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» basis, which takes, Spee establishes his Utilitarianism purely on quantitative, , into account the amount of pleasure and the number of persons involved It does, not admit qualitative differences among pleasures, Bentham holds that i, differences in quality of pleasures make no difference to their goodness or value., For him any pleasure is.as g00d as another pleasure provided they are equal ui, quantity. Thus according to Bentham, all pleasures are similar if they are equal in, quantity. For example: pushpin (a popular game) is as good as poetry. On this he, Maintains that the quantity and not the quality of pleasure attainable should, guide one’s choice, , CRITICISM;, , (Bentham’s Psychological Hedonism is not free from certain defects. The, Psychological hedonism does not necessarily leads to Ethical Hedonism. It does, not show why an individual Ought to promote the happiness of other9. Bentham, clearly recognizes the €goistic nature of man but still he advocates Altruistic, Hedonism. He does not offer any argument for altruism, , (The Hedonistic Calculus proposed by Bentham is impracticable. How can we, , weight the pleasures of others? We cannot calculate the pleasures of all mankind., Moreover, Bentham’s view that all pleasures are equally alike in kind or quality is, not quite satisfactory Indeed, intellectual pleasure, artistic, , enjoyment and spiritual pleasures are higher in quality than the pleasures of, Gating and drinking.), , Dr. P.P Singh, Govt. Degree college, Poonch

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QNO.3 Give a critical exposition of mill's doctrine of utilitarianism,, OR, How 1S MILL utilitarianism iy defined as Refined or Qualitative Hedonism?, OR, How J.S MILL differ from Jeremy Bentham in his doctrine of utilitarianism?, , Ans. Like Bentham, J.S MILL maintains that pleasure ts the supreme end of human life. Pleasure, or happiness is the only desirable thing or end to be sought. All other objects are merely the, , means to the seeking of pleasure,, , Mill also bases his utilitarianism on Psychological Hedonism. According to him, “to desire a, thing and to find it pleasant is the two ways of expressing the same thing.” It means that, pleasure is the direct object of desire. We always desire what is pleasant and that therefore we, , desire pleasure,, , Mill gives a hedonistic criterion of right and wrong. It states that an action is right if it gives, pleasure or excess of Pleasure over pain; an action is wrong if it gives pain or excess of pain, , over pleasure. Thus according to Mill’s Ethicdl Hedonism, Actions are right in proportion as they, tend to promote happiness;, , Actions are wrong if they tend to Promote the reverse of happiness or in other words, rightness, consists in pleasurableness; wrongness consists in painfulness., , Indeed Mill's utilitarianism is a modified form of Bentham’s Hedonism. Mill asserts that, happiness is the supreme end of morality, but it is not the happiness of the agent himself,, rather it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Following Bentham, Mill explained, human actions in the terms of the “greatest happiness” principle, But Mill at the same time, introduced an important qualification into Bentham’s application of the principle, where, Bentham made the criterion of rightness or wrongness of action as the production of the, greatest amount of pleasure or the least amount of pain; Mill modified the original principle, which is expressed as the greatest happiness or the greatest good for the greatest number., , Mill introduces a qualitative distinction between “higher” and “lower” or more and less, valuable pleasures. Bentham recognizes only the quantitative distinction of pleasures. But, 41.S,Mill admits their qualitative distinction as well. He recognizes the fact that some kinds of, pleasures are more desirable and valuable than others. According to him pleasures differ in, kind or quality. For example - mental pleasures are different from physical pleasures. Mill thus, maintains that differences in quality of pleasures differences in value. Hence quality is, , equally important as quantity,, , To sum up : Mill's doctrine is also called as Refined Utilitarianism , for it judges all actions, , according to their utility as means for the promotion of general happiness or prevention of, general pain. Sometimes Mi rine 15 also called as Qualitative Utilitarianism, for it, , ality in pleasur idditic F quantity.

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CRITICISM, , sychological hedonism does, fill’s psychological hedonism is not free from certain defects. The psychologic al hedo!, , m why a vid oug! promote, nat necessarily lead to Ethical Hedonism, It does not show why an individual ought to pro, , ; a, @ happiness of others. Mill does not offer a reasonable explanation of moral obligation 0}, , , , sense of duty, , }, Mill's innovation of quagtitative difference among pleasures is not fully recognizable)For if, sures are preferable to others because they are of a more excellent quality, then the, tt must be abandoned. Moreover, it renders Hedonistic calculus all the more, , lualities cannot be measured against quantities, unless they can be reduced to, Thus J.S.MILUs recognition of qualities of pleasures makes hedonistic calculus, , mely impracticable. ), , , , , , Dr.P.P._Singh, Govt. Degree College, Poonch.

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a SS OP Hie ae, , , , STAN Den,, , Unit, , Lomanuel Kant 1724-1804, Q.No,3 Kant’s Categorical Imperative. ¥, The categorical imperatives are mo G ny., I © moral laws They are absolutely Universal and, Practical moral rules. They are ob, All imperatives, Kant holds command either Aypothetically oy, command categorically is to represent, , free from sel f-contradiction. They are ;, jective Principles, , Lategorically To, aS categorically practically necessary, , , , objectively necessary. To command hypothetically is to represent ag hypothetically, practically necessary i.e. necessary as a.means, , If the action prescribed in the Imperative is good merely as a means to the, attainment of some desired goal, the imperative is Aypothetical. It therefore, commands, as conditionally. Thus a hypothetical imperative is a principle of conduct which is, accepted not on its own merits, but simply asa rule for gaining some desired end,, , If, on the other hand, the action prescribed in the imperative is good in itself or, absolutely necessary, and not as a means, the imperative is categorical. [ therefore, commiéands as unconditionally. Thus a categorical imperative is one that is accepted on its, own merits, and not as a rule for gaining some desired end,, , By categorical imperative Kant Understands, a principle of conduct that applies to, , , , # person in virtue of his nature as a free and rational being. According to Kant, only a, rational being has the power of acting in accordance withhis-coneeption-oftnws;thar is,, t-accordanee with principles, Thus it Ought to be obeyed by all rational being under all, circumstances and for its own sake. It is unconditionally binding on rational beings. It, admits of no exception., , Formutation of the Categorical Imperative, , In his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, {(Chapter-fl) (Tetms, HJ., Paton)}\ Kant gives the basic jormulation of the ¢ ategorical Imperative as; “Aer only on, that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a, universal law". From this supreme principle of morality Kant deduces other three, subsidiary formulations of the categorical imperitive as the fundamental principles of, moral action:, , , , , , , , ‘Act us if you were legislating for everyone’, »:, Tr concerns the form of the categorical imperative. It isa principle of Universality., The prescription sa¥s that when you are considering whether an action is morally right oy, Wrong, you should ask yoursel)’ whether you would like everyone to act in that way., According to Kant, you should ireat your decision us if jt were a law for everyone to, follow.