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Observation, Observation is way of gathering data by watching behavior,, events, or noting physical characteristics in their natural setting., Observations can be overt (everyone knows they are being, observed) or covert (no one knows they are being observed and, the observer is concealed)., The benefit of covert observation is that people are more likely, to behave naturally if they do not know they are being observed., However, you will typically need to conduct overt observations, because of ethical problems related to concealing your, observation.

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When to Use Observation Method, ,  When you are trying to understand an ongoing process or, situation., ,  When you are gathering data on individual behaviors or, interactions between people., ,  When you need to know about a physical setting.,  When data collection from individuals is not a realistic, option.

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How do you plan for Observations, , 1. Determine the Objectives of research, 2. Design a system of Data Collection, 3. Selection of observation site, 4. Selection and training of Observer, 5. Conduct the Observation

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Types of Observation Methods,  Structured and Unstructured Observations,  Participating and Non Participating Observations,  Manual and Mechanical Observations

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Advantages of Observation Method, , , Collect data where and when an event or activity is occurring., , , , Does not rely on people’s willingness or ability to provide, information., , , , Allows you to directly see what people do rather than relying on, what people say they did.

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Disadvantages of Observation Method, , , Susceptible to observer bias., , , , Susceptible to the “Hawthorne effect,” that is, people usually, perform better when they know they are being observed, although, indirect observation may decrease this problem., , , , Can be expensive and time-consuming compared to other data, collection methods., , , , Does not increase your understanding of why people behave as they, do.

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