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Types of Operating System

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3. Batch Processing System,  The OS in the early computers was fairly simple.,  Its major task was to transfer control automatically from one job to the, , next.,  The OS was always resident in memory.,  To speed up processing, operators batched together jobs with similar, requirement/needs and ran them through the computer as a group. Thus,, the programmers would leave their programs with the operator.,  The operator would sort programs into batches with similar requirements, and, as the computer became available, would run each batch.,  The output from each job would be sent back to the appropriate, programmer.

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Memory layout of Batch System, Operating System, , User Program Area

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Batch Processing Operating System, Batch, , JOBS, , JOBS, JOBS, , JOBS, JOBS, , Monitor, , OPERATING SYSTEM, HARDWARE

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Advantages:, ➢ Batch processing system is particularly useful for operations that, require the computer or a peripheral device for an extended period, of time with very little user interaction., ➢ Increased performance as it was possible for job to start as soon as, previous job is finished without any manual intervention., ➢ Priorities can be set for different batches., Disadvantages:, ➢ No interaction is possible with the user while the program is being, executed., ➢ In this execution environment , the CPU is often idle, because the speeds, , of the mechanical I/O devices are intrinsically slower than are those of, electronic devices.

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4. Multiprogramming System,  The most important aspect of job scheduling is the ability to multi-program.,  Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that CPU, , , , , , , , , , always has one to execute., The idea is as follows: The operating system keeps several jobs in memory, simultaneously. This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job-pool., Since the number of jobs that can be in the job pool., The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the, memory., Eventually, the job may have to wait for some task, such as an I/O operation,, to complete., In a multiprogramming system, the OS simply switches to, and executes, another job. When that job needs to wait, the CPU is switched to another job, and so on. Eventually the first job finishes waiting and gets the CPU back., As long as at-least one job needs to execute, the CPU is never idle.

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Multiprogramming (Continued…),  Multiprogramming is the first instance where the OS must make, , decisions for the users ( Making this decision is Job Scheduling ).,  All the jobs that enter the system are kept in the job pool. This pool, consists of all processes residing on disk awaiting allocation of main, memory.,  If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, the system must, choose among them. Making this decision is job scheduling.,  Finally multiple jobs running concurrently require that their ability to, affect one another be limited in all phases of the operating system,, including process scheduling, disk storage and memory management.

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Memory layout for multiprogramming system, Operating System, , Job 1, Job 2, , Job 3, Job 4, Job 5

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Memory layout for multiprogramming system, Main Memory, Operating System, , Execution in progress, , Secondary, Disk, Storage, , Writing, output data, , Program A, , Program B, Program C, (Waiting for CPU), , CPU

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Three different states of jobs in multiprogramming, , New, Job, , Ready, , I/O completed, , Job is allocated the, CPU for execution, , Job, Running, Processing, completed, , Job must wait for, I/O completion

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5) Multitasking System,  Technically, multitasking is same as multiprogramming.,  In a multitasking OS, a single user can execute multiple programs at the, , same time.,  Multitasking is the system’s capability to work one or more than one job or, process at the same time. It means that whenever a job needs to perform I/O, operations, the CPU can be used for executing some other job or process, that is also residing in the system and is ready to use the CPU.,  NOTE:, The term multiprogramming is used for multi-user systems i.e.,, systems that are simultaneously used by many users such as mainframe and, server class system., The term multitasking is used for single user system i.e., systems that, are used by only one user at a time such as personal computer or a notebook.

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Multitasking System (Continued…),  Thus multitasking is the method of processing the multiple tasks, , concurrently in a single user system.,  For Example: A user is running separate program in 4 different windows, at the same time. The program in window 1 could be printing a, document, he program in window 2 could be displaying an e-mail of, user, a spreadsheet program in window 3 could be preparing sales report, and compilation of a program is in progress in window 4. in this manner,, a user may work on many tasks at the same time. Thus, progress of, different tasks can be viewed on different windows in a multitasking, system.,  There are two types of multitasking:, 1. Cooperative Multitasking, 2. Pre-emptive Multitasking

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Types of Multitasking System, Cooperative Multitasking. In Cooperative Multitasking, a, program can acquire the CPU for the required amount of time. A, program can share CPU with any other program that is executing, simultaneously., 2. Pre-emptive Multitasking. In Pre-emptive Multitasking the OS, allocates particular time to a program. The CPU is preempted if a, higher priority job arrives in a system., 1.

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Comparison between, Multiprogramming and Multitasking, Sr. Multiprogramming, No., , Multitasking, , 1., , It is used for multi-user, systems i.e., the systems, that are used by many users, at the same time., , It is used for single user, systems i.e., the systems that, are used only by one user a, same time., , 2., , It refers to concurrent, execution of multiple jobs, that may be of same user or, different users., , It refers to concurrent, execution of multiple jobs of, same user.

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5. Multiprocessing/ Parallel/ Tightly Coupled System,  Most systems to date are single-processor systems; that is they have only one main, , , , , , 1., , 2., , CPU. However, multiprocessor systems ( also known as parallel systems or, tightly coupled systems ) are growing in importance., Such systems have more than one processor in close communication,, sharing the computer bus, the clock, and sometimes memory and, peripheral devices., Multiprocessor systems have three main advantages:, Increased throughput : By increasing the number of processors, we hope, more work done in less time. The speed-up of N processors is not N; rather it is, less than N. When multiprocessors cooperate on a task, a certain amount of, overhead is incurred in keeping all the parts working correctly. This overhead,, plus contention for shared resources, lowers the expected gain from additional, processors., Economy of Scale: Multiprocessor systems can save more money than, multiple single processor systems, because they can share peripherals, mass, storage, and power supplies . If several programs operate on same set of data, it, is cheaper to store those data on one disk and to have all the processors share, them, than to have many computers with local disks & many copies of the data.

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Multiprocessing System (Continued…), 3. Increased reliability. If functions can be distributed properly, among several processors, then the failure of one processor will not, halt the system, only slow down it. If we have ten processors and one, fails, then each of the remaining nine processors must pick up a share, of the work of the failed processor. Thus, the entire system runs only, 10 percent slower, rather failing altogether. This ability to continue, providing service proportional to the level of surviving hardware is, called graceful degradation. Systems designed for graceful, degradation are also called fault tolerant., Types of multiprocessor systems, 1. Symmetric Multiprocessing, 2. Asymmetric Multiprocessing

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Types of multiprocessor systems, VImp Q. Differences between Symmetric and Asymmetric, Multiprocessing, Sr., No.2, , Symmetric Multiprocessing, , 2. Asymmetric Multiprocessing, , 1, , In SMP, each processor runs an identical, In ASMP, each processor is assigned a specific task., copy of the OS, and these copies, communicate with one another as needed., , 2, , SMP means that all processors are peers;, no master-slave relationship exists, between processors., , A master processor controls the system; the other, processors either look to the master for instruction, or have predefined tasks. This scheme defines, master-slave relationship., , 3, , Each processor concurrently runs a copy, of the operating system., , The master processor schedules and allocates work, to the slave processors.

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Differences between, Symmetric and Asymmetric Multiprocessing

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7. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS),  A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to, , serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without buffer, delays. Processing time requirements (including any OS delay) are measured in tenths of, seconds or shorter increments of time.,  Real time operating systems are generally special-purpose ones designed to run embedded, or specialized systems.,  These systems often operate in environments where there are significant constraints on, hardware design and often narrow tasks that need to be done with great accuracy and, speed.,  Real time systems are used in military, engineering, medical, and data communications, systems (among others).,  Example : Typical examples of real-time systems include Air Traffic Control Systems,, Networked Multimedia Systems, Command Control Systems etc., Advantages:,  Better Throughput,  Time taken for response is less, Disadvantages,  Very Costly,  Large memory required

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6. Distributed/ Loosely coupled Systems,  Distributed Operating System is one of the important type of operating, , system.,  Multiple central processors are used by Distributed systems to serve multiple, real-time applications and multiple users. Accordingly, Data processing jobs, are distributed among the processors.,  Processors communicate with each other through various communication lines, (like high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are known as loosely coupled, systems or distributed systems. Processors in this system may vary in size and, function. They are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on., Advantages,  With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the, resources available at another.,  Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.,  Failure of one site in a distributed system doesn’t affect the others, the, remaining sites can potentially continue operating.,  Better service to the customers.,  Reduction of the load on the host computer.,  Reduction of delays in data processing.

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8. Time Sharing Operating System,  A time sharing system allows many users to share the computer resources, , simultaneously. In other words, time sharing refers to the allocation, of computer resources in time slots to several programs simultaneously. For example, a mainframe computer that has many users logged on to it.,  Each user uses the resources of the mainframe -i.e. memory, CPU etc. The users feel, that they are exclusive user of the CPU, even though this is not possible with one CPU, i.e. shared among different users.,  The time sharing systems were developed to provide an interactive use of the computer, system. A time shared system uses CPU scheduling and multi-programming to provide, each user with a small portion of a time-shared computer. It allows many users to share, the computer resources simultaneously. As the system switches rapidly from one user to, the other, a short time slot is given to each user for their executions.,  The time sharing system provides the direct access to a large number of users where, , CPU time is divided among all the users on scheduled basis. The OS allocates a set of, time to each user. When this time is expired, it passes control to the next user on the, system. The time allowed is extremely small and the users are given the impression that, they each have their own CPU and they are the sole owner of the CPU. This short, period of time during that a user gets attention of the CPU; is known as a time slice or a, quantum. The concept of time sharing system is shown in figure.

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 The time-shared systems are more complex than the multi-programming systems. In, , time-shared systems multiple processes are managed simultaneously which requires an, adequate management of main memory so that the processes can be swapped in or, swapped out within a short time.

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Handheld Systems,  Handheld systems include Personal Digital Assistants (PDA’s), such as Palm OS,, , , , , , , , , , , , , cellular telephones with connectivity to a network such as the internet., Developers of handheld systems and applications face many challenges most of which, are due to the limited size of such devices., Ex: PDA, First issue faced by programmer: Due to this limited size, most handheld devices have, a small amount of memory, include slow processors, and feature small display screens., Many handheld devices have been limited size of memory., As a result, the OS and applications must manage memory efficiently. This includes, returning all allocated memory back to the memory manager once the memory is no, longer being used., Smartphones combine a mobile phone and a handheld computer into a, single device. Examples of smartphones over the years have included the, Apple iPhone, Samsung Galaxy, Microsoft and Nokia Lumia, Sony Ericsson etc.,, Second issue faced by programmer: Speed of processor, Processor for most handheld devices often run at a fraction of the speed of a processor, in a PC., Third issue faced by programmer: Displaying the content in web pages in we clipping, where only a small subset of web page is delivered and displayed on a handheld device.