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Learning, Learning is the process whereby the behaviour of an, organism undergoes changes as a result of experience., Learning is the way through which human beings acquire, new skills, knowledge, attitudes, and values. The, outcomes of learning are the new capabilities possessed, by the learner.

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Elements of Learning, 1., , Learner : Interpretation, differentiation combination and giving a, meaning., , 2., , Stimulus : Any stimulus which learner is sensitive can become a part of, his learning situation., , 3., , The internal conditions of the learner : perception, cognitive structure,, self concept, attitudes, needs, motives, intelligence, previous learning. etc., , 4., , Response : Reaction to a learning situation.

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Learning Process,  Reception : Gaining attention by making some abrupt changes in stimulus or stimuli.,  Expectancy : Informing learners of the objective and what they will be able to do after learning.,  Retrieval to working memory : Stimulating recall of prior knowledge.,  Selective perception : Displaying contents with distinct features.,  Semantic encoding : Learning guidance.,  Responding : Asking learner to perform.,  Reinforcement : Providing feedback to the learner.,  Retrieval and reinforcement : Additional performance by learner and it entails feedback also.,  Generalization : More practice of varied problems so as to increase retention.

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Characteristics of Learner,  On the basis of personal and social attributes : They help in planning instructional objectives, , as it may reveal physical characteristics that are relevant to training or instructional decisions., The social factors mainly include the following :,  Age and maturity level,  Motivation and attitude towards the subject,  Expectations and vocational aspirations,  Special talents,  Mechanical dexterity,  Ability to work under various environmental conditions

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Characteristics of Learner,  Field independent vs. Field dependent : ‘Field’ here means context or surroundings. Some, , people are more and some less, influenced by the context when performing a skill or learning.,  Field-independent learners tend to rely less on the teacher or other learners for support. Field, , independent learners perceive analytically. They see objects separately from the surrounding, field, they prefer to work in self-structured situation and have self-defined goals. In the, classroom activities, such as extensive reading and writing, which learners can carry out alone, are useful for field independent learners.,  Field-dependent learners often work well in teams as they tend to be better at interpersonal, , relationships. They perceive globally. They prefer to work in existing structure or context, they, require externally defined goals and reinforcements and are more aware of their surroundings. In, the classroom, activities that connect different parts of a lesson are useful for field-dependent, learners. For example, learners can discuss what they know about a topic, predict content or look, at and listen to related material.

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Characteristics of Learner,  Reflectivity and impulsivity :, , When a question is posed, some students take long time to respond while others are quick in, response. The speed with which the respondents make a response to the task and the number of, errors they make is termed as conceptual tempo. Those students who respond quickly and make a, fair number of mistakes are said to have a fast conceptual tempo. They are said to possess impulsive, style of learning., Learners who are slow in response and tend to make fewer mistakes are called reflective. In, problem-solving situations, the impulsive learner collects less data, they are less systematic and does, not look for alternative solutions. Reflective learner spends more time collecting information and, analyzing the data before offering a response.

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Characteristics of Learner,  Class-room based learning styles : Learning styles are traits that refer to how learners receive, , and process information.,  Visual learners learn easily and better through sight. Brightness, size, color, distance, clarity,, frame and symmetry are important to visual learners. Visual learners must see so that they may, learn easily. Visual learners may be categorized as verbalists (they see words and letters) or, imagists (they see images, i.e., pictures).,  Auditory learners acquire information through sound, i.e., the ear gate. Various aspects of sound,, for example, pitch, volume, tempo, rhythm, resonance are important for auditory learners., Auditory learners may be aural (they learn by listening to others) or oral (they learn by talking, and hearing themselves).,  Motor learners learn through motor activity. Various aspects of action, for example, frequency,, duration, intensity, pressure, etc., are important for them. Motor learners may be kinesthetic (they, learn through the use of gross motor muscles) or mechanical (they use fine motor muscles to, support their learning)., Apart from above, the classroom style learners can be of the following types. (i) Intuitive : Insights and hunches (ii), Inductive : From facts to generalization (iii) Deductive : From theory to individual facts (iv) Reflectively :, Introspection

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Characteristics of Learner,  Learner characteristics on the basis of listening skills : Listening in an important skill and, , there are four types of listening styles, which are as follows :,  Active listening : It is listening with a purpose.,  Empathic listening : It is a form of active listening in which you attempt to understand the other, , person.,  Evaluative listening or critical listening : In this type, the listener evaluates the accuracy,, , meaningfulness and utility of speaker’s message.,  Appreciative listening : Listening for enjoyment involves seeking situations involving relaxing,, , fun or emotionally stimulating information.

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Characteristics of Learner,  Learner characteristics on the basis of thinking styles : There are different thinking styles of, , learners, which are mentioned below.,  Reflective thinkers : (i) View new information with respect to the subject. (ii) Relate new, , information to past experiences. (iii) Always ask ‘why?’ (iv) Examine their feelings about what, they are learning.,  Creative thinkers : (i) Like to play with new information. (ii) Always ask ‘why?’ (iii) Create their, , own solutions and shortcuts.,  Practical thinkers : (i) Always look for factual information. (ii) Seek the simplest and the most, , efficient way to do their work. (iii) Not satisfied until they know how to apply their new skills to, their job or other interest.,  Conceptual thinkers : (i) Accept new information only after seeing the big picture. (ii) Want to, , know how things work, not just the final outcome. (iii) Learn the concepts that are presented but, also want to know the related concepts that may not have been included.

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