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Types of Planning, 1.Top Level Planning:, The plans and policies which are determined at the top-level management are known as the toplevel planning, like- general policies, objectives, goals, budget determination, etc., 2. Requestive Planning:, Some plans are prepared on the request of the subordinates or colleagues, These are called, requestive planning, like- suggestion plan., 3. Imposed Planning: The plan which is not adopted willingly, but is imposed by external Agencies,, like- government, trade unions, and the Chamber of Commerce, etc. are known as Imposed, Planning., 4. Standing Planning, The plans which are frequently used are known as standing planning., These plans are of a permanent nature. These plans include plans relating to policies, organization,, Framework, nature of production, and standard process, and methods of the organization., 5. Single Cycle Planning, Single Cycle Planning means such planning which is formulated for fulfilling specific objectives, and for solving specific problems and automatically end with achievements of the objectives or, solution of the problem. Such plans are also known as Ad-hoc Planning., 6. Routine Planning, Plans relating to day to day activities of the organization at various levels are known as routine, planning. These plans are prepared as subsidiary plans of the comprehensive plan., 7. Creative Planning, The plans prepared for executing new policies, technical changes, new systems, and Research are, called creative plans., 8. Corrective Planning, The plans prepared for improvements in the objectives, policies, modalities, sales, standard,, production system, and long-term plans of the organization, as a result, of the changes occurring in, the real world, are known as corrective plans., 9. Comprehensive or Master Planning, By Comprehensive or master planning, we mean such planning which concentrates on all the, constitutions of institutions, Like- goals, interests, problems, and other aspects, etc., In the master plan, the detailed analysis is carried out with respect to the goals and problems of all, the departments., 10. Functional or Departmental Planning

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Functional planning is related to specific problems of the organization or specific departments, likeproductions, marketing, finance, personnel, buildings, and construction, etc. This plan should be, prepared in accordance with the objectives of the comprehensive plan., 11. Short-Term Planning, Generally, such planning which is for a period of less than one year is known as a short-term, planning. The objectives of such planning are to nourish one’s own organization by achieving the, targets for production and supply of its present commodities or services in the existing market. A, short term plan is also called operational planning or tactical planning., 12. Middle Term Planning, Planning which is for the period of 1 year to 5 years is called middle term planning, within which, sub-plans prepared for the success of long term planning are included., 13. Long-Term Planning, Long-term planning means the plan prepared for a period of more than five years. In plans, the, objectives of the enterprise are determined and policies for achieving these objectives are also, decided. Besides, decisions are also taken in respect of the activities, which are to be implemented, for achieving the long-term objectives., 14. Administrative Strategic Planning, Administrative strategic planning implies such planning which is formulated by the high-level, management of the situation for determining long-term targets and policies. For that, the future of, the institution is determined with reference to the changing circumstances, like, trade cycles, market, conditions, innovations and relationships with other Institutions, etc. This planning is the indicator, of the objectives and managerial outlook of the institution. In such planning, strategies are worked, out by evaluating future business circumstances. So, this planning is also known as strategic, planning., 15. Operational Planning, It is related to the actual execution of activities of the institution. This is formulated by the, executive management on the basis of the main plan., 16. Project Planning, The planning related to any specific work or problem of the institution. The complicated and highcost activities, important from the viewpoint of time, Like- activities related to publicity, campaign, innovation research, building up of the new plant, sitting up of information system, and market research, etc. are known as project planning., 17. General Planning, The plan prepared by the top level (general management) is known as the top-level planning.

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, , This is the primary step in the process of planning which specifies the objective of an, organisation, i.e. what an organisation wants to achieve.,  The planning process begins with the setting of objectives.,  Objectives are end results which the management wants to achieve by its operations.,  Objectives are specific and are measurable in terms of units.,  Objectives are set for the organisation as a whole for all departments, and then departments, set their own objectives within the framework of organisational objectives., Example:, A mobile phone company sets the objective to sell 2,00,000 units next year, which is double the, current sales., (2) Developing Planning Premises, , , Planning is essentially focused on the future, and there are certain events which are expected, to affect the policy formation.,  Such events are external in nature and affect the planning adversely if ignored.,  Their understanding and fair assessment are necessary for effective planning.,  Such events are the assumptions on the basis of which plans are drawn and are known as, planning premises., Example:, The mobile phone company has set the objective of 2,00,000 units sale on the basis of forecast done, on the premises of favourable Government policies towards digitisation of transactions., (3) Identifying Alternative Courses of Action, , , Once objectives are set, assumptions are made.,  Then the next step is to act upon them.,  There may be many ways to act and achieve objectives.,  All the alternative courses of action should be identified., Example:, The mobile company has many alternatives like reducing price, increasing advertising and, promotion, after sale service etc., (4) Evaluating Alternative Course of Action, , , In this step, the positive and negative aspects of each alternative need to be evaluated in the, light of objectives to be achieved.,  Every alternative is evaluated in terms of lower cost, lower risks, and higher returns, within, the planning premises and within the availability of capital., Example:, The mobile phone company will evaluate all the alternatives and check its pros and cons., (5) Selecting One Best Alternative, , , , The best plan, which is the most profitable plan and with minimum negative effects, is, adopted and implemented., In such cases, the manager’s experience and judgement play an important role in selecting, the best alternative.

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ಕಾಯಾಥಚರಣೆಯ, , ಮಟ್ಟ ಗಳು., , ಹಿೋಗಾಗಿ,, , ಎಲಾಿ, , ಹಂತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, , ವಯ ವಸಾಾ ಪ್ಕರ ನಡುವೆ ಸಂವಹನ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂವಹನವನುು, ಇದರಿೆಂದಾಗಿ, , ಸಂಸ್ಥಾ ಯು, , ಹೆಚ್ಚು, , ಕ್ರರ ಯಾತಮ ಕ, , ಮತ್ತು, , ಉದ್ಯ ೋಗಿಗಳು, , ಮತ್ತು, , ಬೆಳೆಸುವುದು ಕಡ್ರಡ ಯವಾಗಿದೆ,, ಪ್ರಿಣಾಮಕಾರಿ, , ತಂಡವಾಗಿ, , ಕಾಯಥನಿವಥಹಿಸಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುತು ದೆ., , Strategic Planning – Importance, 1. Financial Benefits:, Firms that make strategic plans have better sales, lower costs, higher EPS (earnings per, share) and higher profits. Firms have financial benefits if they make strategic plans., 2. Guide to Organisational Activities:, Strategic planning guides members towards organisational goals. It unifies organisational, activities and efforts towards the long-terms goals. It guides members to become what they, want to become and do what they want to do., 3. Competitive Advantage:, In the world of globalisation, firms which have competitive advantage (capacity to deal, with competitive forces) capture the market and excel in financial performance. This is, possible if they foresee the future; future can be predicted through strategic planning. It, enables managers to anticipate problems before they arise and solve them before they, become worse., 4. Minimises Risk:, Strategic planning provides information to assess risk and frame strategies to minimise, risk and invest in safe business opportunities. Chances of making mistakes and choosing, wrong objectives and strategies, thus, get reduced., 5. Beneficial for Companies with Long Gestation Gap:, The time gap between investment decisions and income generation from those, investments is called gestation period. During this period, changes in technological or, political forces can disrupt implementation of decisions and plans may, therefore, fail., Strategic planning discounts future and enables managers to face threats and, opportunities., 6. Promotes Motivation and Innovation:, Strategic planning involves managers at top levels. They are not only committed to, objectives and strategies but also think of new ideas for implementation of strategies. This, promotes motivation and innovation.

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ಪ್ರಿಸರ ವಿಶ್ಿ ೋಷ್ಣೆಯು ಸಂಸ್ಥಾ ಯ ಗುರಿಗಳನುು ತಲುರ್ಪವ ಸಾಮರ್ಯ ಥದ ಮೇಲೆ ಪ್ರ ಭಾವ ಬೋರುವ, ಪ್ರ ಸುು ತ ಮತ್ತು, , ಭವಿಷ್ಯ ದ ಬೆದರಿಕಗಳು ಮತ್ತು, , ಅವಕಾಶಗಳನುು, , ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ಸಾೆಂಸಿಾ ಕ, , ಪ್ರಿಸರವನುು ಮೇಲ್ಲವ ಚಾರಣೆ ಮಾಡುವ ಪ್ರ ಕ್ರರ ಯೆಯಾಗಿದೆ., , Importance of Environmental Analysis:, 1. Identification of strength:, Strength of the business firm means capacity of the firm to gain advantage over its competitors., Analysis of internal business environment helps to identify strength of the firm. After identifying, the strength, the firm must try to consolidate or maximise its strength by further improvement in its, existing plans, policies and resources., , 2. Identification of weakness:, Weakness of the firm means limitations of the firm. Monitoring internal environment helps to, identify not only the strength but also the weakness of the firm. A firm may be strong in certain, areas but may be weak in some other areas. For further growth and expansion, the weakness should, be identified so as to correct them as soon as possible., , 3. Identification of opportunities:, Environmental analyses helps to identify the opportunities in the market. The firm should make, every possible effort to grab the opportunities as and when they come., , 4. Identification of threat:, Business is subject to threat from competitors and various factors. Environmental analyses help, them to identify threat from the external environment. Early identification of threat is always, beneficial as it helps to diffuse off some threat., , 5. Optimum use of resources:, Proper environmental assessment helps to make optimum utilisation of scare human, natural and, capital resources. Systematic analyses of business environment helps the firm to reduce wastage and, make optimum use of available resources, without understanding the internal and external, environment resources cannot be used in an effective manner., , 6. Survival and growth:

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• 2. Strengths and Threats (ST)- How can your current strengths help you identify and avoid current, and potential threats?, • 3. Weaknesses and Opportunities (WO)- How can you overcome your current weaknesses by, using your opportunities?, • 4. Weaknesses and Threats (WT)- How can you best diminish your weaknesses and avoid current, and potential threats?, 3. WOTS-UP Analysis:, • As mentioned previously a SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool that assesses an, organization’s Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Two other terms are, interchangeably used in business analysis to convey the same; TOWS analysis or WOTS up, analysis. Regardless, the elements in each abbreviation are the same., • The basic purpose of a SWOT analysis is to evaluate the internal and external environment of a, project, business or organization. The Strengths and Weaknesses are the internal factors, while, Opportunities and Threats refer to the external factors. This analysis helps organizations summarize, supportive and unsupportive factors., • All types of organizations, including businesses, non-profit groups and government agencies, can, use SWOT/TOWS/WOTS-up analysis SWOT or WOTS-up analysis helps an organisation to think, strategically and capitalize on its strengths, assess opportunities and minimize threats. It also helps, managers avoid, if not alleviate, weaknesses., 4. BCG Matrix:, • The BCG Matrix was developed by The Boston Consulting Group, a strategic management, consulting firm, to analyze the performance of products. The BCG Matrix compares various, businesses in an organization’s portfolio on the basis of relative market share and market growth, rate., • Relative market share is determined by the ratio of a business’s market share (in terms of unit, volume) compared to the market share of its largest rival. Market growth rate is the growth in the, market during the previous year relative to growth in the economy as a whole., • The combinations of high and low market share and high and low business growth rate provide, four categories for a corporate portfolio. The matrix measures product performance by growth and, market share., • It is a two-by-two graph, with market growth shown on the vertical axis and market share charted, on the horizontal axis. The quadrants are then labelled as four business categories: cash cows, dogs,, question marks and stars.

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ತಿೋಮಾಥನ ಮಾಡುವಿಕ, ನಿಧಾಥರ ತ್ಗೆದುಕಳುಳ ವುದು ವಿಭಿನು, ಯೋಜನೆಯನುು, , ಆಯೆೆ, , ಪ್ಯಾಥಯಗಳೆಂದ ಉತು ಮವಾದ ಕರ ಮ ಅರ್ವಾ, , ಮಾಡುವ ಪ್ರ ಕ್ರರ ಯೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಸಮಸ್ಥಯ ಯನುು, , ಪ್ರಿಹರಿಸಲು, , ವಯ ವಸಾಾ ಪ್ಕರು ಕರ ಮಗಳನುು ತ್ಗೆದುಕಳುಳ ವ ಸಾರ್ನವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ದಕ್ಷತ್ಯನುು ಸುಧಾರಿಸುವ, ಗುರಿಯನುು, ನಿಧಾಥರ, , ಹೆಂದಿರುವ ಕಂಪ್ನಿಯ ನಿವಥಹಣಾ ವಯ ವಸ್ಥಾ ಯ ಅವಿಭಾಜಯ, ತ್ಗೆದುಕಳುಳ ವುದು, , ನಿವಾಥಹಕರು, , ಸರಿಯಾದ, , ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ, , ಅೆಂಗವಾಗಿದೆ., ಸರಿಯಾದ, , ನಿಧಾಥರಗಳನುು ತ್ಗೆದುಕಳಳ ಲು ಸಾರ್ಯ ವಾಗುತು ದೆ., , Importance of Decision Making, 1. Selection of Best Alternative:, Decision making has an important role in the selection of the best course of action timely. There are, different solutions available to tackle any problem. Selection of best action involves proper analysis, of the situation by decision-maker using various accounting, financial and statistical tools. Proper, decision making enables the decision-maker to properly analyse all aspects and choose the most, appropriate action., 2. Ensures Continuity Of Business:, Every business is required to take different decisions routinely for the successful operation of its, activities. Taking the right decision timely is important for every business and any wrong decision, would lead to negative consequences. Business is required to decide various courses of action, related to its production, marketing, sales and various expansion programmes. In today’s high, competition, market business can only exist if takes appropriate decisions. Decision-making process, helps businesses in facing this competition by taking the right decisions., 3. Fuller Utilisation Of Resources:, Efficient utilisation of all resources of an organisation is a must for achievement of its goals and, objectives. Every organisation has the following main resources: men, money, material, machine,, method, market and information. All these resources should be properly utilised without any, wastage. Managers through efficient decision making are able to take corrective actions regarding, using these resources. It helps in ensuring that all resources are fully utilised thereby improving, productivity., 4. Formulation of Plans And Policies:, Decision making process has direct relation with the establishment of plans and policies. Every, organisation operates to achieve certain goals. For the achievement of these goals, framing proper

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plans and policies is a must. Plan and policies are the initial part of decision making process. Proper, decision making enables the managers in proper implementation of these policies to achieve the, desired goals., 5. Achievement of Objectives:, Proper Decision making helps in achievement of goals and objectives of the organisation. All, organisations strive hard to attain their objectives. These objectives are termed as guiding factors, for all operations of the business. Taking of proper actions at a proper time helps in the achievement, of these objectives. Decision making process helps the managers in properly analysing the situation, and selecting the most appropriate action., 6. Facilitates Innovation:, Innovation is something which is required to be adopted by every business as per market changes., Proper decision making facilitates innovation. Innovation brings new products, new process and, new ideas in every organisation. Implementing these changes require proper planning and decision, making. Rational decisions taken by management help in adopting these innovative ideas easily., 7. Helps In Business Growth:, Quick and rational decision taking helps in improving the productivity and efficiency of business. It, helps in fuller and efficient utilisation of resources. Better decision making helps the business in, easily facing the challenges and problems of the market. All these eventually lead to the, achievement of business goals and also help in business growth., 8. Evaluates Managerial Performance:, Decision making is primary function performed by every management team. Number of right, decisions taken by managers determines the quality of management. Effectiveness of decisions, clearly tells how far the managers are delivering their roles and duties. Wrong decisions taking, clearly depict the failures of management in performing their function. This way decision making, helps in evaluating the performance of management team., , ನಿಧಾಥರ ತ್ಗೆದುಕಳುಳ ವ ಪ್ಲರ ಮಖ್ಯ ತ್, 1. ಅತ್ತಯ ತು ಮ ಪ್ಯಾಥಯ ಆಯೆೆ :, ಸಮಯೋಚಿತ, , ಕ್ರರ ಯೆಯ, , ತ್ಗೆದುಕಳುಳ ವುದು, , ಅತ್ತಯ ತು ಮ, , ಪ್ರ ಮಖ್, , ಕೋರ್ಸಥ, , ಪ್ಲತರ ವನುು, , ಅನುು, , ಹೆಂದಿದೆ., , ಆಯೆೆ ಮಾಡುವಲ್ಲಿ, ಯಾವುದೇ, , ನಿಧಾಥರ, , ಸಮಸ್ಥಯ ಯನುು, , ನಿಭಾಯಸಲು ವಿವಿರ್ ಪ್ರಿಹಾರಗಳು ಲಭಯ ವಿದೆ. ಅತ್ತಯ ತು ಮ ಕ್ರರ ಯೆಯ ಆಯೆೆ ಯು ವಿವಿರ್, ಲೆಕೆ ಪ್ತರ ನಿವಥಹಣೆ, ಹರ್ಕಾಸು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಖ್ಯಯ ಶಾಸಿು ಾೋಯ ಸಾರ್ನಗಳನುು, , ಬಳಸಿಕೆಂಡು

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For this, think of the criteria that reflect the goals, values, and objectives for each stakeholder., When considering your criteria, you can also address it from a variety of angles. You can ask, yourself the following questions:, , , , How is it going to work?, , , , How much will it cost?, , , , How well will it comply with the existing system?, , , , How consistent will it be?, , , , How well will it fit in the existing schedule?, , , , Or create your own to meet the criteria., , 2. Determining alternatives, At the determining alternatives stage, your expert group should generate and select several, alternative decisions. They need to choose from 5 to 9 solutions that best meet the planning, session’s requirements. This step is important as it reduces the number of decisions and keeps the, group focused on the most effective ones. You could also search for similar solutions in previous, situations and consider if they suit the current issue., 3. Selecting the best alternative, It’s time to choose the best alternative from the solutions selected at the determining alternatives, stage. To do so, you need to compare each decision to the criteria set at the planning stage of your, decision-making process. The solution that meets most criteria is the most effective one., 4. Deployment, At the deployment stage, you bring your decisions into reality. This involves determining the, actions and tasks that follow the final decision. It also includes the guiding requirements on how to, organize the process., ಗುೆಂರ್ಪ ನಿಧಾಥರ ತ್ಗೆದುಕಳುಳ ವ ಪ್ರ ಕ್ರರ ಯೆ, 1. ಯೋಜನೆ:, ಯೋಜನಾ, ಎೆಂಬುದನುು, , ಹಂತದಲ್ಲಿ ,, , ನಿೋವು, , ಹೇಗೆ, , ನಿರ್ಥರಿಸುತಿು ೋರಿ, , ಮತ್ತು, , ಅದು, , ಯಶಸಿವ ಯಾಗಿದೆ, , ನಿೋವು ನಿರ್ಥರಿಸಬೇಕು. ಇದು ಎರಡು ಹಂತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಭವಿಸುತು ದೆ: