature, description and classification of plants and animals, , •, , Classification: It is the arrangement of organisms or groups of organisms in distinct categories in, accordance with a particular and well established plan., , •, , Need of classification: There are a large number of living organisms found on earth. All these organisms, show variations in their shape, size, structure, habit, habitat, nutrition etc. It is very difficult to, remember the characteristics of all the organisms without their proper arrangement. The classification, helps to explain unity in diversity of the organisms. It gives universal, specific and scientific names to the, organisms .It reveals the relationship among the various groups of organisms, , Exercise:, Que.1 what is the difference between living and non-living things?, Ans: Living things show life processes such as growth, and development, metabolism, reproduction,, consciousness etc. Non living things do not show such phenomenon, Que.2: Enlist the characteristics of living organisms?, Ans: 1) Metabolism. 2) Growth and development 3) Cellular organization 4) Reproduction 5), Consciousness (Response) 6) Death etc., Que.3 whether all organisms are similar? Justify your answer, Ans No all organisms are not similar. There are a large number of living organisms found on earth. All these, organisms show variations in their shape, size, structure, habit, habitat, nutrition etc. Some are unicellular, while some are multicellular. Some are autotrophic while some are heterotrophic. Some are aquatic while, some are terrestrial in habit

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Que.4 Define the term Anabolism and catabolism?, Ans1) .Anabolism: A part of metabolism in which new molecules are formed in the body, 2) Catabolism: A part of metabolism in which complex molecules are broken down, Que.5 Give the significance of metabolism:, Ans: 1) Metabolism is essential process in all living organisms, 2) Metabolism provides energy and many molecules that are necessary for survival of organisms, Que.6. What does metabolism consist of?, Ans> Metabolism consist of 1) anabolism 2) catabolism, Que.6 What is the main function of reproduction?, Ans: Reproduction ensures continuity of the race, Que.7: Why reproduction is not called all inclusive characteristics of life?

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Ans: Reproduction is not shown by some living organisms like worker bees and mules. Also, sterile individuals are not able to reproduce hence reproduction cannot be all inclusive, characteristics of life, Que.8 Name some tools for maintaining biodiversity records?, Ans Herbaria ,Botanical gardens, zoological parks, museum, biodiversity park,, key, monographs,catalogue, manuals, Que.9. What are the caused loss of biodiversity at an alarming rate?, Ans:- Population explosion and over exploitation of resources has resulted in loss of biodiversity at, alarming rate., Que.10:’ Systematic essential studyexplain of the statement the‘ organisms is, Ans. There are a large number of living organisms found on earth. All these organisms show variations, in their shape, size, structure, habit, habitat, nutrition etc. It is very difficult to remember the, characteristics of all the organisms without their proper arrangement. The Hence Systematics helps to, explain unity in diversity of the organisms. It gives universal, specific and scientific names to the, organism’s.Itrevealsthe relationship among the various groups of organisms. Hence Systematic study of, the organisms is essential’, Que.11: How can we study large number of organism at a glance?, Ans.:- By keen observation of the structure of body and considering the similarities and differences, between different organisms. We can study them. The system of classification makes this study easier., Que.12: Whether all organisms prepare their own food?, Ans: No, Only autotrophic organisms can prepare their own food., Que.13: Which features can be considered as all inclusive characteristics of life? Why, Ans. All living organisms respond to environmental factors like light, temperature, water etc., All organisms are ‘aware’ of hencetheir.Consciousnesssurroundingsisthe w inclusive property of living organisms, Que.14 Can metabolic reactions demonstrated in a test tube ( called-vitro tests) be called living?, Ans: An isolated metabolic reaction performed in the test tube is neither living nor non-living. These, reactions are not living things but are merely living reactions, Que.15 Now-a-day patients are declared-suport. ‘brain dead’ They do not show any and sign of self –consciousness., Are they are living or nonliving?, Ans: The patients on the life support system do not show self consciousness. Their ability to responds, to environment stimuli is lost. But their vital activities are kept working with life support machinery., Such persons are neither dead nor alive. Hence it cannot be said that they are living or non-living, Que.16Choose the correct option and answer the following?, 1) Which is not a property of living beings?, a) Metabolism b) decay c) Growth d) reproduction Answer: b) decay, 2) A group of students found two cockroaches in the classroom. They had a debate whether, they are alive or dead. Which life property will help them to do so?, a) Metabolism b) Growth c) Irritability d) Reproduction Answer: C) Irritability