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FOR MORE JOIN ~ MISSION SSC / BANKING /, UPSC, , CONTENTS, Current Affairs with MCQs, , CA-1–CA-32, , Indian Railways, , 1-30, , General Science, , 31-74, , Computers, , 75-104, , Indian Panorama, , 105-120, , World Panorama, , 121–136, , Indian History, , 137-155, , Indian Polity, , 156-166, , Economy, , 167-176, , Geography, , 177-186, , Ecology and Environment, , 187-190, , Art, Culture & Tourism, , 191-197, , Communication, Media and Transport, , 198-204, , Healthcare, , 205-208, , Sports & Games, , 209-212, , MCQs, , 213-235, , • Railways, • General Knowledge, , FOR MORE JOIN ~ MISSION SSC / BANKING /, UPSC, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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FOR MORE JOIN ~ MISSION SSC / BANKING /, UPSC, , Current Affairs, with MCQs, INDIAN RAILWAYS SWOT, INTRODUCTION, •, •, •, , •, •, •, •, •, , •, •, •, •, , It is the state owned railway company, of India, overseen by the Ministry of, Railways., The first time a rail locomotive was, used in India on 21st Dec. 1851 over, Ganga Canal near Town Rurki., First train in India ran between Bori, Bunder, Bombay to Thane on Saturday, 16th April 1853, with 14 carriages/, coaches and 400 guests and journey of, 33.81 kms taking 1:15 hrs. It was the, first commercial passenger service., By 1947, there were 42 rail system or, railway companies., The Great Indian Peninsula Railway, was the first railway company of India., The first train was hauled by three, engines - Sindh, Sahib and Sultan, the, Steam Locomotives., The Great Indian Peninsula Railway, took a set of 8 locomotives from Vulcan Foundry, England in the beginning, of operation in India., In December 1851, first steam engine, Thomason was operated in Roorkee,, second was named after Bombay Governor as Lord Falkland, and third was, used as trial run of the passenger train, in Nov. 1852., On August 15, 1854, the first passenger train in eastern section ran between Howrah to Hooghly (24 miles)., On March 3, 1859, North India got its, first passenger train ran between Allahabad and Kanpur (180 Kms)., In 1895, India started manufacturing, its own locomotives., In September 1921, Acworth Committee headed by William Acworth, decided to separate railway finances, , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , from general finances. In 1904, the, idea to electrify the rail network was, proposed., In 1925, India’s first ever railway, budget was presented., The first electric train on Feb 3, 1925, ran on Mumbai Victoria Terminus (VT), - Kurla branch line, a distance of 16, kms., In 1951, these 42 companies were, nationalised as one unit., On April 14, 1951, Southern Railway, was formed., On April 14, 1952, Northern Railway, was formed., In 1970, the last steam Locomotive was, rolled out of Chittaranjan Locomotive, works. By 1985, steam Locomotives, were phased out., The third class in the Indian Railway, was abolished in 1974., Railway Fund to assist victims of, railway accidents was set up in 1974., In 1977, India got its first Railway, Museum spreading over 10 acres in, New Delhi., On March 31, 1978, Railways were, split into 9 zones., On October 24, 1984, Kolkata became, the first Indian city where first metro, rail ran 25 kms from Calcutta to, Dumdum., In 1985, steam locomotives were, replaced by diesel and electric, locomotives., In, 1987,, computerization, of, reservation was first carried out in, Bombay., In 1989, Indian train numbers were, standardised to 4 digits., On 24 march 1994, first live telecast of, railway budget took place., , FOR MORE JOIN ~ MISSION SSC / BANKING /, UPSC, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-2, , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , •, •, , Current Affairs with MCQs, , In 1995, entire railway reservation was, computerised through the railways, internet., In 1998 Konkan railway was opened, for public., In 1999, Fairy Queen bagged the, National Tourism Award for most, innovative and unique Tourism Venture., In 2000, Mamta Banerjee became the, first woman Railway Minister of India., On December 24, 2002, Delhi Metro, Rail Corporation (DMRC) began its, operation in Delhi., Six times Rail Budgets were presented, by the Railway Minister Lalu Prasad, Yadav from 2004 to 2009., On Monday, February 1, 2010 Wi-Fi, facility was first launched at Mysore, Railway station., On October 20, 2011, Bengaluru got, Namma Metro., On June 8, 2014, Mumbai got Mumbai, Metro and Mumbai Monorail., The largest platform in India is, Kharagpur (W.B.), i.e. 2733 feet long., The longest railway tunnel is Konkan, (Maharashtra), i.e. 65 km., The longest rail bridge is across, Godavari river i.e. 10052 feet long., Chenab Railway Bridge Kalra (J&K), 359 metres/1177 feet will be, world’s highest bridge by Dec. 2016., It will surpass current tallest over, Beipanjiang river in China (i.e. 275, meters high)., The largest marshalling yard is at, Mughal Sarai., Seven classes are at present: (1) AC1T, (2) AC-2T, (3) AC-3T, (4) Sleeper,, (5) AC chair car, (6) First class and (7), Second class., , SWOT ANALYSIS, , Strengths, , • Indian railways is the lifeline of the nation., • Indian railways has largest land, property in the country., • It is the largest employer in India, followed by Defence., • 13.36 Lakh gazetted and non-gazetted, workers are currently employed., , • Its production units produce complete, range of products in its area of, operation, i.e., DG sets, loco components, and sub-assemblies., • Indian railroad network (66,030 kms) is, the largest in Asia and 4th largest in the, world followed by China(3rd), Russia, (2nd), USA (1st) and Canada (5th)., • It is the world’s second largest under, one management., • It has taken steps to conduct all, examinations online as a measure, against malpractices., • It permits Railway Recruitment Board, (RRB) candidates to keep the question, booklets., • It permitted RRB candidates to upload, answer keys and cut-off marks in 2014-15., • In 2014-15, it conducted examinations, for 48, 822 vacancies in 284 categories., • It has its own Indian Railways Institute, of Civil Engineering Forum to study its, various projects and its execution., • Total locomotives are 10822 (Steam 43, + Diesel 5714 + Elec. 5065) in which, broad gauge 10391 + Metre gauge 233, in the year 2014-15., • Total passenger coaches are 67308, (EMU 8475 + Conventional 51833, + Others 7000) with a capacity of, 1920768 accomodation in 2014-15., • Total freight cars/ wagons are 2,54,006, (Broad gauge 250,711 + Metre gauge, 3,139 + Others), • Total tracks are 108706 kms (BG-86,526, kms + MG-18,529 kms + NG-3651 kms), • Total Routes are 66,030 kms (BG 58825, km + MG 4908 km + NG 2297 km) 2014-15., • Total double/multiple tracks are 20,633, kms i.e., 31.25% of total Route kms, (2014-2015), • Total Route electrified are 22,224 kms, out of total 66,030 kms (i.e., 33.66% of, total), 2014-15., • Now it carries over 1.30 crores passengers, & 13 lakh tones of freight every day., • It runs about 20,038 trains daily, (passenger -12,617 (freight-7421), • It has most powerful locomotive, i.e., Electric Locomotive WAG-9/ WAP-7, (Modified version) capable of hauling 24, coaches at a speed of 140 to 160 km/hour., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, • It has solar power run trains., • It has almost 7500 railway stations., • It manufactures locomotives and engines, indigenously., • Its Electric Locomotives are manufactured, at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (W., Bengal), • Its Diesel Locomotives are manufactured, in Varanasi., • Soon India is going to get the first, Bullet train from Japan to run between, Mumbai and Ahmedabad., • Indian railways networks are divided, into 16 zones., • Fairy Queen - the oldest working steam, locomotives engine in the world and it, is the oldest steam engine in operation, hauling luxurious train from Delhi to, Alwar for tourists. It secured a place, in the Guiness Book of World record, and got Heritage Awardat Int’l Tourist, Bureau, Berlin in March, 2000., • Electric Multiple Units (EMU) coaches, are used in large cities -mainly, Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Pune,, Hyderabad, Bangalore, etc., • In 2016, the fastest train in India is the, Bhopal Shatabdi that runs with a top, seed of 150 km/h., • ‘Gatimaan Express’ first proposed in, July 2014, India’s first semi-high speed, bullet train had a successful trial run, from Delhi to Agra in 90 minutes. Its, maximum speed will be 200 km/h. It, will run at a speed of 160 km/h., • Darjeeling Himalayan Railways attained, the World Heritage status from UNESCO., • Indian Railways revenue estimates of, 2016-17 is ` 1,84,820 crore., , Weaknesses, , • Indian Railways Passenger sector is, loss making, i.e. among the lowest of, passenger fare in the world., • Accidents and delays cause a dent to the, image., • Facilities not comparable to international, standards., • Unorganised railway stations, i.e. dirty, and poor in infrastructure., • Infrastructure Bottlenecks leading to, low average speeds., , CA-3, , • Freight train speeds lowest in the world,, i.e. 25km/hr., • Poor track record of project completion., • Lacklustre growth in revenues - both, passenger and freight., • Poor operating ratio (i.e. % age of, revenues account for expenses) which is, expected to be 92% for 2016-17 which, was 90% in 2015-16., • Unhygienic condition of pantry car., • Poor quality of food supplied to, passengers., • Dirty toilets, • Toilet facilities are absent in EMU trains., • Stations are not clean., • Toilets at stations are in very bad conditions., • Maintenance and overhead expenses, are very high., • Lack of flexibility in routes and turnings., • Lack of door to door services., • Inefficiency and high costs are due to, lack of competition., • Unsuitable for short distance and small, roads., • More time & Labour required in booking, & delivery of goods., • Not rural area oriented., • Under-utilisation of its capacity., • Over centralised administration, • It is a hostage of vote bank politics to, offer populist measures., • Free travels for politicians, government, employees and ministers is negative for, its economy., • Reserved seats for politicians and higher, dignitaries reflects bad impressions., Opportunities, • Indian Railways can capture large chunk, of container traffic by introducing block, container trains at passenger speeds., • Its 70% revenue comes from freight, sector and has scope to add more, companies., • Its Operating Ratio (OR) has been, decreasing drastically in last 10 years, has further scope., • Monetisation from non-tariff measureadvertising, leasing of land adjacent to, rail network, date analytics with the, available data., • Asset monetisation, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-4, , • Creation of dedicated freight corridors, and increased focus on containerisation., • Improving traveller amenities and, customer experiences., • Website of Indian Railway catering and, Tourism Corporation can be exploited, for economic activities., • Green track for Road Railer Service can, increase penetration into non-freight, segment of companies/regions., • Technological upgradation (i.e. WiFi, Mobile applications, e-commerce, platform, etc.) can improve customer, interface and monitoring of project, implementation., • 2016 budget puts spotlight on overstressed suburban (EMU) train services, in metros like Mumbai, Kolkatta & Delhi., • Railways Minister has proposed to, revive the Ring Rail network in Delhi, and two new corridors in Mumbai., • Rail Budget 2016 has proposed to, develop 3 freight corridors, draft a, freight train timetable, increase the, speed to 50 kms/hr and build rail side, logistics parks & ware houses., • Rail Budget 2016-Vision 2020 for on, demand reservation, technology for, safety, Punctuality -95%, Freight trains, time-table, increased average speed, etc., • By 2020 there will be zero direct, discharge of human waste., • By 2020 unmanned crossing will be, eliminated., • Budget 2016 has proposed new, structure for railways by - Cooperation,, Collaboration,, Creativity, and, Communication., • The IR minister Prabhu’s 3 pronged, strategies to overhaul the operating, efficiency are Reorganise, restructure, and rejuvenate., • 1.21 lakh crore Rupees proposed, investment for 2016-17 should facilitate, modernization of the Railways., • Railway Budget 2016 has proposed, to start- Antyodaya Express – a long, distance, unreserved, superfast-train., • Indian Railways has proposed to launch, 3 select train services – Humsafar, Tejas, and UDAY., , Current Affairs with MCQs, • Indian, Railways, has, proposed, e-ticketing to be opened to foreign cards, for tourists, NRIS., • It has proposed 44 new partnership, works valued at about `92,714 crore to, be implemented., , Threats, , • Open railway tracks can cause any, disaster for trains, travellers, goods, etc., • Chain-pulling to stop train anywhere is, a serious threat by terrorists., • Unchecked boarding at majority of, stations can cause major mishappenings., • Very high competition from road and, low cost airlines in passengers and, freight., • Over dependence on low yield bulk, cargo (currently 10 commodities, account for 80% of the freight)., • Increase in allowable gross weight of, road vehicle., • Possible introduction of double road, trailers., • Finding the money over Rs.1.21 lakh, crore that is targeted to be invested in, 2016-17., • High democratic /political presence, against higher tariffs., • Indian Railways has faced twin, headwinds from the tepid economy, and the impact of 7th pay commission, award., • The operating ratio improved from 98%, in 2001 to 76% in 2008. But now it has, again reached to 92% for 2017., • Tatkal ticket booking is not working, either on window or on e-ticketing for, direct general public., • There are 10000 unmanned railways, crossing all over the country., • Corruption at every level is a threat for, its development, services, security and, safety., • Passengers especially older people,, women and children are not safe., • There is security threat in IT system of, railways., • Mumbai suburban Railway is most, severe overcrowding accident prone in, the world., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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FOR MORE JOIN ~ MISSION SSC / BANKING /, UPSC, , Current Affairs with MCQs, , CA-5, , RAILWAY BUDGET 2016, Railway Budget 2016 was presented on, February 25, 2016 by Suresh Prabhu, the, Railway Minister of India. Here are the, highlights of the rail budget 2016:, • No hike in passenger fares., • Swacch Bharat: 17000 biotoilets and, additional toilets in 475 stations before, the close of this financial year., • Wifi at 100 stations this year and 400, stations next year., • 33% reservation to women in reserved, quota in Railways to be introduced., • Deen Dayal coaches for long distance, trains for unreserved passengers. These, coaches will include potable water, and higher number of mobile charging, points., • Janani Sewa: Children’s menu, baby, foods, baby boards to be made available, for travelling mothers., • Overnight double-decker train Uday, Express to be introduced on busiest, routes, carrying capacity to be 40%, more., • Porters not to be called “coolies” but be, called “sahayaks” now; will be trained in, soft skills., • Railways to increase lower berth quota, for senior citizens by 50%., • Ajmer, Amritsar, Gaya, Mathura, Nanded,, Nashik, Puri, Tirupati, Varanasi,, Nagapattinam and other pilgrim, stations to be beautified., • Bar-coded tickets to be introduced at, select stations on pilot basis to tackle, nuisance of ticketless travel., • Two elevated suburban railway, corridors – Churchgate-Virar and CSTPanvel to be constructed in Mumbai;, Ring railway covering 21 stations to be, revived with state participation., • GPS-based digital display in coaches for, showing upcoming stations., • North-East India, especially Mizoram, and Manipur, to be connected through, broad gauge soon., , • 1,600 km of electrification this year and, 2,000 km proposed for the next year., • Introduced 1,780 Automatic Ticket, Vending Machines, mobile apps &, GoIndia smartcard for cashless purchase, of UTS and PRS tickets, enhanced, capacity of e-ticketing system from, 2,000 tickets per minute to 7,200 tickets, per minute and to support 1,20,000, concurrent users as against only 40,000, earlier., • Propose to invite FM Radio stations for, providing train-borne entertainment;, extend ‘Rail Bandhu’ to all reserved, classes of travelers and in all regional, languages., • Security through helplines & CCTVs;, Safety - 350 manned level crossings, closed, eliminated 1,000 unmanned, level, crossings,, 820, ROB/RUB, completed in the current year and work, going on in 1,350 of them., • SMART (Specially Modified Aesthetic, Refreshing Travel) Coaches are, redesigned coaches with redesigned, bio-vaccum toilets, vending machines,, advertising boards, PA system, dustbins,, ergonomic seating., • Clean my Coach: Passengers will be, able to demand cleaning of a toilet via, SMS. The audit will be done by third, party and action to be taken based on, passenger feedback., • Tejas: It will showcase the future of train, travel in India with operating speeds of, 130 kmph., • Rail Mitra Sewa: Expanding Sarathi Seva, in Konkan Railway to help the old and, disabled passengers, strengthening, the existing services for enabling, passengers to book battery operated, cars, porter services, etc. on a paid basis, in addition to the existing pick up and, drop, and wheel chair services., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, , CA-9, , Update : Political, Economic,, Industries, Art & Culture, Events 2016, Political, •• The Strategic Forces Command (SFC), a part of National Command Authority, (NCA) added to Second Schedule of, the RTI Act, 2005 to exempt from RTI, purview., •• First BRICS Employment Working Group, meeting held in Hyderabad, Telangana, in July 2016., •• Haryana Government has launched, Pashudhan Bima Yojana., •• Maharashtra Govt. accorded minority, status to Jews as per State Minorities, Commission Act., •• Union Government banned potassium, bromate (KbrO3) as a food additive as it, is carcinogenic., •• The Union Finance Ministry announced, that NRIs can open National Pension, Savings (NPS) accounts online through, eNPS if have Aadhaar Card or Permanent, Account Number (PAN)., •• Union Cabinet approved retirement age, of Central Health Services doctors from, 62 to 65 years., •• Lakshadweep became first UT in the, counry to sign 24×7 Power for All, document., •• PM Narendra Modi & Sri Lankan President, released Simhastha Declaration at Ninora, in Ujjain., •• PM Narendra Modi invited to address a, joint meeting of the US Congress on June, 8, 2016., •• India and Mauritius signed MoU to, promote cooperation in traditional, medicine and homeopathy., •• The 13th edition of India-European, Union Summit was held on in Brussels,, capital of Belgium., •• Supreme Court approved Union Government’s guidelines to protect Good Samaritans, who help road accident victims., •• Union Government approves winding, up of National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council., •• President Pranab Mukherjee declares, Kerala as first digital state in the country., , •• Union Government extended e-Tourist, Visa Scheme to 37 more countries to, make the total 150., •• Faustin Archange Touadera won the, 2016 Presidential election of Central, African Republic (CAR), •• NATO and European Union signed, agreement on Cooperation in Cyber, Defence to counter modern forms of, hybrid warfare., •• First Ministerial Meeting of Arab-India, Cooperation Forum held at Manama,, capital of Bahrain., •• US lifts nuclear sanctions on Iran after, commitments to roll back its nuclear, programme., •• India decided to become member of, International Energy Agency – Ocean, Energy Systems., •• Justice Lodha Committee submitted its, report to the Supreme Court on BCCI, reforms., •• India and Pakistan exchanged the list of, their nuclear installations and facilities, under the Agreement on the Prohibition, of Attack against Nuclear installations., •• People of UK in a historic Brexit, referendum have voted in favour of, leaving European Union., •• Conservative party leader Theresa May, (59) became Prime Minister of United, Kingdom on 12 July 2016., •• Eminent Economist Arvind Panagariya, has taken charge as first Vice-Chairman, of the newly-created National Institution, for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog on, 13 January 2015., •• Paolo Gentiloni became the new Prime, Minister of Italy on 11 December, 2016., •• Antonio Guterres will be come the new, UN Secretary General on1st January,, 2017.Bill English became New Zealand’s, 39th Prime Minister., •• Rajasthan High Court struck down, Special Backward Classes reservation, given to Gujjars and five other, communities in the state., •• Donald Trump on 7 December, 2016 was, declared as Time Magazine’s person of, the year., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-10, , •• BJP leader and former Union Minister, Sarbananda Sonowal (54) was sworn-in, as the 14th Chief Minister of Assam after, winning 2016 state assembly election, with absolute majority., •• The 2016 Group of Twenty (G20) Summit, was held in Hangzhou, China from 4th to, 5th September 2016 to discuss efforts, to reform global economic governance., It was the eleventh meeting of the G20., It was the first ever G20 summit to be, hosted in China and the second Asian, country after 2010 G20 Seoul summit, was hosted in South Korea., •• Veteran CPI (M) leader Pinarayi Vijayan was, sworn-in as 12th Chief Minister of Kerala, after the left Democratic Front (LDF) had, won 2016 state assembly election., •• Bernard Cazeneuve became the new, French Prime Minister., •• Jagdish Singh will be the 44th Chief, Justice of India., •• Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, J, Jayalalithaa passed away on 5th, December, 2016., •• O Panneerselvam was sworn in as the, chief-minister of Tamil Nadu on 5th, December, 2016., •• Rakesh Asthana was appointed as the, Intrim Director of Central Bureau of, Investigation (CBI) on 3 December, 2016., •• The 6th Ministerial Conference of the, Heart of Asia Istanbul Process concluded, on 4th December, 2016 after adopting, Amritsar Declaration., •• 64 year old Crown Prince Maha, Vajiralongkorn has become the King, of Thailand, on December 1, 2016, 50, days after the death of his father, King, Bhumibol Adulyadej., •• Interim leader Shavkat Mirziyoyev, become the new President of Uzbekistan, after he 1 secured 88.6 percent of the, votes in the presidential election., •• Alexander Van Der Bellen Sworn in as, Austrian president in May 2016., •• Bindheswar Pathak appointed as Brand, Ambassador of Swachh Rail Mission., •• Former Prime Minister and leader of, Lebanon’s Future Movement Saad Hariri, was named as Lebanon’s new prime, minister by the President Michel Aoun, on November 3, 2016:, , Current Affairs with MCQs, •• India and Bangladesh defence, cooperation, strengthened with a joint, military training exercise SAMPRITI, which 2016 which started at Tangail, in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 05 to 18, November 2016., •• Kamala Harris, California’s Attorney, General, is the first Indian- American, Senator in the US Congress., •• China once again blocked India’s effort, to join NSG in a meeting in Seoul on, November 4, 2016. Out of 48 members, of NSG 47 supported India except China., •• Centre to extend the Armed Forces, Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in three, districts of Arunachal Pradesh., •• India for the first time hosted the, Second meeting of Communication, Ministers of BRICS countries which was, concluded in Bengaluru on November, 11, 2016. The meeting aimed at framing, new cooperation and collaboration, framework among BRICS countries and, discussed ways to improve collaboration, in the field of digital economy, future, communications, mobile technology etc., •• Indian Navy is considering to select, candidates into the 10+2 B Tech cadet, scheme through JEE (Main) ranks,, instead of class 12th., •• Guy Ryder was re-elected as DirectorGeneral of the International Labour, Organisation (ILO) for another five-year, term from October 2016., •• A team of women commandos has been, inducted for the first time in Central, Reserve Police Force (CRPF) to counter, Naxal insurgency in Jharkhand., •• The Union Cabinet has given its, approval to the constitution of “Special, Committee for Inter-Linking of Rivers”, in compliance with Supreme Court, judgment 2012., •• Russia’s President Vladimir Putin, has, signed an executive order announcing, Russia’s, withdrawal, from, the, International Criminal Court (ICC) in The, Hague. This means crimes committed by, Russian citizens will no longer fall under, the jurisdiction of the ICC., •• India has been ranked 20th on Climate, Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2017, according to Germanwatch and Climate, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, Action Network Europe Publication., Positive trends are seen as well among, emerging economies of G20 like India, (rank 20), Argentina (36) and Brazil, (40), which all improved their ranking., •• Fidel Castro, political leader from Cuba, died on 25 November 2016 due to, illness at the age of 90., •• General Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed, as new Pakistan Army chief., •• The Delhi High court on November 29,, 2016, directed that a son, irrespective, of his marital status does not have any, legal right to live in his parents’ house., •• The Supreme Court on November 30,, 2016, made it mandatory for cinema, halls to play National anthem before, screening of a film in theatres across the, country., •• Nepal’s government registered the, new Constitution amendment bill in, Parliament on November 29, 2016,, aimed at carving out a new state in, southern Nepal to meet the demands, of agitating Madhesis and other ethnic, groups whose protests for bigger federal, state last year left more than 50 people, dead., •• Pakistan postponed the 19th SAARC, Summit after India along with four other, member states of the regional grouping, decided against attending the meet., •• The 4th Meeting of BRICS Education, Ministers Conference held in New Delhi , to promote education cooperation and, people to people exchanges among the, BRICS countries., •• India formally joined the Paris Climate, Change Agreement. It is been done by, submitting its instrument of ratification, at UN headquarters in New York on the, birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi., •• S. Kumar – appointed as full time, member of 21st Law Commission., •• This for the first time that a leader of, the United Arab Emirates crown prince, of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Mohammed bin, Zayed Al Nahyan would be honored with, the invitation of being the Chief Guest at, India's Republic Day parade., •• Colombian voters rejected FARC, (revolution ary Armed Forces of, colombia) peace plan in a referendum., , CA-11, , •• Kersti Kaljulaid elected next President, of Estonia., •• Indian woman wrestler Geeta Phogat was, appointed as a Deputy Superintendent, of Police (DSP) in Haryana Police by, Haryana Government., •• Irom Sharmila announces formation, of political party named Peoples, Resurgence and Justice Alliance., •• The Milan City Council bestowed, honorary citizenship on His Holiness the, Dalai Lama despite strong objections, from Chinese government., •• Vice Admiral SN Ghormade, NM takes, over as Director General of Naval, Operations., •• Air Marshal Rakesh Kumar Singh, Bhadauria took over as Deputy Chief of, the Air Staff on 1st January 2016., •• Veteran Communist Party of India, leader A.B. Bardhan, 92, passed away, after a long illness on 2nd January at, New Delhi., •• Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed passed away, on 7 January 2016 at the AIIMS hospital, in New Delhi., •• Additional Secretary of Home Affairs,, Sailesh was appointed as the Registrar, General and Census Commissioner of, India on 7 January 2016., •• K Durga Prasad was appointed as the, Special Director General (DG) of the, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) on, 27 January 2015., •• Former Lok Sabha Speaker Balram, Jakhar passed away on 3 February 2016, in New Delhi., •• Kalikho Pul was sworn in as the Chief, Minister of Arunachal Pradesh on 19, February 2016., •• Distinguished Scientist KN Vyas on 23, February 2016 took charge as Director, of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, (BARC). , •• Former Lok Sabha Speaker Purno Agitok, Sangma died on 4 March 2016., •• Tsai Ing-wen was sworn-in as the, President of Taiwan on 20 May 2016., •• The former United Nations SecretaryGeneral Boutros Boutros-Ghali passed, away on 16 February 2016 in Cairo,, Egypt., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-12, , Current Affairs with MCQs, , •• Iceland ruling coalition on 6 April 2016, named Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson as the, Prime Minister of the country., •• The 2016 Pathankot attack was a, terrorist attack committed on 2 January, 2016 by a heavily armed group which, attacked the Pathankot Air Force Station,, part of the Western Air Command of the, Indian Air Force., •• The 2016 unrest in Kashmir, also, known as the Burhan Wani aftermath, is a series of violent protests in the, Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley in the, Indian-administered state of Jammu, and Kashmir. It started with the killing, of Burhan Wani, a militant commander, of the Kashmir-based Hizbul Mujahideen,, by Indian security forces on 8 July 2016., On 8 July 2016, Burhan Wani was killed, in a planned operation by the Jammu and, Kashmir Police and the Rashtriya Rifles., •• The eighth BRICS summit was held in, Goa from 15 to 16 October 2016. The, summit concluded with adaptation of, Goa Declaration., •• In the month of July the Union Government, started the operation ‘Sankat Mochan’, to evacuate Indian citizens stranded in, South Sudan’s capital Juba., •• Mehbooba Mufti Sayeed (56) took oath, as the first woman Chief Minister of, Jammu and Kashmir on 4 April 2016, bringing to an end the three-month, Governor’s Rule in the state., , Economic, , •• Bank of Japan’s (BoJ) announced that, it is joining the European Central Bank, (ECB), the Swiss National Bank and the, Central Banks of Denmark and Sweden, in charging a negative interest rate on, commercial bank reserves., •• Union Cabinet increases limit for foreign, investment in Stock Exchanges from 5%, to 15%., •• Permanent Court of Arbitration(PCA) at, Hague, Netherlands rules against Antrix, Corporation in Devas Corporation over, sharing of spectrum on satellites., •• G-20 Finance ministers and Central, Bank Governors meeting held in the, Chinese city of Chengdu pledged to, boost the global economy., , •• The Parliament has passed the Benami, Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment, Bill., •• Technocrat Anant Maheshwari is, appointed as the President of Microsoft, India, a subsidiary of US based software, giant Microsoft Inc., •• The fourth tranche of the Sovereign, Gold Bonds (SGB) scheme opened for, subscription. Government has fixed, 3,119 Rupees per gram as the issue, price for the bond in this tranche., •• The Housing Development Finance, Corporation (HDFC) has become the, first Indian company to issue rupeedenominated bonds “Masala Bonds” on, London Stock Exchange (LSE)., •• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has set, up an inter-regulatory Working Group, to study the regulatory issues relating, to Financial Technology (Fintech) and, Digital Banking in India., •• India ranks 35th in 2016 Logistics, Performance Index: World Bank Report., •• The Bharti Group chief, Sunil Bharti Mittal, elected as chairman of the International, Chambers of Commerce (ICC)., •• India has surpassed Japan to become the, world’s third-largest oil consumer., •• India ranked 2nd on GRD index on, ease of doing business by A T Kearney,, London., •• The National Aluminium Company, Limited (NALCO) signs MoU with Iran to, set up smelter plant in Chabahar., •• Apple Inc opens Development Office in, Hyderabad, Telangana., •• SBI seeks to take over 5 associate PSBs,, Bhartiya Mahila Bank. 5 subsidiary, banks are: (i) State Bank of Bikaner and, Jaipur, (ii) State Bank of Hyderabad, (iii), State Bank of Mysore, (iv) State Bank of, Patiala and (v) State Bank of Travancore., •• India and other 5 countries viz. Canada,, Iceland, Israel, New Zealand and China, have signed OECD’s (Organisation, for Economic Co-operation and, Development) Multilateral Competent, Authority Agreement in Beijing (China)., •• Union Government has appointed Urjit, Patel (52) as new Governor of Reserve, Bank of India (RBI) on 4 September, 2016. He will be 24th Governor of RBI., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, •• Indian Banks data breach was reported, in October 2016. It was estimated 3.2, million debit cards were compromised., Major Indian banks- SBI, HDFC Bank,, ICICI, YES Bank and Axis Bank were, among the worst hit. Many users, reported unauthorised use of their, cards in locations in China., •• The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board, of India (IBBI) has set up two high-level, advisory committees to gather inputs, from experts, including on service, providers and corporate liquidation., IBBI has been set up under the, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, and is expected to soon operationalize., The two committees have begun their, deliberations., •• Black Civil Rights leader Viola Desmond, will appear on the new Canadian $10, banknotes. She will be the first Canadian, women to figure on a banknote., •• On April 14, 2016, Prime Minister, launched National Agriculture Market, (NAM) as a pan-India electronic trading, portal for farm produce which creates a, unified national market for agricultural, commodities by integrating the existing, Agriculture Produce Market Committee, (APMC) markets. This portal provides, a single window service for all APMC, related services and information, such, as commodity arrivals and prices,, provision for responding to the trade, offers, buy and sell trade offers, among, other services., •• Cyrus Mistry is removed as director of, Tata Industries on 12 December, 2016., •• Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT) in, Switzerland was opened on 11, December, 2016 became the longest rail, tunnel in the world with a length of 57, kilometres and depth of 2300 metres., •• Indian Railway on 5th December 2016, declared that the reservations of railway, tickets for senior citizens will be directly, linked to Aadhaar from 1st April, 2017, onwards on a mandatory basis for, availing concession at both counter and, e-tickets., •• Vittiya Saksharata Abhiyan was launched, on 1st December, 2016 to make people, aware about cashless economic system., , CA-13, , •• The Union Govt. approved for the, inclusion of 15 new castes and, modification of 13 others in the OBC list., •• NITI Aayog on 30 November, 2016, formed Chandrababu Naidu Committee, to identify the best global practices for, implementing an economy primarily, based on digital payment., •• Bharatiya Mahila Bank Ltd. (BMBL), merged with State Bank of India., •• The Lok Sabha passed the Taxation, Laws (second amendment) Bill, 2016, to amend the Income Tax Act, 1961 and, Finance Act, 2016. The Bill proposes, to introduce the Pradhanmatri Garib, Kalyan Yoja, 2016., •• China and Pakistan launched the direct, rail & sea freight service between, Kunming and Karachi as a part of ChinaPakistan Economic Corridor project, (CPEC)., •• Maharashtra based private sector, lender RBL Bank has launched Aadhaar, Payment Bridge System (APBS) on, November 30, 2016, for small ticket, micro-finance loan disbursements., •• The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), of Indian economy has grown at the, rate of 7.3% in the second quarter of, 2016-2017, which is up from the 7.1%, recorded in the previous three months., •• Cheng Wei, Co-founder and Chief, Executive of China’s largest ride-sharing, service provider Didi Chuxing (Didi) is, Forbes Asia’s Businessman of the Year, for 2016., •• Chitra Ramkrishna quits as CEO & MD of, NSE (National Stock Exchange of India) , J. Ravichandran to take charge for, interim period, •• The Finance Ministry made it mandatory, on December 5, 2016 for all Government, Departments to make Electronic, Payments to suppliers, contractors or, institutions if the order value exceeds Rs, 5,000, to give a boost to Digital Payment, System., •• India has achieved the status of being a, safe and dynamic investment destination, in the world and crossed the $ 300, billion Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), between April 2000 and September, 2016., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-14, , •• The Reserve Bank of India, on December, 1, 2016, authorised the Receivables, Exchange of India (RXIL), promoted by, SIDBI and NSE, to launch the country’s, first trade receivables exchange, platform, TReDS, for MSMEs, buyers and, financiers., •• With high level frauds involving, industrialists such as Vijay Mallya, loan default case revealed, the Central, Vigilance Commission (CVC) has now, made it compulsory for the public sector, banks to report to it all such matters, involving funds over Rs.1 crore., •• GST Council approved a four-tier GST, tax structure of 5%, 12%, 18% and, 28%, with lower rates for essential, items and the highest for luxury and demerits goods that would also attract an, additional cess., •• Public sector lenders, State Bank of India,, Allahabad Bank and Bank of Baroda and, two private banks HDFC Bank and IDFC, Bank have joined the Unified Payments, Interface (UPI) bandwagon, thereby, taking the total number of banks using, UPI to 26., •• Life Insurance Corporation. has been the, country’s most attractive brand in the, banking and financial services segment, for the third year., •• India was ranked second on the, optimism index during the third quarter., India improved its ranking by one spot, in a global index of business optimism,, with policy reforms and Goods and, Services tax (GST) expected to become, a reality soon., •• Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, addressed the nation on November 8,, 2016, made a historical announcement, that the ` 500 and ` 1000 currency, notes currently in use will no longer, be legal tender from midnight 8th, November, 2016 i.e., these notes will not, be accepted for any kind of transactions, from midnight onwards., •• Federal Bank opened its first overseas, branch in Dubai., •• Pakistan opened a trade route linking, southwestern Gwadar port to Kashgar, city in China as part of $46 billion, project to jumpstart economic growth, , Current Affairs with MCQs, in the South Asian country on November, 14, 2016., •• Sweden could be first with national, digital currency., •• Leading stock exchange BSE has opened, its regional investor service centre in, Shimla on November 19, 2016 to expand, its operations and conform to SEBI’s, directives., •• Islamic Banking or Sharia banking to be, opened in India., •• RBI doubled the E-wallet Limit to Rs., 20,000., •• Army launched a full-fledged bench of, Armed Forces Tribunal in Jammu., •• Centrum Direct launched CentrumPay, payment Solution to Help Foreigners, from Cash Crunch., •• After Ujjivan Small Finance Bank got, final license from RBI for its set up in, November, Utkarsh Micro Finance has, also received final license from RBI to, start operations as Small Finance Bank, (SFB)., •• Government approves 6 new SEZs for IT,, biotech., •• Black money worth ` 65,250 crore disclosed, under Income Declaration Scheme., •• According to World Bank, India, accounted for the largest number, of people living below international, poverty line in 2013, with 30 per cent, of its population under the $1.90-a-day, poverty measure., •• SBI has announced its entry into, Myanmar by opening a branch in the, Yangon, former capital city of Myanmar., •• Aadhaar card became mandatory for, LPG subsidy after November 2016., •• 2016 World Economic Forum (WEF) India, Economic Summit held in New Delhi., •• Rajeev Rishi was elected as the Chairman, of the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA), for the financial year 2016-17 at IBA, meeting held in Mumbai on October 7, 2016., •• Mr. Atul Sobti has been the Chairman, and Managing Director at Bharat Heavy, Electricals Ltd., since January 01, 2016., •• Senior revenue service officer Atulesh, Jindal was appointed chairman of, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) on, 21 January 2016., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, •• The Institute of Chartered Accountants, of India (ICAI) has elected M. Devaraja, Reddy as its new President., •• Christine Lagarde, who steered the IMF, through some troubled times including, the Eupropean financial crisis, has been, re-appointed as its Managing Director, for a second five-year term after an, uncontested election on Feb 20., , Industries, , •• The Indian auto industry accounts for, 7.1% of the country's GDP., •• The Automobile Mission Plan (AMP), for the period 2006–2016, designed to , accelerate and sustain growth in this, sector., •• The industry has attracted FDI worth, US$ 14.32 billion during the period, April 2000 to December 2015., •• CAG in a report tabled in Parliament, said, 831.88 sq km of KG-D6 area needs to be, taken away from RIL as per the contract , because of $1.6 billion of excess cost., •• India ranks third, just behind US and, China, among 40 countries in renewable, energy production., •• Agricultural product is the 4th largest, exported principal commodity with, a share of 10% of total exports of the, country., •• Indian auto component industry grows, by 8.8% in FY16 to ` 2.55 lakh crore., •• The Civil Aviation Ministry has cleared, proposals for small airports in Uttar, Pradesh., •• Tata Advanced Systems Ltd. is, tying up with US- Bell Helicopter to, compete against the Mahindra-Airbus, combination for a $2-billion naval, chopper manufacturing contract., •• Government infused ` 22,915 crore into, 13 PSU banks to boost lending, balance, sheet, etc., •• IDFC Bank Ltd will acquire a Tamil Nadu, based microfinance institution (MFI),, i.e. Grama Vidiyal., •• State Bank of India, has opened its first, branch dedicated to serving start-up, companies, in Bengaluru., •• Exim Bank of India and the Government, of Andhra Pradesh has signed a MoU to, promote exports in the state., , CA-15, , •• SBI and the World Bank have inked, agreements for a $625 million (` 4,200, crore) for Grid-connected Rooftop solar, Programme (GRPV) in the country., •• US- medical devices maker Boston, Scientific Corporation. has agreed for, its biggest R&D at Gurgaon to develop, stents, catheters and pacemakers for, the Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa, by 2017., •• Nirma, the Ahmedabad-based detergent, and soap maker, announced its, acquisition of Lafarge India’s 11-milliontonne (mt) cement business for $1.4, billion (about ` 9,478 crore)., •• The Indian food industry, currently, valued at US$ 39.71 billion is expected, to grow 11% to US$65.4 billion by 2018., •• The overall gross exports of Gems &, Jewellery in April 2016 stood at US$, 3.23 billion, whereas exports of cut and, polished diamonds stood at US$ 1.78, billion., •• A total of 3,598 hospitals and 25,723, dispensaries across the country offer, AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy,, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy), treatment to the people., •• The Japan International Cooperation, Agency (JICA), agreed for a soft loan of, JPY 19.064 billion (US$ 161.2 million), for the project of pollution abatement of, Mula-Mutha river in Pune., •• Vice Media LLC(USA) has entered into, a Joint Venture with the Times Group to, open a new bureau and production hub, in Mumbai through digital, television, and mobile., •• New Delhi based BHEL has commissioned the first unit of the 4×30 MW, Pulichintala Hydroelectric project (HEP), on December 1, 2016 in Guntur district, of Andhra Pradesh on the river Krishna., •• www.girlsgottaknow.in Website launched, to educate Indian women on their legal, rights., •• BS Bhullar appointed chief of aviation, regulator DGCA (Directorate General of, Civil Aviation)., •• Gita Jayanti Express Train inaugurated, at Kurukshetra Railway Station. The, train is scheduled to run five days in, week except Saturday and Sunday, between Kurukshetra and Mathura., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-16, , •• The Hazrat Nizamuddin-Visakhapatnam, train is renamed as Vizag Steel Samta, Express to promote its brand Vizag Steel., •• Government has fixed the minimum, wage at ` 350 per day for unskilled, agricultural labour in C-class towns in, central sphere. It will effective from, November 1, 2016., •• Google has associated with Archaelogical, Survey of India (ASI) for 360 degree, virtual tour of 280-odd monuments, across the country. , •• TRAI, has made it mandatory for all the, Broadband providers to at least give a, minimum speed of 512Kbps after users, consumed their initial data quota., •• The first titanium project of India, being established by Saraf Group in, Ganjam district of Odisha started its test, production., •• The Ministry of Commerce had imposed, anti-dumping investigation on import, of low ash met coke from Australia and, China last year. The imposition of anti, dumping duty resulted in an increase, in the cost of finished steel by `700 to, `1500 per tone., •• To protect the 968 glaciers of, Uttarakhand spread in the area of, 2,857 km, The Uttarakhand High, imposed a complete ban on any type, of construction within 2 km radius of, major lakes of the State and also on any, construction within 25 km from the, edges of all glaciers in the State., •• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Kendra, in every Parliamentary constituency, to offer skill training to the people and, make them employable., •• Infrastructure, company, Adani, Enterprises Ltd announced that it, commissioned India’s largest trackerbased solar power plant at Bhatinda in, Punjab. The 100 megawatt plant is also, the largest solar project in Punjab., •• Pradhan Mantri YUVA Yojana a flagship, scheme on entrepreneurship education, and training launched., •• Sri Lankan government has decided, to obtain10 diesel engines from RITES, India Ltd. under credit line facility, provided by Indian Government., , Current Affairs with MCQs, •• Swiss based Molinari Rail AG has, entered into a strategic agreement, with Government of India to design,, manufacture and deliver the auxiliary, power units (APUs) for 1,000 diesel, locomotives to be built in India for, Indian Railways., •• Reliance group partnered with Cisco, Jasper for a new venture named, ‘UNLIMIT’ to provide Internet of Things, (IoT) services to customers across India., •• Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV), developed by DRDO named “Rustom-2”, completed its first flight on 15 November, 2016 in Challakere, Chitradurga district,, Karnataka.The drone can be used by, Indian Army, Navy and Air Force to, keep an eye on enemy territory and, carry a variety of cameras and radar for, surveillance., •• Government of India has imposed a, safeguard duty on import of certain, steel products effective from November, 23, 2016 till May 22, 2019., •• Indian Railways all set to launch “TriNetra (Terrain Imaging for diesel drivers, infrared, enhanced optical and radar, assisted system)” to check collisions, between tracks., •• Cyrus Mistry removed as Tata Steel, chairman during board meeting held, in Mumbai on November 25, 2016. He, was replaced by former head of SBI, O, P Bhatt., •• Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged, off the Humsafar train between, Gorakhpur and Delhi`s Anand Vihar, terminus from Kushinagar in Uttar, Pradesh on November 27, 2016. This, train will run between the two station, thrice in a week., •• Indian Railways and IRCTC have, included “transgender as third gender”, in the option alongside male and female, in ticket reservation and cancellation, forms both online and offline., •• Government removed excise duty on, goods for manufacturing of POS (Point of, Sale) machines that are in great demand, as merchants are being compelled to use, them in the wake of currency crisis., •• Reliance tied up with Dassault to execute, Rafale offsets., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, •• Union Minister for Railways Suresh, Prabhu flagging-off the first freight, train which featured a newly-developed, guard van, which uses solar power to, run fans and lights at Delhi Safdarjung, Railway Station., •• As per the forecast by the International, Air Transport Association (IATA), India, will become the third largest aviation, market in the world displacing the UK, by 2026., •• Microsoft developed first human-like, speech recognition system., •• The Union Ministry of Road Transport, & Highways has made it mandatory for, all automobile manufacturers to provide, emission and noise pollution details for, every vehicle they produce by April, 2017., •• IT giant Wipro, India’s third largest IT, services exporter, on 4 January 2016, appointed current Chief Operating, Officer (COO) Abid Ali Neemuchwala as, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and, member of the board., •• Devender Kumar Sikri was appointed, as Chairman of fair-trade regulator, Competition Commission of India (CCI), on 7 January 2016., •• Gurdeep Singh was appointed as the, Chairman and Managing Director (CMD), of NTPC Ltd. on 28 January 2016., •• Leslie Berland was appointed as the, Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) of Twitter, Inc, an online social networking site on, 26 January 2016., •• The President of India Pranab Mukherjee, has declared Kerala as India’s first, digital state during the launch of digital, empowerment campaign at Kozhikode,, Kerala. Kerala is the first Indian state, to successfully link its villages with, broadband connectivity under the, National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN), programme., •• Gatimaan Express is the India’s first, semi high-speed train. The train runs, between Delhi and Agra. The trials of the, semi-high speed train have already been, conducted twice on the 200-km-long, tracks between the two destinations and, awaits the mandatory clearance from, the Commissioner of Railway Safety, , CA-17, , (CRS). The train will run at a maximum, speed of 160 kmph and is expected to, cover the 200-km distance in about 105, minutes., , Art & Culture, , •• UNESCO, lists, Khangchendzonga, National Park in Sikkim and Chandigarh’, Capitol Complex in World Heritage Sites., •• Kerala Tourism campaign wins Golden, City Gate Award at the Internationale, Tourismus-Börse Berlin (ITB-Berlin), 2016., •• The 42nd Khajuraho Dance Festival, began at Khajuraho in Chhatrapur in, Madhya Pradesh., •• The 30th Surajkund International Crafts, Mela began at Faridabad in Haryana., •• World famous Rath Yatra of Lord, Jagannath begins in the coastal city of, Puri at 12th century Jagannath temple., •• Every year World Heritage Day is being, observed across the world on April 18., It is also known as International Day for, Monuments and Sites., •• Traditional Chapchar Kut festival, celebrated across Mizoram., •• South Korea’s Seong-Jin Cho has won the, prestigious 17th international Frederic, Chopin Piano competition., •• Canberra based art gallery in Australia, has agreed to return a 2,000-year-old, Indian-origin sculpture of Gautama, Buddha back to India., •• Varanasi and Jaipur became the Creative, City Network of UNESCO., •• A French scientist claimed a different, portrait hidden behind that of the Mona, Lisa of Leonardo da Vinci , created, between AD 1503 and 1506 at the, Louvre. It is the most valued painting, in the world with its insurance value –, adjusted for inflation – being at $782, million., •• Losar festival beings in Ladakh region, of J&K., •• Annual Hundred Drums Wangala, Festival began in Meghalaya., •• Australian art gallery to return 2000, year old Buddha idol to India., •• The Central Board of Film Certification, had asked makers of film “Udta Punjab”, to remove all references to Punjab., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-18, , •• A team of Italian and Pakistani, archaeologists unearthed layers of an, Indo-Greek city in Barikot of Swat valley,, Pakistan., •• Nearly thousand year old inscription, on Kapalikas has been discovered in, Raichur, Karnataka., •• Recently, United States initiated the, process of returning over 200 stolen, artifacts back to India., •• 500 years old ‘MUD PALACE’ in Sural, village, close to Udupi in Karnataka is, madeover. It has no foundation and is, supported by wooden pillars using the, inter-locking method., •• BHARATVANI portal launched at, Lucknow to deliver knowledge about, various languages in India. It is a project, of the Ministry of HRD implemented by, Central Institute of Indian Languages, (CIIL) Mysuru., •• Narikurava tribe from Tamil Nadu, recently included in the Scheduled Tribe, category by the Union Government., •• The Ministry of Tourism is set to, announce the Buddhist Circuit as India’s, first trans-national tourist circuit. Its, map includes Bodh Gaya, Vaishali,, Rajgir in Bihar, Kushinagar, Sarnath and, Shravasthi in UP, along with Kapilvastu, and Lumbini in Nepal., •• IIT Kharagpur and ASI published in, the ‘Nature’ journal that Indus Valley, Civilization might be 8000 years old, rather than 5500., •• British mathematician Andrew Wiles, (62) was named as the winner of the, prestigious 2016 Abel Prize., •• Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s birthday 14 April,, will be observed as ‘Water Day’., •• Usain Bolt won the IAAF male Athlete of, the year award., •• Ethiopia’s Almaz Ayana won the IAAF, woman Athlete of the Year award., •• Indian women cricket team won 2016, Asia Cup T20 defeating Pakistan at, Bangkok, Thailand., •• Magnus Carisen won the 2016 World, Chess Championship., •• The 10-day long Hornbill Festival began, at the Naga Heritage village Kisama on, December 1, 2016, which is coinciding, with the Statehood Day of Nagaland., , Current Affairs with MCQs, •• The 7th World Ayurveda Congress, (WAC) has been organized at Kolkata, from December 1 to December 4, 2016, by the World Ayurveda Foundation with, support of Ministry of AYUSH., •• Bollywood Actor Ranveer Sing was, named the first Indian ambassador for, promoting 2017 Switzerland Tourism’s, campaign- “Nature wants you back”., •• Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set, to be the mascot of ‘Incredible India’, campaign with the tourism ministry., •• Hockey India President Narinder Batra, was elected as the president of the, International Hockey Federation (FIH), in Dubai on November 12, 2016., •• India’s women’s carrom team defeated, Sri Lanka to win the gold at the 7th World, Carrom Championship in Birmingham, (UK)., •• Australia opened online program for its, pre-schools to learn foreign languages,, including Hindi from 2017., •• CBSE Class X Board Exam to be reintroduced from 2017-2018, •• BBC World Service launched 11 new, language services as part of its biggest, expansion “since the 1940s”, due to the, funding boost., •• PV Sindhu won maiden China Open, Super Series title defeating Sun Yu of, China., •• Mariamma Koshy appointed as New, president of Hockey India., •• Sachin Tendulkar’s autobiography, “Playing it my Way” has won the, Crossword Book of the Year Award, (Autobiography category), •• Sports Sector got the Infrastructure, Status., •• Indian golfer Gaganjeet Bhullar won, Korea Open., •• The Indian Boxing Council, a licensing, body for the country’s professional, boxers, has been inducted into the, World Boxing Organisation with voting, rights in the WBO’s annual convention, at Puerto Rico., •• Vigender Singh defended his WBO Asia, Pacific Super-Middle weight title by, beating Tanzanian boxer Francis Cheka, by a TKO at Thyagaraj Stadium in New, Delhi on 17 December 2016., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, •• Veteran South Indian classical vocalists, Sanjay Subrahmanyam has been, conferred with the 2015 Sangita, Kalanidhi award on 2nd January., •• Cartoonist Sudhir Tailang died on 6, February 2016 due to brain tumor in, Gurgaon., •• Noted Urdu Poet and well known, Bollywood lyricist Nida Fazli died due, to heart attack in Mumbai on 8 February, 2016., •• British writer Kate Atkinson on 4, January 2016 won the novel-of-the-year, prize at Britain's Costa Book Awards, 2015 for the second time in three years., She fetched the award for A God in Ruins,, a story of war and its aftermath., •• Veteran Urdu fiction writer and poet, Intizar Hussain died on 2 February 2016, in Lahore., •• The 12th edition of South Asian, Games (SAG) took place in Guwahati, on 5th February, 2016 Assam and, was inaugurated by Prime Minister, Narendra Modi at the Indira Gandhi, Athletics Stadium. The 11-day event is, being jointly hosted by Guwahati and, Meghalaya capital, Shillong., •• Rest of India has won the Irani Cup, Cricket Title 2015-16 by defeating, Mumabi in the final match of the cup by, four wickets., •• Mumbai has won the Ranji Trophy for a, season 2015-16 by defeating Saurashtra., With this victory, Mumbai clinched Ranji, title for record 41st time (10 of them, being won with innings wins) after, playing in record 45 finals., •• The 2016 Indian Federation Cup Final, was a football match played on 21 May, 2016 at the Indira Gandhi Stadium in, Guwahati between Aizawl and Mohun, Bagan. Mohun Bagan won the final by, defeating Aizawl 5–0 with a brace from, Jeje Lalpekhlua and goals each from, Sony Norde, Dhanachandra Singh and, Bikramjit Singh., •• Delhi Acers on 17th Jan 2016 emerged, victorious over Mumbai Rockets to, clinch the premier Badminton League., , CA-19, , •• Australia defeated India 4-0 in the, summit showdown to win the Sultan, Azlan Shah Cup hockey tournament in, Ipoh, Malaysia., •• Sunrisers Hyderabad (SRH) has won, the ninth edition of the Indian Premier, League (IPL). It is their maiden IPL title., In the final match played at Chinnaswamy, stadium in Bangalore (Karnataka), SRH, defeated Royal Challengers Bangalore, (RCB) by eight runs., •• India’s ace shuttler Pusarla Venkata, Sindhu won the silver medal in women’s, singles badminton event at 2016 Rio, Olympics. In the final match of women’s, singles badminton event, Sindhu lost to, Spain’s Carolina Marín (World No.1) by, 21-19, 12-21, 15-21 score., •• Freestyle wrestler Sakshi Malik (23), won India’s first medal at the 2016 Rio, Olympic Games by clinching the bronze, in the 58kg category. With this victory, she created history by becoming the, first Indian woman wrestler to win an, Olympic medal. It was India’s overall, 25th medal in Olympic Games., •• Deepa Malik has created history by, winning silver medal in Women’s shotput, at the 2016 Rio Paralympics. With this, she becomes first Indian woman to win, a medal at the Paralympics., •• Devendra Jhajharia (36) has won gold, medal in the men’s javelin throw, F46, event held at the 2016 Rio Paralympics., With this, he becomes only the second, gold medallist at the Paralympics for the, country. He won the gold medal with, world-record throw of 63.97 metres., •• Mariyappan, Thangavelu, became, only the third Indian ever to clinch a, Paralympic gold, while Varun Bhati, secured a bronze as the duo scripted, history for the country in the men’s T42, high jump event of the Rio Games., •• Vadodara will be the country's first, railway university. National Academy, of Indian Railways now trains and, management development institute for, the officers of Indian Railways., •• Eminent author and social activist, Mahasweta Devi passed away in Kolkata,, West Bengal after a multi-organ failure., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, , CA-21, , IMPORTANT APPOINTMENTS 2016, Jan 1, 2016, , Amitabh Kant appointed CEO of NITI (National Institution for Transforming India) Aayog., , Jan 4, 2016, , RK Mathur sworn in as 8th Chief Information Commissioner (CIC)., , Jan 25, 2016, , K Durga Prasad appointed as DG of CRPF (Central Reserve Police Force)., , Feb 2, 2016, , Archana Ramasundram becomes 1st woman DG of Sashastra Seema Bal., , Feb 3, 2016, , DJ Pandian appointed AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank) VicePresident., , Feb 13, 2016, , Ashok Chawla appointed as new Chairman of TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute)., , Feb 23, 2016, , KN Vyas appointed as Director of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre., , Feb 25, 2016, , Rajendra Singh appointed as DG of Coast Guard., , Feb 29, 2016, , Former CJI HL Dattu takes over as Chairman of NHRC (National Human, Rights Commission)., , Mar 2, 2016, , Vice Admiral Atul Kumar Jain appointed as Chief of Staff of Eastern Naval, Command., , Mar 11, 2016, , Justice Balbir Singh Chauhan appointed as Chairman of 21st Law Commission of India., , Mar 12, 2016, , Lt Gen N P S Hira appointed Deputy Chief of Army., , Mar 15, 2016, , Htin Kyaw elected as first civilian President of Myanmar., , Mar 23, 2016, , Justice Permod Kohli appointed as Chairman of Central Administrative, Tribunal., , April 7, 2016, , CP Gurnani appointed as Chairman of NASSCOM (National Association of Software and Services Companies)., , May 3, 2016, , Bhupendra Kainthola takes charge as FTII (Film and Television Institute, of India) Director., , May 31, 2016, , Admiral Sunil Lanba takes charge as Navy chief., , June 3, 2016, , Navin Agarwal appointed as DG of NADA (National Anti Doping Agency)., , June 15, 2016, , Peter Thomson elected as President of 71st session of United Nations General Assembly., , June 15, 2016, , Hollywood actress Anne Hathaway appointed as UN Women Goodwill, Ambassador., , June 22, 2016, , Ken Miyauchi appointed as President and COO of SoftBank Group., , June 23, 2016, , BCCI appoints Anil Kumble as the head coach of Indian Cricket Team., , June 27, 2016, , Sujoy Bose appointed as first CEO of NIIF (National Investment and Infrastructure Fund)., , June 28, 2016, , NS Vishwanathan appointed as deputy governor of RBI., , July 4, 2016, , Sudarshan Sen appointed Executive Director of RBI., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-24, , Current Affairs with MCQs, , 2016 Padma Vibhushan Awards, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Rajinikanth-Art-Cinema, Girija Devi- Art-Classical Vocal, Ramoji Rao -Literature & Education, Dr. Viswanathan Shanta Medicine- Oncology, Shri Shri Ravi Shankar-Spiritualism, Jagmohan- Public Affairs, Yamini Krishamurthi - Dance, Dr. V Shanta - Cancer Specialist, , Padma Bhushan Awards, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Anupam Kher -Art-Cinema, Udit Narayan Jha Art-Playback Singing, Ram V. Sutar -Art-Sculpture, Heisnam Kanhailal- Art-Theatre, Vinod Rai- Civil Service, Dr. Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad Literature & Education, , • Prof. N. S. Ramanuja Tatacharya Literature & Education, • Dr. Barjinder Singh Hamdard- Literature, & Education, • Prof. D. Nageshwar Reddy -MedicineGastroenterology, 58th Grammy Awards 2016, The 58th Annual Grammy Awards were, announced on December 7, 2015 by the, Recording Academy announced at the Staples, Center in Los Angeles, California (USA)., The ceremony has recognized the best, recordings, compositions and artists in the, eligibility year, which was from October, 2014, to September 2015. The 2016 Award, ceremony was held on February 15, 2016, at Staples center in Los Angeles., , LIST OF TOP GRAMMY AWARDS WINNERS, Category, Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Song of the Year, Best New Artist, Best Pop Solo Performance, Best Pop Duo/Group, Performance, Best Traditional Pop, Vocal Album, Best Pop Vocal Album, Best Dance Recording, Best, Dance/Electronic, Album, , Album, Uptown Funk, 1989, Thinking Out Loud, Thinking Out Loud, Uptown Funk, , The Silver Lining: The, Songs Of Jerome Kern, 1989, Where Are Ü Now, Skrillex and Diplo, Present Jack, , Artist, Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars, Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge, Meghan Trainor, Ed Sheeran, Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars, Tony Bennett & Bill Charlap, , Taylor Swift, Skrillex and Diplo with Justin Bieber, Skrillex and Diplo, , Nobel Prize 2016, , Peace: The current President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, was awarded Nobel, Peace Prize for his resolute efforts to bring the country’s more than 50-year-long, civil war to an end, a war that took away the lives of at least 2,20,000 Colombians and, displaced nearly six million people., Physics: British trio of physicists David Thouless, F Duncan M Haldane and Michael, Kosterlitz have won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics., Economics: Two economists Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmstrom have won the 2016, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences., Chemistry: Trio of Jean-Pierre Sauvage, J Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L Feringa have, won the prestigious 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry., Literature: American singer-songwriter, artist and writer Bob Dylan (75) has won the, 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is the first American to win the prize since novelist, Toni Morrison in 1993., Medicine: Yoshinori Ohsumi (71) of Japan has won the 2016 Nobel Prize for physiology, or Medicine for his pioneering work on autophagy., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, , Bills & Acts 2016, • Union Government introduces Taxation, Laws (Second Amendment) Bill, 2016., • Draft National Water Framework Bill,, 2016 suggests basin-level management., • Cabinet approves amendments to HIV, and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Bill,, 2014., • Union Cabinet approves Admiralty, (Jurisdiction and Settlement of, Maritime Claims) Bill, 2016., • Rajya Sabha passes Maternity Benefits, (Amendment) Bill, 2016., • Parliament passes Central Agricultural, University (Amendment) Bill, 2016., • Lok Sabha passes Taxation Laws, (Amendment) Bill, 2016., • Parliament passes Enforcement of, Security Interest and Recovery of Debts, Laws Amendment Bill, 2016., • Lok, Sabha, passes, Employee’s, Compensation (Amendment) Bill, 2016., • Parliament passes The Constitution, (122nd Amendment) (GST) Bill, 2014., • Rajya Sabha passes Mental Health Care, Bill., • Union Cabinet approves Motor Vehicle, (Amendment) Bill, 2016., • Benami transaction bill passed in Rajya, Sabha., • Parliament, passes, Institutes, of, Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2016., • Parliament passes Indian Medical, Council (Amendment Bill), 2016., • Parliament, passes, NIT,, Science, Education & Research (Amendment), Bill, 2016., • Parliament, passes, Compensatory, Afforestation Fund Bill, 2016., • Lok Sabha passes Lokpal and Lokayukta, (Amendment) Bill, 2016., • Parliament passes Child Labour, (Prohibition, and, Regulation), Amendment Bill, 2016., • Lok Sabha passes Bill for new NIT in, Andhra Pradesh., • Union Cabinet approves Transgender, Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill,, 2016., , CA-25, , • Parliament passes Insolvency and, Bankruptcy Code Bill, 2016., • Parliament Passes Anti-Hijacking Bill,, 2016., • Parliament passes Mines and Minerals, Amendment Bill, 2016., • Real, Estate, (Regulation, and, Development) Act, 2016 comes into, force., • Parliament, passes, Industries, (Development, and, Regulation), Amendment Bill, 2015., • Parliament, passes, Constitution, (Scheduled Castes) Order (Amendment), Bill, 2016., • Parliament passes Sikh Gurdwaras, (Amendment) Bill, 2016., • Maharashtra becomes first state to pass, law against social boycott., • Haryana Assembly unanimously passes, Reservation Bill., • Union Government notifies Aadhaar, Act, 2016., • Lok Sabha passes Enemy Property, (Amendment and Validation) Bill, 2016., • Parliament passes Carriage by Air, amendment Bill, 2015., • Lok Sabha passes Election Laws, (Amendment) Bill, 2016., • Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of, Atrocities) Amendment Act, 2015 came, into force., • The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection, of Children) Act, 2015 comes into force., • President gives assent to The Sugar Cess, (Amendment) Bill, 2015., , Policies and Schemes 2016, , • Union Government is going to launch, National Resource Centre Vanjeevan for, Tribal Livelihood., • Government launches e-Pashuhaat, portal to connect farmers and breeders, of bovine animals., • Rajasthan Government is going to, launch Annapurna Rasoi Programme to, provide quality meal at cheap price., • PM Narendra Modi launches Pradhan, Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-28, , Current Affairs with MCQs, , CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQS, 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , 8., , India’s first amphibious bus project, has been launched by which state, government?, (a) Haryana, (b) Andhra Pradesh, (c) Punjab, (d) Uttar Pradesh, Which state government has tied u p, with Tata Trust to strengthen Public, Distribution System (PDS)?, (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Tamil Nadu, (c) Kerala, (d) Andhra Pradesh, Gotthard Base Tunnel(GBT), the, world’s longest and deepest traffic, tunnel, is located in which country?, (a) France, (b) Japan, (c) Switzerland (d) China, Which of the following footballers has, won the 2016 FIFA Ballon D’or Award ?, (a) Neymar, (b) Cristiano Ronaldo, (c) Lionel Messi, (d) Antoine Griezmann, The book “The Other One Percent:, Indians in America” has been authored, by whom?, (a) Mohana Krishnan, (b) Sanjoy Chakravorty, (c) Joe Harris, (d) Balaji Vittal, “100 Million for 100 Million” campaign, for child rights have been launched by, whom?, (a) Pranab Mukherjee, (b) Narendra Modi, (c) Maneka Gandhi, (d) Raj Nath Singh, The Narmada Seva Yatra has been, launched by which of the following, states?, (a) Chhattisgarh, (b) Madhya Pradesh, (c) Gujarat, (d) Maharashtra, Who has been named as the new, Prime Minister of Italy?, (a) Enrico Letta, (b) Paolo Gentiloni, (c) Matteo Renzi, (d) Sergio Mattarella, , 9., , 10., , 11., , 12., , 13., 14., 15., , 16., , Which state has become the first, Indian state to launch crop insurance, claim distribution programme?, (a) Haryana, (b) Rajasthan, (c) Uttar Pradesh, (d) Madhya Pradesh, What is the theme of 2016 Human, Rights Day (HRD)?, (a) Our Rights, Our Freedoms, Always, (b) Stand up for someone’s rights, today, (c) My Voice Counts, (d) Human Rights 365, Who has been named as the Time, magazine’s Person of the Year 2016?, (a) Donald Trump, (b) Mark Zuckerberg, (c) Narendra Modi, (d) Hillary Clinton, Which high court of India has, termed the practice of triple talaq, (Talaq-e-bidat) among Muslims as, unconstitutional?, (a) Allahabad High Court, (b) Delhi High Court, (c) Calcutta High Court, (d) Mumbai High Court, What is the India’s rank in the 2016, Global Terrorism Index (GTI)?, (a) 9th, (b) 7th, (c) 11th, (d) 13th, Which is the most powerful language, according to the 2016 World Power, Language Index (PLI)?, (a) Mandarin, (b) English, (c) French, (d) Spanish, Who has been appointed as the new, Chief Justice of India (CJI)?, (a) Jasti Chelameswar, (b) Dipak Misra, (c) Madan B Lokur, (d) Jagdish Singh Khehar, Who has been named as the “Asian of, the Year 2016”?, (a) Sachin Bansal, (b) Ratan Tata, (c) Mukesh Ambani, (d) Sunil Mittal, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, 17. “2016 Indra NAVY” naval exercise, will be held between India and which, country?, (a) Russia, (b) United States, (c) Japan, (d) China, 18. Which country team has won the, 2016 Women’s Twenty20 Asia Cup, cricket tournament?, (a) Pakistan, (b) India, (c) Nepal, (d) Bangladesh, 19. Which famous personality has won, the online reader’s poll for TIME, magazine’s Person of the Year 2016?, (a) Narendra Modi, (b) Vladimir Putin, (c) Barack Obama, (d) Donald Trump, 20. What is the theme of 2016 Heart of, Asia (HoA) ministerial conference?, (a) Connect world with harmony, (b) E-connectivity for prosperity, (c) Peace: Priority for all, (d) Addressing challenges, achieving, prosperity, 21. What system is to be introduced, by Indian Railways to reduce rail, accidents?, (a) Tri-Netra, (b) Tri-Sutra, (c) Tri-Sewa, (d) Tri-Shakti, 22. Which section was made the India’s, first Green Rail Corridor?, (a) Okha-Kanalus, (b) Porbandar-Wansjaliya, (c) Rameswaram-Manamadurai, (d) Lucknow-Delhi, 23. Who has been appointed as the new, interim director of Central Bureau of, Investigation (CBI)?, (a) R K Raghavan, (b) R K Dutta, (c) Rakesh Asthana, (d) Anil Sinha, 24. Which service was launched to make, rail travel comfortable for elderly,, differently-abled and ailing travelers?, (a) Sahayak Sewa, (b) Janani Sewa, (c) Yatri sewa, (d) Yatri Mitra Sewa, , CA-29, , 25. Which portal has been launched, by Ministry of Women and Child, Development to register online, complaints of child sexual abuse?, (a) POCSO e-BOX (b) POCSO m-BOX, (c) POCSO c-BOX (d) POCSO m-BOX, 26. India has recently signed deal for 145, M777 ultra-light howitzers guns with, which country?, (a) Russia, (b) Japan, (c) Brazil, (d) United States, 27. Where is the headquarters of Indian, Council of Medical Research (ICMR)?, (a) Pune, (b) New Delhi, (c) Kolkata, (d) Bengaluru, 28. Which film has won the Golden, Peacock award at the 2016, International Film Festival of India, (IFFI)?, (a) Rauf, (b) Daughter, (c) The Throne (d) Cold of Kalanda, 29. Which Indian snooker has won bronze, at IBSF World Snooker Championship, 2016?, (a) Pankaj Advani, (b) Geet Sethi, (c) Manan Chandra, (d) Aditya Mehta, 30. Which advisory committee has, been formed by the Insolvency and, Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) on, service providers?, (a) Ajay Tyagi committee, (b) M S Sahoo committee, (c) Uday Kotak committee, (d) Mohandas Pai committee, 31. The 50th anniversary of the United, Nations Commission on International, Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has been, hosted by which country?, (a) India, (b) Germany, (c) Singapore, (d) Malaysia, 32. The book “Swimmer Among the Stars”, has been authored by whom?, (a) Kanishk Tharoor, (b) Nikunj Juneja, (c) Amitav Ghosh, (d) AK Ramanujan , , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-30, , 33. Anand Yadav, who passed away, recently, was the author of which, language?, (a) Hindi, (b) Marathi, (c) Odia, (d) Telugu, 34. The 2016 annual Conference of, Directors-General of Police (DGPs) of, States has been held in which city?, (a) New Delhi, (b) Pune, (c) Hyderabad (d) Guwahati, 35. India’s first underwater festival has, been held in which city?, (a) Pune, (b) Kochi, (c) Mumbai, (d) Guwahati, 36. “Indian Police at Your Call” mobile app, has been launched by whom?, (a) Rajnath Singh, (b) Arun Jaitely, (c) Narendra Modi, (d) Sushma Swaraj, 37. The 2nd edition of Judima Festival will, be hosted by which state?, (a) Arunachal Pradesh, (b) Sikkim, (c) Assam, (d) Haryana, 38. India’s first digital and cashless village, “Akodara” is located in which state?, (a) Tamil Nadu (b) Gujarat, (c) Maharashtra (d) Kerala, 39. What is the theme of 2016 International, Day for the Elimination of Violence, against Women?, (a) Orange your neighbourhood, (b) Orange the world, (c) Orange the life, (d) Orange the people, 40. Fidel Castro, who passed away, recently, was the revolutionary leader, of which country?, (a) Cuba, (b) Libya, (c) Namibia, (d) Ethiopia, 41. What amount will the Indian Railways, insurance cover for passengers, travelling on e- ticket?, (a) 1 lakh rupees (b) 5 lakh rupees, (c) 10 lakh rupees (d) 1 crore rupees, 42. The Union Railway Ministry has, flagged off the maiden broad gage, train service dubbed as?, , Current Affairs with MCQs, , 43., , 44., , 45., , 46., 47., , 48., , 49., , (a) ManipurSundari Express, (b) Tripura Sundari Express, (c) Arunachal Pradesh Sundari Express, (d) Assam Sundari Express, Which Indian boxer to be honoured, with ‘Legends Award’ by International, Boxing Association (AIBA)?, (a) Sarjubala Devi, (b) Mary Kom, (c) Mandeep Jangra, (d) Shiva Thapa, Which portal has been launched by, Union Government to track air flights, & register complaints?, (a) AirSuraksha Portal, (b) AirSandesh Portal, (c) AirTrack Portal, (d) AirSewa Portal, “e-pashuhaat portal” has been, launched by which union ministry for, livestock?, (a) Narendra Modi, (b) Arun Jaitley, (c) Radha Mohan Singh, (d) Rajnath Singh, The book “Banaras City of Light” has, been authored by whom?, (a) Vrinda Grover (b) Diana Eck, (c) Mini Kapoor (d) Sanjaya Baru, “Annapurna Rasoi Programme” will, be started by which state government, to provide quality meal to weaker, section?, (a) Rajasthan, (b) Uttar Pradesh, (c) Madhya Pradesh, (d) Odisha, Which Indian institution has been, ranked as the top institution in, India by QS Graduate Employability, Rankings 2017?, (a) IIT-Delhi, (b) University of Delhi, (c) IIT Kharagpur, (d) IIT-Madras, The 2016 Wangala harvest festival has, celebrated by which tribe of NorthEast India?, (a) Deori tribe, (b) Khasi tribe, (c) Garo tribe, (d) Nyishi tribe, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Current Affairs with MCQs, 50. What is the India’s rank in the 2016, Global ICT Development Index (IDI)?, (a) 71st, (b) 138th, (c) 155th, (d) 66th, 51. Which committee has been constituted, to convert 100% Government – Citizen, Transactions to the digital platform?, (a) Piyush Goyal committee, (b) Arun Jaitely committee, (c) Kirti Parekh committee, (d) Amitabh Kant committee, 52. The book “Midnight’s Furies: The, Deadly Legacy of India’s Partition” has, been authored by whom?, (a) Kisan Jha, (b) Nisid Hajari, (c) Milan Vaishnav (d) Ruskin Bond, 53. Dileep Padgaonkar, who passed away, recently, was the famous personality, of which field?, (a) Sports, (b) Journalism, (c) Politics, (d) Science, 54. Union Railway Minister Suresh, Prabhu laid the foundation stone of, one Megawatt (MW) solar power, plant in which city?, (a) Chandigarh, (b) Ludhiana, (c) Amritsar, (d) Rewari, 55. “Smart Water Distribution Monitoring”, web portal has been launched by which, state government ?, (a) Andhra Pradesh, (b) Telangana , (c) Kerala, (d) Tamil Nadu, 56. Which of the following entities has, launched India’s first payment bank?, (a) Reliance Industries, (b) Airtel M Commerce Services, (c) Vodafone M-Pesa, (d) FINO PayTech, 57. Who has been honoured with the 2016, International Maritime Organisation, (IMO) Award?, (a) Rainer Brinkmann, (b) William S. Benson, (c) Radhika Menon, (d) Wu Shengli, 58. India has recently signed bank, information sharing deal with which, , CA-31, , 57., , 58., , 59., , 60., , 61., , 62., , country for the implementation of, Automatic Exchange of Information, (AEOI)?, (a) Malaysia, (b) Switzerland, (c) Mauritius, (d) Singapore, Who has been appointed as the new, Chairman of National Highways, Authority of India (NHAI)?, (a) Danish Kapoor, (b) K K Sahoo, (c) Raghav Chandra, (d) Yudhvir Singh Malik, Which Indian film has been nominated, as Indian entry for ICFT UNESCO, Gandhi Medal?, (a) Harmonia, (b) Allama, (c) Beluga, (d) A Real Vermeer, Which committee was constituted by, Union Government on Yoga Education, in Universities?, (a) M M Lal committee, (b) Dwarakanath Bhavan Committee, (c) Suresh Lal Barnawal committee, (d) H R Nagendra committee, The 2016 International Tourism Mart, has started in which state of India?, (a) Arunachal Pradesh, (b) Manipur, (c) Tripura, (d) West Bengal, What is the name of world’s first, hospital on a train by Indian railways?, (a) Gatiman Express, (b) SMOM, (c) Jeevan Express, (d) Lifeline Express, Who has been appointed as chairman, and managing director (CMD) of, Konkan Railway Corporation Limited, (KRCL)?, (a) Sanjay Gupta, (b) E. Sreedharan, (c) B P Tayal, (d) Madhu Dandavate, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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CA-32, , 63., , 64., , 65., 66., , 67., , Current Affairs with MCQs, , Who has been elected as the new, President of Federation of Indian, Chambers of Commerce and Industry, (FICCI) for 2017?, (a) Pankaj Patel, (b) Harshavardhan Neotia, (c) Nikunj Srivastav, (d) Anil Bhatti, Which of the following has become the, India’s first e-assembly constituency?, (a) Dharamshala assembly constituency, (b) Palampur assembly constituency, (c) Rinchenpong assembly constituency, (d) Chujachen assembly constituency, India’s first International Children’s, festival will be held in which city?, (a) Mumbai, (b) Pune, (c) New Delhi, (d) Guwahati, Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, who has, been conferred the first ‘World, Sanskrit Award’, is belonged to which, country?, (a) India, (b) Malaysia, (c) Thailand, (d) Indonesia, Prof.MGK Menon, who passed away, recently, was the chief of which, organisation?, (a) Defence Research and Development, Organisation (DRDO), (b) Indian Space Research Organisation, (ISRO), , (c) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, (BARC), (d) Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, (VSSC), 68. Which Indian journalist has been, honoured with the CPJ’s 2016, International Press Freedom Award?, (a) Malini Subramaniam, (b) Zafarul Islam Khan, (c) Prannoy Lal Roy, (d) Palagummi Sainath, 69. Who will be the chief guest at the, 14th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD), Convention?, (a) Li Keqiang, (b) Shinzo Abe, (c) Antonio Costa, (d) Satyandre Adhin, 70. Which online system was launched for, redressal of service related grievance, of serving and former Railway, employees?, (a) www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in, (b) Complaint Management System, (COMS), (c) Centralised Public Grievance, Redress and Monitoring System, (CPGRAMS), (d) Nivaran portal, , Anskey, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., , (c), (a), (c), (b), (b), (a), (b), (b), (d), (b), (a), (a), (b), (b), , 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., , (d), (a), (a), (b), (a), (d), (a), (c), (c), (d), (a), (d), (b), (b), , 29., 30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., , (a), (d), (a), (a), (b), (c), (a), (c), (c), (b), (b), (a), (c), (b), , 43., 44., 45., 46., 47., 48., 49., 50., 51., 52., 53., 54., 55., 56., , (b), (d), (c), (b), (a), (c), (c), (b), (d), (b), (b), (c), (a), (b), , 57., 58., 59., 60., 61., 62., 63., 64., 65., 66., 67., 68., 69., 70., , (c), (b) , (d), (b), (d), (b), (d), (a), (a), (b), (a), (c), (b), (a), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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2, , Indian Railways, , INTRODUCTION, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Considered as the lifeline of the, nation the Indian Railways reflects the, general state and mood of our country., Railways are the principal mode, of transportation for freight and, passengers in India., It conducts multifarious activities, like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage, along with transportation of goods, over longer distances., Apart from an important means of, transport the Indian Railways have, been a great integrating force for more, than 150 years., It binds the economic life of the country, as well as accelerates the development, of the industry and agriculture., The Indian Railways is an Indian, state-owned enterprise, owned and, operated by the Government of India, through the Ministry of Railways., It is one of the world’s largest railway, networks comprising 115,000 km and, 7,113 stations., , HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, , The first proposals for railways in India, were being debated in Great Britain in, the 1840s and the people there started, entering into lobbying in support of these, proposals by banks, traders, shipping, companies etc. The businessmen of, England had a strong interest in seeing, railways be formed in India. But they, wanted the British Parliament to create a, Guarantee System., In the Guarantee System, any company, that constructed railways in India was, guaranteed a certain rate of interest on its, capital investment. This guarantee was to, be honoured by the East India Company, which then controlled large parts of India., The railways which were made on this, arrangement were called Guaranteed, Railways. The guarantee was for a return of, 5% annually, and the right for the railway, , company to pull out of the venture and get, compensation from the government at any, time. Thus Indian Railways started on a, Guarantee System., • On 27th Sept, 1825 the first rail, engine ran from Darling to Stockton in, England., • In the year 1843, Lord Dalhousie first, conceived the possibility of opening, up of India by means of railway, communication. He had proposed, to link the three ports of Bombay,, Calcutta and Madras by a railway., • In May, 1845 or about 20 years after, construction of first rail road in, England, the East Indian Railway Co., was founded. The managing director, of this company Mr. R. McDonald, Stephenson can be considered the, founder of the company. He was, the first person to have introduced, the idea of rail roads in India and, vigorously advocated the construction , of East Indian Lines from Howrah to, Delhi via Mirzapore., • After a visit to India in 1845, Stephenson made a proposal to, the Court of Directors of East India, Company for building a rail line from, Calcutta to Burdwan. East India Co., considered this a “wild proposal”., However, with Lord Dalhousie, the, then Governor General of India,, actively supporting the cause of the, Railways for administrative reasons,, the Court of Directors of East India Co., finally signed an agreement on 17th, August,1849 with EIR for construction, of a short experimental line. The, main provision was that the company, should be economically viable. On, August 1, 1849, the Act to incorporate, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, was initiated., • Initially 2 companies were established, to develop Railways in India:, w East India Railway company (1845)., w Great Indian Peninsular Railway, Company (August 1, 1849)., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, •, , •, , •, •, •, , •, , •, , •, •, •, •, , Another company The Madras, Railway Company (MR) was formed, provisionally in July 1852 to acquire, lands in the “East Indies” and to, construct and work a railway or, railways in that territory., The first Indian Railway started during, Lord Dalhousie’s time that on April, 16, 1853 at 3:35pm with 14 railway, carriages and 400 guests left Bombay’s, Bori Bunder for Thane, with a 21-gun, salute., The first train covered a distance of, 34km between Mumbai and Thane., This train was run by the Great Indian, Peninsula Company of Central Railway., The name of the first rail engine was, ‘Beauty.’, The three locomotives were Sindh,, Sultan, and Sahib. This 75 minutes, journey was the first Journey of Indian, Railway that embarked an era of, development thereafter. But this was a, passenger service., Prior to this there is a trace of Railway, in India. In 1851, a steam loco,, Thomason, was used for transporting, construction material in Roorkee for, the Solani viaduct, which was a part of, the construction in the Salony Valley., The locomotive Thomason was, assembled on the spot from parts, transported from Calcutta. Second, locomotive to arrive in India was, Falkland (named for a governor of, Bombay), used by the contractors of, the GIPR for shunting operations on, the first line out of Bombay that was, being built., In 1854, second train ran between, Hoogly and Howrah., Meter gauge started functioning in, 1870., In the first stage, railway was run by, private sector, since Indian British, Government did not have fund., Lord Salisbury had issued three, instructions regarding construction, , 3, , •, , and expansion of Indian railways in, the states., Guarantee system in railway started in, 1882., , Chronological Development, , 1844: First proposals for the construction, of Railways in India were submitted to, East India Company by R.M. Stephenson, a, Railway Engineer in British India., 1849: East India company undertakes a, construction of a 160 km Railway line from, Calcutta to Mirzapur., 1850: Contract undertaken by Indian, Peninsular Railway for construction of a, line from Bombay to Kalyan., 1853: First Railway line between, Boribunder (Bombay VT) and Thane (32, km) opened., 1854: First train between Howra and, Hoogly (39 km) was run., 1855-60: Following eight Railway companies, were established in India., 1. Great Indian Peninsula Railway, 2. The East Indian Railway, 3. The Madras Railway, 4. The Bombay-Baroda and Central India, Railway, 5. The Scindia Railway, 6. The Eastern Bengal Railway, 7. The South Indian Railway, 8. The Calcutta and South Eastern Railway, 1862: Assistance was given to Railways to, construct feeder lines in Northern India, 1866: Completion of line from Calcutta to, Delhi. This included Son Bridge and Railcum-Road bridges over Yamuna in Naini, and Delhi., 1867: Completion of Bombay-BhusavalItarsi-Jabalpur route of the GIP Railway, and connecting it to East India Railway at, Naini., 1869-1881: Government took over, construction of Railway lines and stopped, giving any fresh contract to companies. , Disastrous famines occurred during 187479 demanded rapid expansion of Railways., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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4, 1871: A selection committee of British, Parliament was appointed to review the, schemes of Railway construction., 1879: Total length of Railway line goes to, 14920 km., 1880:, The, Famine, Commission, recommended construction of 8000 km, of Railway lines in India to protect the, country from famine., 1881: Lord Hardington, Secretary of State, for India, formulated rules for construction, of Railways. He divided Railways into 3 , categories (i) productive (ii) unproductive, and (iii) protective., 1881-97: New Contracts were given to the, following new companies:, 1. Bengal Central Railway, 2. The Bengal North Western Railway, 3. The Rohilkhand and Kumaon Railway, 4. The Southern Mahratta Railway, 5. The Indian Midland Railway, 6. The Bengal Nagpur Railway, 7. The Assam Bengal Railway Company, 8. The Burma Railway Company, 1890: Passing of the Indian Railways Act, which came into force on 1st May 1890., 1900: Total length of Railway line goes to, 39,603 km with capital outlay of 329 crores., 1901: Mr. Thomas Robertson was, appointed to investigate into railway, administration, organization and system., 1902: Setting up of Indian Railways, Conference Association to frame or modify, rules and regulations of interchange of, traffic between Railways., 1905: A Railway Board was established, with one President and two members, under the Department of Commerce and, Industries. Railways branch of the Public, Works Department abolished., 1907: Mckay Committee was appointed, to examine the financial problems of, Railways., 1908: Railway Board was reorganized., 1914: Total length of Railway line goes, to 56,456 km with capital outlay of 495, crores., , Indian Railways, 1914- 21: World War I period saw Railway, fares increasing considerably. Some lines, of strategic importance were constructed., 1920 : “Indian Railway Enquiry Committee”, was appointed under the chairmanship of, Sir William Acworth to look into Railway, policy, financial and administrative., The report of this Committee laid the, foundation of the State management and, State control of the Indian Railways., 1922: The Railway Board was reorganized., 1923: Nationalization of Railways started., 1924: As recommended by Railway, Finance Committee, headed by Sir, Malcolm Hailey, the Railway finances were, separated from the General budget by a, “Separation Convention”., 1925: Government took over the, management of East Indian and Great, Indian Peninsula Railways. First Electric, Traction was introduced from Bombay, VT to Kurla and local train system from, Bombay to Kurla started., 1929-30: Route Kilometrage gone up to, 66,358 and capital investment gone up to, 857 crores., 1930-31: Great Economic depression. Rs., 11 Crore was withdrawn from the Railway, Reserve Fund for general revenues., 1937: Burma was separated from India, due to which total railway Kilometrage, was curtailed by 3200 km., 1939: Total Railway Kilometrage stands at, 65850 km., 1939-47: World War II. Due to extensive, usage of wagons for military movements, very few were left out for private use., 1942: War Transport Board was created., 1943-44: Bengal famine period., 1947-48: Indian Railways suffered great, loss during partition of India., 1949-50: Government acquired control, over all Railways except a very few private, companies. Prior to integration of princely, states there were 21 Railways operated by, Government of India and Princely States., 1950: Regrouping of Railways was done and, 6 Railway zones were formed as follows., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, Southern Railway, HQ : Madras, Central Railway, HQ : Bombay, Western Railway, HQ : Bombay, Eastern Railway, HQ : Calcutta, Northern Railway, HQ : Delhi, North-Eastern, Railway, HQ :Gorakhpur, , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , 5, Comprised of former South Indian Railway, the Madras and Southern, Mehratta and Mysore State Railways., Comprised GIP Railways three Princely State Railways viz, Nizam,, Scindhia and Dholpur., Comprised B.B. and C.I., Saurashtra, Rajasthan and Jaipur Railways., , Comprised Bengal-Nagpur Railway and Sealdah, Howra, Assansol,, Danapore and Dhanbad Divisions of E.I. Railways., Remaining parts of E.I.R., Eastern Punjab Railway, Jodhpur Railway,, Bikaner Railway and Delhi-Rewari-Fazilka section of the Western, Railway., Oudh-Tirhut Railway, the Assam Railway, Kanpur Achnera section of, the Western Railway., , Indian Railways was Nationalised in, 1951., The country’s first railway, built by the, Great Indian Peninsula Railway., It is the biggest employer in the world, and the largest single undertaking in, the country., It has the second biggest electrified, system in the world after Russia., Indian Railways is divided into 17, zones. Each zone is headed by a, general manager., The first diesel engine in India ran in, 1957., At present, diesel engines are, manufactured in Varanasi., , Progress of Locomotives, •, •, •, •, •, •, , First locomotive factory was set up, in Chittaranjan of West Bengal. This, Industrial coach factory was based on, the model of Switzerland., 1893: First railway foundry was set up, at Jamalpur (Bihar)., 1895: First locomotive was built with, old pairs at Ajmer workshop., 1899: Lady Curzon was first, locomotive built in India, at Ajmer., January 26, 1950: Chittaranjan, Locomotive Works (CLW) built first, steam engine, Deshbandhu., 1952:, Tata, Engineering, and, Locomotive Company (TELCO) begins, production of BG locomotives., , •, , 1961: CLW made the first 1500 DC, electric locomotive Lokmanya, , Electric Traction, • The name of first electric train was, Deccan Queen, which ran between, Pune and Mumbai., • In 1929, it ran between Pune and, Kalyan, • New name of this train is Royal, Oriental Express, • Electric traction was introduced on, Indian Railways in year 1925. The first , electric train ran between Bombay’s, Victoria Terminus and Kurla along the, Harbour Line of CR, on February 3,, 1925, a distance of 9.5 miles, flagged , off the then Governor of Bombay Sir, Leslie Orme Wilson., • In the year 1957, Indian Railways, decided to adopt 25 kV 50 Hz AC, traction based on French Railway, (SNCF) technology., • The first 25kV AC electrified section, was Burdwan-Mughalsarai, completed, in 1957, followed by the TatanagarRourkela section on the HowrahBombay route., • The first actual train run (apart from, trial runs) using 25kV AC was on, December 15, 1959 on the KendposiRajkharswan section (SER)., • Howrah-Gaya was electrified by about, 1960, electrification till Kanpur on, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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6, , •, •, , Indian Railways, the Howrah-Delhi route was done by, about 1972, and the entire HowrahDelhi route was electrified on August, 5, 1976., The Bombay-Delhi (WR) route was, electrified by February 1, 1988. The, CR route was fully electrified by June, 1990., Considering the advantages of 2 x, 25kV AC system , it was commissioned, between Bina and Katni (CR) on, January 16, 1995 as a pilot project., This was later extended to Bishrampur., , Rail Transport Public Undertakings, • Rail India Technical and Economic, Services (RITES) Ltd., • Indian Railway Construction (IRCON), Corporation Ltd., • Container Corporation (CONCOR) of, India Ltd., • Indian Railway Finance Corporation, (IRFC) Ltd., • Konkan Railway Corporation (KRC), Ltd., • Centre for railway Information, Systems (CRIS)., • Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation, (MRVC)., • Railtel Corporation of India Ltd., • Railway Vikas Nigam ltd. (RVNL)., • Indian Railway Welfare Organization, (IRWO) (A society under the patronage, of the Ministry of Railways)., • Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)., , •, , •, •, , •, , •, , The Railway Board (1905), •, , •, , The first Railway Board in India, was appointed by Lord Curzon’s, government in 1905. It consisted by, Government Railway official, who was, the Chairman of the Board, a Railway, Manager from England and an Agent, of a Company Railway. The Board, was placed under the Department of, Commerce and Industry of the British, Indian Government., Following Robertson’s report, the, Secretary of state for India sanctioned, the formation of the board of a, , •, , chairman and two members all of, whom were Railway experts., Then the Railway Board was, established in 1905. The Railway, branches of the Public Work, Department were abolished and the, control was transferred to the Railway, Board., Pursuant to the Acworth Committee’s, recommendations in 1921, the, Railway Board was reconstituted with, effect from 1 April 1924., The reconstituted board consisted of, the Chief Commissioner, a Financial, Commissioner and two Members,, one responsible for Way and Works,, Projects and Stores and the other for, General Administration, Staff and, Traffic subjects., In 1929, an additional post of a Member, was created and he was placed in, charge of Staff matters, so that the, Member in charge of Traffic could, concentrate fully in transportation, and commercial matters. During this, time, Frank D’Souza became the first, Indian member of the board., The Railway Board, which is the apex, body of the Indian Railways reports to, the Minister of Railways. The Railway, Board comprises one Chairman, five, “members of the Railway Board”, and, a Financial Commissioner (who is, the representative of the Ministry of, Finance in the Railway Board). It also, includes a Director-General (Railway, Health Services) and a DirectorGeneral (Railway Protection Force). A, number of directorates report to the, Railway Board., The Ministry of Railways is housed, inside Rail Bhavan in New Delhi., , Nationalization, •, •, , In 1951 the Indian Railways was, nationalised as one unit. It became one, of the largest networks in the world., There were as many 42 independent, Railway systems big and small, operated by the Government of, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Railway station in maximum height:, Ghum 2,258 m (7,407 ft) – Darjeeling,, Himalayan Railway., First rail museum in India: New Delhi., First computerised railway reservation, in India: New Delhi., First rail-bus service in India:, Meratapur, Rajasthan., First rail minister of India: Asaf Ali., First women rail driver of India:, Mumtaz Kathwala., Beginning of AC coaches in India: 1936, First railway postal service in India:, 1907., The longest distance train in India:, Dibrugarh - Kanyakumari Vivek, Express., Beginning of Insurance in railway:, 1st April, 1994, with the name ‘Train, passenger insurance scheme, by, United India Insurance Company., Father of Indian Railway – Lord, Dalhousie., Fastest train – The Bhopal Shatabdi, Express,1988,between Agra and New, Delhi., Slowest train in India- Nilgri Express,, between Chennai and Mettupalayam, First electric train – Deccan Queen,, 1931, connects Mumbai with Pune ., First double-decker train – Shatabdi, train was flagged off in October 2011., First air-conditioned double-decker, train – Shatabdi train from Mumbai to, Goa., First underground railway (Metro, Railway) – Kolkata Metro(1984)., Largest Zone in Indian Railways –, Northern Railway., A platform surrounded by rail lines, from all the four sides – Island platform, First railway station – Chhatrapati, Shivaji Terminus railway station in, Mumbai., Longest railway platform –Gorakhpur, railway station, Uttar Pradesh., First broad gauge super fast train –, Rajdhani express, New Delhi, Howrah, 1st March, 1969., , 9, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , First metre gauge super fast train –, pink city express New Delhi Jaipur, 17th Oct, 1981., First narrow gauge super fast train –, Shivalik Deluxe Express Kalka – Shimla, 9th Aug, 1996., First time table 1853 Central India, First stamp on Indian railways 4 annas, 10th December, 1936 by King George., First automatic signalling system 1928, First railway tunnel of Indian railway, -Parsik tunnel., Division that has maximum number, of tunnels – Kalka Simla division of, Northern Railway (103 tunnels)., Last railway station of Northern, Railway and Indian Railway – Bajalta., Indian state has maximum rail routes, – Uttar Pradesh, Himsagar Express, passes through – 11 States(Jammu, and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi,, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya, Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu,, Karnataka and Kerala)., First female operator in Delhi Metro –, Minakshi Sharma., First female to become the member, of Railway Board – Vijaylaxmi, Vishwanathan., Longest platform situated – Khadagpur, (West Bengal)., Train only for women run – From, Churchgate to Boriwali in Mumbai., Metro Rail in Calcutta – 1984., Railway week celebrated on 10–16, April., 21 Railway Recruitment Boards are, there in India., First tourist rail – Palace on wheels in, 1982 between Delhi–Jaipur., First monorail operate in India – From, Sarhind to Alampur and Bhawani, mandi to Patiala., India’s first indigenous steam engine –, F–734., First telecommunication between, guard and driver – Mumbai–New Delhi, (Rajdhani Express)., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, , 11, www.rrbjammu.nic.in, , RRB Jammu, Srinagar, RRB Kolkata, , www.rrbkolkata.org, , RRB Malda, , www.rrbmalda.gov.in, , RRB Patna, , www.rrbpatna.gov.in, , RRB Mumbai, , RRB Ranchi, , www.rrbmumbai.gov.in, , www.rrbranchi.org, , RRB Secunderabad www.rrbsecunderabad., nic.in, RRB Silliguri, www.rrbsiliguri.org, , RRB, www., Thiruvananthapuram rrbthiruvananthapuram., net, RRB Muzaffarpur www.rrbmuzaffarpur.bih., nic.in, , ROLE OF RAILWAY, , Indian Railways & SocioEconomic Development, Indian Railways is one of the largest systems, in the world. It is also one of the very few, railway systems in the world generating, operating surpluses. With a modest, beginning in India the Indian Railways has, emerged today as the main vehicle for socioeconomic development of the country., Rail transportation has a number of, favourable characteristics as compared to, road transportation. It is six times more, energy-efficient than road and four times, more economical. The social costs in terms, of environment damage or degradation are, significantly lower in rail. Rail construction, costs are approximately six times lower than, road for comparable levels of traffic. It is the, only major transport mode capable of using, any form of primary energy., , Railway Colony (West), Jammu180012, Metro Railway A.V. Complex, Chitpur,, Opp. To R. G. Kar Medical College &, Hospital, R. G. Kar Road, Kolkata-700, 037, West Bengal, Kalibari Railway Colony, P.O Jhaljhalia,, Malda – 732102, West Bengal, Railway Divisional office compound,, Mumbai Central, (E), Mumbai – 400, 202, Maharashtra, Mahendrughat, Patna – 800 004,, Bihar, Railway Offices Complex, Chutia,, Ranchi-834027, Jharkhand, South Lallaguda, Secunderabad–, 500017, Andhra Pradesh, Subhashpally,, Siliguri,, DistrictDarjeeling-734001, West Bengal, Thampanoor, Thiruvananthapuram –, 695 001, Kerala, Lichi Bagan, Maripur, Muzaffarpur842001, Bihar, , Contributing to Modern Market, Economy, , Since its inception, the Indian Railways, has served to integrate the fragmented, markets and thereby, stimulating the, emergence of a modern market economy., It connects industrial production centres, with markets and with sources of raw, materials and facilitates industrial, development and link agricultural, production centres with distant markets., It provides rapid, reliable and costeffective bulk transportation to the energy, sector, to move coal from the coal fields, to power plants and petroleum products, from refineries to consumption centres., It links places, enabling large-scale,, rapid movement of general and business, people across the length and breadth of, the country. In the process, the Indian, Railways has become a symbol of national, integration and a strategic instrument for, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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12, enhancing our defence preparedness., The Indian Railways contributes to India’s, economic development, accounting for, about one per cent of the GNP and the, backbone of freight needs of the core, sector. It accounts for six per cent of, the total employment in the organised, sector directly and an additional 2.5 per, cent indirectly through its dependent, organisations., The debate on the transport sector in, India has not focused adequately on the, rail sector despite its many economic, and environmental advantages. It is, high time that Railways’ role as a major, infrastructure, service, provider, is, reinforced. Constructive support from, the Government and the pro-active, and market-oriented response to the, challenges of an open economy will set, the tone for the renaissance of the Indian, Railways as we march towards the new, millennium., , Social Contribution, , It has invested significantly in health,, education, housing and sanitation. With, its vast network of schools and investment, in training, the Indian Railways plays, an important role in human resource, development. The Indian Railways, with, nearly 63,000 route kilometres fulfils the, country’s transport needs, particularly, in, respect of long-distance passenger and, goods traffic. Freight trains carry nearly, 1.2 million tonnes of originating goods, and 7,500 passenger trains carry nearly, 12 million passengers every day., , RAILWAYS INITIATIVES, Tri-Netra, , Indian Railways will soon introduce, Tri-Netra (terrain imaging for diesel, drivers infrared, enhanced optical and, radar assisted) system on its trains to, reduce train accidents. Tri-Netra is an, , Indian Railways, advance system is made up of a highresolution optical video camera, highsensitivity infrared video camera and, a radar-based terrain mapping system., These three components will act as three, eyes (Tri-Netra) of the Locomotive Pilot., The Tri-Netra system uses infrared and, radar technology to collect signals up, to a distance of 2-3 km and displays the, information on a screen fitted inside the, locomotive. Tri-Netra will help reduce, train accidents by keeping a record of the, track maintenance and will also provide, better visibility during foggy days., , Key Features of Tri-NETRA system:, , The device uses infrared and radar, technology to collect signals up to a, distance of 2-3 km and displays the, information (composite video image), on a screen fitted inside the locomotive., The Tri-Netra will alert the drivers of any, physical obstruction on railway tracks, ahead and thus give ample time for the, driver to apply the brakes to prevent train, accidents. It will be very useful during fog,, heavy rain and nights, when drivers have, to constantly look outside the locomotive, to judge the condition., , Three components of the system are:, , It is made of high sensitivity infra-red, video camera, high-resolution optical, video camera and a radar-based terrain, mapping system. These three components, shall act as three eyes (Tri-Netra) of the, Locomotive Pilot., The concept of TRI-NETRA was, developed by Development Cell under, the guidance of Member Mechanical,, Railway Board. Specifications and design, of critical components of the system will, be approved by the Research Designs, & Standards Organisation, the railways, research arm. TRI-NETRA system is, based on technology employed by fighter, aircrafts to see through clouds and, operate in pitch darkness. It is also based, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, technology used by naval ships in mapping, the ocean floor and navigating in the night., , Biotoilets, , The Union Ministry of Railways has taken, up a mammoth task of equipping human, discharge free bio-toilets in all its coaches, by 2021-22 in order to contribute to, mission ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’. The, environment-friendly, bio-toilets, for, passenger coaches were developed jointly, by Indian Railways and Defence Research, and Development Organisation (DRDO). In, the bio-toilet fitted coaches, human waste, is collected in biodigester tanks below the, toilets and is decomposed by a consortium, of anaerobic bacteria. By the process of, hydrolysis, acetogenesis, acidogenesis and, methanogenesis, the anaerobic bacteria, converts human faecal matter into water, and small amount of gases (including, methane)., , Yatri Mitra, , Indian Railways has launched ‘Yatri, Mitra Sewa’ in a move to make rail travel, comfortable for elderly, differently-abled, and ailing travellers. The ‘Yatri Mitra, Sewa’ will facilitate access to wheelchairs,, battery operated cars and porter services, elderly, differently-abled and ailing, travellers. ‘Passenger Friend’ or ‘Yatri, Mitra’ can be assistant (Sahayak) or any, other person nominated for the purpose., The service will be available at major, railway stations across the country. The, service can be availed at the time of online, booking of tickets, calling or messaging, ‘139’, accessing an app developed by the, Centre for Railway Information Systems, (CRIS)., , Janani Sewa for Mothers, , Under this scheme hot milk, hot water, and baby food will be available at railway, stations. Initially on pilot basis this scheme, will be available at 25 railway stations, including New Delhi, Howrah, Mumbai,, Chennai, Surat and Lucknow., , 13, , Idea of CCTV installation in, Indian Railways, A plan to set up 35,000 CCTV cameras, that scan every corner of 1,000 railway, stations across the country is the Centre, Government’s latest bid to make woman, passengers feel safer. This would be the, biggest surveillance system installation by, Indian Railways ever., Railways plans to install at least 35 CCTV, cameras in each station and link the feeds, to a server at its divisional headquarters., This feed will be preserved for 30 days., Eventually, all servers might be enabled to, converge at one place for a more central, monitoring, if needed., Railways has drawn up a list of 1,000, stations (981 to begin with) and has, instructed zonal authorities on how much, money they would be allowed to spend on, the project this year., Railways plans to install at least 35 CCTV, cameras in each station and link the feeds, to a server at its divisional headquarters., This feed will be preserved for 30 days., Eventually, all servers might be enabled to, converge at one place for a more central, monitoring, if needed., , Trainman and Ola Team up to, Boost Mobility for Indian Railway, Travelers, , Trainman, the online platform that, caters to Indian Railway travellers by, assisting them with extensive train, related information and intelligence, has, partnered with Ola., The tie-up enables Trainman consumers, to book Ola rides while travelling to and, from railway stations or anywhere in the, city., The service will be made available to users, of the Trainman android app across India, where Ola is currently operational., With this integration, Trainman users, across cities will now be able to book an, Ola cab across categories such as Micro,, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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14, Mini, Prime and Lux directly from the, Trainman app., A special Ola icon has been integrated on, the home menu of the Trainman mobile, app. Users can click on the icon and, request for the nearest available Ola cab., Other than seeing the nearest available, cabs, they will also get the details of estimated, fare and the expected time of Arrival (ETA) for, the cab., Real-time tracking will also be available, for users booking an Ola cab through the, Trainman app., , FACTORS AFFECTING, RAILWAYS, , The pattern of Indian railway network, has been influenced by geographical,, economic and political factors., , 1. Geographical Factors, , The North Indian plain with its level, land, high density of population and rich, agriculture presents the most favourable, conditions for the development of railways., However, the presence of large number, of rivers makes it necessary to construct, bridges which involve heavy expenditure., There are practically no railways in the, flood plains of many rivers in Bihar and, Assam. The plateau region of south India, is not as much suitable for railways as the, North Plain area. The Himalayan region, in the north is almost entirely devoid of, railways due to its rugged topography., Some railway terminals such as Jammu, Tawi, Kotdwar, Dehra Dun, Kathgodam,, etc. are found on the foothills. Some, narrow gauge railway tracks are found, in the Himalayan region. A railway link, between Jammu and Kashmir valley is, being planned at a very high cost. The, sandy areas of Rajasthan are also not, much favourable for railways., There was no railway line between, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer till 1966. Similarly,, , Indian Railways, forested areas of Madhya Pradesh and, Orissa, deltaic swamps of West Bengal,, marshy areas of Rann of Kachchh and hilly, tract of Sahyadri are also unfavourable for, the development of railways., Sahyadri can only be crossed through, gaps like Thalghat, Bhorghat and Palghat, to reach coastal trail heads like Mumbai,, Vasco-de-Gama, Mangalore and Kochi., Obviously, the railways tend to follow the, path of least resistance., , 2. Economic Factors, , Railways develop more in the economically, advanced areas where the need for railway, network is felt more. Conversely, railways, bring economic prosperity to the areas, through which they pass. This is because, of the economic linkages that we find, the highest density of railways near big, urban and industrial centres and in areas, which are rich in mineral and agricultural, resources., , 3. Political and Administrative, Factors, , The present railway system in India is, the legacy of the British rule. The British, administration planned the direction and, pattern of the railway lines in such a way, that they could exploit the valuable raw, materials of India for the benefit of their, industries and flood the Indian markets, with the finished goods from Britain., Besides, the Britishers wanted to maintain, their military supremacy, for which, quick movement of troops and arms was, necessary and construction of railways, became unavoidable. Thus, top priority, was given to the big ports of Mumbai,, Kolkata and Chennai. These ports were, connected with their hinterlands by, railway lines to facilitate imports and, exports. It is from the ports that the, railway network spread to the other parts, of the country., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, , QUALITATIVE IMPROVEMENTS, In addition to the quantitative expansion,, Indian railways have an impressive record, of qualitative improvements. The major, areas of qualitative improvement during, the recent years are gauge conversion,, rolling stock, track electrification,, automatic signalling, introduction of fast, trams and amenities and facilities for rail, users., , Gauge Conversion, , ‘Gauge’ is the name given to the distance, between the inner faces of the pair of rails, in the track. The Britishers constructed, broad gauge railways on trunk routes, connecting the port cities of Mumbai,, Kolkata and Chennai and some other, major cities. In areas lying beyond the, frame work of trunk routes, only metre, gauge lines were constructed. Thus, the, area lying north of the Ghagra-Ganga, alignment, whole of Rajasthan and Gujarat, as well as large parts of the peninsular, India were covered by metre gauge., Different gauges create serious hindrance, in the smooth flow of traffic. Passengers, have to change trains at the break of gauge, station and are put to great inconvenience., Goods have to be transhipped which, results in loss of time, increased cost of, transportation, pilferage and damage to, consignments. The Government of India, has, therefore, adopted a policy of gauge, conversion, mainly from metre gauge to, broad gauge., The unigauge system of railways assures, larger capacity, higher speed and cheaper, transportation. The process of gauge, conversion was initiated immediately after, Independence but significant achievement, has been recorded in recent years., , Rolling Stock, , A perceptible improvement in rolling, stock, both locomotives and coaches,, has been noticed. Upto 1950s and 1960s, , 15, most of the trains were run by steam, engines using coal as the source of energy., These engines had less traction power, and caused environmental pollution by, emitting smoke., An urgent need was felt to replace these, engines by diesel and electric locomotives, which are more powerful and their, operation is more economical. On the, Indian railways, introduction of diesel, traction on a single line route can increase, the capacity by 30 to 45 per cent and, electrification by nearly 100 per cent., Moreover, diesel engines cause less, environmental pollution as compared to, coal engines, and electric engines do not, cause any pollution. Therefore, the steam, engines have been phased out and their, production has been stopped in India. In, 1960-61, there were as many as 10,312, steam locomotives against only 181 diesel, and 131 electric locomotives. The number, of steam engines decreased gradually, for two decades upto 1980-81 but their, number fell drastically to 2,915 in 199091. By 2002-03 only 52 steam engines, were left with the Indian Railways. On, the other hand, the number of diesel, locomotives increased from a miserable, 17 in 1950-51 to gigantic number of 4,699, in 2002-03., The corresponding figures for electric, vehicles were 72 and 2,930 for these, years. The percentage of steam, diesel and, electric locomotives to the total number of, locomotives in 1950-51 was 98.92, 0.21, and 0.87 respectively which showed a, complete reversal of 0.68, 61.18 and 38.14, per cent in 2002-03., This trend is likely to continue till all the, steam engines are completely taken off, the rails. Further, production of 5000 HP, electric locomotives and fuel efficient, diesel locomotives has also commenced, at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works and, Diesel Locomotive Works at Varanasi, respectively. Coaching vehicles and, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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16, wagons have also been improved to make, the transportation of passengers and, goods more comfortable and economical., Cushioned seats, toilets, pantry cars, etc., are provided in almost all the important, trains., Earlier, many of such facilities were, conspicuous by their absence. Till the, beginning of the 20th century, third class, passengers were almost uncared for,, although they formed 97 per cent of the, coaching receipts. Third class travel has, now been replaced by second class travel., A.C. 3-Tier coach has been introduced to, make AC travel cheaper and comfortable., , Track Electrification, , As mentioned earlier, use of electric, locomotives increases the capacity by as, much as 100 per cent. But the use of electric, locomotives is possible only if the railway, tracks are electrified. Track electrification, is a major thrust area by virtue of which, efficiency of the railways can be increased, considerably. Track electrification was, introduced in early 1920s and the first two, sections from Victoria Terminus to Kurla, and from Victoria Terminus to Bandra,, totalling 16 route km were electrified in, 1925. Thus the Indian railways entered the, push button era. In the first four decades, from’1920-21 to 1960-61, the process of, track electrification was rather slow and, the length of electrified track stood at 388, km in 1950-51 and 748 km in 1960-61., After that the electrification of railway, tracks picked up and the length of, electrified track increased to 3,706 km in, 1970-71 to 16,272 km in 2002-03., The percentage of electrified track, increased from a meagre 1.33 in 1960-61, to 25 78 in 2002-03., , Green Train Corridors, , The Union Ministry of Railways has, declared the Okha-Kanalus and the, Porbandar-Wansjaliya railway sections, , Indian Railways, of Gujarat as Green Train Corridors. All, trains passing on these 175-km long lines, (141-km-long Okha-Kanalus route and the, 34-km-long Porbandar-Wansjaliya route), are now equipped with bio-toilets. On, these routes, about 29 trains consisting of, nearly 700 coaches have been equipped, with bio-toilets to prevent open discharge, free zone on tracks as part of the Swachh, Bharat Mission., Green Train Corridors are sections of the, railways which will be free of human waste, discharge on the tracks. Trains running, on these corridors will be equipped with, bio-toilets. Thus, it will completely stop, discharge of human waste from trains, onto the ground which in turn would help, in improving cleanliness and hygiene. The, 114-km long Rameswaram-Manamadurai, section of Tamil Nadu was made the India’s, first Green Rail Corridor in July 2016 ., The Union Ministry of Railways has, taken up a mammoth task of equipping, human discharge free bio-toilets in all its, coaches by 2021-22 in order to contribute, to mission ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’. It, aims at completely stopping discharge of, human waste from trains onto the ground, to improve cleanliness and hygiene., The environment-friendly bio-toilets for, passenger coaches were developed jointly, by Indian Railways and Defence Research, and Development Organisation (DRDO). In, the bio-toilet fitted coaches, human waste, is collected in biodigester tanks below the, toilets and is decomposed by a consortium, of anaerobic bacteria. By the process of, hydrolysis, acetogenesis, acidogenesis and, methanogenesis, the anaerobic bacteria, converts human faecal matter into water, and small amount of gases (including, methane)., , Other improvements, , Automatic signals have been introduced, on the trunk routes. For heavy traffic, track structure has been strengthened, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, by providing heavier and stronger rails, and concrete sleepers. For fast and, comfortable journey several new trains, including Rajdhani and Shatabdi trains, have been introduced. Public amenities at, the railway stations have been diversified, and improved., Indian Railways is also helping Indian, economy in many ways like by providing, fast and reliable transport medium for, various needy articles across the country., These include Rice, Wheat, Cereals and, Vegetable oils etc. Indian Railways is also, transporting various petroleum products, like Petrol, Diesel, Cooking Gas, Natural, Gas, Kerosene etc., The various types of railways running, within our country are:, 1. Gatiman Express: It is the fastest train, introduced in India in April 2016 with, a speed of 160 km per hour between, Delhi Nizamuddin to Agra Cantt. It, covers 200 km in 100 minutes., 2. Duronto Express: Duronto Express,, the non-stop trains which eventually, running faster than Rajdhani Express, between state capitals & major cities., 3. Rajdhani Express: The Rajdhani, Express, the full AC train which, connects all major cities to our capital, New Delhi. It is running at over 150 km, per hour., 4. Shatabdi and Jan Shatabdi Express:, These are only chair car trains which, connect inter cities in the neighbouring, states., 5. Garib Rath Express: These are trains, which has AC 3 tier facilities at the, lower cost in compare to different, train in the same class., 6. Superfast Express: These trains are, running more over 55 km per hour, and have few stops in their travelling, routes., 7. Express and Mail Train: These are, common kinds of trains which have, more stops than Express trains in India, but have lower fare than it., , 17, 8. Fast Passenger and Passenger, Train: These common trains have, lowest fares and have sitting, sleeper, class facilities. These trains stop at, almost every station., 9. Suburban Trains: The Suburban, trains are running in the major cities, in India like Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi,, Chennai etc. These trains have only, sitting facilities and fare starts at only, `5.00. The Mumbai Suburban trains, have 1st Class facilities., , SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIAN, RAILWAYS, , 1. Railways provide the cheapest and, most convenient mode of passenger, transport both for long distance and, suburban traffic., 2. Railways have played a significant, role in development and growth of, industries. Growth of textile industry, in Mumbai, jute industry in areas, surrounding Kolkata, coal industry, in Jharkhand, etc is largely due to the, development of railway network in, these areas., 3. Agriculture also owes its growth to, railways to a great extent. Now farmers, can sell their agricultural produce to, distant places and even sell them in, the world market at remunerative, prices., 4. Railways are also helpful in, removing isolation between cities, and countryside and have played, a significant role in disseminating, innovations and new ideas., 5. Railways are particularly suited to, long distance journey and provide a, strong medium of national integration., 6. Railways play a vital role in mitigating, the sufferings of the people in the event, of natural calamities like droughts,, floods, famines, earthquakes, etc. This, is done by carrying relief and rescue, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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18, , 7., , 8., , 9., 10., , Indian Railways, teams and essential items to the, affected areas and save people from, sufferings and starvation., Railways also help in facing manmade calamities like social, political,, religious disturbances, insurgency,, etc. It facilitates easy movement of, police, troops, defence equipment, etc., The importance of railways to save the, country’s freedom and integrity from, external aggression has been proved, at several occasions., Railways carry the British legacy, and connect major ports to their, hinterlands, thereby lending a helping, hand to the overall prosperity of the, coastal areas., Introduction of superfast trains and, container services in major cities of, India have ensured quick movement, of men and material., Railways are specially suited to long, haulage of bulky materials like coal,, petroleum and ores., , PROBLEMS OF INDIAN, RAILWAYS:, , Although Indian Railways have progressed, a lot, both quantitatively and qualitatively,, during the last few years, this system is, still plagued by a number of problems, which require immediate attention., A lot has been done, but a lot more is yet, to be done. Some of the major problems, faced by the Indian Railways are briefly, discussed as under:, , 1. Safety, , Indian Railways have been in the news, albeit for wrong reasons. With the, rapid increase in passenger and goods, traffic, the frequency of train accidents, is increasing very fast. This has raised, serious doubts in the public mind about, safety of Rail travel and the general health, of the railway network, , According to the Khanna Railways Safety, Review Committee Report, nearly 25 per, cent of the total railway track in India is, overaged and is due for replacement., , 2. Cost and Revenue Problems, , As is the case with most of the government, organisations, Indian Railways face, chronic financial crisis. The annual rate, of increase in cost has overtaken that of, revenues during the last few years., Following are the main causes of costs and, revenue problems., (i) Low level of employee productivity, Indian Railways face a serious problem, of low level of employee productivity., Transport output in terms of passengers, and freight tonne kilometres per, employee on Indian Railways is only 400, as compared to 500 for Chinese and 570, for French Railways., (ii) Staff Wages, With the implementation of the, recommendations of the Seventh Pay, Commission, staff wages have increased, tremendously and have put heavy strain, on the financial resources of the Railways., With life expectancy going up and wage, escalations taking place periodically, the, position will only worsen leaving little, scope for development plans., (iii) Increase in lease charges, Paucity of funds forces the Indian Railways, to resort to market borrowings which, results in increased lease charges. Market, borrowings started in 1986 and the trend, is increasing. At present payout of lease, charges constitute about 8.5 per cent of, the revenue., , 3. Slowdown in Revenue Growth, , With saturation of trunk routes and, low quality of services and reliability,, the revenue growth has registered a, slowdown. The railways are increasingly, becoming a transporter of bulk, commodities for public sector (coal, iron, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, , 19, , ore, food-grains, etc.) and are consistently, losing to roadways. Most of the national, highways run parallel to railways and are, consistently snatching revenues from the, railways, , 4. Social Burden, , Indian Railways have to play a dual role, of revenue earning as well as meeting, the social obligations. On one hand,, the Railways are seen as a commercial, organisation and on the other hand, it, is treated as a social organisation which, must perform its social obligations., The two functions are diametrically, opposite and difficult to reconcile., There are several social obligations on, the railways which are always running, below cost. Suburban passenger services,, concessionary travel to certain section of, , PEOPLE TO REMEMBER, , travellers, concessional freight movement, of certain commodities, particularly to, remote and inaccessible areas like the, North-east region, providing rail services, to backward regions are some of the, outstanding social obligations on the, Indian Railways., , 5. Other Problems, , A large number of miscellaneous problems, include late running of trains, lack of, passenger facilities including cleanliness, at the railway stations, lack of security, arrangement on the railways resulting in, theft and dacoities, etc. Political pressure, and interference is a very big problem, which the Indian Railways are facing with, increasing impact. Several projects which, are not economically viable have been, initiated for political considerations., , Minister of Railways: Suresh Prabhu (since 10 November, 2014 present), Chairmen Railway Board A.K.Mitta (31-12-2014—present), , List of Railway Ministers, S. No Name, , From, , 1, , Suresh Prabhu, , Nov 10, 2014 Incumbent, , 4, , C. P. Joshi, , May 11, 2013 Jun 16, 2013, , 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, , 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, , To, , Political Party, Bharatiya Janata Party, , D. V. Sadananda Gowda May 27, 2014 Nov 10, 2014, , Bharatiya Janata Party, , Pawan Kumar Bansal, , Oct 28, 2012, , Indian National Congress, , Dinesh Trivedi, , Jul 12, 2011, , Nitish Kumar, , Mar 20, 2001 May 22, 2004, , Nitish Kumar, , Mar 19, 1998 Aug 5, 1999, , Samata Party, , Janeshwar Mishra, , Nov 21, 1990 Jun 21, 1991, , Samajwadi Janata Party, , Mallikarjun Kharge, C. P. Joshi, , Mukul Roy, , Mamata Banerjee, , Lalu Prasad Yadav, Mamata Banerjee, Ram Naik, , Ram Vilas Paswan, Jaffer Sharief, , Jun 17, 2013, , May 25, 2014, , Sep 22, 2012, , Oct 28, 2012, , May 10, 2013, , Mar 20, 2012 Sep 21, 2012, , Mar 14, 2012, , May 26, 2009 May 19, 2011, May 23, 2004 May 25, 2009, , Oct 13, 1999, , Mar 15, 2001, , Jun 1, 1996, , Mar 19, 1998, , Aug 6, 1999, , Jun 21, 1991, , Oct 12, 1999, , Oct 16, 1995, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, Trinamool Congress, , Trinamool Congress, Trinamool Congress, , Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United), , Trinamool Congress, , Bharatiya Janata Party, , Janata Dal, , Indian National Congress, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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20, , Indian Railways, , 18, , George Fernandes, , 21, , Bansi Lal, , 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, , Madhavrao Scindia, Mohsina Kidwai, , Dec 5, 1989, , Oct 22, 1986, Jun 24, 1986, , Dec 31, 1984, , A. B. A. Ghani Khan, Choudhury, , Sep 2, 1982, , Kamalapati Tripathi, , Jan 14, 1980, , Prakash Chandra Sethi Jan 15, 1982, Kedar Pandey, T. A. Pai, , Madhu Dandavate, , Kamalapati Tripathi, , Lalit Narayan Mishra, T. A. Pai, , K. Hanumanthaiya, Gulzarilal Nanda, , Dec 1, 1989, , Oct 21, 1986, Jun 4, 1986, , Dec 31, 1984, Sep 2, 1982, , Nov 12, 1980 Jan 14, 1982, Jul 30, 1979, , Nov 12, 1980, Jan 13, 1980, , Mar 26, 1977 Jul 28, 1979, Feb 11, 1975, Feb 5, 1973, , Jul 23, 1972, , Mar 23, 1977, Jan 2, 1975, , Feb 4, 1973, , Mar 18, 1971 Jul 22, 1972, Feb 18, 1970, , Panampilli Govinda Menon Nov 4, 1969, Ram Subhag Singh, , Nov 10, 1990, , Feb 14, 1969, , Mar 17, 1971, , Feb 18, 1970, , Janata Dal, , Indian National Congress, Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, Janata Party (Secular), , Janata Party, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Nov 4, 1969, , Indian National Congress, , Jun 8, 1964, , Indian National Congress, , Lal Bahadur Shastri, , May 13, 1952 Dec 7, 1956, , Indian National Congress, , Asaf Ali, , Sep 2, 1946, , C. M. Poonacha, , Mar 13, 1967 Feb 14, 1969, , Swaran Singh, , Apr 10, 1962, , Sep 21, 1963, , N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar Sep 22, 1948, , May 13, 1952, , S. K. Patil, , H. C. Dasappa, Jagjivan Ram, John Mathai, , Jun 9, 1964, , Sep 21, 1963, Dec 7, 1956, , Aug 15, 1947, , INDIAN RAILWAY CATERING, AND TOURISM CORPORATION, , Type: Subsidiary of the Indian Railways, Industry: Railways, Headquarters: New Delhi, NCT, Products: e-ticketing, Services: Catering, Tourism and Online, Ticketing, IRCTC Helpline: Toll free 1800-111-139., IRCTC was incorporated on 27th, September, 1999 as an extended arm, of the Indian Railways to upgrade,, professionalize and manage the catering, , Mar 12, 1967, , Apr 10, 1962, Sep 22, 1948, , Aug 14, 1947, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , Indian National Congress, , and hospitality services at stations,, on trains and other locations and to, promote domestic and international, tourism through development of budget, hotels, special tour packages, information, and commercial publicity and global, reservation systems., It has since then grown manifold and, diversified its objectives beyond catering, and tourism services. IRCTC has launched, various tourism products and services, for promotion of tourism industry in, India. It is best known for changing the, face of railway ticketing in India. On an, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, , 21, , average more than 2,03,000 tickets are, sold through IRCTC’s website in a day., It has pioneered internet-based rail, ticket booking through its website, as, well as from the mobile phones via WiFi,, GPRS or SMS. In addition to e-tickets,, Indian Railways and Catering Tourism, Corporation also offers I-tickets that are, basically like regular tickets except that, they are booked online and delivered by, post. The tickets PNR status is also made, available. Commuters on the Mumbai, Suburban Railway can also book season, tickets through the website. It has also, launched a loyalty program called Shubh, Yatra for frequent travellers. Through this, program, passengers can avail discounts, on all tickets booked round the year by, paying an upfront annual fee., By doing this, IRCTC is not only saving the, time of the public but also saving their cost, of travelling to these centers., The company has made a significant mark, in its passenger-services oriented business, lines like setting up of Food Plazas on, Railway premises, ‘Railneer’, Rail Tour, Packages and ‘Internet Ticketing’, bringing, great deal of professionalism into the, , operations. IRCTC also manages on-Board, Catering Services in Rajdhani / Shatabdi /, Duronto   and Mail / Express Trains and, Static Catering Units such as Refreshment, Rooms, AVMs, Book Stalls, Milk Stalls,, Ice Cream Stalls, Petha & Peda Stalls etc., across the Indian Railway Network., , RAILWAY SIGNALLING, , Railway signalling is a system used to, direct railway traffic and keep trains clear, of each other at all times. Trains move, on fixed rails, making them uniquely, susceptible to collision. This susceptibility, is exacerbated by the enormous weight, and inertia of a train, which make it, difficult to quickly stop when encountering, an obstacle. Most forms of train control, involve movement authority being passed, from those responsible for each section of, a rail network (e.g., a signalman or station, master) to the train crew., The earliest rail cars were first hauled by, horses or mules. A mounted flagman on a, horse preceded some early trains. Hand, and arm signals were used to direct the, “train drivers”. Foggy and poor-visibility, conditions gave rise to flags and lanterns., , Typical System / Equipment Monitoring Model, Outputs, , Inputs, Power, Communication, , System /, Equipment, Communication, Diagnostic, Data, Monitoring System, , Alarms, , Root cause of alarms, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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22, , Entering and leaving a manually, controlled block, Before allowing a train to enter a block,, a signalman must be certain that it is, not already occupied. When a train, leaves a block, its driver must inform the, signalman controlling entry to the block., Even if the signalman receives advice, that the previous train has left the block,, he is usually required to seek permission, from the next signal box to admit the next, train. When a train arrives at the end of a, , Computer Program, The computer program controls the, system. It looks at the blocks, if occupied, or not; looks at the position of the, turnouts; and looks at any other sensor, indications that are being sent to the, computer., The logic in the program takes all of these, inputs, tests them with the program, logic, and then sends the appropriate, commands to the signal board to light, the signals with their proper aspects, , Indian Railways, block section, before the signalman sends, the message that the train has arrived,, he must be able to see the end-of-train, marker on the back of the last vehicle., This ensures that no part of the train has, become detached and remains within the, section. The end of train marker might be, a coloured disc (usually red) by day or a, coloured oil or electric lamp (usually red)., If a train enters the next block before the, signalman sees that the disc or lamp is, missing, he asks the next signal box to stop, the train and investigate., , or colours. The computer panel shown, here was designed using JMRI Panel, Pro. JMRI also provides the logic for, everything to work. When turnouts, are thrown, blocks occupied by a train,, and the signals change, the display, icons change to reflect these events. , This panel is currently being built and, modified as more block detection and, signals are added to the railroad. The, center window is the most complete., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, , 23, , Affect of Block Instrument Disconnection on Train Running, UP, Station-1, , 10km, , Station-2, , 10km, , Station-3, , 10km, AS IB, , TR-2, , Station-4, , 10km, , Station-5, , 10km, , Station-6, , 10km, , Station-7, , H, , TR-1, , TR-4, , TR-3, , H, , Double Line Block, Instrument, , IB, , AS, , Block Instrument of Station-4 under disconnection, , DN, , Train1 If it is express, it reaches IB signal between station 3 & 4 in 10 minutes, if it is, Goods Train it reaches with in 15 minutes., Train2 If it is express, it reaches IB between station 3 & 4 with in 17 minutes, (if Train-1 is not there at all)., Train3 If it is express, it reaches IB between station 3 & 4 with in 17 minutes., Train4 If it is express, it reaches IB between station 3 & 4 with in 23 minutes., If Block Instrument is disconnected for 20 minutes - no up and down express trains, shall be there in two block sections on both ends., , Train Detection to Avoid, Accidents:, , Route Signalling and Speed, Signalling, , Colour lights signals, On most modern railways, colour light, signals have largely replaced mechanical, ones. Colour light signals have the, advantage of displaying the same aspects, by night as by day, and require less, maintenance than mechanical signals., Although signals vary widely between, countries, and even between railways, within a given country, a typical system of, aspects would be:, • Green: Proceed at line speed. Expect, to find next signal displaying green or, yellow., • Yellow: Prepare to find next signal, displaying red., • Red: Stop., On some railways, colour light signals, display the same set of aspects as shown, by the lights on mechanical signals during, darkness., , Under route signalling, a driver is, informed which route the train will take, beyond each signal (unless only one route, is possible). This is achieved by a route, indicator attached to the signal. The driver, uses his route knowledge, reinforced by, speed restriction signs fixed at the lineside,, to drive the train at the correct speed for, the route to be taken. This method has, the disadvantage that the driver may be, unfamiliar with a route onto which he has, been diverted due to some emergency, condition. Several accidents have been, caused by this alone. For this reason, in, the UK drivers are only allowed to drive on, routes that they have been trained on and, must regularly travel over the lesser used, diversionary routes to keep their route, knowledge up to date., Under speed signalling, the signal aspect, informs the driver at what speed he may, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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24, , Indian Railways, , proceed, but not necessarily the route the, train will take. Speed signalling requires, a far greater range of signal aspects than, route signalling, but less dependence is, placed on drivers’ route knowledge., , made. This arrangement is known as a, railroad switch and it consist of pair of, rails, known as switching rails or points, that are linked to one another. As the, name suggests, the switching rails can, direct or guide the train, either on, straight path or on the diverging path, which is established by a curved rail, line., The railroad switch can only be in one of, the two positions at a time. If it is locked, the train will change the track. If it is, open, it will go straight-through., It is very important that the switch is, set up carefully. Most train derailments, take place at the point when it goes, from one track to another track. A loose, set up is a guarantee of making train, jump off the track, which turns into a, disaster. However, railway authorities,, not only in India, but around the world, has expertise in the art of train track, changing. Most times the process is so, smooth, that one even doesn’t notice it., However an experienced traveler can, make out with the sound of the train,, that the track has changed., , Track change, , Safety systems, , To make a train change its track, a, special mechanical arrangement is, , A train driver failing to respond to a, signal’s indication can be disastrous. As, , Track circuits, , One of the most common ways to, determine whether a section of line is, occupied is by the use of a track circuit., The rails at either end of each section, are electrically isolated from the next, section, and electrical current is fed to, both running rails at one end. A relay at, the other end is connected to both rails., When the section is unoccupied, the, relay coil completes an electrical circuit,, and is energized. However, when a train, enters the section, it short-circuits the, current in the rails, and the relay is, de-energized. This method does not, explicitly need to check that the entire, train has left the section. If part of the, train remains in the section, the track, circuit detects that part., This type of circuit detects the absence of, trains, both for setting the signal indication, and for providing various interlocking, functions—for example, not permitting, points to move when a train stands over, them. Electrical circuits also prove that, points are in the appropriate position, before a signal over them may be cleared., Staff working in track circuit block, areas, carry (TCC) so that, in the event of, something fouling an adjacent runningline, the track circuit can be shortcircuited. They place signals on that track, to ‘danger’ and can be used to help prevent, a collision before the signalman can be, alerted., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, a result, various auxiliary safety systems, have been devised. Any such system, requires installation of some degree of, trainborne equipment. Some systems, only intervene in the event of a signal, being passed at danger (SPAD). Others, include audible and/or visual indications, inside the driver’s cab to supplement, the lineside signals. Automatic brake, application occurs if the driver should fail, to acknowledge a warning. Some systems, act intermittently (at each signal), but, the most sophisticated systems provide, continuous supervision., In-cab safety systems are of great, benefit during fog, when poor visibility, would otherwise require that restrictive, measures be put in place., , NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR, INDIAN RAILWAYS, , The Indian Railways is all set to install, a new technology which will allow the, detection of faults in rail passenger, coaches, wagons and locomotives while, on run., As per a press release issued by the, Ministry of Railways, the modern, technology will greatly enhance safety in, railway operations., The new maintenance technique, based, on the acoustic method of diagnostics, is, known as Acoustic Bearing Detectors, (ABD) & Wheel Impact Load Detectors, (WILD) – when used in combination, together they are known as Online, Monitoring of Rolling Stock (OMRS), systems., The system works by way of recording the, noise and forces generated by coaches,, wagons and locomotives in motion. An, array of microphones and sensors are, employed to detect the same., , 25, The sensitive equipment will pick up any, abnormal noise or change in force thereby, indicating that the specific sub-component, is not behaving normally. What makes the, system more potent is that the data can be, monitored remotely., In the current method, it is near, impossible to detect such defects, as the rolling stock is checked at, the maintenance depots when are, stationary. And by the time the defects, are detected the fault generally requires, a complete overhaul which leads to, larger turnaround time., The new system will ensure that the, maintenance time remains minimal,, thereby ensuring availability of high, number of wagons/coaches etc. for, operation., As a pilot project, the system was installed, near Bakkas in Lucknow division of, Northern Railway. The system has, successfully detected a number of wheel, bearing faults., WILD have been installed in 15 locations, across the country in the initial phase, and these have also detected faulty, vehicles that have caused higher than, normal impact force on the rails. These, 15 locations are: Ajni, Asansol, Mughal, sarai-I, Mughal sarai-II, Barwadih,, Vishakhapatnam, Arakkonam, Gunakal,, Mahalimarup, Dongargarh, Bhilai, Hospet,, Bina, Itarsi and New Katni., , Indian operating rules, , In Indian Railways operating rules are, called ‘The General Rules’. The General, Rules are common for all zonal railways, of Indian Railway and can be amended, only by the Railway Board. Subsidiary, rules are added to the General Rules, by zonal railways, which does not, infringe the general rule. Corrections are, brought about from time to time through, correction slips., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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26, , Indian Railways, , ABBREVIATIONS, ACC, , Air-Conditioned coach or class, , ACP, , Alarm Chain Pulling (!), , ACCC, ADE, ADEN, AEC, , ALK, , ARMV, ART, , ARTS, ASM, BG, , BIO-TOIL, CARS, CC, , CCS, , CCTV, CFS, , COIS, , Conc., CT, , CTI, , CTU, , CVM, , C&W, DFC, DF, , DRM, , EC or ECC, ECR, EFC, , Air-Conditioned Chair Car, , Assistant Divisional Engineer, Accident Enquiry Committee, , Allowance in Lieu of Kilometrage (in calculating payments for drivers), Accident Relief Medical Van, Accident Relief Train, , Advanced Railway Ticketing System, Assistant Station Master, Broad Gauge, , ‘Biological Toilet’ - eco-friendly toilet with bacterial decomposition, facility developed by ICF for use on railway coaches., Central Accounting and Reporting System (consolidated reports of ARTS, ticketing during the day), Chair Car, , Chief Commercial Superintendent, Closed-Circuit TV, , Container Freight Station, , Coaching Operations Information System, Concessional fare (annotation on ticket), Control Tower, , Central Training Institute, Centralized Training Unit, , Coupon Validating Machine (for ticketing with prepaid coupons), Carriage & Wagon (staff for plumbing, electricals, amenities), Dedicated Freight Corridor, Defence quota, , Divisional Railway Manager, Executive Chair Car, , Empty Coaching Rake, , Eastern Freight Corridor, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, EQ, , Emergency Quota, , FOB, , Foot Overbridge (a pedestrian overpass); Fuel Oil Balance, , ETA, , FOIS, FT, G, , Estimated Time of Arrival, , Freight Operation Information System, , Foreign Tourist (annotation on reservation charts), Goods, , GAL, , Goods Avoiding Line, , GM, , General Manager, , GIT, GR, , GRP, , HDN, HO, HP, , HSRL, IR, IBP, , IMPRESS, IOH, , IOW, , IRMP, IRP, IRS, , IRVS, JOH, LB, LC, LI, , LQ, , LRT, MB, , MCO, , 27, , Goods Intermodal Transshipment (e.g., “GIT yard”), General Rules (railway regulations and operating procedures), Government Railway Police, , High-Density Network (‘Golden quadrilateral’ and others), Head Office (a type of quota for tickets), Handicapped Persons quota, , High Speed Rail Line (or Link), Indian railway, Intermediate Block Post, , Integrated Multi-train Passenger REServation System, Intermediate Overhaul, Inspector of Works, , Integrated Railway Modernization Plan, Indrail Pass, , Indian Railway Standard (pre-Independence railway standards body), Interactive Voice Response System, , Junction of Head - point where the tongue rail approaches the main rail, in a switch, Lower Berth (annotation on ticket for sleeping accommodation), Level Crossing, , Loco Inspector, Ladies Quota, , Light Rail Transit, , Middle Berth (annotation on ticket for sleeping accommodation), , Military Control Office (coordinates ticketing and accommodation for, military personnel at some railway stations), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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28, , Indian Railways, , M/E, , Mail/Express (on tickets), , MOW, , Maintenance of Way, , MG, , MRT, , MRTC, MSL, NG, , NTES, OIGS, OSD, PF, , PNR, POL, PQ, , PQWL, PRS, , PSCT, RAC, RCC, , Meter Gauge, also Motor Generator, Medical Relief Train (self-propelled medical van for accidents), Mobile Radio Train Communication, Mean Sea Level, Narrow Gauge, , National Train Enquiry System (phone-based train/reservation status), On India Government Service (for mail, etc.), Officer on Special Duty, , Platform (sometimes P/F), , Passenger Name Record (Passenger Numeric Record?) (identifying, number for ticket), Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants (designation for oil cargo), Pooled Quota, , Pooled Quota Waiting List, , Passenger Reservation System, Port-side Container Terminal, , Reservation Against Cancellation, , Railway Convention Committee (also see above), , R Fee, Res Fee Reservation fee (annotation on ticket), RLWL, , Running Line Waiting List, , ROB, , Road Over-bridge (i.e., road goes over train tracks), , RMS, , ROH, , Railway Mail Service, Routine Overhaul, , RO-RO (RORO) Roll-on, roll-off service (auto transport), RR, RRB, , Railway Receipt, Refreshment Room, Railway Recruitment Board, , RTR, , Ready-to-Run (modelling kits), , RRF, , RUB, , S Ch, SF Ch, SCRA, , Railway Reserve Fund, , Road Under-bridge (i.e., road goes under train tracks), Superfast Charges (annotation on ticket), Special Class Railway Apprentice, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Railways, , 29, , SEB, , State Electricity Board (any of the state bodies supplying electricity to IR), , SIL, , Safety Integrity Level - statistical measure of reliability of a safety system, such as an interlocking system, , Sh. CC, SLB, SM, SR, SS, , SSE, , S&T, SUB, , TAAG, TAR, TC, , TDR, , TMS, TRS, TS, , TT, , Shatabdi Chair Car, , Side Lower Berth (annotation on ticket for sleeping accommodation), Station Master, , Subsidiary Rules (for railway operation, see GR), , Station Superintendent; Substation (electrification), Senior Section Engineer, , Signalling & Telecommunications, , Side Upper Berth (annotation on ticket for sleeping accommodation), Trains At A Glance (a timetable publication), , Trans-Asian Railway (another proposed grand pan-Asian route), , Trailer Car (unpowered car in EMU rake), Ticket Checker / Ticket, Collector, , Ticket Deposit Receipt (when surrendering ticket for cancellation /, refund), Train Management System, Traction Rolling Stock, Train Superintendent, Timetable, , TTE, , Travelling Ticket Examiner, , TXR, , Train Examiner, the officer who issues the BPC and VCC (Train Inspector), , TQ, , UB, , UEC, VT, , WFC, , WL, W/L, , WM, , W/T, , ZDOT, , ZISTU, , Tatkal Quota, , Upper Berth (annotation on ticket for sleeping accommodation), Universal Emergency Communication, communication in some trains), , (a, , system, , Victoria Terminus (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus), Western Freight Corridor, , Waiting List; Wait-Listed, accommodations), Works Manager, , (ticket, , issued, , of, , without, , on-board, , confirmed, , Without Ticket, , Zero Death On Tracks (campaign to reduce fatalities from pedestrian, trespassers), Zonal Integrated S&T Units, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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GENERAL SCIENCE, , Physics, Physics is the branch of science which, deals with the study of matter, energy, and, the interaction between them., , PHYSICAL QUANTITIES–, SCALARS & VECTORS, , Some Physical Quantities and their Units, , NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION, , In physics, large number of physical, quantities can be broadly classified into, two categories– Scalars & Vectors., • A scalar is a physical quantity that has, only a magnitude (size) E.g. : Distance,, speed, time, power, energy, etc., • A vector is a physical quantity that has, both a magnitude and a direction. E.g., Velocity, displacement, acceleration,, force etc., Some physical quantities like moment of, inertia, stress, etc. are neither scalar nor, vector. They are tensor., , • First law of Motion - An object at rest, will remain at rest or in uniform motion, remains in uniform motion unless acted, on by an external unbalanced force., This law is often called the law of, inertia. i.e., resistance to change., • Second law of Motion - The rate of, change of momentum of a body is directly, proportional to the unbalanced external, force applied on it., Impulse: If a large force acts on a, body or particle for a smaller time,, then impulse (J) = product of force, and time. Then,, J = Ft F = force, and t = time, , Seven Fundamental Physical Quantities, and their Units, , • Third law of Motion - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction., , Fundamental and Derived, physical Quantities and their, units, Physical, Quantity, Length, , Mass, , SI Unit, meter, , Kg, , ampere, kelvin, , K, , second, , Luminous, intensity, , candela, , Electric Current, , Amount of, substance, , m, , kilogram, , Time, , Temperature, , Symbol, , mole, , S, A, Cd, mol, , So, J = Ft = mat., , Impulse = Change in momentum., , Instances of Newton’s Laws, of Motion, , First law of Motion, A magician pulls a tablecloth out from, under dishes and glasses on a table without disturbing them., A person’s body is thrown outward as a, car rounds a curve on a highway., Second law of Motion, Pushing a child on a swing is easier than, pushing an adult on the same swing, because the adult has more inertia., A soccer player kicks a ball with his foot, and the toes are left stinging., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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32, , Physics, , Two students are in a baseball game. The, first student hits a ball very hard and it, has a greater acceleration than the second student who bunts the ball lightly., Third law of Motion, Rockets are launched into space using, jet propulsion where exhaust accelerates, out from the rocket and the rocket accelerates in an opposite direction., , CIRCULAR MOTION, , • Motion of a body along a circular path is, called circular motion., • Centripetal force - while a body is, moving along a circular path an external, force required to act radially inward., This force is called centripetal force., Centripetal force F =, e, , mv2, r, , where r = radius of circular path., A pseudo force that is equal and, opposite to the centripetal force is, called centrifugal force., Cream separator, centrifugal dryer, etc,, work on the principle of centrifugal force., , FRICTION, , Friction is a force that is created whenever two surfaces move or try to move, across each other., • Friction always opposes the motion or, attempted motion of one surface across, another surface., • Friction is dependent on the texture of, both surfaces., • Friction is also dependent on the, amount of contact force pushing the, two surfaces together., Instances where friction is important, 1. Walking, 2. Driving, 3. Picking something up, 4. Car brakes, 5. Erosion in the environment, 6. Burning up meteors in the atmosphere, before they hit Earth., 7. Striking a match/building a fire., , 8. Rubbing your hands together when it’s, cold., 9. Friction keeps knots from coming, undone (like in shoelaces), , WORK & ENERGY, , • Work refers to an activity involving a, force and movement in the direction of, the force., Work done w = Fs cosθ, Positive work : If θ < 90°, Zero work : If θ = 90°, Negative work : If θ > 90°, • A force of 20 newtons pushing an object, 5 meters in the direction of the force, does 100 joules of work., • The SI unit of work is the joule (J),, • Capacity of doing work is called energy., • It may exist in potential, kinetic,, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or, other various forms., • To do 100 joules of work, you must, expend 100 joules of energy., • Energy cannot be created or destroyed., It can only be transferred to other, objects or converted into different, forms. This is Law of Conservation of, energy., • The SI unit of energy is joule., • It is a scalar quantity., • The energy associated with motion is, called kinetic energy (K)., , 1, K = MV 2 where M is mass and V is the, 2, velocity., • The energy associated with position is, called potential energy (U)., U = mgh; where g is acceleration due to, gravity and h is height of the object., Conversion of Energy from one form to, another :, DynamoMechanical Energy into, Electrical Energy., Electric Motor- Electrical Energy into Mechanical Energy., MicrophoneSound Energy into, Electrical Energy., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Physics, , 33, , Loud Speaker- Electrical Energy into, Sound Energy., Electric Bulb- Electrical Energy into, Light and Heat Energy., Solar, energy, into, Solar Cell–, electrical energy., Chemical Energy into, Candlelight and heat energy., Mechanical Energy into, SitarSound energy., , POWER, , • Power is the rate of doing work., • Power = Work / time, • It is equivalent to an amount of energy, consumed per unit time., • The SI unit of power is joule/second., • One horse power is equivalent of 746, watt., Board of Trade Unit (B.O.T.U.) : kwh, (Kilo watt hour), 1 kwh = 1 Unit, = 3.6 × 106 joule, This is to measure domestic electric, energy consumption., , GRAVITATION, , • Gravitation is a natural phenomenon, by which all physical bodies attract, each other., • On Earth, gravity gives weight to, physical objects employing a downward, force to keep them grounded., • Gravitational force is always attractive., For example, earth always attracts us, but never repels., • It is weakest force among the, four natural forces in nature i.e., electromagnetic, weak and strong, nuclear force., • If there are two objects of mass m1 and, m2 and they are placed at distance r, apart. Then force between them will be:, F = G(m1m2)/r2, where G is the universal gravitational, constant., This is called Newton’s Universal, Gravitational law., , • G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2, • Gravitational force is a central and, conservative force., • They can operate over a very long, distances., • According to Newton’s theory, the, gravitational attraction between the, planets and the sun holds the planets in, elliptical orbits around the sun., • The earth’s moon and moons of the, other planets are held in orbits by the, attraction between the moons and the, planets., • The force of gravity depends upon the, object’s mass or the amount of matter, in the object., • The weight (w) of an object is equal to, the mass of the object multiplied by the, acceleration due to gravity(g)., W = mg, • gmaximum at poles and gminimum at, equator., , 1, g, 6 earth, • The value of ‘g’ decreases with altitude,, depth from the earth’s surface., • gmoon =, , • g decreases due to rotation of earth., , Weight of a body in a lift, (i) , (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), , If lift is stationary or moving with, uniform speed (either upward or, downward), the apparent weight of a, body is equal to its true weight., If lift is going up with acceleration,, the apparent weight of a body is, more than the true weight., If lift is going down with acceleration,, the apparent weight of a body is less, than the true weight., If the cord of the lift is broken, it falls, freely. In this situation the weight of, a body in the lift becomes zero. This, is the situation of weightlessness., While going down, if the acceleration, of lift is more than acceleration due, to gravity, a body in the lift goes in, contact of the ceiling of lift., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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34, , Physics, , • Escape speed (ve) is the minimum, speed with which an object just crosses, the earth’s gravitational field and never, comes back., • The escape velocity of Earth is about, 11.2 kilometres per second and on, moon it is 2.4 km/sec., , SATELLITES, , • A satellite is a smaller object in space, which orbits around a larger object, Planet in space., • It can be either artificial, like the, communication or weather satellites, that orbit the Earth, or they can be, natural, like our Moon., • A geostationary satellite is an earthorbiting satellite, placed at an altitude, of approximately 35,800 kilometres, (22,300 miles) directly over the equator., • Geostationary satellite revolves in the, same direction the earth rotates (west, to east). Its time period is 24 hours., • It is used for Communication, television, broadcasting, weather forecasting ,, defence and intelligence., • Polar orbiting satellites closely, parallel the earth’s meridian lines, thus, having a highly inclined orbit close to, 90°., • They pass over the North and South, poles each revolution., • They are used for weather forecasting,, earth-mapping, earth observation, etc., , MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF, SOLIDS AND FLUIDS, , • Atmospheric pressure is measured by, an instrument called the barometer., • Sudden fall in barometric reading is, the indication of storm., • Slow fall in barometric reading is the, indication of rain., • Slow rise in the barometric reading is, the indication of clear weather., • The pressure exerted by liquid column, at the surface given as p = hdg, where, , d is the density of liquid, h is height of, liquid column., • In a static liquid at same horizontal, level, pressure is same at all the points., Pascal’s Law of Pressure: If gravitational attraction is negligible in equilibrium, condition, pressure is same at all points, in a liquid., • The pressure exerted anywhere at a, point of confined liquid is transmitted, equally and undiminished in all, directions throughout the liquid., • Hydraulic lift, hydraulic press and, hydraulic breaks are based on the, Pascal’s law of pressure., Atmospheric pressure decreases with, altitude., That is why, • It is difficult to cook on the mountain., • The fountain pen of a passenger leaks, in aeroplane., • Bleeding occurs from the nose of the, man., • It is difficult to breath on higher altitude, due to less amount of air., • Water starts to boil below 100°C., Surface Tension (T): It is the force (F), acting normally on unit length (l) of, imaginary line drawn on the surface of, liquid, , • The surface tension decreases with, rise in temperature and becomes zero, at the critical temperature., • Due to the surface tension, rain drops, are spherical in shape., Archimedes’ Principle: When a body, is immersed partly or wholly in a liquid,, there is an apparent loss in the weight of, the body, which is equal to the weight of, liquid displaced by the body., • All objects placed in a liquid experience, an upward force which allows the body, to float if it displaces water with weight, equal to the weight of the body. This, upward force is called the buoyant, force and the law is called the law of, buoyancy., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Physics, , 35, , • The weight of water displaced by an, iron ball is less than its own weight., Whereas water displaced by the, immersed portion of a ship is equal to, its weight. So, small ball of iron ball sink, in water, but large ship float., • Hydrogen filled ballon float in air, because hydrogen is lighter than air., Law of Floatation: A body floats in a, liquid if, • The density of material of body is less, than or equal to the density of liquid., • When body floats in neutral equilibrium,, the weight of the body is equal to the, weight of displaced liquid. The centre of, gravity of the body and centre of gravity, of the displaced liquid should be in one, vertical line for the condition., • Density (d): It is the mass per unit, volume., M, d=, V, • Density of water is maximum at 4°C., • Capillarity: The phenomenon of rise or, fall of liquids in a capillary tubes., • The oil in the wick of a lamp rises due to, capillary action., • Viscosity: The property of a fluid by, virtue of which an internal frictional, force acts between its different layers, when it is in motion., • Bernoulli’s theorem: For a nonviscous, incompressible fluids flowing, streamline from one point to another, point, then at every point of its path,, pressure, energy, potential energy and, kinetic energy per unit volume remains, constant., Blowing of roofs by storms, sprayer, action of carburetor, etc. are based on, Bernoulli’s principle., , HEAT, , • Heat is a form of energy which causes, sensation of hotness or coldness., Its unit is joule or calorie., , • 1 cal = 4.2 joule, • It always flows from a substance at a, higher temperature to the substance at, a lower temperature., Temperature: It indicates the degree of, hotness or coldness of a body., • Temperature, is, measured, by, thermometer., • Temperature measuring units are, Kelvin, °C or °F., Relation between Temperature on, different scales., C − 0 F − 32 R − 0 K − 273 Ra − 492, = = =, =, 100, 180, 80, 100, 180, , OR, , C F − 32 R K − 273 Ra − 492, =, = =, =, 5, 9, 4, 5, 9, • The normal temperature of a human, body is 37°C or 98.6°F., • At –40° temperature, celsius and, fahrenheit thermometers read the same., • Thermal expansion: Increase in, length, area or volume on heating., , Methods of Heat Transfer, , • Conduction: It is that mode of, transmission of heat in solid where, heat is transferred from a region of, higher temperature to a region of lower, temperature by the aid of particles of, the body without their actual migration., • Convection: It requires a medium, and is the process in which heat is, transferred from one place to other by, actual movement of heated substance, (usually molecule of fluid)., • Radiation has the following properties:, (a) Radiant energy travels in straight, lines and when some object is placed, in the path, its shadow is formed at, the detector., (b) It is reflected and refracted or can, be made to interfere. The reflection, or refraction are exactly as in case, of light., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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36, , Physics, , (c) It can travel through vacuum., (d) Intensity of radiation follows the law, of inverse square., (e) Thermal radiation can be polarised in, the same way as light by transmission, through a nicol., Latent Heat, • The amount of heat required to change, phase (liquid to gas or liquid to solid, etc.) without change in temperature is, called latent heat. Q = mL where, L =, latent heat, • Why are steam burns more severe than, hot water burns. It is because latent, heat of steam is more than hot water., • Latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/g, • Latent heat of steam is 538 cal/g., Specific Heat, • The amount of heat that is required to, raise the temperature of a unit mass of, a substance by one degree (14.5°C to, 15.5°C) is known as Specific heat., , Specific heat of Different materials, Material, , Specific heat (J/Kg K), , Water, , 4200, , Kerosene oil, , 210, , Ice, , Iron, , Mercury, Lead, , 2100, 460, 140, 130, , (i) Cooking utensils are made of, aluminum, brass & steel because, of their low specific heat and high, conductivity., (ii) Due to low specific heat of sand,, deserts are hot in day and cool in night., Newton’s law of cooling, The rate of loss of heat by a body is, directly proportional to the difference in, temperature between the body and its, surrounding., i.e.,, , dT, = E ∝ (T – T0 ), dt, , where T and T0 are the temperature of, body and surroundings., , Sublimation: It is the process of, conversion of a solid directly into vapour,, eg., Iodine (dark solid), Dry ice (solid CO2),, etc., Hoar Frost: It is just the reverse process, of sublimation. e.g. Frost and snowflakes., , WAVES, , • A wave is a kind of oscillation, (disturbance) that travels through, space and matter., • Wave motions transfer energy, not, matter from one place to another., • Transverse wave- In it the vibrations, of particles are perpendicular ⊥ to the, direction of travel of the wave. It has, crests and troughs., • Longitudinal wave:- In it the vibrations, of particles are parallel to the direction, of travel of wave. It has compressions, and rarefactions., • The repetition of sound due to reflection, of sound waves, is called an echo., • Intensity is defined as the amount, of energy passing per unit area held, around that point per unit time., • Quality is that characteristics of sound, which differentiate between two sounds, of same intensity and same frequency., • Sonar: It stands for sound navigation, and ranging. It is used to measure, the depth of a sea to locate the enemy, submarines and shipwrecks., • If there is a relative motion between, source of sound and observer, the, apparent frequency of sound heard, by the observer is different from the, actual frequency of sound emitted by, the source. This phenomenon is called, Doppler’s effect., • Electromagnetic waves differ from, mechanical waves in that they do not, require a medium to propagate., • This means electromagnetic waves can, travel not only through air and solid, materials, but also through the vacuum., • In the 1860’s and 1870’s, a Scottish, scientist named James Clerk Maxwell, noticed that electrical fields and, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Physics, , 37, , magnetic fields can couple together to, form electromagnetic waves., , • He summarized this relationship, between electricity and magnetism into, what are now referred to as “Maxwell’s, Equations.”, • Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist,, applied Maxwell’s theories to the, production and reception of radio, waves., Examples of electromagnetic waves, are light, radio waves, X-rays etc., • Sound is transmitted through gases,, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal, waves, also called compression waves., • It requires a medium to propagate., • Through solids, however, sound can be, transmitted as both longitudinal waves, and transverse waves., • Audible sound for human is from 20 Hz, to about 20000 Hz., • Pitch is the property of sound that we, perceive as higher and lower tones., • Sound can be produced at a desired, frequency by different methods., • The amplitude of a sound wave is the, degree of motion of air molecules, within the wave which corresponds, to the change in air pressure that, accompanies the wave., • The distance at which a sound can be, heard depends on its intensity., • Sounds higher than 20000 Hz are, called ultrasonics., • Sounds less than 20 Hz are called, infrasonics., • When temperature is increased the, speed of sound is increased., • Speed of sound in air is 330 m/s., , Speed of Sound in Different Mediums, Medium, , Speed of sound (In, m/s), , Air(0°C), , 332, , Air (20°C), , 343, , Water (20°C), , 1482, , Steam (at 100°C), Mercury, , Sea water, Iron, , Glass, , 405, , 1450, 1533, 5130, 5640, , LIGHT, , • Light is a form of energy which, produces sensation of vision on our, eyes., • Light is made of discrete packets of, energy called photons., • Photons carry momentum, have no, mass, and travel at the speed of light,, i.e. 300,000 km/sec., • All light has both particle and wave like, properties. For example–, –Particle like; use of detectors in digital, camera for the detection and storage of, image data., –Wave like; use of instrument for, diffraction of light into a spectrum for, analysis., • It is a transverse wave., • One of the physical properties of light is, that it can be polarized., • Sun’s light reaches to earth in 8 minutes, 19 seconds (i.e. 499 seconds)., • Roemer was the person who measured, speed of light in AD 1678., • The light reflected from moon reaches, to earth in 1.28 second., • Objects, which emit light by themselves, are called Luminous bodies, eg. sun,, stars, electric bulb, etc., Non-luminous bodies do not emit light, themselves but reflect light falling on, them, eg. planets, moon, etc., , • Transparent, translucent and opaque matter, Matter, , Nature, , Example, , Transparent, , It allows most of light to pass through., , glass, water, etc, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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38, , Physics, , Translucent, , Opaque, , It allows a part of light falling on it to pass oiled paper, through., , It does not allow the incident light to pass mirror,, through., wood, etc., , • Speed of light in different mediums, Medium, , Speed of light, , Glass, , 2 ×108 m /sec, , 2.04 ×108 m /sec, , Turpentine oil, , 2.25×108 m/sec, , Water, , 3×108 m/sec, , Vacuum, , • Ultraviolet, radiation, is, an, electromagnetic radiation that has, wavelength from 400 nm to 10 nm,, shorter than that of visible light but, longer than X-rays. It is used in water, purification., • Infrared radiation is emission of, energy as electromagnetic waves in the, portion of the spectrum just beyond, the limit of the red portion of visible, radiation., • Range between 10-6m and 10-3m. It is, used to treat muscular strain, in green, house etc., • X-rays are electromagnetic radiation, having a shorter wavelength and, produced by bombarding a target made, of tungsten, with high speed electrons., Uses in medical diagonosis., • Microwaves are short, high frequency, waves lying roughly between very, , metal,, , high frequency (infrared) waves and, conventional radio waves., • Their wavelength range - 10-3 m to, 10-2 m. It is used in microwave oven., • Electromagnetic wave and Discoverers., Waves, , Discoverer, , g-Rays, X-Rays, , Ultra-Violet rays, , Visible radiation, Infrared rays, , Henry, , W. Roentgen, Ritter, , Newton, , Herschel, , Short radio waves Heinrich, or (Hertz Hertzian, Waves), Long radio waves, , Reflection of light, , Marcony, , It is the turning back of light in the same, medium., Laws of Reflection, There are two laws of reflection :, (i) The angle of incidence is equal to the, angle of reflection., (∠i = ∠r), (ii) The incident ray, the normal and the, reflected ray lie in the same plane., , Position & nature of image formed by a spherical mirror, Position of object, , Position of image, , Size of image in Nature of image, comparison, to, object, , At focus, , Highly diminished, , Concave mirror, At infinity, , Between infinity Between focus and Diminished, and centre of centre of curvature, curvature, At, centre, curvature, , of At, centre, curvature, , of Of same size, , Real, inverted, , Real, inverted, Real, inverted, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Physics, , 39, , Between focus and Between, centre Enlarged, centre of curvature of curvature and, infinity, At focus, , At infinity, , Highly enlarged, , Real, inverted, , At Focus, , Highly diminished, , Virtual, erect, , Between focus and Behind the mirror, pole, Convex mirror, At infinity, , Infront of mirror, , (i) As a shaving mirror., (ii) As a reflector for the head lights of a, vehicle, search light., (iii) In opthalmoscope to examine eye,, ear, nose by doctors., (iv) In solar cookers,, , Uses of convex mirror, , (i) As a rear view mirror in vehicle, because it provides the maximum, rear field of view and image formed, is always erect., (ii) In sodium reflector lamp., , Refraction of Light, , The bending of the light ray from its path, in passing from one medium to the other, medium is called refraction of light., • If the refracted ray bends towards the, normal relative to the incident ray,, then the second medium is said to be, denser than the first medium. But if, the refracted ray bends away from the, normal, then the second medium is said, to be rarer than the first medium., , Laws of Refraction, , (ii), , The incident ray, the normal to the, refracting surface at the point of, incidence and the refracted ray all lie, in the same plane called the plane of, incidence or plane of refraction., sin i, = constant, sin r, , Enlarged, , Between pole and Diminished, focus, , Uses of concave mirror, , (i), , Real, inverted, Virtual, erect, , Virtual, erect, , For any two given media and for light, of a given wavelength. This is known, as Snell’s law., Also, sin i = µ = µ2 = v1 = λ1, sin r 1 2 µ1 v 2 λ2, where 1µ2 = Refractive index of the, second medium with respect to the, first medium., , Some Phenomena based on Refraction, (i) Twinkling of stars, (ii) Oval Shape of sun in the morning, and evening., (iii) Rivers appear shallow, (iv) Coins appear raised in glass filled, with water., (v) Pencils appear broken in the beaker, filled with water., (vi) Sun appears above horizon at sunset, and sunrise., (vii) Writing on a paper appears lifted on, putting glass slab on it., (viii)An object in a denser medium appears, to be nearer when seen from a rarer, medium, eg. fish in water, a coin at the, base of a water filled vessel., , Total Internal Reflection, , When the angle of incidence, for a ray of, light passing from a denser medium to a, rarer medium, exceeds a particular value, (called critical angle for which angle of, refraction 90°), the ray reflects back in, the same medium from the boundary., This phenomena is called total internal, reflection., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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40, , Physics, , Scattering of Light: Sunlight gets, scattered by small particles present in the, atmosphere. Red colour scatters least and, violet most. According to Rayleigh the, intensity of scattered light, i.e. I ∝, , 1, , ., λ4, Some phenomena like – reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset,, blue colour of sky, white colour of clouds, etc. based on scattering of light., Some Phenomena of total Internal, Reflection, (i) Endoscopy using optical fibre., (ii) Sparkling of diamond., (iii) Mirage in desert, (iv) Increase in duration of sun’s visibility., (v) Appearance of air bubbles in glass, paper weight., (vi) Shining of air bubbles in water., (vii) Shining of a smoked ball or a metal, ball on which lamp soot is deposited, when dipped in water., , Human Eye, , The normal range of vision for a healthy, human eye is from 25 cm (least distance, of distinct vision to infinity (for point)., , Defects of Vision & Remedies, , Myopia or Near(short) sightedness:, • A person suffering from Myopia can’t, see the far (distant) object clearly but, can see nearby object clearly., Causes:, • The eye ball is too long (i.e. elongated), so image is formed before retina., • Lens being too curved for the length of, the eye ball., • Combination of above, i.e. elongated, eyeball & curved lens., • Shortening of focal length of eye lens., • Over stretching of ciliary muscles., Remedy: Concave lens is used to diverge, the rays at retina., Hyperopia or Hypermetropia (long, (far) sightedness), • A person suffering from it can’t see, near object clearly but can see distant, object clearly., , Causes:, • The eye ball is too short so image is, formed beyond the retina., • Cornea is not curved enough,, • Eye lens is farther back in the eye., • Increase in the focal length of eye lens., • Stiffening of ciliary muscles., Remedy:, • Convex lens is used to converge the, rays at retina., Target group:, • It can affects both children and adults., • People whose parents are farsighted,, • It can be confused with presbyopia, (i.e. .” after 40” vision)., Astigmatism: Astigmatism is the most, common refractive problem responsible for, blurry vision. Cylindrical lens is used to, correct astigmatism., Presbyopia (“after 40” vision) : After, age 40, and most noticeably after age 45,, the human eye is affected by presbyopia,, which results in greater difficulty maintaining a clear focus at a near distance, with an eye which sees clearly at a far, away distance., Cataract, • It is the clouding of the lens of the eye, that prevent a person to see., Because light rays can’t pass through, the cloudy lens, Vision of a person, becomes cloudy, blurry, foggy, or filmy., Causes:, • Protein builds up in the eye lens & make, it cloudy., • Cloudy protein layers prevent rays to, pass through eye lens., • New lens cells form on the outside of the, lens, making older cells compacted into, the center of the lens to form cataract., Remedy:, • It can be corrected with suitable eye, glasses (lenses)., • Cataract surgery is performed when eye, glass does not suit., Dispersion of light :, The splitting of white ray of light into its, seven constituents colours (VIBGYOR) is, called dispersion of light., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Physics, , 41, , • The band of seven constituents colours, is called spectrum., Microscope, It is used to see magnified image of a tiny, objects., Telescope, It is used to increase the visual angle of, distant object., It is used to see far off objects clearly., , ELECTRICITY, , • Electricity is the set of physical, phenomena associated with the, presence and flow of electric charge., • Electric charge is a property of some, subatomic particles, which determines, their electromagnetic interactions., The SI unit of charge is coulomb (c)., • Electric current (I) is a movement or, flow of electrically charged particle, electronic per unit time. Typically, measured in ampere (A)., • Moving charges produce a magnetic, field., • Electrical currents generate magnetic, fields, and changing magnetic fields, generate electrical currents., Conductors are the substances which, allow the passage of electric charge with, low resistance. E.g., silver, copper etc., Silver is the best conductor of electricity, followed by copper., Insulators are substances which do not, allow passage of electric charge, rubber,, wood, mica, glass, ebonite etc., • Ohm’s law - The electric current, I flowing through a conductor is, proportional to the voltage V across its, ends, i.e. V ∝ I or V = RI, where R is the, resistance of the substance., • The resistance is the obstruction, offered to the flow of electric current., Coulomb’s Law: The electrostatic force, of interaction (repulsion or attraction), between two electric charges q1 and, q2 separated by a distance r, is directly, proportional to the product of charges., , Electric Field: The region around an, electric charge in which the electric effect, (attraction or repulsion) can be experienced with another charge is called the, electric field., Electric cell: It is the device used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy., Emf of cell (E): It is the potential, difference across the terminals of a cell, when it is not in use., Potentiometer, It is used to measure the exact potential, difference between two points of an electric circuit or electromotive force (emf), of a cell., Internal resistance of cell : It is the, resistance offered by the electrolyte., • One kilowatt (kW)= 1,000 watts, • One megawatt (MW) = 1,000 kilowatts, = 1,000,000 watts, • One gigawatt (GW) = 1,000 megawatts, = 1 billion watts., • Ammeter- Measures current, • Voltmeter- Measures the potential, difference between two points in a, circuit., • Fuse is a safety device that protects, an electric circuit from becoming, overloaded., Transformer, • Transformer is a device which converts, low voltage AC into high voltage Ac and, vice-versa., • It is based on electromagnetic induction., Application /uses: As voltage regulators, for –, (i) T.V, refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc., (ii) Induction furnaces., (iii)for welding purposes., AC Generator/Dynamo/Alternator, • It is an electric device used to convert, mechanical energy into electrical, energy., • It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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42, , Physics, , D.C. Motor, • It converts direct current energy from, a battery into mechanical energy of, rotation., •, Its uses :, (i) In D.C. fans, exhaust, ceiling, table, fans, etc., (ii) In pumping water., (iii) In running tram-cars, trains, etc., , MAGNETISM, , Magnets : The material or body which, attract magnetic substance like iron,, cobalt, nickel, etc., • The force of attraction of a magnet, is greater at its poles than in the, middle., • Similar poles of two magnets repel, each other., • Opposite poles of two magnets attract, each other., • If a bar magnet is suspended by a, thread and free to rotate, its South Pole, will move towards the North Pole of the, earth and vice versa., Uses /Applications, • Magnets are used in making magnetic, compasses which help sailors and, navigators to know the directions., Faraday’s law of magnetic induction, When a material is placed within a, magnetic field, the magnetic forces of the, material’s electrons will be affected. This, effect on electrons is called Faraday’s law, of electron magnetic induction., MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES, On the basis of magnetic behaviour,, substances are divided into three, categories:, (i) Diamagnetic materials, Those materials which have a weak,, , Properties of a, b and g particles, Properties, Origin, , Nature, , a-ray, Nucleus, , Positively charged, , negative susceptibility to magnetic, fields. These are slightly repelled by, a magnetic field, egs. Bismuth, zinc,, copper, silver, gold, diamond, mercury,, etc., (ii) Paramagnetic materials, Those materials which have a small,, positive susceptibility to magnetic, fields. These are slightly attracted, by a magnetic field, egs. Aluminium,, platinum, magnesium, sodium, oxygen,, molybdenum, lithium, tantalum, etc., (iii) Ferromagnetic materials, Those materials which have a large,, positive susceptibility to an external, magnetic field. They exhibit a strong, attraction to magnetic field, egs Iron,, cobalt, nickel, ferric chloride, etc., • Electromagnets are used in generators,, motors, loud speakers, telephones, TV, sets, fans, mixers, electric bells, Maglev, etc., , MODERN PHYSICS, , • The nucleus of an consists of protons, and neutrons together called nucleons., • Photoelectric effect - It is the, phenomenon of emission of electrons, by metals when illuminated by light of, suitable frequency., • Photoelectric current depends on:, (i) the intensity of incident light,, (ii) the potential difference applied, between the two electrodes, and, (iii) the nature of the emitting material., , X-Rays, , X-rays are electromagnetic radiations of, very short wavelength (0.1 Å to 100 Å), and high energy which are emitted when, fast moving electrons or cathode rays, strike a target of high atomic mass., b-ray, Nucleus, , Negatively, charged, , g-ray, Nucleus, Neutral, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Physics, , 43, , Composition, , 4, 2He, , Chemical effect, , Affects photographic, plate, , Mass, , Charge, , Effect of electric, and magnetic field, , Penetrating power, Ionising power, Velocity, , -31, , 6.4×10, , +2e, , kg, , Deflected, , Minimum, , Maximum, , 0, –1e, , Photon, , 9.1×10-31kg, , zero, , Deflected, , No effect, , –e, , Affects photo, graphic plate, In between the, other two, In between the, other two, , Between 1.4×107 m/s 1% to 99% of, to 2.2 × 10 7 m/s, velocity of light, , zero, , Affects photographic, plate, Maximum, Minimum, , 3×108 m/s, , Nuclear Fission: The process of splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of, comparable size and release of large energy is called fission., U235 nucleus captures a thermal neutron. This forms a compound nucleus U236 in, excited state., • Atom bomb is based on nuclear fission., • Nuclear Fusion : The process in which two or more lighter nuclei combine to form a, heavy nucleus is known as nuclear fusion., 4 1H1 , → 2He4 + 2+1 e0 + 2v + Q, , Important Discoveries in Physics, Discovery, , Scientist, , Year, , Laws of motion, , Newton, , 1687, , Photography (On metal), , J.Neepse, , 1826, , Law of electrostatic attraction, Atom, , Law of electric resistance, Law of floatation, , Electromagnetic induction, Photography (On paper), Dynamite, , Periodic table, X-Rays, , Radioactivity, Electron, Radium, , Coulomb, , John Dalton, G.S. Ohm, , Archemedes’, , Michael Faraday, W.Fox Talbot, Alfred Nobel, Mandeleev, Roentgen, , Henry Becquerel, J.J. Thomson, , Madam Curie, , 1779, 1808, 1827, 1827, 1831, 1835, 1867, 1888, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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44, , Physics, , Quantum theory, , Max Plank, , 1900, , Photoelectric effect, , Albert Einstein, , 1905, , Wireless telegram, , Marconi, , Diode, , Sir J.S. Fleming, , Principle of relativity, , Albert Einstein, , Triode, , Lee de Forest, , Atomic Structure, , Neil Bohr & Rutherford, , Proton, , Goldstein, , Raman effect, , C.V. Raman, , Neutron, , Nuclear Reactor, , Law of electrolytic dissociation, Thermionic emission, , Some more Inventions, , James Chadwick, Anrico Fermi, Faraday, Edison, , 1901, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1913, 1886, 1928, 1932, 1942, –, , –-, , Invention, , Inventor, , Country, , Year, , Adding machine, , Pascal, , France, , 1642, , Barometer, , E. Torricelli, , Italy, , 1644, , Aeroplane, , Ball-point pen, Bicycle, , Calculating machine, Centrigrade scale, Cinematograph, , Clock (mechanical), Diesel engine, Dynamo, , Electric lamp, , Evolution(theory), Film (with sound), Fountain Pen, Gramophone, Jet Engine, Lift, , Match (safety), Microphone, , Wright brothers, C. Biro, , K. Macmillan, Pascal, , A. Celsius, , Thomas Alva Edison, Hsing and ling-Tsan, Rudolf Diesel, , Michael Faraday, , Thomas Alva Edison, Charles Darwin, Dr lee do forest, L.E. Waterman, T.A. Edison, , Sir Frank Whittle, E.G. Otis, , J.E. Lundstrom, David Hughes, , USA, , Hungary, Scotland, France, France, USA, , China, , Germany, England, USA, , England, USA, USA, USA, , England, USA, , Sweden, USA, , 1903, 1938, 1839, 1642, 1742, 1891, 1725, 1892, 1831, 1879, 1858, 1923, 1884, 1878, 1937, 1852, 1855, 1878, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Physics, Motor car(petrol), , 45, Karl Benz, , Germany, , 1885, , Marie and Pierre, Curie, , France, , 1898, , Motorcycle, , Edward Butler, , Radio, , G.Marconi, , Printing Press, Radium, , Razor (safety), Refrigerator, , Rubber(vulcanized), Safety pin, , Sewing machine, , Steam engine (piston), Steam engine, (condenser), , Stainless Steel, Telephone, Television, , Thermometer, Tractor, , J. Gutenberg, , K.G. Gillette USA, , J. Harrison and A., Catlin, , Charles Good year, William Hurst, , B. Thimmonnier, , Thomas Newcome, James Watt, , Harry Brearley, , Alexander Graham, Bell, John Logie Bared, Galileo Galilei, J.Froelich, , England, , Germany, England, USA, , Britain, USA, USA, , France, , Britain, , Scotland, England, USA, , Scotland, Italy, USA, , Scientific Instruments and their uses , Instrument, , Use, , Altimeter, , Measures Altitudes (in aircraft), , Audiometer, , Measures intensity of sound, , Ammeter, , Anemometer, Bolometer, , Calorimeter, , Cardiogram (ECG), Chronometer, Colorimeter, Cryometer, Dynamo, , Electroencephalograph, (EEC), , 1884, 1455, 1901, 1895, 1834, 1841, 1849, 1830, 1712, 1765, 1913, 1876, 1926, 1593, 1892, , Measures electric current, , Measures force and velocity of wind and directions, To measures heat radiation, , Measures quantities of heat, , Traces movement of the heart; recorded on a Cardiograph, Determines longitude of a vessel at sea., Compares intensity of colours, , A type of thermometer used to measure very low, temperatures, usually close to 0°c, To convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, , Records and interprets the electrical waves of the brain, (brain waves) recorded on electroence-phalograms, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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46, , Physics, , Electroscope, , Detects presence of an electric charge, , Galvanometer, , Measures electric current, , Endoscope, , Fathometer, , Hygrometer, , Hydrophone, Hypsometer, Kymograph, Lactometer, Machmeter, , Manometer, , Micrometer, , Microphone, Microscope, Periscope, , Photometer, Polygraph, , Pyrheliometer, Pyrometer, Radar, , Salinometer, , Sphygmometer, Stereoscope, , Stethoscope, Telemeter, , Thermostat, Tonometer, Udometer, , Ultrasonoscope, Viscometer, , To examine internal parts of the body, Measures depth of the ocean, Measures level of humidity, , Measures sound under water, , To determine boiling point of liquids, , Graphically records physiological movement. (e.g. blood, pressure/heartbeat), , Measures the relative density of milk to determine purity, Determines the speed of an aircraft in terms of the speed, of sound, Measures the pressure of gases, , Measure thickness, width, wavelength, diameter of hair,, wool, radiation or cell or bacteria., Converts sound wave into electrical vibrations, To obtain a magnified view of small objects, , To view objects above sea level (used in submarines), , Compares the luminous intensity of the source of light, , Instrument that simultaneously records changes in, physiological processes such as heartbeat, blood-pressure, and respiration; used as a lie detector, Measures components of solar radiation, Measures very high temperature, , To detect the direction and range of an approaching, aeroplane by means of radio waves, (Radio, Angle,, Detection and Range), Determines salinity of solutions, Measures blood pressure, , To view two-dimensional pictures, , Used by doctors to hear and analyze heart and lung sounds, Records physical happenings at a distant place., Regulates temperature at a particular point, , Measures the internal pressure of the eye to detect a, disease (glaucoma), Rain gauge to measure the quantity of rain, , To measure and use ultrasonic sound (beyond hearing);, use to make a Ecogram to detect brain tumours, heart, defects and abnormal growth, Measures the viscosity of liquid, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Chemistry, • Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with study of matter and various, changes it undergoes., , STATES OF MATTER, Matter, , Physical classification of matter, , Chemical classification of matter, , Pure Substances, , Mixtures, , Solid, , Homogeneous, , Elements, , Gas, , Heterogeneous, , Compounds, , Organic, , Metalic, , Liquid, , Metalloids, , Classification of Matter, • Matter is defined as anything that, occupies space and has mass., • At a given temperature, an element is in, one of the three states of matter- Solid,, Liquid or Vapour (Gas)., • Solids : Solids possess definite shape, and volume., , Inorganic, , Non-metallic, • They have strongest intermolecular, interactions., • They are generally hard and rigid., • Examples– Metals, bricks, wood, etc, Liquids, • They possess definite volume but no, definite shape., • They have intemediate intermolecular, forces between constituent particles., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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48, , Chemistry, , • They can flow, so they are called fluids,, e.g. water, milk, mercury, oil,etc., Gases, • Gases have neither a definite volume, nor definite shape., • They takes the volume and shape of the, container., • They are highly compressible and have, minimum intermolecular interactions.., • E.g.– air, oxygen, hydrogen, etc., • Melting point of a substance is the, temperature at which its solid form, changes to a liquid., • The melting point of water of a pressure, of 1dtm or 760 mm Hg is 0 degree on, the Celsius temperature scale and 32, degree on the Fahrenheit scale., • Boiling point is the temperature at, which the liquid form of a substance, changes to a gas. , • The boiling point of water at a pressure, of one atmosphere or 760 mm of, mercury is 100 degree on the Celsius, scale and 212 degree on the Fahrenheit, scale., • Crystalline materials however have a, definite orderly arrangement of atoms,, ions, or molecules., • The orderly arrangement of particles , or atoms in a crystal is called a crystal, lattice. For instance, sand, salt, sugar,, diamond and graphite are examples of, crystalline materials. , • A physical change is a change in matter, that involves no chemical reaction. , In the case of a physical change a, substance retains its chemical identity, and molecular composition. , • The three types of physical changes aremelting, evaporation and freezing., • A change in which the identify of the, original substance is changed and, new substances are formed is called a, chemical change for example sourcing, of milk, burning of paper, rusting of iron, etc., , ATOM, , • An atom is the smallest unit of an, element., • An atom has a central nucleus which, is very small compared to the rest of, , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , the atom and contains majority of the, atomic mass. , The nucleus carries a positive charge. , The nucleus of an atom consists of, protons and neutrons., Atoms consists of protons, neutrons,, and electrons., Electrons revolves around the nucleus., Protons have a positive charge., Electrons have a negative charge., Neutrons have no charge., In a neutral atom total charge on proton, is equal in magnitude to total charge on, electrons., Since opposite charges attract protons, and electrons attract each other., , ISOTOPES AND ISOBARS, , • Isotopes are atoms that have same, atomic number but different mass, numbers., • Isotopes have the same atomic number, because the number of protons inside, their nuclei remains the same. They, have different mass numbers because, they have different numbers of, neutrons., • For instance, ₁₇³⁵Cl and ₁₇³⁷Cl are, isotopes., • Isobars are atoms that have same, atomic mass but different atomic, numbers., • Isobars have different atomic numbers, because they have different numbers, of protons. They have the same atomic, mass because they have just enough, neutrons to make the same total of, nucleons., • For instance, ₃₂⁷⁶Ge and ₃₄⁷⁶Se are, isobars., , ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, , • Everything in the universe is made of a, combination of a few basic substances, called elements., • The element is the simplest form of, matter composed of atoms having, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Chemistry, , 49, , identical number of protons in each, nucleus., Elements of the periodic table are, majorly divided into s-block, p-block,, d-block and f-block, • A compound is made up of different, elements but looks and behaves quite, differently., • A compound is a pure substance that, contains atoms of two or more chemical, elements in definite proportions that, cannot be separated by physical means, and are held together by chemical, bonds. , , EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS, Formulas, , Common Names, , H2O, , Water, , NaCl, , Salt, , C6H12O6, , Glucose, , C2H6O, , Ethanol, , C2H4O2, , Acetic Acid, , C2H4O2, , Vinegar, , NH3, , C4H10, , Ammonia, Butane, , H2SO4, CH4, C12H22O11, C3H8, NaHCO3, N2O, C6H8O7, C8H18, C10H16O, , Sulphuric Acid, Methane, Sucrose (sugar), Propane, Baking Soda, Dinitroen oxide, Citric Acid, Octane, Camphor, , AIR AND WATER, , Air is colorless, odorless, tasteless,, gaseous mixture, mainly contains nitrogen, (approximately 78 percent) and oxygen, (approximately 21 percent) with lesser, amounts of argon, carbon dioxide,, hydrogen, neon, helium, and other gases., • Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, in the ratio of 2:1 by volume and 1:8 by, mass., • Hard water has bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphates of Ca and Mg. This water is, unfit for washing and use in industrial, boilers., • Heavy water is deuterium oxide, (D2O), molecular mass = 20). It is called, heavy due to the presence of deuterium,, the heavy hydrogen. , , SUBSTANCES & CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS, , Common Name, , Chemical Name, , Composition, , Formula, , Alum, , Potash, , K2SO4Al2(SO4)3, , Bleaching Powder, , Calcium, hypochlorite, Copper sulphate, , Potassium, Sulphur,, Aluminium, Hydrogen, and Oxygen, Calcium, Chlorine and, Oxygen, Copper, Sulphur and, Oxygen, Potassium Hydrogen,, and Oxygen, Calcium, Carbon and, Oxygen, Sodium, Hydrogen and, Oxygen, Sodium, Hydrogen,, Carbon and Oxygen, , Blue Vitriol, , Caustic Potash, , Chalk, , Caustic Soda, Baking Soda, , Potassium, hydroxide, Calcium, carbonate, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium bicarbonate, , CaCl(OCl), , CuSO4.5H2O, , KOH, , CaCO3, NaOH, , NaHCO3, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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50, Common Salt, Epsom Salt, Galena, , Green Vitriol, , Glauber's salt, Gypsum, , Chemistry, Sodium chloride, Magnesium sulphate, Lead sulphide, Iron sulphate, , Sodium and Chlorine, Magnesium, Sulphur,, and Oxygen, Lead and Sulphur, , Iron, Sulphur and, Oxygen, Sodium, Sulphur, Oxygen and hydrogen, , NaCl, , MgSO4. 7H2O, PbS, , FeSO4. 7H2O, , Na2SO4.10H2O, CaSO4.2H2O, , Litharge, , Sodium sulphate, Calcium Sulphate, dihydrate, Nitrous oxide, Nitrogen and Oxygen, Calcium hydroxide Calcium, Hydrogen,, and Oxygen, Lead monoxide, Lead and Oxygen, , Quartz, , Sodium silicate, , Na2SiO3, , Laughing gas, Lime water, , Plaster of Paris, , Quick lime, Red lead, Sal ammoniac, , Soda ash or washing soda, Soda bicar bonate, White vitriol, , Calcium sulphate, hemihydrate, , Calcium oxide, Triplumbic, Ammonium Chloride, Sodium carbonate, Sodium bicarbonate, Zinc sulphate, , METALS AND NON-METALS, , • There are two types of elements- metals, and non- metals., • About 80% known elements are metals., Metals, • Elements which are hard, ductile,, brittle, and malleable, possess lustre, and conduct heat and electricity are, termed metals., • Except Mercury and gallium, all, metals are solid., • Metals have usually high melting points, and boiling points., Non-Metals, • Non metals are electronegative, elements which have a tendency to gain, one or more electrons to form negative, ions called anions., , Calcium, Sulphur, Hydrogen and Oxygen, Sodium, Silica and, Oxygen, Calcium and Oxygen, Lead and Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and chlorine, Sodium, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen, Sodium hydrogen,, Carbon and Oxygen, Zinc, Sulphur, Hydrogen and Oxygen, , N2O, Ca(OH)2, PbO, , 2CaSO4.H2O, , CaO, Pb3O4, NH4CI, , Na2CO3.10H2O, NaHCO3, , ZnSO4.7H2O, , • Non metals are non lustrous and bad, conductors of heat and electricity. , Occurrence of Metals, • Minerals are naturally occurring, chemical, compounds, of, fixed, composition, and, characteristics,, physical form and properties., • The most common groups of minerals, are silicates, oxides, sulphides, and, carbonates etc., Uses of Some Metals and Non-Metals, Compounds, (i) Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) is called lunar, caustic and is used to prepare the ink, used during voting., (ii) Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is used as, an oxidishing agent, bleaching agent,, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Chemistry, , 51, , as an insecticide and for washing old, oil paintings., (iii) Ferrous Oxide (FeO) is used to, prepare ferrous salts and green glass., (iv) Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) is used in, jeweller's rouge., (v) Silver Iodide (AgI) is used for, artificial rain., (vi) Mercuric Chloride (HgC12) is used, to prepare calomel and as a poison., Catalyst, A catalyst is a material that is added to a, reaction mixture to accelerate the process, but is itself not consumed., , Fuels, , • The substance, which produce heat and, light on combustion are called fuels., • LPG (Liquified petroleum gas) is a, mixture of hydrocarbons containing, three or four carbon atoms, such as, propane, butane and pentane., , Calorific Value, S. No., 1., , Fuel, , Hydrogen, , 150, , Petrol, , 50, , 2., , Methane, , 4., , LPG, , 3., 5., , 6., , Natural gas, , Kerosene Oil, , 7., , Diesel, , 9., , Coal, , 8., , 10., 11., 12., , Calorific Value, (kJ/g), 55, 50, , 35-50, 48, 45, , Bio Gas, , 35-40, , Ethanol, , 30, , Wood, , Cow dung, , 25-32, 17, , 6-8, , Coal is made up of carbon., , • The common varieties of coal are, anthracite, bitumen; lignite and peat, , containing 95, 70, 40 and 10-20 percent, carbon respectively., • CNG, gasoline or diesel is obtained by, fractional distillation of crude oil., , ACIDS, BASES SALTS AND, pH SCALE, , • Acids are chemical compounds that, taste sour, turn blue litmus red, and, often react with some metals to produce, hydrogen gas., • Acids- HNO3, HNO2, H2SO4, H3PO4,, H3PO3, H2CO3, etc., • Bases are chemical compounds that, taste bitter, turn red litmus blue and, feel slippery. Base: (NaOH), (Ca(OH)2),, (KOH), (RbOH), etc., • When aqueous (water) solutions of, an acid and a base are combined, a, neutralization reaction occurs., • The pH of a solution measures the, hydrogen ion concentration in that, solution., • Anything above pH 7 is alkaline,, anything below pH 7 is considered, acidic., • Human blood pH should be slightly, alkaline (7. 35 - 7. 45)., , Uses of Some Acids And Bases, Acids, Nitric acid, oxalic, , Uses, Photography, , acid, Sulphuric acid, , Petroleum, , acid, citric acid,, , food stuff, , exploration, Hydrochloric acid, Leather industry, Benzoic acid, formic Preservation for, acetic acid etc., Bases, Calcium hydroxide, and calcium oxide, Magnesium, hydroxide, , Manufacture of, , bleaching powder, antacid in sugar, industries, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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52, , Chemistry, , Sodium hydroxide, , manufacture of, hard soaps and, drugs, paper and, textile industry,, Petroleum refining, Potassium, manufacture of, hydroxide, soft soaps, Sources of Some Naturally Occurring, Acids, Acid, , Source, , Citric acid, , Lemon, orange,, grapes, , Tartaric acid, , Tamarind, , Maleic acid, Acetic acid, Lactic acid, , Hydrochloric acid, Oxalic acid, , Unripe apple, Vinegar, Milk, , Stomach, Tomato, , Acidic & basic nature of some household, substances, Acidic, , Basic (Alkaline), , 1. Bathroom acid, , 1. Milk of magnesia, (Antacids), , 3. Lemon juice, , 3. Soap solution, or detergent, solution., , 2. Toothpaste, 2. Vitamin C, tablets (Ascorbic, acid), , 4. Orange juice, , 5. Tomato juice, 6. Vinegar, , 7. Fizzy drinks, (Colas &, Sodawater), , 4. Solution of, washing soda., 5. Slaked lime &, white wash, , pH VALUE OF SOME, IMPORTANT SUBSTANCES, Sodium Hydroxide: Alkaline, Ammonia, Baking Soda, Human Blood, Pure Water: Neutral, Milk: Acid, Tomatoes, Wine and Beer, Apples, Vinegar, Lemon Juice, Battery Acid, Urine(Human), Tears, Sea water, Milk (Cow), Coffee, Tooth paste, , 14. 0, 11. 0, 8. 3, 7. 4, 7. 0, 6. 6, 4. 5, 4. 0, 3. 0, 2. 2, 2. 0, 1. 0, 5. 5 to 7. 5, 7. 4, 8. 5, 6. 3 to 6. 6, 5.0, 9.0, , PLASTICS AND POLYMERS, , • Plastics consist of very long molecules,, each composed of carbon atoms linked, into chains., • Polythene is composed of over 200000, carbon atoms., • Although some plastics are made from, plant oils, the majority are made from, fossil fuels., • Polymers are large long chain like, molecules formed by the chemical, linking of many smaller molecules., • The small molecular building units are, called monomers., • Monomers are joined into chains by a, process of repeated linking known as, polymerization., • Starch and wool- Natural polymers, • Nylon and polyethylene- Synthetic, polymers, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Chemistry, , 53, , • Natural rubber is obtained from milky, white fluid Latex., • The simplest unit of rubber is isoprene, (C5H8)., • Vulcanization gives strength, hardness,, and elasticity to rubber., Some common man-made polymers, and their uses, Polymer, Polythene, Polypropene, , Polyvinyl chloride, (PVC), Nylon (Polyester), Teflon, , Vinyl rubber, Polystyrene, , Use, Packaging material,, carry bags, bottles, etc., Bottles, Crates etc., Pipes insulation, , Fibres, ropes etc., Nonstick kitchen, wares, Rubber erasers, , Foam Thermocole, , Poly (Styrene buta- Rubber bubble gum, diene), Bakelite, , Electrical insulation, buttons, , Melamine, , Crockery, , Lexan, , Bullet proof glass, , RADIOACTIVITY, , • Radioactivity is discovered by French, physicist Henry de Becquerel in 1896,, who observed that uranium mineral, gave off invisible radiation., , • Pierre and Madam Curie showed, similar phenomenon in other metals, like polonium, francium and radium., , • Radiations are of three kinds: Alpha,, Beta and Gama, , NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND, ATOMIC ENERGY, • A nuclear reaction is a process in which, two nuclei or nuclear particles collide,, to produce different nuclei than the, initial particles. , • Nuclear reactions are of two types :, Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion., • Nuclear fission is the fragmentation of, a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei, and the liberation of a large amount of, energy. , • Atom bomb is based on nuclear fission., U235 and Pu239 are used as fissionable, material., • Atom bomb was discovered by Otto, Hahn., • On 6 august 1945, an atom bomb was, dropped on Hiroshima city in Japan. , The second was dropped on Nagasaki. , The bomb was made of Plutonium, -239, • Nuclear Fusion, It is a nuclear reaction in which lighter, nuclei fuse to form a nucleus of greater, mass. In this reaction also an enormous, amount of heat is produced. , • Hydrogen bomb is based on nuclear, fusion. , • Atomic energy Energy produced by, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion is, called nuclear energy or Atomic energy. , • In this process the loss of mass is, converted into energy., , ELECTROPLATING, , • It is a process of plating one metal, onto another by electrolysis, most, commonly for decorative purposes or, to prevent corrosion of a metal., • Types of electroplating capsopper, plating, silver plating, and chromium, plating, etc., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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54, , Chemistry, , CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS, • All organic compounds contain carbon, and the vast majority also contains hydrogen, bonded to carbon., • It is non-metal., • Its atomic number is 6 & A mass is 12., • Carbon which formed the back bone of organic chemistry exhibit allotropy., Allotropes, • Allotropes are substances which have same chemical properties but different physical, properties., • They have different crystalline modifications., • Above properties of substances are called allotropy., , Allotropes of Carbon, , Diamond, • It has crystalline, structure., • It is purest form of, carbon., • It is hardest natural, substance., • It is highly, transparent, • It is bad conductor, of electricity & heat., • It has very high, refractive index., • It is chemically inert., • It forms tetrahedral, crystals., • It has high melting, point & density, • It is used in jewellry, & industries., , Graphite, • It has crystalline, structure, • It is called black lead, • It is soft, dark grey, etc., • It is good conductor, of electricity & heat., • It is chemically, more reactive than, diamond., Uses : It is used in, making –, (a) pencils,, (b) moderator in nuclear, reactor, (c) lubricant in, machinery., , Amorphous Carbons, • They does not have, crystalline structure., • They are product of, pyrolysis., • Pyrolysis is, the process of, decomposing a, substance on heating, • Coal & Soot (carbon, black) are the, examples., , Graphene, • It is allotrope of carbon, • It is a single layer graphite., • It has extra-ordinary electrical/ thermal, & physical properties, • It can replace silicon in electronics, • Diamond, graphite, charcoal, coke, coal etc. are different forms of carbon., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Chemistry, , 55, , GLASS, Glass is a mixture of an alkali silicate with, the silicate of a base, that is, silica, sodium, silicate and calcium or lead silicate., Type & Uses, (i) Milky Glass is prepared by adding, tin oxide (SnO2), calcium phosphate, [(Ca3(PO4)2] or cryolite (Na3AIF6) to, the melt glass., (ii) Flint Glass contains lead oxide (PbO), and used in optical instruments like, lenses, prisms., (iii) Soda or Soft Glass is sodium calcium, silicate (Na2O. CaO. 6SiO2). It is the, ordinary glass and used for making, bottles, window panes, etc., (iv) Potash Glass or Hard Glass contains, potassium carbonate (K2CO3). It has, higher softening temperature. It, is used for making beakers, flasks,, funnel, etc., (v) Crown Glass contains potassium, oxide (K2O), Barium oxide (BaO),, boric oxide (B2O3) and silica (SiO2). It, is used for optical apparatus., (vi) Crook's Glass contains cesium, oxides. It is used for spectacles as it, absorbs UV rays., (vii) Glass Laminates is made by fixing, polymer sheet between layers of, glass. It is used to make windows and, screens of cars, trains and aircraft., (viii) Jena Glass contains B2O3 and, alumina. It is resistant to acids, and alkalies. It is used for making, laboratory bottles, for keeping acids, and alkalies., , CHEMICAL NAME OF SOME, COMMON COMPOUNDS, , Common name, Acid of sugar, Alcohol,, Alum, Alumina, Aqua regia, , Chemical name, Oxalic acid, Ethyl alcohol, Potassium, aluminium sulphate, Aluminium oxide, Nitrohydrochloric, acid, , Aspirin, Baking soda, Banana oil, (artificial), , Acetylsalicylic acid, Sodium bicarbonate, Isoamyl acetate, , Black ash, , Crude form of, sodium carbonate, , Bicarbonate of, soda, , Sodium hydrogen, carbonate or sodium, bicarbonate, , Bleaching powder Chlorinated lime;, calcium hypochlorite, Bone ash, Crude calcium, phosphate, Borax, Brine, , Calomel, , Carbolic acid, Caustic potash, Caustic soda, Chalk, Chile saltpeter, Chile nitre, Copperas, Cream of tartar, Ethanol, Fixed white, Galena, Glauber’s salt, Green verditer, Green vitriol, Gypsum, Hypo, , (photography), Laughing gas, Lime, Lunar caustic, Methanol, , Sodium tetraborate, Decahydrate, , Aqueous sodium, chloride solution, Mercury chloride;, mercurous chloride, , Phenol, Potassium hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide, Calcium carbonate, Sodium nitrate, Sodium nitrate, Ferrous sulfate, Potassium bitartrate, Ethyl alcohol, Barium sulfate, Natural lead sulfide, Sodium sulfate, Basic copper, carbonate, Ferrous sulfate, crystals, Natural calcium, sulfate, Sodium thiosulfate, solution, Nitrous oxide, Calcium oxide, Silver nitrate, Methyl alcohol, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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56, , Chemistry, , Milk of, , Magnesium, , (artificial), Orthophosphoric, , Phosphoric acid, , magnesium, hydroxide, Oil of vitriol, Sulfuric acid, Oil of wintergreen Methyl salicylate, acid, Paris blue, Paris green, Paris white, , Ferric ferrocyanide, Copper, acetoarsenite, Powdered calcium, , Pear oil (artificial), Pearl ash, Permanent white, Plaster of paris, Precipitated chalk, Quicklime, , carbonate, Isoamyl acetate, Potassium carbonate, Barium sulfate, Calcium sulfate, Calcium carbonate, Calcium oxide, , Rock salt, Saltpeter, Soda ash, Soda nitre, Sugar, Vinegar, , Sodium chloride, Potassium nitrate, Sodium carbonate, Sodium nitrate, Sucrose, Impure dilute acetic, , Quicksilver, , Vitamin c, Vitriol, Washing soda, Water glass, White caustic, White lead, White vitriol, Yellow prussiate, of potash, Yellow prussiate, of soda, Zinc vitriol, Zinc white, , Mercury, , acid, Ascorbic acid, Sulfuric acid, Sodium carbonate, Sodium silicate, Sodium hydroxide, Basic lead carbonate, Zinc sulfate crystals, Potassium, ferrocyanide, Sodium ferrocyanide, Zinc sulfate, Zinc oxide, , SOME CHEMICAL, SUBSTANCES AND THEIR USES, , Soaps and Detergents: Soaps are the sodium, or potassium salts of fatty acids. They are, made by the saponification of fats. Detergents, are made from some petroleum products., Antibiotic:, Medicinal, compounds, produced by moulds and bacteria, capable, of destroying or preventing the growth of, bacteria in animal systems. For example, penicillin, chloramphenicol etc., Antibody: Kinds of substances formed in, the blood, tending to inhibit or destroy, harmful pathogens, etc., Antigen : Substance capable of stimulating, formation of antibodies in a host. It is the, foreigne substance which enters the host, and use its system to sustain. For example, bacteria, virus etc., Antipyretic: A substance used to lower, body temperature., Pesticides: They are used to kill pests., Pests are living organism, who destroy, crops or eat away grains., Insecticides: They are used to kill insects, for example D.D.T aluminium phosphate, gammexene., Fungicide: They are used to kill fungus. For, example. Copper sulphate, Bordeax mixture., Rodenticides: They are used to kill, rodents. For example, Aluminium, phosphide, Thalium sulphate., Herbicides: They are used to kill weeds, Benzipram, benzadox., Sulphadrugs: Alternatives of antibiotics,, sulphanilamide, sulphadiazine, Sulpha, gunamidine., Antacids: Substances which neutralise the, excess acid and raise the pH to appropriate, level in stomach are called antacids., Epsom salt: Hydrated magnesium sulphate, (MgSO4 · 7H2O), used in medicines to empty, bowels., Chloroform: A sweetish, colourless liquid., It is used as a solvent and anaesthetic., Saccharin: A white crystalline solid which, is 550 times sweeter than sugar, but does, not have any food value. It is used by, diabetic patients., DDT: Dichloro diphenyl tricholoro ethane,, a white powder used as an insecticide., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Chemistry, , 57, , GENERAL ORGANIC, CHEMISTRY, CARBOHYDRATES, Carbohydrates are defined as the optically, active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances which yield these on, hydrolysis., , Classification of Carbohydrates, Based on Molecular Size, CARBOHYDRATES, , MONOSACCHARIDES, , Based on Nature, , OLIGOSACCHARIDES, , Carbohydrates are also classified as, reducing and non-reducing sugars, depending on whether they reduce, Fehlings and Tollen’s reagent or not., , carbohydrate, but not without protein., , NUCLEIC ACIDS, Nucleic acids are colourless, complex,, amorphous, compounds made up of, three units: bases, sugar and phosphoric, acid. These are macro-molecules of high, molecular weight and are present in every, living cell., , BRANCHES OF SCIENCE, Acarology, Adenology, Angiology, , –, –, –, , Apiology, Arthrology, Astheniology, , –, –, –, , Auxology, , –, , Barology, , –, , Biometrics, , –, , Bromatology, Ctetology, , –, –, , Cacogenics, , –, , Carcinology, , –, , Carpology, , –, , Catacoustics, , –, , Cetology, , –, , Based on Taste, Carbohydrates with sweet taste are called, sugars while those without a sweet taste, are called non-sugars., , LIPIDS, Lipids are organic compounds soluble in, non-polar fat solvents such as acetone,, ether, chloroform, benzene, etc. and, insoluble in water. The most important, role of lipids is that of biological, fuel. Lipids supply more energy than, carbohydrates, excess of lipids is stored, in the body and used at the time of, starvation., , PROTEINS, Proteins are highly complex, natural, compounds, composed of a large number, of different a-amino acids joined, together with peptide linkage, i.e., they, are naturally occurring polypeptides., The biological importance of proteins, can be judge by the fact that the animals, can live for a long time without fat or, , study of mites, study of glands, study of blood, flow and, lymphatic, system, study of bees, study of joints, study of diseases, of weakening and, aging, science of, growth, study of, gravitation, study of biological, measurement, study of food, study of the, inheritance, of acquired, characteristics, study of racial, degeneration, study of cards, and other, crustaceans, study of fruits and, seeds, science of echoes, or reflected, sounds, study of whales, and dolphins, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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58, , Chemistry, , Chemistry, , –, , Chirography, , –, , Coprology, , –, , Cosmology, , –, , Craniology, Dactylography, , –, –, , Dactylology, , –, , Demography, , –, , Demology, , –, , Dermatology, Ecology, , –, –, , Edaphology, Emetology, Emmenology, , –, –, –, , Endocrinology, , –, , Entomology, Entozoology, , –, –, , Epidemiology, , –, , Euthenics, , –, , Geochemistry, , –, , Geogony, , –, , Geology, , –, , Geoponics, , –, , Graminology, , –, , study of properties, of substances, study of, handwriting or, penmanship, study of, pornography, study of the, universe, study of the skull, the study of, fingerprints, study of sign, language, study of, population., study of human, behaviour, study of skin, study of, environment, study of soils, study of vomiting, the study of, menstruation, study of ductless, glands, study of insects, study of parasites, that live inside, larger organisms, study of diseases;, epidemics, science concerned, with improving, living conditions, study of chemistry, of the earth's crust, study of formation, of the earth, study of earth's, crust, study of, agriculture, study of grasses, , Gynaecology, , –, , Halieutics, , –, , Helminthology, , –, , Hematology, Hepatology, Herpetology, , –, –, –, , Histology, , –, , Horology, , –, , Horticulture, , –, , Hyetology, , –, , Hygienics, , –, , Hygiastics, , –, , Hypnology, , –, , Insectology, , –, , Ichthyology, Irenology, Kalology, , –, –, –, , Kinematics, , –, , Kinetics, , –, , Karyology, , –, , Laryngology, –, Lepidopterology –, , study of women's, physiology, study of, fishing, study of, worms, study of blood, study of liver, study of, reptiles and, amphibians, study of the, tissues of, organisms, science of time, measurement, study of, gardening, science of, rainfall, study of, sanitation;, health, science of health, and hygiene, study of sleep;, study of, hypnosis, study of, insects, study of fish, the study of peace, study of, beauty, study of, motion, study of forces, producing, or changing, motion, study of cell, nuclei, study of larynx, study of butterflies, and moths, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Chemistry, , 59, , Leprology, , –, , Magnanerie, , –, , Magnetics, , –, , Malacology, Malariology, Mammalogy, Mastology, , –, –, –, –, , Meteoritics, Meteorology, Metrology, , –, –, –, , Microbiology, , –, , Microclimatology –, Microphytology –, Morphology, , –, , Myology, Magirics, Nasology, Neonatology, , –, –, –, –, , Nephology, Nephrology, , –, –, , Obstetrics, , –, , Odontology, Oncology, , –, –, , study of, leprosy, art of raising, silkworms, study of, magnetism, study of molluscs, study of malaria, study of mammals, study of mammals, or mammary, glands or breast, diseases, study of meteors, study of weather, science of weights, and measures, study of, microscopic, organisms, study of local, climates, study of very, small plant life, study of forms and, the development, of structures, study of muscles, art of cookery, study of the nose, study of newborn, babies, study of clouds, study of the, kidneys, study of, midwifery, study of teeth, study of tumours, , Oology, Optics, Ornithology, Osteology, Otology, , –, –, –, –, –, , Paedology, , –, , Palaeontology, Parasitology, , –, –, , Pathology, , –, , Pharmacology, Physiology, , –, –, , Psychology, Pyretology, , –, –, , Rheumatology, , –, , Radiology, , –, , Seismology, , –, , Sociology, Tectonics, , –, –, , Toxicology, Urology, , –, –, , Virology, Xylology, Zoiatrics, Zoology, , –, –, –, –, , study of eggs, study of light, study of birds, study of bones, study of the, ear, study of, children, study of fossils, study of, parasites, study of, disease, study of drugs, study of processes, of life, study of mind, study of, fevers, study of, rheumatism, study of X-rays, and their medical, applications., study of, earthquakes, study of society, science of, structure of, objects, buildings, and land forms, study of poisons, study of urine;, urinary tract, study of viruses, study of wood, veterinary surgery, study of animals, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Biology, INTRODUCTION, Biology is the study of life and living, organism, including their structure, function, evolution, distribution, identification, and Taxonomy, • Aristotle is often called “the father of, biology”., • Leeuwenhoek invented a simple, microscope and studied living cells., • Alexander Flemming discovered, Penicillin., • Carolus Linnaeus introduced Binomial, Nomenclature for naming plants and, animals., • Charles Robert Darwin proposed, the theory of Pangenesis to explain, inheritance and also proposed Origin of, species by Natural Selection., • Gregor Johann Mendel discovered, principles of inheritance., • Lamarck discarded the idea of fixity of, species., • Louis Pasteur proposed ‘Germ, theory of disease. He also proposed, pasteurization for sterilization., • Robert Hooke assembled a compound, microscope and discovered cells in, cork., • William Harvey discovered blood, circulation., • T.H. Morgan laid foundation of gene, theory., • David Baltimore is known for his, discovery of reverse transcriptase., • Charles Darwin is famous for the, theory of Natural selection., • Hippocrates is considered to be the, “father of western medicine”., , • Edward Jenner is famous for creating, the first effective vaccine for smallpox(father of immunology), • Joseph Lister is famous for using, antiseptics for cleaning and sterilizing, wounds., • Robert Brown discovered the cell, nucleus., • William Watson (1909) introduced, the term Genetics., • Watson and Crick gave the model of, DNA., • In 1866 Ernst Haeckel coined word, “ecology”, • Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the, foundation of ecology., • Camillo golgi discovered golgi body., • Salim Ali known as the “birdman of, India”, • Har Gobind Khorana is a biochemist, who won the Nobel Prize in 1968 for, demonstrating how the nucleotides in, nucleic acids control the synthesis of, proteins., , CELLS, • All living organism are constituted of, structural and functional units called, cells., • Robert Hook coined the term ‘cell’ in, 1665., • Cells are grouped into tissues, tissues, into organ and organs into organ, system., • Smallest cells- Mycoplasmas., • Largest isolated single cell- egg of an, ostrich, , Prokaryotic Cells, , • Morphologically most primitive cells., • It is without nucleus., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Biology, , 61, , • A single membrane surrounds the cell., • It is found in bacteria, blue green algae,, mycoplasma., • The plasma membrane is semi, permeable in nature., • Many prokaryotes have small circular, DNA molecules called plasmids., • Cell devision occurs by fission or, budding., Eukaryotic Cells, • The eukaryotic cells occur in all protists,, fungi, plants and the animals., • Eukaryotic cells are typically composed, of plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and its organelles viz. mitochondria,, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex a, true nucleus, etc., Cell Wall, • Cell wall is present in plants., • Cell division occurs by mitosis and, meiosis., • Cell wall is unique feature of plant cell, which is made up of cellulose and is, totally absent in animals., Cell Membrane, • Cell membrane is composed of lipids., • The function of plasma membrane is the, transport of the molecules across it., • Lysosomes these are popularly called, “suicide bags”, Nucleus, • It is centrally located spherical and, largest component of all eukaryotic cell., Nucleolus is present in nucleus., • Robert Brown named it Nucleus., Mitochondria, • These are also called “Powerhouse of, cells”., Some Human Body Disorder, Disorder, , Symptom, , Genetics, • Study of genes is known as genetics., , Gene, • It is a segment of DNA and basic unit, of heredity. These are located on, chromosomes., , • DNA is found in nucleus, and also found, in mitochondria and chloroplast., • It stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, (DNA)., • It is double stranded., • It consists of Nitrogenous basesAdenine, Thymine, Cytosine or, Guanine, 5-carbon sugar and a, phosphate molecule., • RNA is single stranded., • It consists of phosphate, ribose sugar,, nitrogenous bases- Adinine, Uracil,, Cytosine, and Guanine., • Mendel conducted cross hybridization, experiments on green pea plant (Pisum, sativum)., Mutation, • Sudden change in the sequence of DNA, is known as mutation., Sex Determination, • X and Y are the sex chromosomes which, are responsible for the determination, of sex. 46 chromosomes are present, in human body cell. In which 22 pairs, of these are autosomes & 23nd is sex, chromosomes, ie. x & y., Genetic disorder, • It is caused due to abnormality in an, individual DNA., Defect, , Cystic fibrosis, , Mucus clogs lungs, liver, Failure of chloride, and pancreas, transport mechanism, , Tay-Sachs disease, , Deterioration of central Defective enzyme, nervous system in infancy (hexosaminidase A), , Sickle-cell anemia, Phenylketonuria, , Poor blood circulation, , Abnormal, molecules, , ion, , hemoglobin, , Brain fails to develop in Defective enzyme, (phenylalanine hydroxylase), infancy, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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62, , Biology, , Hemophilia, , Blood fails to clot, , Defective blood-clotting factor, VIII, , Muscular dystrophy, (Duchenne), , Muscles waste away, , Degradation of myelin coating, of nerves stimulating muscles, , Huntington’s disease, Congenital, hypothyroidism, , Hypercholesterolemia, Blood Group, , Brain tissue gradually Production of an inhibitor of, deteriorates in middle age brain cell metabolism, Increased birth weight, Failure of proper, puffy face, constipation, development, lethargy, , thyroid, , Excessive cholesterol levels Abnormal form of cholesterol, in blood, leading to heart cell surface receptor, disease, , • Karl Landsteiner (1900) discovered the blood group in human., • There are four groups of blood A, B, AB and O., , • Universal Donor : ‘O’ blood group person is ‘universal donor’, i.e can give blood to all, the four blood groups (O, A, B, and AB)., , • Universal Recipient : ‘AB’ blood group person is universal recipient’, i.e can take, blood from all the four groups (AB, A, B, O)., , PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, , Photosynthesis, • It is the process by which plants makes their food in the presence of sunlight, CO2,, water and chlorophyll., Light, Chlorophyll, , 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O → C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O, , Respiration, • It is the process of oxidation which occurs in three steps. Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and, Electron transport system., It occurs in Cytoplasm (Glycolysis) and rest cycle in Mitochondria., , C6 H12O6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + energy, , Transpiration, • Loss of water in the form of water vapour from plant through a small pore stomata is, known as Transpiration., • Plants obtains nitrogen from soil in the form of nitrites, nitrates and salts., , HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, Animals & their teeth, , Man (Child), , 20, , Cow & Sheep, , 32, , Man (adult), , 32, , Cat, , 30, , Horse, , 44, , Rabbit, , 28, , Dog, , 42, , Mouse, , 16, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Biology, , 63, , Digestion of Food, Name of the, Digestive, juice, Saliva, , Ptyalin (Salivary, , Pancreatic, , juice, Intestinal, , Name of the, enzymes, , juice, Gastric Juice, , Substrate, , Starch, , Maltose, , amylase), Amylopsin, , Starch,, , Maltose and Glucose, , Maltase, Lactase, Pepsin, Rennin, , Lactose, Proteins,, , and galactose, Proteoses and, , Chymotrypsin,, , Peptides, , (pancreatic amylase) Glycogen, Sucrase (invertase), Sucrose; Maltose, Glucose and fructose, Glucose,, Casein, Proteins,, , Pancreatic, , Trypsin,, , Intestinal, , Carboxyl peptidases, Amino peptidase,, Peptides, , Juice, , juice, , End product, , Dipeptidase, , peptones,, , Calcium caseinate, Proteoses and Peptides, Amino acid., , Amino acids, , Vitamin required by the body, Vitamin Chemical Name, B1, B2, B12, B5, , C, A, , Function in, Body, Thiamine, Part of, pyrophosphate coenzyme for, respiration, Riboflavin, Part of, coenzyme FAD, needed for, respiration, Cyanoco-balamin Coenzyme, needed for, making red, blood cells, etc., Nicotinic, Part of, acid (‘niacin’), coenzymes, NAD, NADP, used in, respiration, Ascorbic acid, Not precisely, known, Retinol, , Deficiency Disease, , Sources, , Beri-beri: nerve, Found in whole, and heart disorders grain cereals, etc., Ariboflavinosis:, skin and eye, disorders, , Pernicious, anaemia, , Milk, yogurt, etc., , Animal products, etc., , Pellagra: skin, gut Widespread in, and nerve disorders foods., , Scurvy:, Lemon, orange,, degeneration of, etc., skin teeth and blood, vessels., Visual pigment, Xeropthalmia: ‘dry Milk, eggs, etc., rhodopsin, eyes’, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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64, , Biology, D, , Cholecalciferol, , E, , Tocopherol, , K, , Phylloquinone, , Stimulates, Rickets: bone, calcium, deformity, absorption by, small intestine,, needed for, proper bone, growth, Not precisely Infertility, known, Involved in, blood clotting, , Possible, haemorrage, , Minerals required by the body, , Found in dairy, products, etc., , Found primarily, in plant oils,, green, leafy, vegetables, etc., Green, leafy, vegetables, etc., , Minerals, Source, Function, Sodium (Na) Table salt large amounts is for proper fluid balance, etc., present in processed foods, etc., , Chloride, , Table salt, large amounts is for proper fluid balance, etc., present in processed foods, etc., , Iron, Iodine, , Organ meats; etc., found in red blood cells., Seafood, foods grown in iodine- Found in thyroid hormone., rich soil, etc., , Potassium, Calcium, , Meats, milk, etc., Milk and milk products, etc., , for proper fluid balance, etc., Important for healthy bones and teeth,, etc., Phosphorus Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, Important for healthy bones and, processed foods., teeth, etc., Magnesium Nuts and seeds; etc., Found in bones, etc., Sulfur, Occurs in foods as part of protein, Found in protein molecules., meats, etc., , Protein Deficiency Diseases, •, •, , Marasmus is produced by a simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories., Kwashiorkar is produced byprotein deficiency., , Respiratory System, , The organ system which aids in the process of respiration is called the Respiratory, system., Organs of Respiration in Animals, Respiratory, Organ, , Animals, , Lungs, , Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians, , Trachea, , Insects, , Gills, Skin, , Fish, Crabs, Tadpole larva of Frog, Earthworm, Leech, Amphibians, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Biology, , 65, , Human Respiratory System, •, , •, , Human respiratory system consists, of external nostrils, nasal cavity,, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, and lungs., Human respiratory system consists, of external nostrils, nasal cavity,, nasopharynx,, larynx,, trachea,, bronchiole and lungs., , carbonic acid (H2CO3) by the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase (present in RBC)., CO2 reacts with amine radicals (NH2), of haemoglobin molecule and forms, a carbamino – haemoglobin (HbCO2), molecule. Nearly 23% of CO2 is, transported through this mode., , •, , Circulatory System, • These are of two types open circulatory, system and closed circulatory system., , Open Circulatory System, , • Generally present in arthopods and, molluscs., , Closed Circulatory System, , • Annelids and chordates have a closed, circulatory., , Heart beat and pulse, •, , Transport of gases, •, , 97% of oxygen is transported from the, lungs to the tissues in combination with, haemoglobin (Hb + O2, HbO2,, oxyhaemoglobin). 3% is transported in, dissolved condition by the plasma., , There are three ways of transport, of CO2., •, , •, , 5%–7% (approximately) of CO2 is, transported, being dissolved in the, plasma of blood., CO2 react with the water to form, , Skeletal System, , The human heart beats at the rate of, about 72-80 per minute in the resting, condition., , Electrocardiograph, •, , ECG stands for Electrocardiogram., It is the graphic record of electronic, current produced by the excitation of, cardiac muscles., Excretion, • It is process of removal of undigested, wastes from the body., • Kidney plays a major role in the, elimination of water waste in the form, of urine., • Urine contains ammonia, urea, uric, acid, etc., , Human Skeleton (comprising 206 bones), divided into, Appendicular Skeleton, , Axial Skeleton, made up of, Skull, , Vertebral Sternum, column, , made up of, Ribs, , Girdles, , Limbs, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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66, Axial Skeleton: Skeleton which occurs in, the mid axial or longitudinal part of the, body., (i) Skull is made up of 29 bones. It is, composed of, • Cranium (8 bones): Frontal -1;, Parietal-2; Occipital-1; Temporal - 2;, Sphenoid - 1; Ethmoid - 1., • Facial bones (14 in number):, Nasal-2; Maxillae - 2; Zygomatic -2;, Lacrymals-2; Mandibles - 1; Inferior, turbinals-2; Vomer-1; Palatines-2., Hyoid Tongue bone-1, • Ear ossicles (6 bones): Malleus -2;, Incus - 2; Stapes - 2., , Biology, (ii) Vertebral column: 33 in babies, 26 in, adults. Grouped into 5 categories :, • Cervical-7; Thoracic-12; Lumber-5;, Sacral - 5; Coccygeal - 4 (fused in, adults)., (iii) Sternum: Composed of 3 parts →, Manubrium, body of sternum and, xiphoid process ., (iv) Ribs: They are twelve pairs. First, seven pairs are true ribs. The 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs are called false ribs or, vertebrochondrial ribs. The last 11th, and 12th pairs are called floating ribs., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Biology, , 67, , Appendicular Skeleton: Present laterally or attached to the axial skeleton., (i) Girdles : 2 types - pectoral and pelvic., Pectoral girdle: made of two parts - clavicle and scapula., Pelvic girdle: made of three bones - ilium, pubis and ischium., (ii) Limb bones: Hind limbs and fore limbs - both made up of 30 bones each., Fore limbs: Humerus (1); Radius-Ulna (2); Carpals (8); Metacarpals (5); Phalanges, (14); Phalanges formula = 2, 3, 3, 3,, (iii) Hind limbs: Femur (1); Tibia-Fibula (2); Patella (1); Tarsals (7); Metatarsals (5);, Phalanges (14)., , IMPORTANT FACTS OF HUMAN BODY, Blood volume, Blood platelets, Blood clotting time, Universal blood donor, , 5 to 5.5 L (in 70 kg body), 200000-400000 per cubic mm, 2-5 minutes, O Rh-(ve), , Smallest bone, , Ear-ossicle and stapes, , Universal blood recipient, Longest bone, , Normal body temperature, Weight of brain, , Total number of bones in the human body, Total number of muscles in the body, WBC, RBC, Largest muscle in the body, , Largest organ of human body, Largest endocrine gland, Menopause age, , Minimum regeneration power, Thinnest skin, Number of cells in body, Hb (Hemoglobin) content in body, , Normal BP, Pulse rate, Breathing rate, ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate), Normal sperms count, , AB, , Femur (Thigh bone), 98.6° F or 37°C, 1424 g, 206, , 639, 5000-7000/cub.ml, 5m/cub.ml OR 50,00000/cub.ml, , Gluteus maximus (Buttock muscle), , Skin, , Thyroid, , 40-50 years, , In brain cells, Conjunctiva, 75 trillion, , (i) 12-17 g/dl (male), (ii) 12-15 g/dl (Female), (iii) New born: 14-24 g/dl, (vi) Child: 11-16g/dl, 120/80 mm Hg, 72/minute, 16-20/minute, 4-10 mm/hour, , 200-350, million/ejaculation, 40-300 million/ml, , &, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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68, , Biology, , Functions of different regions of the brain, Region, , Functions, , Forebrain, Olfactory lobes, Cerebrum, , Sense of smell., , Thinking, memory, learning and emotions., , Frontal lobe, , Temporal lobe, Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe, Diencephalon, , Mid brain, , Hind brain, Cerebellum, Pons varoli, Medulla oblangata, , Speech, facial muscular activities and higher mental activities., Hearing., Sight., , Touch, taste, smell, temperature and conscious association., , Controls hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, body temperature,, sweating and emotions., , Connects the forebrain and hind brain, controls reflex movements of head, neck, and trunk in response to visual and auditory stimuli., Maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone., Controls respiration., , Controls heart beat, breathing movements, regulates blood, pressure, swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting., , Disease and Defence Mechanism, Pratozoan diseases, Disease, , Pathogen, , 1. Malaria, , Plasmodium, , 3. Giardiasis, , Giardia Lambia, , 2. Amoebiasis, , Enta moeba, histolytica, , 4. Sleeping, Sickness, 5. Leshmanis, , Trypanosoma, Leishmania, , 6. Trichomoniasis, , Fungal diseases, Disease, 1. Aspergillosis, 2. Candidiasis, , Trichomonas, Vaginalis, Pathogen, , Aspergillus fumigatuo, Candida albicens, , 3. Ringworm, , Trichoplyton, , 4. Blastomycosis Blasto myces, dermatitidis, , 5. Sporotnichosis Sporothrix Schenckii, , Immunity, , The term immunity refers to the, specific resistance exhibited by the host, towards infections by micro-organisms, (pathogens) and their products., Innate immunity, • It is developed in an individual without, having the disease or immunization,, e.g.,, Acquired Immunity, • The resistance against infectious, disease that an individual acquires, during life is known as acquired, immunity., MERS: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, (MERS) is new viral disease related to, respiratory illness., •, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Biology, , 69, , Ebola: Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF), is a severe, often-fatal disease in humans, and non-human primates (monkeys,, gorillas, and chimpanzees)., AIDS: Acquired Immuno Deficiency, Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human, Deficiency Virus (HIV)., , Common Heart diseases, •, •, •, , Coronary, artery, disease, or, Arthrosclerosis:, Angina (angina pectoris):, Heart Failure (congestive heart failure):, , Common Lung diseases, •, •, , Asthma, Bronchitis (Inflammation of the, Bronchi):, , Common Brain diseases, •, , Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a condition, where a person has recurrent seizures,, abnormal discharge of electrical, activity in the brain cells, Cancer : Cancer is a complex genetical disease, which occurs due to the environmental, factors. Cancer causing agent (carcinogen), may be present in food and water, in air in, sunlight and in chemicals., , BACTERIAL DISEASES, , Disease, , Pathogen, , Affected Organ, , Anthrax, , Bacillus anthracis, , Skin and intestine, , Tuberculosis, , Mycobacterium, tuberculosis, , Lungs, , Symptom, , Skinulcer, sore, throat, nausea, fever,, breathlessness, Cholera, Vibrio cholerae, Intestine, Vomiting, acute, diarrhoea, muscular, cramps, dehydration, etc., Diphtheria, Corynebacterium Respiratory tract, Difficulty in, diphtheriae, respiration (mainly in, child of age 2-5 yrs)., Gonorrhoea, Neisseria, Urinary tract, Swelling in urinary, (sexual disease), gonorrhoea, tract., Leprosy or, Mycobacterium, Chronic infection of Ulcers, nodules, scaly, Hansen’s disease leprae, skin and nerve, scabs (the infected, part of the body, becomes senseless)., Plague, Pasteurella,, Blood disease, High fever, weakness, (i) Bubonic plague Yersinia pestis, and haemorrhage, which turn black., (ii) Pneumonic, “, Lungs, Haemorrhage of, plaque, bronchi, lungs., (iii) Septicemic, “, Blood, Anaemia, fever, chills, plague, leading to death with, in two days., Tetanus (lock jaw) Clostridium tetani Central nervous, Painful contraction of, system, neck and jaw muscles, followed by paralysis, of thoracic muscles., Repeated coughing,, high fever., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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70, , Biology, , Whooping cough, or Pertussis, Pneumonia, Typhoid, , Bacillus pertussis, Diplococcus, pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, , Respiratory system Continuous coughing., Lungs, , intestine, , VIRAL DISEASES, , Disease, AIDS (Acquired, Immuno Deficiency, Syndrome), Chicken pox, Small pox, Dengue fever, Ebola virus, disease, Hepatitis, (Epidemic, Jaundice), (i) Hepatitis - A, (ii) Hepatitis - B, Herpes, Influenza (flu), Measles German, Polio or, poliomyelitis, Rabies, (hydrophobia), , Swine influenza, (flu), , Pathogen, HIV (Human, Immuno, Deficiency Virus), Vericella virus, , Affected Part, , Sudden chill, chest, pain, cough, high fever., High fever, diarrhoea, and headache., , Symptom, , White blood cells Weak immune system., Whole body, , High fever, reddish, eruption on body, Variola virus, Whole body, Light fever, eruption of, blood on body, RNA containing, Whole body,, High fever, backache,, dengue virus, particularly head, headache, retro-orbital, eyes and joints, pain behind the eye ball., Ebola Virus, Whole body, Fatal hemorrhagic, (filovirus), fever, liver and kidney, disfunction vomiting,, headache., Hepatitis virus, Liver, Loss of appetite, nausea,, whitish stool and, jaundice., Hepatitis - A virus, Not fatal, Fatal, Hepatitis - B virus, Herpes virus, Skin, Swelling of skin., Influenza virus, Whole body, Inflammation of upper, respiratory tract, nose, throat and eyes., Rubella virus, Whole body, Loss of appetite, reddish, eruption on the body., Polio virus, Throat, backbone Fever, backbone and, and nerve, intestine wall cells are, destroyed. It leads to, paralysis., RNA virus called, Nervous system Encephalitis, fear, rabies virus, of water, high fever,, headache, spasm of, throat and chest leading, to death, H1N1 flu virus, Whole body, Headache, tiredness,, (muscles), sore throat, vomiting,, breathing problems., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Biology, , 71, , PROTOZOAN DISEASES, THEIR VECTORS, AND AFFECTED PART DISEASES, Disease, , Pathogen (Causative agent), , Vector, , Parts Affected and, Symptoms, , African trypanosomiasis, , Trypanosoma, gambienes, , Amoebic, dysentery (Amoebiasis), , Tsetse fly (Glossina palpalis), , Entamoeba histo- None, Infection by, lytica, contamination, , Blood and nervous tissue., Man feels sleepy, may, cause death., , Filaria or elephantiasis, , Wuchereria, bancrofti, , None, infection by, contamination, , Digestive system causes, loose motions, vomitting, , Kala azar or, dumdum fever, , Leishmania, donovani, , Malaria, , Plasmodium, vivax., , Diarrhoea, , Giardia, , Culex mosquito, , Sand flies (Phlebotomus), Female Anopheles, mosquito, , Colon (intestine). Develop, loose motion with blood,, pain in abdomen, Swelling of legs, testes, and other body parts., , Spleen and liver enlarge, and high fever develops., , Periodical attacks of high, fever, pain in joints accompanied by chill, heavy, perspiration and fast pulse., , FUNGAL DISEASES IN HUMAN BEINGS, Disease, , Pathogen (fungi), , Asthma or aspergillosis, , Aspergillus fumigatus, , Baldness, Athlete’s foot, Ringworm, Scabies, , Tinea capitis, Tinea pedis, Tricophyton Verrucosum, Acarus scabiei, , Symptoms, Obstruction in the, functioning of lungs., Hair fall, Skin disease, cracking of feet., Round red spot on skin, Skin itching and white spot, on the skin., , SOME VIRAL DISEASES IN ANIMALS, Animal, , Virus, , Disease, , Buffalo, , Pox virido orthopox, , Small pox, , Cow, , Herpes virus, , Herpes, , Cow, , Variola vera, , Small pox, , Cow, , Blue tongue virus, , Blue tongue, , Dog, , Street rabies virus, , Rabies, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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72, , Biology, , BLOOD, • Blood is a liquid connective tissue., • Blood has a fluid matrix called plasma., • Plasma is a pale coloured fluid which, contributes 55% of blood volume., Plasma contains 90 to 92 % of water., • Blood corpuscles are of three types: Red, blood corpuscles (RBCs) ,white blood, corpuscles(WBCs) and Blood platelets., • RBC’s are formed in the red bonemarrow., • RBC lack, nucleus., • Life span of RBCs (Erythrocytes) is, about 120 days., • WBCs (Leueocytes) are responsible, for immunity., • WBCs are manufactured in bone, marrow., • Neutrophils and monocytes are, phagocytic cells (destroy foreign, bodies), , • Basophils are involved in inflammatory, reactions., • Eosinophils are associated with, allergic reactions., • Lymphocytes are responsible for, immune response., • Platelets, (thrombocytes), are, responsible for clotting of blood, during accidents., • For a healthy adult person the average, systolic/diastolic pressure is 120/80, mm of Hg in arteries near heart., • Blood pressure is measured by, sphygmomanometer., • The Rh factor is a type of protein on, the surface of red blood cells. Most, people who have the Rh factor are, Rh-positive. Those who do not have, the Rh factor are Rh-negative., , VACCINES AND THEIR DOSES, , Age, Birth to 12, months, , Vaccination, , Dose, , • DPT (triple vaccine, against diptheria, • Three doses (commonly, whooping, cough/pertussis, and, oral) at intervals of 4-6, tetanus), weeks., • Polio (Sabin’s oral, previously Salk’s • Three doses at intervals of, injectible), 4-6 weeks., • BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin), • Intradermal and one vaccine, , 8-24 months • DPT, • Booster dose, • Polio (oral), • Booster dose, • Cholera vaccine (can be repeated • One, every year before summer), 9-15 months • Measles vaccine (MMR or Measles, • one dose, Mumps and Rubella), 5-6 years, , 10 years, , 16 years, , • DT, (Bivalent, vaccine, against • Booster dose, diphtheria and tetanus), • TAB (vaccine against Salmonella, typhi, S. paratyphi A and S paratyphi • Two doses at intervals of, B) or Typhoid Paratyphoid vaccine, 1-2 months, • Tetanus, TAB (typhoid), • Tetanus, TAB, , • Booster dose, • Booster dose, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Biology, , 73, , VACCINES AND INVENTORS, Vaccine, , Developed by, , Country, , Year, , Small Pox, , Edward Jenner, , England, , 1796, , Diphtheria and, Tetanus, , Emil Adolf Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato, , Germany/, Japan, , 1891, , Cholera, , Louis Pasteur, , TB Vaccine, , Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin, , Polio Vaccine, , Jonas E. Salk, , Oral Polio Vaccine, , Albert Bruce Sabin, , Measles Vaccine, , John F. Enders, Thomas peeble, , Rabies Vaccine, , Louis Pasteur, , Typhus Vaccine, , Charles Nicolle, , Rubella Vaccine, Scurvy vaccine, , Paul D.Parkman & Harry M. Meyer jr, , France, , France, US, , 1952, , US, , 1955, , US, , 1953, , France, , 1885, , France, , 1909, , 1966, , 1753, , MEDICAL SCIENCE DISCOVERIES, Inventor, , Year, , • Adhesive plaster-covered, , Paul Beiersdorf, Alexander Fleming (scotland), , 1882, 1928, , • Anthrax vaccine, , Louis Pasteur, , 1881, , bandages. Penicillin, , • Anesthetic, • Antiseptic, , • Artificial heart, • Artificial hip, , • Artificial skin, , • Bacteria (discovered), • Birth control pill, , • Cholera and T.B. Germs, • Blood, , • Cholera vaccine, , 1922, , James Lind, , Invention, , • Blood transfusion, (modern), , 1880, , • Contact lenses (glass), , William Morton, , Joseph Lister (Scotland), Denton Cooley, John Charnley, , Dr. John F. Burke and Ioannis Yannas, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, , 1846, , 1867, , 1969, , 1972 (perfected), 1979, , 1674, , Gregory Pincus, John Rock and Min- 1960 (approved, Chueh Chang, , Robert Koch (Germany), , William Harvey (Britain), Dr. Thomas Blundell, Louis Pasteur, Adolf Fick, , by FDA), 1883, , 1628 (published), 1818, , 1880, , 1887, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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74, , Biology, , • Corneal transplants, , Eduard Zirm, , 1905, , • Disposable syringe, , Colin Murdoch, , 1956, , • Cough drops, , • Dental drill, (motor-driven), , • DNA (structure, discovered), , • Electrocardiograph, • Gas mask, • Genetics, , • Heart transplant, , • Hypodermic syringe, • Insulin (discovery), • Iron lung, , • Microscope, (compound), • Morphine, , • Ophthalmoscope, , • Pacemaker (human), • Pasteurisation, • Pathology, • Penicillin, , • Plastic surgery, • Polio vaccine, • Quinine, , • Stethoscope, , • Thermometer (medical), • X-rays, , James Smith and sons, , George Fellows Harrington, , 1847, , 1864, , Frances Crick, James Watson and 1953, Rosalind Franklin, Willem Einthoven, , 1903, , Christiaan Barnard, , 1967, , Garrett Augustus Morgan, Johann Gregor Mendel, , 1912, , 1865, , Charles Gabriel Pravaz and Alexan- 1853, der Wood, Frederick Banting and Charles Best, , 1921, , Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner, , 1803, , Philip Drinker, Hans Janssen, , Charles Babbage, Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz, Wilson Greatbatch, Louis Pasteur, , Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Alexander Fleming, , Archibald Hector McIndoe, Jonas Salk, , 1929, 1590, , 1847, 1851, , 1960 (first use), 1864, , 1761, , 1928, , 1940s, 1953, , Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph 1820, Bienaime Caventou, René Laënnec, , Thomas Allbutt, , Wilhelm Roentgen, , Genetically Modified Plants, , 1819, , 1866, , 1895, , • Golden Rice: It is a genetically modified variety of Rice., • Bt Cotton : Bacillus thuringiensis, • Flavr savr variety of tomato: Flavr savr is the first genetically engineered crop in which, tomatoes have longer shelf life., , , , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, C - Commonly; O - Oriented; M - Machine;, P - Particularly;, U - Used; T - for Trade; E - Education; R and Research., In this age of computers there is no such, activity that cannot be achieved without, computers. Computer has become an, indispensable and multipurpose tool. We, are breathing in the computer age and, gradually computer has become such a desire, necessity of life that it is difficult to imagine, life without it. This chapter will help you to, gain an understanding of the basic as well, as advanced concepts of computers., , CONCEPT OF COMPUTER, SYSTEM, , A computer is an advanced electronic device, that takes raw data as input from the user, and processes this data under the control, of set of instructions (called program) and, gives the result (output) and saves output, for the future reference and usage., CPU, , Control, ALU, unit, Registers, , Input, , RAM, , Output, , Storage, A basic computer system, , To know about the working of a computer,, first need to understand various terms such, as Data, Processing and Information. First, of all, lets start with three basic terms:, 1. Data: Data is a collection of basic facts, and figure without any sequence. This, data is also called as raw data., 2. Processing: Processing is the set of, instructions given by the user to the, related data that was collected earlier, , to output meaningful information. The, computer does the required processing, by making the necessary calculations,, comparisons and decisions., 3. Information: Information is the, end point or the final output of any, processed work. This meaningful, output data is called information., , CHARACTERISTICS OF, COMPUTER, , The major characteristics of computers, are the following:, • Speed: A powerful computer is capable, of executing about 3 million calculations, per second., • Accuracy: A computer’s accuracy is, consistently high; if there are errors,, they are due to errors in instructions, given by the programmer., • Reliability: The output generated by, the computer is very reliable as long as, the data is reliable., • Memory/Storage, Capacity:, The, computer can store large volumes of, data and makes the retrieval of data an, easy task., • Versatility:, The, computer, can, accomplish many different things., It can accept information through, various input-output devices, perform, arithmetic and logic operations,, generate a variety of outputs in a variety, of forms, etc., • Automation: Once the instructions are, fed into computer it works automatically, without any human intervention., • Diligence : A computer will never fail, to perform its task due to distraction or, laziness., • Convenience : Computers are usually, easy to access, and allow people to, find information easily that without a, computer would be very difficult., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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76, • Flexibility : Computers can be used for, entertainment, for business, by people, who hold different ideals or who have, varied goals. Almost anyone can use a, computer, and computers can be used, to assist with almost any goal., , GOALS OF COMPUTERS, , 1. Problem-solving techniques using the, computer., 2. Analysis of complex problems and the, synthesis of solutions., 3. Comprehension of modern software, engineering principles., 4. A vast breadth and depth of knowledge, in the discipline of computer science., , HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT, , In beginning, there were no computers., To add or subtract, man used his fingers, and toes. Abacus is known to be the first, mechanical calculating device. The main, purpose of abacus was that additions and, subtraction could be performed quickly., Abacus was developed by the Egyptians in, the 10th century B.C, but the final structure, was given in the 12th century A.D. by the, Chinese educationists. Abacus is made up, of a frame in which rods are fitted across, with rounds beads sliding on the rod., , Napier, , Napier’s Bones in an Abacus invented by, John Napier. Napier used the bone rods for, counting purpose where numbers were, printed on them. With the help of these, rods, one could do addition, subtraction,, multiplication and division speedily., , Pascal’s calculator called ‘Pascaline’, In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French, scientist invented an adding machine, called Pascal’s calculator, which represents, the position of digit with the help of gears, in it. Though these machines were early, forerunners to computer engineering, the, calculator failed to be a great commercial, success., , Leibniz Calculator, , Leibniz was successfully introduced a, calculator into the market in the year 1646., It was designed further in 1673 but it took, until 1694 to complete. The calculator, , Computers, could perform the basic mathematical, operations such as add, subtract, multiply,, and divide. Wheels were placed at right, angles which could be displaced by a, special stepping mechanism., , Analytical Engine “The first, Computer”, , This analytical engine, the first fullyautomatic calculating machine, was, constructed by British computing pioneer, Charles Babbage (1791-1871), who, first conceived the idea of an advanced, calculating machine to calculate and, print mathematical tables in 1812., This Analytical Engine incorporated an, arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the, form of conditional branching and loops,, and integrated memory, making it the first, design for a general-purpose computer, that could be described in modern terms, as Turing-machine and could execute a, program stored in memory step by step., , CLASSIFICATION OF, COMPUTERS, , Classification, Based on, Historical, development, , Purpose Technology Size and, used, capacity, , First Generation of Computers, (1942-1955), The beginning of commercial computer, age is from UNIVAC (Universal Automatic, Computer)., The, first, generation, computers were used during 19421955. They were based on vacuum, tubes. Examples of first generation, computers are ENIVAC and UNIVAC-1., Advantages, • Vacuum tubes were the only electronic, component available during those days., • Vacuum tube technology made possible, to make electronic digital computers., • These computers could calculate data, in millisecond., Disadvantages, • The computers were very large in size., • They consumed a large amount of energy., • Non-portable., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, •, •, •, •, , Limited commercial use., Very slow speed., Used machine language only., Used magnetic drums which provide, very less data storage., , Second Generation Computers, (1955-1964), , The second generation computers used, transistors. The size of the computers was, decreased by replacing vacuum tubes, with transistors. The examples of second, generation computers are IBM 7094, series, IBM 1400 series and CDC 164 etc., Advantages, • Smaller in size as compared to the first, generation computers., • Used less energy and were not heated., • Better speed and could calculate data in, microseconds., • Used faster peripherals like tape drives,, magnetic disks, printer etc., • Used Assembly language instead of, Machine language., Disadvantages, • Cooling system was required., • Constant maintenance was required., • Only used for specific purposes., • Costly and not versatile., , Third Generation Computers, (1964-1975), , The Third generation computers used, the integrated circuits (IC). The first IC was, invented and used in 1961. The size of an, IC is about ¼ square inch. A single IC chip, may contain thousands of transistors. The, computer became smaller in size, faster,, more reliable and less expensive. The, examples of third generation computers, are IBM 370, IBM System/360, UNIVAC, 1108 and UNIVAC AC 9000 etc., An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes, called a chip or microchip, is a, semiconductor wafer on which thousands, or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors,, and transistors are fabricated., , Advantages, • Smaller in size as compared to previous, generations., • More reliable., • Used less energy., • Better speed and could calculate data in, nanoseconds., , 77, Disadvantages, • Air conditioning was required., • Highly sophisticated technology required, for the manufacturing of IC chips., , Fourth Generation Computers, (1975-Present), , The fourth generation computers started, with the invention of Microprocessor. The, Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs., The LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuit, and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), circuit was designed. It greatly reduced, the size of computer. The size of modern, Microprocessors is usually one square, inch. It can contain millions of electronic, circuits. The examples of fourth generation, computers are Apple Macintosh & IBM PC., Advantages, • More powerful and reliable than, previous generations., • Small in size, • Fast processing power with less power, consumption, • Fan for heat discharging and thus to, keep cold., • Cheapest among all generations., • All types of High level languages can be, used in this type of computers., Disadvantage, • The latest technology is required for, manufacturing of Microprocessors., , Fifth Generation Computers, (Present & Beyond), , Scientists are working hard on the 5th, generation computers with quite a, few breakthroughs. It is based on the, technique of Artificial Intelligence (AI)., Computers can understand spoken words, & imitate human reasoning. IBM Watson, computer is one example that outsmarts, Harvard University Students., , TYPES OF COMPUTER, , Computers can be classified according to, the following types:, , BASED ON WORK, Analog, , The analog computers are computer, systems that measure variations in, quantities such as temperature, voltage,, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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78, speed, etc. Analog computers are known to, measure the data that varies continuously., Other examples of analog computers, include Voltmeter and Ammeter., , Digital, , Digital computers are the computer, systems that count things by manipulation, of certain discontinuous numbers and, letters through representation of binary, digits (also called bits) in contrast to, analog computers that measures the, variations in quantities). In other words, texts and graphics are treated numerically., Today the digital computers have, replaced the analog ones. Examples of, digital computers are desktop, personal, computers, workstations, tablet etc., , Hybrid, , Hybrid computers as the name suggests, are a good mix of analog as well as digital, computers, using an analog computer, front-end, which is then fed into a, digital computer’s repetitive process., Hybrid computers are used for scientific, calculations, in defence and systems., , BASED ON PURPOSE, , On the basis of purpose, computers are, categorised as following :, , General Purpose, , These computers are designed to work on, different types of applications. In these types, of computers the programs are not stored, permanently rather programs are input, at the time of their execution. Personal, computers, including desktops, notebooks,, smart phones and tablets, are all examples, of general-purpose computers. Various, tasks can be accomplished by using general, purpose computers : For example writing, and editing (word processing), manipulating, different facts and figures in various, databases, tracking manufacturing inventory,, making scientific calculations, controlling, organization’s security system, electricity, consumption, building temperature etc., , Special Purpose, , Special-Purpose computers are task, specific computers and are designed to, solve a particular problem. They are also, known as dedicated computers, because, , Computers, these computers are dedicated to perform, a single particular task repetitively., Examples of such computer systems, include the traffic control system ,they, are also used in video games ,navigational, systems in an aircraft, weather forecasting,, satellite launch tracking, oil exploration,, and in automotive industries, keeping, time in a digital watch, or Robot helicopter., , BASED ON MEMORY SIZE AND, PERFORMANCE, , Computers can be generally classified by, size and power as follows –, , Micro Computer, , A microcomputer is a computer that, uses a microprocessor as its central, processing unit. Microcomputers are, physically smaller in size as compared, to mainframe and minicomputers. Many, microcomputers when equipped with a, keyboard and screen for input and output, respectively can be used as personal, computers (in the generic sense)., Microcomputers are easier to use and also, inexpensive as the memory used by them, i.e. microprocessors and semi conductors, have become cheaper in the last few years., E.g. The various micro computers widely, available are IBM pcs, APPLE mac etc. the, small types of pcs like the palmtop and, handheld are now becoming available., , Minicomputer, , It is a midsize computer. In the past, few years the difference between large, minicomputers and small mainframes, has decreased significantly just like the, distinction between small minicomputers, and workstations. A minicomputer can, support upto 200 users at the same time., E.g. The various machines widely available, are vax series 8200 and 8300, honeywell, (xps-100), icl’s series 36 level 20,50,60, galaxy-21, hcl-4, nelco-5000 and others., , Mainframe, , Mainframe computers known as the, “Big Iron” are computers that are used, primarily by corporate and governmental, organizations. Modern mainframe design, is generally defined by the following, features:, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, • High reliability and security, • Extensive input-output facilities with, the ability to off load to separate, engines, • Strict backward compatibility with, older version of software, , Tower model, , This model of personal computer refers, to a computer in which the power supply,, motherboard, and other mass storage, devices are stacked on top of each other in, a cabinet., , Desktop model, , Desktop model means computer that are, designed to fit comfortably on top of a, desk, with the monitor sitting on top of, the computer. Desktop model computers, as compared to the tower model are broad, and low, whereas tower model computers, are narrow and tall., , Notebook computer, , Also called ultra book. These are extremely, popular because they are extremely, lightweight and portable. Because of their, small size, typically less than 6 pounds, or lesser than that,they have become so, popular. These flat-panel technologies, can produce a lightweight and non-bulky, display screen. The quality of notebook, display screens also differs considerably., Modern notebook computers are very, similar to personal computers in terms of, computing power., , Laptop computer, , Laptop are now a days also called, notebook computers .These are small and, portable .You can make them sit on your, lap and work on them., , Subnotebook computer, , Subnotebook computers are portable, computers that are even lighter and, smaller than a full-sized notebook, computer. They are light weight because, they use a small keyboard and screen as, compared to a notebook computer., , 79, , Hand-held computer, These computers are portable enough, to be carried in one’s hand. They are, extremely convenient for use but due to, extremely small size of their keyboards, and screens they have still not succeeded, in to replacing notebook computers., , Palmtop, , These computers as the name suggest fit, in your palm. Due to extremely small size, their use is limited to phone books and, calendars ., , PDA, , PDA’s have electronic pens rather than, keyboards for inputs unlike laptop. They, also incorporate handwriting recognition, features., and, voice, recognition, technologies that can also react to voice, input . PDAs are also called palmtops, handheld computers and pocket computers., , Smart phones, , Smart phones are cellular phones that, function both as a phone and a small pc., They may use a pen or may have a small, keyboard. They can be connected to the, internet wirelessly. Apple, Samsung, Sony, are some manufacturers of smart phones., , SOFTWARE, , Software is a general term which is used, to describe the instructions that are given, to a computer. These instructions can be, either a single programme or a group of, programmes., , Types of Software, , Software is generally classified into three, specific categories in the computer world:, 1. System software, 2. Application software, 3. Utility software, , 1. System software, , This consists of all the programmes,, languages and documentation supplied, by the manufacturer of the computer., This type of software is required to use, the computer efficiently and conveniently., These programmes allow the application, developer to write and develop their own, programmes., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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80, , Computers, , 2. Application software, These programmes are developed by the, user in order to perform some specific, function for the organisation. For example,, a payroll system to compute the salaries, of the employees of an organisation is, termed as an application software., , 3. Utility software, , Utility software may be considered as, an application software or a system, software which is very often used in the, development of a programme., , •, , BASIC COMMUNICATION, MODES OF OPERATION, , There are three basic modes of operation, that can exist for any network connection,, communications channel, or interface., 1. Simplex Operation : In simplex, operation, a network cable or, communications channel can only send, information in one direction; it’s a “oneway street”., 2. Half-Duplex Operation : Technologies, that employ half-duplex operation, are capable of sending information in, both directions between two nodes,, but only one direction or the other, can be utilized at a time. This is a fairly, common mode of operation when there, is only a single network medium (cable,, radio frequency and so forth) between, devices., 3. Full-Duplex Operation : In full-duplex, operation, a connection between two, devices is capable of sending data in both, directions simultaneously. Full-duplex, channels can be constructed either as, a pair of simplex links (as described, above) or using one channel designed, to permit bidirectional simultaneous, transmissions. A full-duplex link can, only connect two devices, so many such, links are required if multiple devices, are to be connected together., , INTERNET CONNECTIONS, , • Broadband : This high-speed Internet, connection is provided through, either cable or telephone companies., One of the fastest options available,, , •, , •, , •, , •, , broadband Internet uses multiple, data channels to send large quantities, of information. The term broadband, is shorthand for broad bandwidth., Broadband Internet connections such, as DSL and cable are considered highbandwidth connections. Although many, DSL connections can be considered, broadband,, not, all, broadband, connections are DSL., DSL: DSL which stands for Digital, Subscriber Line, uses existing 2-wire, copper telephone line connected to, one’s home so service is delivered at, the same time as landline telephone, service. Customers can still place calls, while surfing the Internet., Cable: Cable Internet connection is a, form of broadband access. Through, use of a cable modem, users can access, the Internet over cable TV lines. Cable, modems can provide extremely fast, access to the Internet., Wireless (WiFi): wireless fidelity (wifi), allows high speed internet connections, without use the use of cable or wires, radio frequency bands are used in place, of telephone or cable networks. One, of the greatest advantages of wireless, Internet connections is the “always-on”, connection that can be accessed from, any location that falls within network, coverage. Wireless connections are, made possible through the use of a, modem, which picks up Internet signals, and sends them to other devices., Mobile: Many cell phone and smart, phone providers offer voice plans, with Internet access. Mobile Internet, connections provide good speeds and, allow you to access the Internet on the, go., Hotspots: Hot-spots are sites that, offer Internet access over a wireless, local area network (WLAN) by way of a, router that then connects to an Internet, service provider. Hot-spots utilize WiFi technology, which allows electronic, devices to connect to the Internet or, exchange data wirelessly through radio, waves. Hotspots can be phone-based or, free-standing, commercial or free to the, public., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, • Satellite: In certain areas where, broadband connection is not yet, offered, a satellite Internet option may, be available. Similar to wireless access,, satellite connection utilizes a modem., • ISDN: ISDN (Integrated Services Digital, Network) allows users to send data,, voice and video content over digital, telephone lines or standard telephone, wires. The installation of an ISDN, adapter is required at both ends of the, transmission—on the part of the user, as well as the Internet access provider., , VARIOUS INTERNET RELATED, TERMS, EBCDIC, , EBCDIC is an IBM code for representing, characters as numbers. Although it is, widely used on large IBM computers,, most other computers, including PCs and, Macintoshes, use ASCIIcodes., , Baud, , When transmitting data, the number, of times the medium’s state changes, per second. For example a 14,400 baud, modem changes the signal it sends on the, phone line 14,400 times per second. Since, each change in state can correspond to, multiple bits of data, the actual bit rate of, data transfer may exceed the baud rate., , Bit, , (Binary Digit) A single digit number in, base-2, in other words, either a 1 or zero., The smallest unit of computerized data., Bandwidth is usually measured in bitsper-second. See also: Bandwidth, Bps,, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte., , Bits per second (bps), , The speed at which bits are transmitted, over a communication medium., , Cyberspace, , The term originated by author William, Gibson in his novel “Neuromancer”, the, word cyberspace is currently used to, describe the whole range of information, resources available through computer, networks., , 81, , Cookie, A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie,, web cookie, Internet cookie, or browser, cookie, is a small piece of data sent from, a website and stored in a user’s web, browser while the user is browsing that, website. Every time the user loads the, website, the browser sends the cookie, back to the server to notify the website of, the user’s previous activity., , Chat, , Real-time communication between two, users via computer. Once a chat has, been initiated, either user can enter, text by typing on the keyboard and the, entered text will appear on the other, user’s monitor. Most networks and online, services offer a chat feature., , Freenet A organization to provide free, , Internet access to people in a certain area,, usually through public libraries. Host, Any computer on a network that is, a repository for services available to, other computers on the network. It is, quite common to have one host machine, provide several services, such as WWW, and USENET., , IP Number Sometimes called a “dotted, quad”. A unique number consisting of four, parts separated by dots, e.g. 202.54.1.1 is, a IP number of one of the servers. Every, machine that is on the Internet has an, unique IP number - if a machine does not, have an IP number, it is not really on the, Internet. Most machines also have one or, more Domain Names that are easier for, people to remember., , ISO The International Organization for, Standardization; An organization that, has defined a different set of network, protocols, called the ISO/OSI protocols., In theory, the ISO/OSI protocols will, eventually replace the Internet protocols., When and if this will actually happen is a, hotly debated topic., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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82, , INTERNET SERVICE, PROVIDER (ISP), An organization that provides connections, to a part of Internet. If you want to connect, you company’s network, or even your, personal computer, to the Internet, you, have to talk to a “service provider”. Also, commonly known as ISP (Internet Service, Provider).E.g. Airtel, MTNL etc., , Leased line, , A permanently-connected private telephone, line between two locations. Leased lines are, typically used to connect a moderate-sized, local network to an Internet service provider., Network Information Center – Generally,, any office that handles information for, a network a network. The most famous, of these on the Internet is the InterNIC,, which is where new domain names are, registered., Network File System – A set of protocols, that allows you to use files on other, network machines as if they were local., So rather than using FTP to transfer a file, to your local computer, you can read it,, write it or edit it on the remote computer, – using the same commands that you’d use, locally. NFS was originally developed by, SUN Microsystem, Inc. and is currently in, widespread use., Network – Anytime you connected two, or more computers together so that they, can share resources you have a computer, network. Connect two or more network, together you have internet., Octet – Internet standard-monger’s lingo, for a set of 8 bits, i.e., a byte., Packet – A bundle of data. On the Internet,, data is broken up into small chunks,, called “packet”; each packet traverses the, network independently. Packet sizes can, vary from roughly 40 to 32,000 bytes,, depending on network hardware media,, but the packets are normally less than, 1500 bytes long., , Password, , A code used to gain access to a locked, system. Good passwords contain letters, and non-letters and are not simple, combinations such as “shanti8”. A good, password might be: Albert12@45$, , Computers, , PPP, (Point to Point Protocol) – most well known, as a protocol that allows a computer to use, a regular phone line and a modem to make, a TCP/IP connection and thus be really, and truly on the Internet. PPP is gradually, replacing SLIP for this purpose., , SEARCH ENGINE, , An automatized way to index and find, documents on the internet. Search engines, will “crawl,” or explore, the internet and, index every file they find. Examples of, search engines are www.google.com and, www.bing.com., , TELNET, , The command and program used to login, from one Internet site to another. The, Telnet command/program gets you to the, “login” prompt of another host., , UDP, , (The User Datagram Protocol) – Another, of the protocols on which the Internet, is based. For the techies, UDP is a, connectionless unreliable protocol. If, you’re not techie don’t let the word, “unreliable” worry you., , USENET, , A world wide system of discussion groups,, with comments passed among hundreds, of thousands of machines. Not all Usenet, machines are on the Internet, may be half., Usenet is completely decentralized, with, over 15,000 discussion areas, called news, groups., , PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, , A programming language is a set of, commands, instructions, and other, syntax use to create a software program., Languages that programmers use to write, code are called “high-level languages.” This, code can be compiled into a “low-level, language,” which is recognized directly by, the computer hardware., , (a) Low Level Languages, , Low level computer languages are, machine codes or close to it. Computer, cannot understand instructions given in, high level languages or in English. It can, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, only understand and execute instructions, given in the form of machine language i.e., language of 0 and 1. There are two types of, low level languages:, I. Machine Language , The set of instructions executed directly, by a computer’s central processing unit, (CPU) is called Machine code .In machine, language each and every instruction, performs specific operation. The machine, code is in the form a numerical code (i.e., not assembly code) and is the lowestlevel representation of a compiled and/, or assembled computer program .Machine, language is also called as a primitive, and hardware-dependent programming, language. Writing programs directly in, numerical machine code is tedious task., II. Assembly Language, A personal computer has a microprocessor, of its own that manages the computer’s, arithmetical, logical and control activities., All these operations are managed through, a set of instructions by each family of, processors. These operations are handled, by getting input from keyboard and, displaying information on screen and, performing various other jobs. These, •, , •, , •, , •, , 83, set of instructions are called machine, language instructions., Machine language instructions are in the, form of strings of 1’s and 0’s. Machine, language is quite obscure and complex for, using in software development. For this, very reason low-level assembly language, is designed for representation of all the, instructions in a symbolic code yet in a, more understandable form for a specific, family of processors., , (b) High-Level Language, , Earlier languages that were developed, ,during the development of computers, required knowledge of the internal, workings of the computer, hence attempts, were made to ease the programming, where the knowledge on the the internal, workings of the computer was not, required . High-level programming, languages allowed the specification of, writing a program closer to those used, by human beings. With the advent of high, level languages ,programming became far, easier, less error-prone and also removed, the programmer from having to know, the details of the internal structure of a, particular computer., , Assembler: It is used to convert the assembly language into machine language (i.e., 0 or 1). This language consists of mnemonic codes which are difficult to lean and is, machine dependent., Compiler - Compiler is a special program which reads a program in source language, and translates into an equivalent other language. Also it reports the errors in the, source program to its user, if there are any., , Types of Error. Errors are either syntactic or semantic:, Syntax errors are errors in the program text., Semantic errors are mistakes concerning the meaning of a program construct., Interpreter: A high-level programming language translator that translates and, runs the program at the same time. It converts one program statement into machine, language, executes it, and then proceeds to the next statement. This differs from, regular executable programs that are presented to the computer as binary-coded, instructions. Interpreted programs remain in the source language the programmer, wrote in, which is human readable text., Loader: In loading, a routine of a program is not loaded until it is called by the, program. All routines are kept on disk in a re-locatable load format. The main, program is loaded into memory and is executed. Other routines methods or modules, are loaded on request. Dynamic loading makes better memory space utilization and, unused routines are never loaded., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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84, •, , •, , Computers, Linker: Linking as the name suggests is the process of combining various pieces of, code and data together to form a single executable that can be loaded in memory., Linking can be done at compile time, load time (by loaders) and at run time (by, application programs) too., Debugging : In computers, debugging is the process of locating and fixing or, bypassing bugs (errors) in computer program code or the engineering of a, hardware device., Language, , Application Area, , COBOL(Common Business, Business applications, Oriented Language), , FORTRAN, (Formula Translation), , PASCAL, , C & C++, , LISP (List Processing), , JAVA, , Developer, , Grace Hopper in 1959, , Engineering & Scientific, Applications, , IBM in 1957, , Artificial Intelligence, , John Mc carthy in 1958, , General use and as a, Niklaus Wirth in 1972, teaching tool, General Purpose - currently C/C++ Bjarne Stroustrup in, most popular, 1983. Dennis Ritchie in 1972, , General Purpose - Internet, Oriented Programming, , DATA BASE MANAGEMENT, SYSTEM, , Database Management Systems (DBMS), are specially designed software which is, used to create and maintain a database. It, acts as an interface between users and a, database or multiple databases. DBMS is, comprised of tables that made up of rows, called records and columns called fields., The important processes catered by, existing DBMS are as below:, • Defining or constructing a data structure, which is also called as data definition, such as creating a table, deleting a table, or modifying the existing one., • Updating like inserting a record into a, table, deleting or modifying a record., • Retrieval or extracting information, from the database by user queries for, user applications, reporting or any, other business purposes., • Administration includes the activities, like enforcing data security, maintaining, data integrity, data backup and, recovery, granting & revoking accesses,, performance monitoring, disaster, , James Gosling in 1995, , management, etc. These activities, are generally carried out by a DBA, (database administrator)., , THERE ARE VARIOUS DBMS:, Microsoft Access, , This is the database management system, developed by Microsoft. It stores data in, its own format based on the Access Jet, Database Engine. It also has the facilities, like importing or linking directly to data, stored in other databases and applications., , MySQL, , MySQL is open source database, management system, one of the most, popular DBMS on the web. It is reliable,, fast and also flexible., , Oracle, , Developed by Oracle Corporation. It is, object relational database management, system. The original version of Oracle, software was developed by Software, Development Laboratories (SDL). Oracle, is regarded to be one of the safe DBMS., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, , Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft developed this relational, database server. The primary function of, this software is to store and retrieve the, data as requested by other applications,, whether those applications are on the same, computer or running on other computers, across the network (including internet)., , MEMORY ORGANISATION, Computer Organisation, , It is the way in which the components are, , built in computers whereas Computer, architecture is the science of integrating, those components to achieve a level of, functionality and performance this chapter., We shall study a high level view of computer, architecture that may be concerned with, how the central processing unit (CPU) acts, and how it uses computer memory., , Computer Architecture, , It is the field of study of selecting and, interconnecting hardware components to, create computers that satisfy functional, performance and cost goals. It refers to, those attributes of the computer system, that are visible to a programmer and, have a direct effect on the execution of a, program., , Computer Architecture, , It concerns with machine Organization,, interfaces,, application,, technology,, measurement & simulation that Includes:, • Instruction set, • Data formats, • Principle of Operation, • Features (organization of programmable, storage, registers used, interrupts, mechanism, etc.), In short, it is the combination of Instruction, Set Architecture, Machine Organization, and the related hardware., , INTERCONNECTION OF UNITS, Bus, , CPU sends data, instructions and, information to the components inside the, computer as well as to the peripherals, and devices attached to it. Bus is a set of, electronic signal pathways that allows, , 85, information and signals to travel between, components inside or outside of a, computer., The features and functionality of a bus are, as follows:, • A bus is a set of wires used for, interconnection, where each wire can, carry one bit of data., • A computer bus can be divided into two, types; internal bus and external bus., • The internal bus connects components, inside the motherboard like, CPU and, system memory. It is also called the, system bus., • The external bus connects the, different external devices; peripherals,, expansion slots, I/O ports and drive, connections to the rest of computer. It is, also referred to as the expansion bus., • The command to access the memory or, the I/O device is carried by the control, bus., • The address of I/O device or memory, is carried by the address bus. The data, to be transferred is carried by the data, bus., , INSTRUCTIONS FORMAT, , Computer understand instructions only, in terms of 0s and 1s, which is called the, machine language. A computer program, is a set of instruction that describe the, steps to be performed for carrying out a, computational task. The processor must, have two inputs instructions and data., The instruction tell the processor what, actions are needed to be performed on the, data. An instruction is divided into two, parts; operation (op-code) and operand., The op-code represents action that the, processor must execute and the operand, defines the parameters of the action and, depends on the operation., , Memory Hierarchy, , The hierarchical arrangement of storage, in current computer architectures is called, the memory hierarchy. It is designed to, take advantage of memory locality in, computer programs. Each level of the, hierarchy is of higher speed and lower, latency, and is of smaller size, than lower, levels., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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86, , Computers, , Following diagram shows memory, hierarchy in a modern computer system, Registers, in the CPU, , Primary Memory (Main Memory), , Cache, Main memory, Disk cache, Magnetic disk, Optical disk, , Magnetic tape, , Faster, Speed, , Bigger, Capacity, , Computer memory is the storage space, in computer where data is to be processed, and instructions required for processing, are stored. The memory is divided into, large number of small parts. Each part, is called cell. Each location or cell has a, unique address, which varies from zero to, memory size minus one., COMPARISON BETWEEN RAM & ROM, Description, , Definition, , Use, Volatility, Types, , Memory is primarily of two types:, 1. Primary Memory/Main Memory, 2. Secondary Memory, , Primary memory holds only those data, and instructions on which computer is, currently working. It has limited capacity, and data gets lost when power is switched, off., It is generally made up of semiconductor, device. These memories are not as fast, as registers. The data and instructions, required to be processed earlier reside in, main memory., It is divided into two subcategories: RAM, and ROM., , RAM, , ROM, , Random Access Memory, (RAM) is a form of data, storage that can be accessed, randomly at any time, in any, order and from any physical, location, allowing quick access, and manipulation., RAM allows the computer, to read data quickly to run, applications. It allows reading, and writing., RAM is volatile i.e. its contents, are lost when the device is, powered off., The two main types of RAM, are static RAM and dynamic, RAM., , Read-only memory (ROM) is also a, form of data storage that can not be, easily altered or reprogrammed. Stores, instructions that are not necessary for, rebooting up to make the computer, operate when it is switched off. They, are hard wired., , (i) RAM (Random Access Memory), , ROM stores the program required to, initially boot the computer. It only, allows reading., It is non-volatile i.e. its contents are, retained even when the device is, powered off., The types of ROM include PROM,, EPROM and EEPROM., , There are two types of Random Access Memory or RAM, each has its own advantages and, disadvantages compared to the other., A. SRAM (Static RAM), B., , DRAM (Dynamic RAM), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, , 87, , COMPARISON BETWEEN SRAM (STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) AND DRAM, (DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY):, SRAM, Definition, Speed, Size, , DRAM, , It is a type of RAM. SRAM essentially It is also a type of RAM. DRAM, uses latches to store charge., makes use of capacitors to store, bits in the form of charge., Faster, Slower, Bigger, , Cost, More expensive per bit, Capacity (same Less, technology), Applications, Generally in smaller applications, like CPU cache memory and hard, drive buffers, Types, Asynchronous SRAM, Synchronous SRAM, Pipeline Burst SRAM, Power, Less, Consumption, , (ii) ROM (Read Only Memory), , ROM has further classified into three types., Each type has unique characteristics, but, all types of ROM memory have two things, in common they are:, Data stored in these chips is non-volatile, i.e it is not lost when power is removed., Data stored in these chips is either, unchangeable or requires a special, operation to change., A. Programmable Read-Only Memory, (PROM): This form of ROM is initially, blank. The user or manufacturer can, write data/program on it by using, special devices. However, once the, program or data is written in PROM, chip, it cannot be changed. If there is, an error in writing instructions or data, in PROM, the error cannot be erased., PROM chip becomes unusable., B. Erasable, Programmable, ReadOnly, Memory, (EPROM):, This, type of ROM can have its contents, erased by ultraviolet light and then, reprogrammed by user/manufacturer., This procedure can be carried out many, times; however, the constant erasing, and rewriting will eventually render the, chip useless., , Smaller, , Less expensive per bit, 5 to 10 times more than SRAM, , Commonly used as the main, memory in personal computers, Fast Page Mode DRAM, Extended Data Out DRAM, Synchronous DRAM, More, , C. Electrically Erasable Programmable, Read-Only Memory (EEPROM): This, type of ROM works in a similar way to, Flash memory in that it can its contents, can be ‘flashed’ for erasure ad then, written to without having to remove the, chip from its environment. EEPROMs, are used to store a computer system’s, BIOS, and can be updated without, returning the unit to the factory. In, many cases, BIOS updates can be, carried out by computer users wishing, a BIOS update., , Secondary Memory (Auxillary, Memory), , The size of the main memory is very small, if large data need to be stored in it. Further,, the main memory is volatile in nature i.e., the contents are lost when power supply, is stopped. To overcome these another, memory is used in a computer system, called secondary memory or the auxiliary, memory. This is large as well as nonvolatile in nature. This type of memory, is also known as external memory or, non-volatile. It is slower than main, memory. These are used for storing Data/, Information permanently., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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88, CPU directly does not access these, memories, instead they are accessed, via input-output routines. Contents of, secondary memories are first transferred, to main memory and then CPU can access, it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc., , SECONDARY MEMORY, DEVICES:, A. Magnetic Disks, , Magnetic disks play two roles in computer, systems:, • Long-term, nonvolatile storage for files,, even when no programs are running., • A level of the memory hierarchy below, main memory used as a backing store, for virtual memory during program, execution., A magnetic disk consists of a collection of, platters (generally 1 to 12), rotating on a, spindle at 3,600 to 15,000 revolutions per, minute (RPM). These platters are metal, or glass disks covered with magnetic, recording material on both sides, so 10, platters have 20 recording surfaces. The, disk surface is divided into concentric, circles, called tracks. Each track in turn, is divided into sectors. A sector is the, smallest unit that can be read or written., , B. Optical Disks, , Optical disks are another type of secondary, memory. Many types of optical disks are, available in the market like CD(Compact, disks), DVD (Digital versatile disks) etc., CD-R are write once CDs i.e. data can be, written to them only once. CD-RW on the, other hand are rewritable CDs i.e. data can, be written and erased many times. Similar, variations DVD-R and DVD-RW are also, available in the market., , C. Magnetic Tape, , Magnetic tape is a long and narrow strip, of plastic that thin magnetic material is, coated on. Nearly all recording tape is, of this type, whether used for recording, audio or video or computer data storage., Magnetic tape recording uses magnetic, tape which moves on a recording head., , Computers, Electrical signals are fed to the recording, head, inducing a pattern of magnetization, similar to the signal. A playback head can, then pick up the changes in magnetic, field from the tape and convert it into an, electrical signal., , D. Floppy diskette, , A Floppy Disk Drive is a computer disk drive, that helps a user to save data to removable, diskettes. 8 inch disk drives were first, made available in 1971, which were later, replaced with 3 ½ inch floppy disk drives., Due to the limited capacity and reliability, of floppy diskettes in many computers they, are no longer used with floppy disk drives., They are being replaced with CD-R, other, writable discs, and flash drives., , E. CD-ROM disc, , Compact Disc-Read Only Memory, CDROM drives or optical drives are CD, players inside computers that can have, speeds in the range from 1x and beyond,, and have the capability of playing audio, CDs and computer data CDs., , F. CD-R and CD-RW disc, , It is also called as a CD writer, CD-WO (Write, once), WORM (Write Once Read Many), drive. CD-R is used for CD-Recordable and, is a writable disc and drive that is capable, of having information written to the disc, once and then having that disc read many, times after that. If the data is not written, to the disc properly, has errors, or has the, incorrect information that disc or portions, of that disc cannot be erased and is often, jokingly referred to as a coaster., , G. Recordable DVD (Digital video, Disk) drives, , These DVD drives are alternatively, referred to as a DVD writer, recordable, DVD drives. The recordable DVD drives, are capable of creating DVD discs. They, are different from recordable CD drives, as they have many different competing, standards for creating DVD discs. For, example, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD + R, DVD +, RW, DVD + R DL (DVD + R9), and DVD-RAM, are all different competing standards., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, , 89, , MEMORY MANAGEMENT TABLE, Approximate/Actual Values, Abbreviation, , Unit, Bit, , Byte, , b (common 'b'), , B (Capital 'B'), , Kilobytes, , KB, , Terabyte, , TB, , Megabyte, Gigabyte, , Petabyte, Exa Byte, , Zetta Byte, Yotta Byte, , Bronta Byte, , MB, GB, , PB, , EB, , All, upper, case, , Approximate, , 1000 bytes, , Actual, 0 or 1, , 8 bites, , 1024 bytes, , 1 million bytes, , 1024 KB, , 1015 Bytes, , 1024 TB, , 1 billion bytes, , 1 trillion bytes, 1018 Bytes, 1024 EB, , IMPORTANT MEASUREMENT, , 1024 MB, , 1024 GB, 1024 PB, 1024 ZB, , 1024 YB, , 1 Bit = Binary digit, The term ‘Bit’ is short for Binary digit., 1 Nibble = 4 Bits, 8 bits = 1 Byte = 2 Nibble, , KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS FOR WINDOWS, To, Press, Displays the properties of the selected object., ALT+Enter, “Close the active item, or quit the active program., ALT+F4, Switch between open items., ALT+TAB, Carry out the corresponding command or select the ALT+Underlined letter, corresponding option in a dialog box., Display the corresponding menu., ALT+Underlined letter, in a menu name, Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons Arrow keys, in a dialog box., View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows BACKSPACE, Explorer., Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As BACKSPACE, or Open dialog box in a dialog box., Copy selected item., CTRL while dragging, an item, Select all., CTRL+A, Copy., CTRL+C, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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90, To, Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph., Display the Start menu., Close the active document in programs that allow you to have, multiple documents open simultaneously., Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word., Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word., Highlight a block of text., , Computers, Press, CTRL+DOWN ARROW, CTRL+ESC, CTRL+F4, , CTRL+LEFT ARROW, CTRL+RIGHT ARROW, CTRL+SHIFT with any, of the arrow keys, Move backward through tabs in a dialog box., CTRL+SHIFT+TAB, Move forward through tabs in a dialog box., CTRL+TAB, Paste., CTRL+V, Cut., CTRL+X, Undo., CTRL+Z, Delete., DELETE, Display the bottom of the active window., END, Carry out the command for the active option or button in a ENTER, dialog box., Cancel the current task., ESC, Display Help in a dialog box., F1, Activate the menu bar in the active program., F10, Rename selected item., F2, Search for a file or folder., F3, Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows F4, Explorer., Display the items in the active list in a dialog box., F4, Refresh the active window., F5, Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6, Display the top of the active window., HOME, Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu., LEFT ARROW, Collapse current selection if it’s expanded, or select parent LEFT ARROW, folder., Display the items in the active list in a dialog box., F4, Refresh the active window., F5, Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6, Display the top of the active window., HOME, Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu., LEFT ARROW, Collapse current selection if it’s expanded, or select parent LEFT ARROW, folder., Display the items in the active list in a dialog box., F4, Refresh the active window., F5, Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6, Display the top of the active window., HOME, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, , 91, , To, Press, Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu., LEFT ARROW, Collapse current selection if it’s expanded, or select parent LEFT ARROW, folder., Display the shortcut menu for the selected item., Menu key, Display all subfolders under the selected folder., NUM LOCK+ASTERISK, on numeric keypad (*), Collapse the selected folder., NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN, on numeric keypad (-), Display the contents of the selected folder., NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN, on numeric keypad (+), Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu., RIGHT ARROW, Display current selection if it’s collapsed, or select first RIGHT ARROW, subfolder., Display the items in the active list in a dialog box., F4, Refresh the active window., F5, Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6, Display the shortcut menu for the selected item., Menu key, Collapse the selected folder., NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN, on numeric keypad (-), Display the contents of the selected folder., NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN, on numeric keypad (+), Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu., RIGHT ARROW, Display current selection if it’s collapsed, or select first RIGHT ARROW, subfolder., Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in SHIFT+DELETE, the Recycle Bin., Display the shortcut menu for the selected item., SHIFT+F10, Move backward through options in a dialog box., SHIFT+TAB, Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box SPACEBAR, in a dialog box., Move forward through options in a dialog box., TAB, Display or hide the Start menu., Windows Key, Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, Windows Key+ L, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain., Show the desktop., Windows Key+D, Open My Computer., Windows Key+E, Search for a file or folder., Windows Key+F, Display Windows Help., Windows Key+F1, Minimize all windows., Windows Key+M, Open the Run dialog box., Windows Key+R, Restores minimized windows., Windows Key+Shift+M, Opens Utility Manager., Windows Key+U, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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92, , Computers, , MICROSOFT WORD SHORT CUTS, SHORTCUT, Ctrl + 0, Ctrl + A, Ctrl + B, Ctrl + C, Ctrl + D, Ctrl + E, Ctrl + F, Ctrl + I, Ctrl + J, Ctrl + K, Ctrl + L, Ctrl + M, Ctrl + P, Ctrl + R, Ctrl + S, Ctrl + T, Ctrl + U, Ctrl + V, Ctrl + X, Ctrl + Y, Ctrl + Z, Ctrl + Shift + L, Ctrl + Shift + F, Ctrl + Shift + >, Ctrl + ], Ctrl + Shift + <, , Ctrl + [, Ctrl + <left arrow>, Ctrl + <right arrow>, Ctrl + <up arrow>, Ctrl + <down arrow>, Ctrl + Del, Ctrl + Backspace, Ctrl + End, Ctrl + Home, Ctrl + Spacebar, Alt + Ctrl + F2, Ctrl + F2, Ctrl + Shift + F12, F1, F4, , DESCRIPTION, Adds or removes 6 pts of spacing before a paragraph., Select all contents of the page., Bold highlighted selection., Copy selected text., Open the font preferences window., Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen., Open find box., Italic highlighted selection., Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen., Insert link., Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen., Indent the paragraph., Open the print window., Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen., Save the open document. Just like Shift + F12., Create a hanging indent., Underline the selected text., Paste., Cut selected text., Redo the last action performed., Undo last action., Quickly create a bullet point., Change the font., Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increase font +2pts., Increase selected font +1pts., Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower; if above 12, decreases, font by +2pt., Decrease selected font -1pts., Moves one word to the left., Moves one word to the right., Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph., Moves to the end of the paragraph., Deletes word to right of cursor., Deletes word to left of cursor., Moves the cursor to the end of the document., Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document., Reset highlighted text to the default font., Open new document., Display the print preview., Prints the document., Open Help., Repeat the last action performed, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, SHORTCUT, F5, F7, F12, Shift + F3, Shift + F12, Shift + Enter, Shift + Insert, Shift + Alt + D, Shift + Alt + T, , 93, DESCRIPTION, Open the Find, Replace, and Go To window in Microsoft Word., Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document., Save As., Change the text in Microsoft Word from uppercase to lowercase or a, capital letter at the beginning of every word., Save the open document. Just like Ctrl + S., Create a soft break instead of a new paragraph., Paste., Insert the current date., Insert the current time., , MOUSE SHORTCUT, , In addition to the above shortcut keys, users can also use their mouse to perform some, common actions. Below some are examples of mouse shortcuts., MOUSE SHORTCUTS, DESCRIPTION, Click, hold, and drag Selects text from where user click and hold to the point user, drag and let go., Double-click, If double-clicking a word, selects the complete word., Double-click, Double-clicking on the left, center, or right of a blank line makes, the alignment of the text left, center, or right aligned., Double-click, Double-clicking anywhere after text on a line will set a tab stop., Triple-click, Selects the line or paragraph of the text that the mouse tripleclicked on., Ctrl + Mouse wheel, Zooms in and out of document., , MICROSOFT EXCEL SHORTCUTS, , Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys usable in Microsoft Excel. See the computer, shortcut page if user are looking for shortcut keys used in other programs., SHORTCUT, F2, F3, F4, , F5, F7, F11, Ctrl + Shift + ;, Ctrl + ;, Alt + Shift + F1, Alt + Enter, Shift + F3, Shift + F5, , DESCRIPTION, Edit the selected cell., After a name has been created, F3 will paste names., Repeat last action. For example, if user changed the color of text in, another cell, pressing F4 will change the text in cell to the same color., Go to a specific cell. For example, C6., Spell check selected text or document., Create chart from selected data., Enter the current time., Enter the current date., Insert New Worksheet., While typing text in a cell, pressing Alt + Enter will move to the next, line, allowing for multiple lines of text in one cell., Open the Excel formula window., Bring up search box., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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94, Ctrl + 1, Ctrl + A, Ctrl + B, Ctrl + I, Ctrl + K, Ctrl + S, Ctrl + U, Ctrl + P, Ctrl + Z, Ctrl + F3, Ctrl + F9, Ctrl + F10, Ctrl + Page up, Ctrl + Page down, Ctrl + Tab, Alt + =, Ctrl + ‘, Ctrl + Arrow key, Ctrl + Space, Shift + Space, Ctrl + Ctrl + Shift + =, Ctrl + Home, , Computers, Open the Format Cells window., Select all contents of the worksheet., Bold highlighted selection., Italic highlighted selection., Insert link., Save the open worksheet., Underline highlighted selection., Bring up the print dialog box to begin the printing process., Undo last action., Open Excel Name Manager., Minimize current window., Maximize currently selected window., Move between work sheets in the same document., Move between work sheets in the same document., Move between Two or more open Excel files., Create a formula to sum all of the above cells., Insert the value of the above cell into the cell currently selected., Move to next section of text., Select entire column., Select entire row., Delete the selected column or row., Insert a new column or row., Move to cell A1., , IMPORTANT TERMS, , Access Time: Access time is the time, from the start of one access of the storage, device to the time when the next access, can be started., Accessory: An Accessory is a device, attached to a host computer, but not part, of it, and is more or less dependent on the, host. It expands the host’s capabilities, but, does not form part of the core computer, architecture., Examples are computer printers, image, scanners, tape drives, microphones,, loudspeakers, webcams, and digital cameras., Active Cell: The cell that continues, the value being used or modified in, a spreadsheet program, and that is, highlighted by the cell pointer. Also known, as current cell., Active Window : The window in Microsoft, Windows with which the user may interact., Accumulator: The computer register in, which the result of an arithmetic or logic, , operation is formed (related to arithmetic, and logic unit)., Algorithm:, Algorithm, gives, the, computational steps for the particular, problem that take some finite input and, give the desired output., Analog: A continuous waveform signal, that can be used to represent such things, as a sound, temperature, and velocity., Analog Computer: A computer in which, numerical data are represented by, measurable physical variables, such as, electrical., Antivirus: Computer antivirus refers, to a software program that can protect, your computer from unwanted viruses, and remove any that penetrate your, computer’s defenses., Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU): An, arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of, a computer processor (CPU) that carries, out arithmetic and logic operations on the, operands in computer instruction words., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, Artificial, Intelligence:, Artificial, intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of, machines and the branch of computer, science that aims to create it. AI textbooks, define the field as “the study and design, of intelligent agents” where an intelligent, agent is a system that perceives its, environment and takes actions that, maximize its chances of success., ASCII (American Standard Code for, Information Interchange): ASCII, a, code for information exchange between, computers made by different companies;, a string of 7 binary digits represents each, character; used in most microcomputers., ASCII are two type : 1. ASCII-7, 2. ASCII-8, Assembly Language: A programming, language that is once removed from a, computer’s machine language. Machine, languages consist entirely of numbers, and is almost impossible for humans to, read and write. Assembly languages have, the same structure and set of commands, as machine language, but they enable, a programmer to use names instead of, numbers., Auxilliary Memory: A high-speed, memory bank used in mainframes, and supercomputers. It is not directly, addressable by the CPU; rather, it functions, like a disk. Data are transferred from, auxiliary memory to main memory over a, high-bandwidth channel., Backup: A backup or the process of, backing up means making copies of data, which may be used to restore the original, data after a data loss event., Bandwidth: In computer networking and, computer science, bandwidth, network, bandwidth, data bandwidth or digital, bandwidth is a bit rate measure of available, or consumed data communication, resources expressed in bits/second or, multiples of it (kilobits/s, megabits/s etc.)., BIOS: Basic Input Output System. This is, the basic set of instructions that tell the, computer how to act. Most computers, have these instructions built into a chip, that plugs into the motherboard., Bar Code: A bar code (often seen as a, single word, barcode) is the small image, of lines (bars) and spaces that is affixed to, retail store items, identification cards, and, , 95, postal mail to identify a particular product, number, person, or location., Binary: Computers are based on the, binary numbering system, which consists, of just two unique numbers, 0 and 1., Biometric Device: Biometrics (or biometric, authentication) consists of methods for, uniquely recognizing humans based, upon one or more intrinsic physical or, behavioral traits., Bitmap: In computer graphics, a bitmap or, pixmap is a type of memory organization, or image file format used to store digital, images., Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a proprietary, open wireless technology standard for, exchanging data over short distances, (using, short, wavelength, radio, transmissions in the ISM band from 24002480 MHz) between fixed and mobile, devices, creating personal area networks, (PANs) with high levels of security., Booting: To boot (as a verb; also “to boot, up”) a computer is to load an operating, system into the computer’s main memory, or random access memory (RAM)., Browse: In database systems, browse, means to view data. Many database, systems support a special browse mode,, in which you can flip through fields and, records quickly. Usually, you cannot modify, data while you are in browse mode., Bug: A software bug is the common term, used to describe an error, flaw, mistake,, failure, or fault in a computer program, or system that produces an incorrect or, unexpected result, or causes it to behave, in unintended ways., Byte: Byte is a unit of digital information, in computing and telecommunications, that most commonly consists of eight bits., CD ROM (Compact Disk- Read Only, Memory): It is a type of optical disk, capable of storing large amounts of data, up to 1GB, although the most common size, is 700 MB (megabytes)., CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable): a, type of CD disk that enables you to write, onto it in multiple sessions., Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU, is the computer’s control center. Think of, it as the brain that does all the thinking, (computation); thus it is called the Central, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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96, Processing Unit. The actual CPU is about, 4 cm square, yet it is the most critical part, of the computer. Having a fast CPU (speed, measured in MegaHertz or Gigahertz), greatly aids in the overall speed of your, computer., CMOS: Acronym for “Complimentary, Metal Oxide Semiconductor”. A CMOS, computer ciruit consumes very little, power and is used in computers to keep, track of the system setup information,, data, time, type of disk and hard drives,, etc, that a computer has installed., Compressed File: Computer files that, have been reduced in size by a compression, program. Such programs are available for, all computer systems., Central Processing Unit (CPU): The, Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an, electronic component that interprets, and carries out the instructions of any, application that runs on a computer. It is, the place where all the computing is done., Data: Representation of Raw facts. The, raw material of information., Database: The integrated data resource, for a computer-based information system., DDR: This is a new type of RAM called, Double Data Rate RAM. It is used in some, of video cards such as the Nvidia GeForce, cards., Desktop: The screen in Windows upon, which icons, windows, a background, and, so on are displayed., Desk Top Publishing (DTP): Software, that allows users to produce neartypeset-quality copy for newsletters,, advertisements,, and, many, other, printing needs, all from the confines of a, microcomputer., Dial up: A dial-up Internet account allows, you to use a computer with a modem, and appropriate software to connect to, the Internet through an Internet Service, Provider (ISP). The software “dials” the, ISP’s access numbers and you can then, send e-mail, browse the World Wide Web, or engage in other Internet activities., Digital: Term used to describe any, information that has been translated into, a corresponding series of 1s and 0s; any, information text, sound, image, color etc., may be digitized., , Computers, Digital Computer: A computer that, performs, calculations, and, logical, operations with quantities represented, as digital usually in the binary number, system., Digital Video/ Versatile Disk (DVD):, The successor technology to the CD-ROM,, that can store up to 10 gigabytes or more., Disk: A magnetically encoded storage, medium in the form of a plate (also called, a platter)., Disk Operating System (DOS): A disk, operating system manages disks and, other system resources. It is a subset of, OSes, sort of an archaic term for the same., MS-DOS is the most popular program, currently calling itself a DOS. CP/M was, the most popular prior to MS-DOS., Domain Names: A name given to a host, computer on the Internet; E-mail domain, names are good examples of domain names, (for example in [email protected],, the domain name is ‘kbscontent.com’)., Downloading: Retrieving a file or group of, files from the Internet so that they can be, stored on a local hard drive. By accessing, a page, you have, in fact, downloaded all, the information on the page so that it can, be viewed and interpreted by your web, browser., Electronic Mail: When a message is sent,, the message is sent first to the SMTP server,, which acts as an “outbox” for users. The, message is then relayed to the appropriate, mail server, which can be found listed after, the @ symbol in the recipient’s E-mail, address. The message then waits on that, server until the recipient accesses the, message., Ethernet: A transport method (protocol), used to connect computers to a LAN (Local, Area Network) and exchange data., File: (1) A collection of related records., (2) A named area on a disk-storage device, that contains a program or digitized, information (text, image, sound, and, so on). (3) A component of an overall, program or application., Font: In a simplistic sense, a font can be, thought of as the physical description of, a character set. While the character set, will define what sets of bits map to what, letters, numbers, and other symbols, the, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, font will define what each letter, number,, and other symbol looks like., Format: (1) Noun: The logical or physical, arrangement of the tracks and sectors, on a floppy diskette or a hard disk. To be, usable, a disk must be formatted so that, the tracks and sectors are laid out in a, manner compatible with the operating, system in use., (2) Verb: To prepare a disk or diskette,, dividing it into sectors so that it is ready, to receive data., Gigahertz: One gigahertz is equivalent to, 1000 megahertz, or 1,000,000,000 hertz., Hacker: An individual with vast experience, with security protocols who attempts, to illegally access secure servers in an, attempt to download private information,, damage systems, or act in some other way, to “free information”., Hard Copy: A readable printed copy of, computer output., Hard Disk: Hard disk (internal) is a, permanent file and data storage device, housed in a computer case., Hardware: Collective term for any, computer-related object that can be, touched physically., Hexadecimal Number System: A, numeric notation system with a base of, 16 different symbols frequently used to, specify addresses in computer memory., In hexadecimal notation, the decimal, numbers 0 through 15 are represented, by the decimal digits 0 through 9 and the, alphabetic “digits” A through F(A = decimal, 10, B = decimal 11, etc.). Can be formed as, two 4-bit binary numbers from an 8-bit, binary number split into two parts., Home Page: The Web page which is the, starting point for accessing information at, a site or in a particular area., Host: A computer, attached to a network, which provides services to another, computer beyond simply storing and, forwarding information., Hyper Text Markup Language: This is, the code by which web pages are created, so they can be graphically organized, in various ways., The web browser, downloads the text of the HTML file, and, then decodes the text into what you can, see here. Many books and online manuals, , 97, are available to anyone wishing to learn, this code., Acronyms for “Hyper Text Mark-up, Llanguage” which is used to format, information so that it can be structured, and made accessible to the World Wide, Web., HTTP: Acronym for “Hypertext Transfer, Protocol” The protocol that forms the, basis of World Wide Web technology., HTTP is the set of rules governing the, software that transports hyperlinked files, along the Internet., Information Technology (IT): including, ICT (Information and Communication, Technology) is the application of, appropriate (enabling) technologes to, information processing., Input/output (I/O): A generic reference, to input and/or output to a computer., IP: Acronym for “Internet Protocol”., The standard protocol used by systems, communicating across the Internet., IP Address: A digital code that precisely, locates a computer connected to the, Internet., Inkjet Printer: A non-impact printer, in which the print head contains, independently, controlled, injection, chambers that squirt ink droplets on the, paper to form letters and images., Integrated Services Digital Network, (ISDN): A digital telecommunications, standard for data delivery over twistedpair lines with transmission speeds up to, 128 Kbps (two 64 Kbps line pairs)., Interface: (1) A specific hardware or, software connection. (2) Making two, devices capable of communication., Used most often to refer to the design, of hardware and software that allows, connection of network components and, transfer of information., Internet: Internet is the largest wide, area network in the world which links, millions of computers. Through internet, information can be shared, business can, be conducted and research can be done., IP Address (Internet Protocol Address):, A unique numerical Internet address, identifying any piece of equipment hooked, up to the Internet., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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98, Intranet: An Internet-like network whose, scope is restricted to the networks within, a particular organization., Java: Java is a programming language and, has a “sandboxed” code interpreter which, permits programs to be downloaded, to PC’s from the Web, but isolates, these applications from access to other, applications running on the PC., JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts, Group): A bit-mapped file format that, compresses image size., Jukebox: A storage device for multiple, sets of CD-ROMs, tape cartridges, or disk, modules enabling ready access to vast, amounts of online data., Keyboard: is one of computer components, which used to input data to a computer. It, is called an input device., Laptop: Laptop is a small and lightweight, computer in which all the main parts are, fitted into single unit. It is designed to be, carried around. Particularly, it is ideal for, travelers, journalists, commentators and, professionals who want to work both at, the office and home., LCD: Acronym for “Liquid Crystal Display”., It is the technology used for displays in, notebooks and monitors for computers., Linux: An open source spinoff of the UNIX, operating system that runs on a number of, hardware platforms and is made available, for free over the Internet., Local Area Network (LAN): Many, multiple-computer homes have found, ways to link their computers through a, central device called a “hub”. This way,, each computer can share information, directly, without the need to transfer data, via a portable storage device, like a floppy, disk. A properly set up LAN can also permit, the connected computers to access the, Internet through a single Internet account., Log on & Log off: Each server that is, accessed must have some way to ensure, security of their sensitive information., Thus, servers restrict access by forcing, users to “log on” with either personal, access codes or anonymously. Anonymous, access usually requires the individual’s, e-mail address, and the user’s IP address is, also logged. Once the desired information, has been obtained, the user can “log off”,, disconnecting access to the server., , Computers, MAC: Short for “ Macintosh”; the other, type of personal computer, manufactured, by Apple Computer., Machine Language: Machine language, consists of the raw numbers that can, be directly understood by a particular, processor. Each processor’s machine, language will be different from other, processors’ machine language. Although, called “machine language”, it is not usually, what people think of when talking about, computer languages. Machine language, dressed up with mnemonics to make, it a bit more human-readable is called, assembly language., Mainframe, Computer:, A, large, computer that can service many users, simultaneously in support of enterprisewide applications., Memory: One of the essential components, of a computer’s central processing unit., Memory is the area where information, and programs are actively processed., Microcomputer: A small computer; for, instance a Personal Computer or a laptop., Microprocessor: A computer on a single, chip. The central processing component of, a microcomputer., Modem: Modem is a telecommunication, device that converts digital signals to, analog and vice versa. It is used in dial-up, internet connection to connect a telephone, line to a computer., Monitor: The high-resolution TV-like, device that displays your computer’s, output. Today’s monitors have much, better quality displays than any TV is, capable of producing., Motherboard: It is the core of a computer, system. It is the circuit board where all, other parts connect. It communicates, and controls the overall system. No, motherboard means no computer system., MP3: This stands for “MPEG I Audio, Layer- 3” and is a digital compressed, music file (their file names always end, with an mp3 extension). MP3 files are, often downloaded or exchanged between, people online., MPEG: Acronym for “Motion Picture, Experts Group” A video file compression, system which is used on the web., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, Mouse: A small, handheld device attached, to a computer; includes one or more, buttons that allow the user to select, graphics or text onscreen., Multimedia application: Computer, applications that involve the integration, of text, sound, graphics, motion video, and, animation., Multitasking: The concurrent execution, of more than one program at a time., Offline: Pertaining to data that is not, accessible by, or hardware devices that are, not connected to, a networked computer, system., Online (a) Noun: Pertaining to data, and/or hardware devices accessible to, and under the control of a networked, computer system., (b) Adverb: Connected. You are online if, you are working on your computer while, it is connected to another computer. Your, printer is online if it is connected to your, computer and ready to accept data., Operating, System, or, Platform:, Operating systems create an environment, in which a user and hardware interact, to each other. These terms refer to the, software that your computer uses to, operate (otherwise known as your OS), and not to a manufacturer or company., Windows 2000, Windows XP, and OSX, (Mac) are common platforms., Password: Password is a series of, characters, digit and special symbol used, to protect resources in a computer from, unauthorized access. It is one of the ways, to secure computer information from, unauthorized users., Peripheral: A physical device (such as a, printer, scanner, or disk subsystem) that is, externally attached to a workstation or to, the network., Plugin: A helper application that, works within a browser. It adds more, functionality to a browser; commonly, associated with the Netscape Navigator, browser software., Personal Computer: A small computer, designed for use by an individual, a, microcomputer., Processor: The logical component of, a computer system that interprets and, executes program instructions., , 99, Program: (1) Noun: Computer instructions, structured and ordered in a manner that,, when executed, causes a computer to, perform a particular function., (2) Verb: The act of producing computer, software to perform some application., Programming: The act of writing a, computer program., Programming language: A language, programmers use to communicate, instructions to a computer., RAM: Acronym for “Random Access, Memory”. Random Access memory,, the computer’s “short term” memory is, used whenever an action is performed, by a program. It is also called the “active, memory”. RAM is what the computer uses, to run all applications. RAM is usually, specified in Megabytes or MB. (The, other kind of memory dealers refer to is, “storage” memory or hard drive size. it is, usually specified in Gigabytes or GB.), ROM: Acronym for “Read Only Memory”,, in which information is saved once and, can never be altered For example. CD-ROM, drives read information saved on compact, disks (CD’s). A CD-ROM drive can read that, information, but cannot make changes to, it. For that you need a CD- RW drive. Some, ROM is built into your computer to help it, get started when you turn it on., Scanner: A scanner is a piece of hardware, that will examine a picture and produce a, computer file that represents what it sees., A digital camera is a related device. Each, has its own limitations., Search Engine: A tool used which, matches key words you enter with titles, and description on the Internet. It then, displays the matches allowing you to, easily locate a subject. Similar to a card, catalog, but not as efficient. Common, search engines are Webcrawler, Yahoo,, Alta Vista, Infoseek, Google and Lycos., Server: A computer or its software that, “serves” other computers by administering, network files and network operations., Three types of Internet servers are Web, servers, e-mail servers, and Gopher, servers., Surfing: The random, aimless exploration, of web pages achieved through following, links that look interesting within a, document, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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100, Software: Software is the set of, instructions developed by programming, language which tells a computer what to, do., System software : It controls the overall, operation of a computer. Some of the, activities include managing system, memory, controlling system resources,, executing computer hardware functions, and interfacing a user with computer, hardware and applications., Unix: UNIX is a family of OSes, each, being made by a different company or, organization but all offering a very similar, look and feel., Upload: The process of transferring, information from one computer to, another, generally from a client to a server., For example, you upload a file from your, computer to a server or the internet., USB: Acronym for “Universal Serial Bus”., This is a style of port connection that is, used by many peripheral devices such as, Palm Pilots, phones, scanners, printers, etc. This type of connection is much faster, than more traditional kinds of connections, such as serial and parallel ports., URL: Acronym for “Uniform Resource, Locator”. The specific path to a World Wide, Web file, including filename and extension., UPS: “Uninterruptible Power Supply”. An, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a, device that allows your computer to keep, running for at least a short time when the, primary power source is lost., Virus: A virus is a program that will, seek to duplicate itself in memory and, on disks, but in a subtle way that will not, immediately be noticed. A computer on the, same network as an infected computer or, that uses an infected disk (even a floppy), or that downloads and runs an infected, program can itself become infected., WAN: Acronym for “Wide Area Network”., A larger computer network that is, geographically dispersed, such as one that, stretches across a university campus., Web Page: A single screen (document) on, a Web site., Webcasting: “Webcasting” is a term that, describes the ability to use the Web to, deliver delayed versions of sound or video, broadcasts., , Computers, Website: The location of published, hypertext content. Physically, a Website, can occupy an entire Web server or a part, of a server; or it can be spread out among, different servers as long as its sections are, all linked directly, to the same home page., WLAN: Acronym for “Wireless Local Area, Network”. In a wireless local area network, (WLAN), an access point is a station that, transmits and receives data, sometimes, refered to as a transceiver., World Wide Web or WWW: This is the, part of the Internet that you acces. The, World Wide Web is so named because, each page in the WWW has links to other, pages, which have links to other pages,, and so on, creating what could visually be, seen as a web-like network of links., Kernel: The nucleus of an operating, system. It is the closest part to the machine, level and may activate the hardware, directly or interface to another software, layer that drives the hardware. The kernel, orchestrates the entire operation of the, computer by slicing time for each system, function and each application as well as, managing all the computer’s resources. It, typically resides in memory at all times., Shell: The outer layer of a program that, provides the user interface, or way of, commanding the computer. The term, originally referred to the software that, processed the commands typed into the, Unix operating system . For example, the, Bourne shell was the original command, line processor, and C shell and Korn shell, were developed later. In DOS, the default, shell was COMMAND.COM, Fork: Fork creates a new process by, duplicating the calling process. The new, process, referred to as the child, is an exact, duplicate of the calling process, referred, to as the parent, except for the following, points.The child has its own unique, process ID, and this PID does not match, the ID of any existing process group .The, child’s parent process ID is the same as the, parent’s process ID., Thread: Thread of execution is the smallest, sequence of programmed instructions, that can be managed independently by a, scheduler (typically as part of an operating, system). The implementation of threads, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, and processes differs from one operating, system to another, but in most cases,, a thread is a component of a process., Multiple threads can exist within the, same process and share resources such as, memory, while different processes do not, share these resources., Deadlock: A condition that occurs when, two processes are each waiting for the other, to complete before proceeding. The result, is that both processes hang. Deadlocks, occur most commonly in multitasking, and client/server environments. Ideally,, the programs that are deadlocked, or, the operating system, should resolve the, deadlock, but this doesn’t always happen., Multiprocessing: Multiprocessing is the, use of two or more central processing, units (CPUs) within a single computer, system. The term also refers to the ability, of a system to support more than one, processor and/or the ability to allocate, tasks between them., , Personal Area Network (PAN), , A Personal Area Network or simply PAN,, is smallest network which is very personal, to a user. PAN has connectivity range up, to 10 meters. PAN may include wireless, computer keyboard and mouse, Bluetooth, enabled headphones, wireless printers, and TV remotes for examples., , Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), , MAN, generally expands throughout a, city such as cable TV network. It can be, in form of Ethernet, Token-ring, ATM or, FDDI. Metro Ethernet is a service which is, provided by ISPs. This service enables its, users to expand their Local Area Networks., , Virtual Private Network (VPN), , VPN is a network that is constructed by, using public wires usually the Internet, to connect to a private network, such as a, company›s internal network., , Network Repeater, , Network repeaters regenerate incoming, electrical, wireless or optical signals. With, physical media like Ethernet or Wi-Fi,, data transmissions can only span a limited, distance before the quality of the signal, degrades., , 101, , Network Bridge, It reads the outermost section of data on, the data packet, to tell where the message is, going only the outermost hardware address, of the packet. It reduces the traffic on other, network segments, since it does not send, all packets. Bridges can be programmed, to reject packets from particular networks, Bridging occurs at the data link layer, of the OSI model. Bridge cannot read IP, addresses. Bridge can read the ethernet, data which gives the hardware address of, the destination address. Bridges forward all, broadcast messages., , Network Router, , It is a network device with interfaces in, multiple networks whose task is to copy, packets from one network to another., Router gives path to data packet to, destination. Routers provide connectivity, inside enterprises, between enterprises, and the Internet, and within an Internet, Service Provider (ISP). It operates at Layer, 3 (Network Layer) of the OSI Model., , Network Switch, , Network Switch is a small hardware device, that joins multiple computers together, within one local area network (LAN)., , Gateway, , A gateway is an interconnecting device, which joins two different network, together they are also known as protocol, converters. It accepts packet formed for, one protocol and converts the formated, packet into another protocol., , CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/, Data Service Unit), , CSU/DSU is a hardware device about the, size of an external modem that converts a, digital data frame from the communications, technology used on a local area network, (LAN) into a frame appropriate to a widearea network (WAN) and vice versa., , MODEM, , Modem is a device that converts digital, signal to analog signal (modulator) at the, sender’s end and converts back analog, signal to digital signal (demodulator) at, the receiver’s end. A modem is always, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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102, , Computers, , placed between a telephone line and a, computer. A modem links home network, to the Internet through Internet Service, Provider (ISP). The high speed types of, data outside your home aren’t suitable for, your direct use, so modems convert the, data into digital Ethernet, which all the, network equipment in your home can use., , Ethernet Card, , An Ethernet card is one kind of network, adapter. These adapters support the, Ethernet standard for high-speed network, connections via cables. Ethernet cards are, sometimes known as network interface, cards (NICs)., , ABBREVIATIONS, ABR:, ADC:, , AJAX:, , ALGOL:, ALU:, AMD:, API:, , ASCII:, ASP:, , ATM:, , BASIC:, BCD:, BER:, BFD:, BGP:, , BIN:, BINAC:, BIOS:, , BIT:, BLOB:, BLOG:, BMP:, , AVAILABLE BIT RATE, ANALOG - TO - DIGITAL, CONVERTER, ASYNCHRONOUS JAVA SCRIPT, AND XML, ALGORITHMIC LANGUAGE, ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC, UNIT, ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, APPLICATION, PROGRAMMING INTERFACE, AMERICAN STANDARD CODE, FOR INFORMATION INTER, CHANGE, APPLICATION SERVICE, PROVIDER, ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER, MODE, BEGINNER'S ALL-PURPOSE, SYMBOLIC INSTRUCTION, CODE, BINARY CODED DECIMAL, BIT ERROR RATE, BINARY FILE DESCRIPTOR, BORDER GATEWAY, PROTOCOL, BINARY, BINARY AUTOMATIC, COMPUTER, BASIC INPUT OUTPUT, SYSTEM, BINARY DIGIT, BINARY LARGE OBJECT, WEB LOG, BIT MAPPED, , BOOTP:, BPS:, CAD:, CAE:, CAI:, , CAT:, , CC:, CD:, CD-R:, CD-ROM:, CD-RW:, CG:, CGA:, CGI:, CIFS:, CLI:, CNC:, , COBOL:, CPU:, CRT:, CSI:, CT:, , CTCP:, CTL:, , CTS:, DAC:, , DAP:, , DB:, DBA:, DBMS:, DCC:, DDR:, DES:, DFD:, DFS:, , BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL, BITS PER SECOND, COMPUTER- AIDED DESIGN, COMPUTER- AIDED, ENGINEERING, COMPUTER- AIDED, INSTRUCTION, COMPUTER- AIDED, TRANSLATION, CARBON COPY, COMPACT DISC, COMPACT DISC RECORDABLE, COMPACT DISC READ-ONLY, MEMORY, COMPACT DISC REWRITABLE, COMPUTER GRAPHICS, COLOUR GRAPHICS ARRAY, COMMON GATEWAY , INTERFACE, COMMON INTERNET FILE , SYSTEM, COMMAND LINE INTERFACE, COMPUTER NUMERICAL , CONTROL, COMMON BUSINESSORIENTED , LANGUAGE, CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT, CATHODE RAY TUBE, COMMON SYSTEM, INTERFACE, COMPUTERISED, TOMOGRAPHY, CLIENT-TO-CLIENT, PROTOCOL, COMPUTATIONAL TREE, LOGIC, CLEAR TO SEND, DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG , CONVERTER, DIRECTORY ACCESS, PROTOCOL, DATABSE, DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR, DATABASE MANAGEMENT, SYSTEM, DIRECT CLIENT-TO-CLIENT, DOUBLE DATA RATE, DATA ENCRYPTION, STANDARD, DATA FLOW DIAGRAM, DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEM, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Computers, DHTML:, , DYNAMIC HYPER TEXT , MARKUP LANGUAGE, DLL:, DYNAMIC LINK LIBRARY, DLP:, DIGITAL LIGHT PROCESSING, DMA:, DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS, DOS:, DISK OPERATING SYSTEM, DPI:, DOTS PER INCH, DSL:, DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE, DVD:, DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC, DVD:, DIGITAL VIDEO DISC, DVD-R:, DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC- , REWRITABLE, DVI:, DIGITAL VISUAL INTERFACE, DVR:, DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER, EAP:, EXTENSIBLE , AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL, EBCDIC: EXTENDED BINARY CODED, DECIMAL INTERCHANGE, CODE, EEPROM: ELECTRONICALLY-ERASABLE, PROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY, MEMORY, EGA:, ENHANCED GRAPHICS ARRAY, EGP:, EXTERIOR GATEWAY, PROTOCOL, EID:, ELECTRONIC ID CARD, ELF:, EXECUTABLE AND LINKABLE, FORMAT, EPROM: ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE, READ-ONLY MEMORY, EXE:, EXECUTABLE, FAT:, FILE ALLOCATION TABLE, FAQ:, FREQUENTLY ASKED, QUESTIONS, FDC:, FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER, FDD:, FLOPPY DISK DRIVE, FIFO:, FIRST IN FIRST OUT, FPU:, FLOATING POINT UNIT, FS:, FILE SYSTEM, FTP:, FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL, FXP:, FILE EXCHANGE PROTOCOL, GB:, GIGABIT, GB:, GIGABYTE, GIF:, GRAPHICS INTERCHANGE, FORMAT, GIGO:, GARBAGE IN, GARBAGE OUT, GPU:, GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT, GUI:, GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE, HDD:, HARD DISK DRIVE, HD DVD: HIGH DEFINITION DVD, HDL:, HARDWARE DESCRIPTION, LANGUAGE, , 103, HTML:, HTTP:, IBM:, , ICMP:, , ICP:, IE:, IM:, IMAP:, I/O:, IP:, IRC:, IRQ:, ISO:, ISP:, , ISR:, , IT:, ITU:, , JPEG:, , JUG:, KB:, KB:, KHZ:, LAN:, LIFO:, LSB:, MAN:, , MB:, MB:, MBR:, MICR:, MIPS:, , MIME:, MMX:, MNG:, , MPEG:, , HYPERTEXT MARKUP, LANGUAGE, HYPERTEXT TRANSFER, PROTOCOL, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS, MACHINES, INTERNET CONTROL, MESSAGE PROTOCOL, INTERNET CACHE PROTOCOL, INTERNET EXPLORER, INSTANT MESSAGING, INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS, PROTOCOL, INPUT/OUTPUT, INTERNET PROTOCOL, INTERNET RELAY CHAT, INTERRUPT REQUEST, INTERNATIONAL, ORGANISATION FOR, STANDARDISATION, INTERNET SERVICE, PROVIDER, INTERRUPT SERVICE, ROUTINE, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL, TELECOMMUNICATION, UNION, JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC, EXPERTS GROUP, JAVA USERS GROUP, KILOBIT, KILOBYTE, KILOHERTZ, LOCAL AREA NETWORK, LAST IN FIRST OUT, LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT, METROPOLITAN AREA, NETWORK, MEGABIT, MEGABYTE, MASTER BOOT RECORD, MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER, RECOGNITION, MILLION INSTRUCTIONS PER, SECOND, MULTIPURPOSE INTERNET, MAIL EXTENSIONS, MULTI-MEDIA EXTENSIONS, MULTIPLE-IMAGE NETWORK, GRAPHICS, MOTION PICTURES (CODING), EXPERTS GROUP, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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104, MSB:, MS-DOS:, , NFS:, NOS:, NT :, , OOP:, OS:, OSS:, P2P:, PAN:, PAP:, PC:, PCI:, , PGA:, PIC:, , PINE:, , PIO:, PNP:, PPP:, PSU:, QOS:, RAID:, , RAM:, RDBMS:, ROM:, RTOS:, SAN:, SATA:, SCSI:, SDL:, , SDRAM:, SMTP:, SPI:, , SQL:, , TCP:, , Computers, MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT, MICROSOFT DISK OPERATING, SYSTEM, NETWORK FILE SYSTEM, NETWORK OPERATING , SYSTEM, (WINDOWS) NEW , TECHNOLOGY, OBJECT- ORIENTED , PROGRAMMING, OPERATING SYSTEM, OPEN- SOURCE SOFTWARE, PEER-TO- PEER, PERSONAL AREA NETWORK, PASSWORD , AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL, PERSONAL COMPUTER, PERIPHERAL COMPONENT, INTERCONNECT, PIN GRID ARRAY, PROGRAMMABLE , INTERRUPT CONTROLLER, PROGRAM FOR INTERNET, NEWS & EMAIL, PROGRAMMED INPUT/OUTPUT, PLUG-AND- PLAY, POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL, POWER SUPPLY UNIT, QUALITY OF SERVICE, REDUNDANT ARRAY OF , INDEPENDENT DISKS, RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY, RELATIONAL DATABASE, MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, READ ONLY MEMORY, REAL TIME OPERATING, SYSTEM, STORAGE AREA NETWORK, SERIAL, SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM, INTERFACE, SIMPLE DIRECT MEDIA, LAYER, SYNCHRONOUS DYNAMIC, RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY, SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER, PROTOCOL, SERIAL PERIPHERAL, INTERFACE, STRUCTURED QUERY, LANGUAGE, TRANSMISSION CONTROL, PROTOCOL, , TCP/IP:, TTF:, TTY:, UAC:, UART:, UEFI:, UI:, UL:, UPS:, URI:, , USB:, VAR:, VB:, VBA:, , VBS:, VFS:, VGA:, VLAN:, VM:, VOD:, VOIP:, , VPN:, VT:, WAN:, WAP:, , WI-FI:, WIMAX:, WLAN:, , WOL:, WOM:, WWW:, XHTML:, XML:, Y2K:, ZIFS:, , TRANSMISSION CONTROL, PROTOCOL/INTERNET, PROTOCOL, TRUE TYPE FONT, TELETYPE, USER ACCOUNT CONTROL, UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS, RECEIVER TRANSMITTER, UNIFIED EXTENSIBLE, FIRMWARE INTERFACE, USER INTERFACE, UPLOAD, UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER, SUPPLY, UNIFORM RESOURCE, IDENTIFIER, UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS, VARIABLE, VISUAL BASIC, VISUAL BASIC FOR, APPLICATIONS, VISUAL BASIC SCRIPT, VIRTUAL FILE SYSTEM, VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY, VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA, NETWORK, VIRTUAL MEMORY, VIDEO ON DEMAND, VOICE OVER INTERNET, PROTOCOL, VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK, VIDEO TERMINAL, WIDE AREA NETWORK, WIRELESS APPLICATION, PROTOCOL, WIRELESS FIDELITY, WORLDWIDE, INTEROPERABILITY FOR, MICROWAVE ACCESS, WIRELESS LOCAL AREA, NETWORK, WAKE-ON-LAN, WAKE-ON-MODEM, WORLD WIDE WEB, EXTENSIBLE HYPERTEXT, MARKUP LANGUAGE, EXTENSIBLE MARKUP, LANGUAGE, YEAR TWO THOUSAND, ZERO INSERTION FORCE, SOCKEt, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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108, , FOUNDATION DAY OF STATES, 1st January Nagaland Day, 21st January Manipur, Meghalaya and, Tripura Day, 6th Febuary Jammu and Kashmir Day, 20th, Mizoram and Arunachal, February, Pradesh day, 11th March Andaman and Nicobar, Islands Day, 22nd March Bihar Day (Bihar Diwas), 30th March Rajasthan Day, 1st April, Utkal (Odisha) Day, 14th April, Tamil Nadu Day, 15th April, Himachal Pradesh Day, 1st May, Gujarat and Maharashtra Day, 16th May, Sikkim Day, 2nd June, Telangana Day, (2014), 1st November Chhattisgarh, 9th, Uttaranchal (Now, November, Uttarakhand) Day, 15th, Jharkhand Day (Jharkhand, November, Diwas), , NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF INDIA, National Flag, , The, national, flag, consists of a horizontal, rectangular tricolour with, saffron at the top, white, in the middle and India, green at the bottom. The, centre has a navy blue, wheel with twenty-four, spokes, known as the, Ashoka Chakra. The flag, is designed by Pingali, Venkayya., National Emblem The national emblem is, the Lion Capital of Asoka, at Sarnath which was, adopted on 26th January, 1950. The motto inscribed, on the emblem is in Devana, gari script: “Satyameva, jayate” which means, Truth Alone Triumphs., , Indian Panorama, National Anthem The anthem was composed, by Rabindranath Tagore;, adopted by the Constituent, Assembly 24th January, 1950., National Song, Vande Mataram was, composed by Bankim, Chandra, Chatterjee., It was adopted as the, National song of India in, 1950., National Flower Indian lotus is the, national flower. It is the, representation of purity, as it remains flawless, despite growing in mud, and water., National Fruit, Mango, also known as, the ‘King of Fruits’, is, the National Fruit of, India., National River, Ganga is the national, river of India. It is also, the longest river of the, country., National Tree, The Indian Banyan, (Ficus bengalensis) is, the national tree., National Bird, Indian peacock (Pavo, cristatus) is the national, bird of India., National Animal The Tiger known as the, Lord of the Jungle is, the national animal of, India., National, Saka calendar was, Calendar, introduced as the National, calendar by the Calendar, Committee in 1957., , AWARDS AND HONOURS, National Awards, , Param Vir Chakra: The highest Gallantry, Award, Mahavir Chakra: The second highest, Gallantry Award, Vir Chakra: The third highest Gallantry, Award, Ashok Chakra: The highest peacetime, Gallantry award, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Panorama, Kirti Chakra: For conspicuous Gallantry, Shaurya Chakra: For an act of Gallantry, Bharat Ratna: The highest civilian award, of India., • The first three recipients of Bharat Ratna: C. Rajagopalchari, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan and DR. C.V.Raman (1954), , Padma Awards:, • Padma Vibhushan : The second highest, , civilian award given for exceptional and, distinguished service., • Padma Bhushan : The third highest, civilian award given for distinguished, service of a high order., • Padma Shri : The fourth highest civillian, award given for distinguished service., , OTHER NATIONAL AWARDS, Bharatiya Jnanpith Award, , • Instituted in 22 May, 1961, carries a, cash prize of ` 5 lakh, a citation and a, bronze replica of Vagdevi (Saraswati)., • This award is given for the best literary, writing by an Indian citizen in a language listed in eight schedule of the Indian Constitution., , Gandhi Peace Prize, , • Established in 2 October, 1994. It carries a cash prize of ` 1 crore., , Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace,, Disarmament and Development, , • Instituted in 1985, this prestigious, award is regarded as ‘Nobel’ and over, the years it has been awarded to those, persons who have done outstanding, work for international peace, disarmament and development., , Borlaug Award, , • Instituted in 1973, carries a cash prize, of ` 1 lakh., • Instituted to honour outstanding agricultural scientists., , Sahitya Akademi Award, , • Awarded for outstanding literary work, and carries a cash prize of ` 1 lakh., • Sahitya Academi gives 22 awards for literary works in the languages which has, recognized works., , 109, , IMPORTANT BOOKS AND, AUTHORS, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences, with Pramukh Swamiji: Abdul Kalam, Unbelievable – Delhi to Islamabad: Prof, Bhim Singh, Two Years Eight Months and Twenty, Eight Nights: Salman Rushdie, Globalisation, Democratization and, Distributive Justice: Professor Mool, Chand Sharma, Making India Awesome: Chetan Bhagat, Flood of fire: Amitav Ghosh, Neither a Hawk nor a Dove: Khurshid M, Kasuri, The Red Sari: Javier Moro, Sourav Ganguly: Cricket, Captaincy and, Controversy: Saptarshi Sarkar, China – Confucius in the Shadows:, Poonam Surie, Mrs Funnybones: Twinkle Khanna, R.D. Burman: The Prince of Music:, Khagesh Dev Burman, Beyond Doubt: A Dossier on Gandhi’s, Assassination: Teesta Setalvad, Benazir Bhutto: A Multidimensional, Portrait: Dr Anna Suvorova, Modi - Incredible emergence of a star:, Tarun Vijay, The Accidental Prime Minister – The, making and unmaking of Manmohan, Singh: Sanjaya Baru, Hard Choices (Autobiography): Hillary, Rodham Clinton, I am Malala (Autobiography): Malala, Yousafzai, And Then One Day: Naseerudin Shah, Playing It My Way: Sachin Tendulkar, The Narrow Road To the Deep North:, Richard Flangan, Go Set a Watchman: Harper Lee, Super Economies: Raghav Bahl, Family Life: Akhil Sharma, Lucknow Boy: A Memoir: Late Vinod, Mehta, A Brief History of Seven Killings: Marlon, James, Beyond 2020: A Vision for Tomorrow’s, India: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Y. S. Rajan, Leading: Alex Ferguson With Michael, Moritz, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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112, , Indian Panorama, , DEFENCE & SECURITY, Defence of India, , The supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces is the President of India., , 1. Army Command and Headquarters, Command, , Headquarters, , Western Command, , Chandimandir, , South Western Comm., , Jaipur, , Northern Command, , Army Training Comm., , Command, , Eastern Command, , Udhampur, , Southern Command, , Shimla, , Central Command, , 2. Navy Command and Headquarters:, Command, , Eastern Command, , Western Command, , Headquarters, Visakhapatnam, Mumbai, , Command, Southern Command, , 3. Air Force Command and Headquarters:, Command, Eastern Air Comd., , South-West Air Comd., Southern Air Comd., , Maintenance Comd., , Headquarters, , Kolkata, Pune, , Lucknow, Headquarters, , Kochi, , Headquarters, Shillong, , Command, Headquarters, Western Air Comd. New Delhi, , Nagpur, , Training Comd., , Gandhinagar, , Thiruvananthapuram, , Central Air Comd., , Allahabad, , Bangalore, , RANKS OF INDIAN ARMY, NAVY & AIR FORCE, , Indian Army, Field Marshal, General, Lieutenant General, Major General, Brigadier, Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major, Captain, Lieutenant, , Indian Navy, Admiral of the Fleet, Admiral, Vice Admiral, Rear Admiral, Commodore, Captain, Commander, Lieutenant Commander, Lieutenant, Sub-Lieutenant, , Internal Security of India, , Organization, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), National Cadet Corps (NCC), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), Border Security Force (BSF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), , Indian Air Force, Marshal of the Air Force, Air Chief Marshal, Air Marshal, Air Vice Marshal, Air Commodore, Group Captain, Wing Commander, Squadron Leader, Flight Lieutenant, Flying Officer, Year, 1939, 1948, 1962, 1965, 1969, , Headquarters, New Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi, New Delhi, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Panorama, , 115, , Bhusawal Thermal Power Station MAHAGENCO, Satpura Thermal Power Station, MPPGCL, Sterlite Jharsuguda Power Station, Durgapur Thermal Power Station, , Vedanta, DVC, , 1968, 1967, , 2006, 1996, , FOUR ENDS OF INDIA, , End Points, Northern most, Southern most, Eastern most, Western most, , Deepnagar Maharastra, Sarni, Madhya, Pradesh, Jharsuguda Odisha, Durgapur West Bengal, Places, , Siachen Glacier, Kanya Kumari District (Cape Comorin), Kibithu Village, Arunachal Pradesh, Guhar Moti in Kutch, Gujarat, , FIRST IN INDIA (MALE), , First governor of Bengal, Last governor of Bengal, The first British Governor General of Bengal, The first British Governor General of India, The first British Viceroy of India, The first Governor General of free India, The first and the last Indian to be Governor General, of free India, The first President of Indian Republic, The first Prime Minister of free India, The first Indian to win Nobel Prize, The first President of Indian National Congress, The first Muslim President of Indian National Congress, The first Muslim President of India, The first man who introduced printing press in India, The first Indian to join the I.C.S, India’s first man in Space, The first Prime Minister of India who resigned, without completing the full term, The first Indian Commander-in-Chief of India, The first Chief of Army Staff, The first Indian Member of the Viceroy’s executive, council, The first President of India who died while in office, The first Muslim President of Indian Republic, The first Prime Minister of India who did not face, the Parliament, The first Field Marshal of India, The first Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics, , Lord Clive(1758-60), Warren Hastings(1772-74), Lord Warren Hasting(1774-1885), Lord William Bentinck(1833-1835), Lord Canning(1856-62), Lord Mountbatten(1947-1948), C. Rajgopalachari(1948-1950), Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, Rabindranath Tagore, W.C. Banerjee, Badruddin Tayyabji, Dr. Zakir Hussain, James Hicky, Satyendra Nath Tagore, Rakesh Sharma, Morarji Desai, , General Cariappa, Gen. Maharaj Rajendra Singhji, S.P.Sinha, Dr. Zakhir Hussain, Dr. Zakhir Hussain, Charan Singh, S.H.F. Manekshaw, C.V.Raman, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Panorama, , 117, , The first woman Asian Games Gold Medal Winner, The first woman Lawyer, The first woman President of United Nations, General Assembly, The first woman Chief Minister of an Indian State, The first woman Chairman of Union Public Service, Commission, The first woman Director General of Police, The first woman Judge, , Kamlijit Sandhu, Cornelia Sorabjee, Vijaya Laxmi Pandit, , Sucheta Kripalani, Roze Millian Bethew, , The first woman Judge in Supreme Court of India, , Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya, Anna Chandy (She became judge in, a district court in 1937), Leela Seth (Himachal Pradesh High, Court), Kumari Justice M. Fathima Beevi, , The first woman chairperson of Indian Airlines, , Sushma Chawla, , The first woman Cheif Justice of High Court, The first woman Lieutenant General, The first woman Air Vice Marshal, The first woman IPS officer, , The first and last Muslim woman ruler of India, The first woman to receive Ashoka Chakra, , The first woman to receive Gyanpith Award, The first woman to cross English Channel, The first woman to receive Nobel Prize, , The first woman to receive Bharat Ratna, , Puneeta Arora, , P. Bandopadhyaya, Kiran Bedi, , Razia Sultan, , Neerja Bhanot, , Ashapurna Devi, Arati Saha, , Mother Teresa, Indira Gandhi, , FIRST IN OTHERS, , First Wax statue of a Living Indian, , Mahatma Gandhi at Madame Tussaud’s in 1939, , First Judge in International Court of, Justice, , Dr. Nagender Singh, , India’s First Open University, , Andhra Pradesh Open University, , First Exclusive internet magazine, , Bharat Samachar, , First Miss India to participate in Miss Indrani Rehman, Universe, First Graduate in Medicine, India’s First University, , India’s First Lok Sabha Member to, be elected with a record maximum, number of votes, , Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chukerbutty, Nalanda University, P.V.Narasimha Rao, , First Indian to reach Antarctica, , Lt. Ram Charan, , First Post Office Opened in India, , Kolkata(1727), , First British to Visit India, , First Test tube baby of India, , Hawkins, , Indira (Baby Harsha), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World Panorama, COUNTRIES : CAPITAL, LANGUAGE & THEIR CURRENCY, Country, Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and, Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo Formerly, Zaire, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, , Capital, Kabul, Algiers, Buenos Aires, Canberra, Baku, Manama, Dhaka, Brussels, Thimphu, La Paz; Sucre, Sarajevo, , Chief Language, Pushtu Dari, Arabic, French, Spanish, English, Azeri, Arabic, English, Bangla, Flemish (Dutch), French, German, Dzongkha, Aymara Spanish, Quechua, Serbo-Croatian, , Currency, Afghani, Algerian Dinar, Argentine Peso, Australian Dollar, Manat, Bahraini Dinar, Taka, Euro, Ngultrum, Boliviano, Conv.Mark, , San Jose, Zagreb, Havana, Prague, Copenhagen, Quito, Cairo, Addis Ababa, Suva, Helsinki, Paris, , Spanish, Croatian, Spanish, Czech, Danish, Spanish, Arabic, Amharic, English, Finnish, Swedish, French, , Colon, Kuna, Peso, Koruna, Krone, United States dollar, Egyptian Pound, Birr, Fijian Dollar, Euro, Euro, , Brazilia, Sofia, Ouagadougou, Phnom-Penh, Ottawa, Santiago, Beijing, Bogota, Kinshasa, , Portuguese, Bulgarian, French, Khmer, French, English, Spanish, Chinese (Mandarin), Spanish, French, , Real, Lev, Franc, Riel, Canadian Dollar, Peso, Yuan, Peso, Congolese Franc, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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122, , World Panorama, , Country, French Guiana, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, , Capital, Caine, Tbilisi, Berlin, Accra, Athens, Guatemala City, Georgetown, Port-au-Prince, Tegucigalpa, Victoria, Budapest, New Delhi, , Indonesia, , Jakarta, , Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Korea, North, Korea, South, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, , Baghdad, Dublin, Jerusalem, Rome, Tokyo, Amman, Astana, Nairobi, Pyongyang, Seoul, Kuwait city, Beriut, Tripoli, Luxembourg, , Iran, , Malaysia, , Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Myanmar, , Teheran, , Putrajaya, (formerly, Kuala Lumpur), Port Louis, Mexico city, Ulan Bator, Naypyidar, or Pyinmana, (formerly, Yangon), , Chief Language, French, Georgian, German, English, Greek, Spanish, English, French, Spanish, English, Chinese, Hungarian, Hindi (official), English and 22, officially recognised regional, languages, Bahasa Indonesian, Dutch,, English Javanese, Persian (Farsi), Turk, Kurdish,, Arabic, Arabic, Kurdish, Irish, English, Hebrew, Arabic, Italian, Japanese, Arabic, English, Kazakh, Russian, German, Kiswahili, English, Kikuyu, Korean, Korean, Arabic, English, Arabic, French, English, Arabic, French, German, English,, Luxembourgish, Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil, , Currency, Euro, Lari, Euro, Ghana Cedi, Euro, Quetzal, Guyana Dollar, Gourde, Lempira, Hong Kong Dollar, Forint, Rupee, , English, French, Creole, Hindustani, Spanish, Amerindian languages, Mangolian, Burmeses and tribal languages, , Rupee Mauritian, Mexico Peso, Togrog, Kyat, , Rupiah, Rial, , Iraqi Dinar, Euro, Shekel, Euro, Yen, Jordan Dinar, Tenge, Shilling, Won, Won, Kuwait Dinar, Pound, Libyan Dinar, Euro, Ringgit, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World Panorama, Country, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, , Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab, Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of, America, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zimbabwe, , 123, Capital, Amsterdam, Wellington, Abuja, Oslo, Muscat, Islamabad, , Chief Language, Dutch, English and Maori dialect, English, Hansa, Ibo, Yoruba, Norwegian, Arabic, Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pusthu,, Baluchi, Brahvi, English, Lima, Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, Manila, Filipino, English, Spanish, Wrsaw, Polish, Lisbon, Portuguese, Doha, Arabic, English, Moscow, Russian, Riyadh, Arabic, Belgrade, Serbo-Croatian (official), Albanian, Singapore city Malay, Chinese, Tamil, English, Mogadishu, Arabic, English, Italian, Capetown, Afrikaans, English, Madrid, Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician, Colombo, Sinhala, Tamil, English, Khartoum, Arabic, English, Dinka, Nubian, Stockholm, Swedish, Berne, German, French, Italian,, Romansch, Damascus, Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian, Taipei, Mandarian Chinese, Taiwan,, Hakka dialects, Bangkok, Thai, Chinese, English, Malay, Tunis, Arabic, French, Ankara, Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, Kampala, Englsih, Luganda, Swahili, Abu Dhubi, Arabic, London, Washington, D.C., Caracas, Hanoi, Sana’a, Harare, , English, Welsh, Scots, Gaelic, English, , Spanish, Vietnamese, French, English,, Chinese, Arabic, English, Shona, Ndebela, , Currency, Euro, New Zealand Dollar, Naira, Krone, Omani Rial, Pakistani Rupee, Nuero Sol, Peso, Zloty, Euro, Riyal (QAR), Russian ruble, Rial (SAR), Dinar, Singapore Dollar, Somali Shilling, Rand, Euro, Sri Lankan Rupee, Sudanese Pound, Krona, Swiss Franc, , Syrian Pound, New Taiwan Dollar, Thai Baht, Dinar, Turkish Lira, Ugandan Shilling, Dirham, Pound Sterling, Dollar, Bolivar, Dong, , Rial, Dollar (ZWD), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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124, , World Panorama, , GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES, •• Amundsen (Norwegian)-Discovered, South Pole in 1912., •• Byrd-American aviator and polar, explorer. Flew over the North Pole in, 1926 and made the first flight over the, South Pole in 1929. Discovered Edsel, Ford mountains and Morei Byrd land., •• Cabot (Venetian)-Discovered New, Foundland in 1494., •• Captain Cook (English)-Discovered, Sandwich (now Hawaiian) Isles in 1770., •• Columbus-Discovered West Indies in, 1492 and South America in 1498., •• Copernicus-Discovered Solar System, in 1540. Propounded the astronomical, system which bears his name., •• David Livingstone-Discovered course, of the Zambesi, the Victoria Falls and, Lake Nyasa in Africa., •• Edmund Hillary-Joint conqueror of, Mount Everest with Tenzing. He also led, a Trans-Atlantic expedition and reached, South Pole on January 3, 1958., •• Ferdinand de Lesseps-Conceived the, plan of the Suez Canal on which work, was completed in 1869 through his, efforts., •• Francis Younghusband-Explored the, frontier regions of India, China and Tibet., •• Kepler-Discovered the Laws of Planetary, Motion in 1609., , •• Lindbergh-Performed the first soloflight across the Atlantic in 1927 from, New York to Paris., •• Magellan-Commanded, the, first, expedition in 1519 to sail round the, world. Discovered passage to the, Pacific from the Atlantic through Straits, afterwards named after him., •• Marco Polo-Venetian traveller who, explored China, India, South Eastern, countries and published the record of, his various explorations. He was the first, European to visit China., •• Nansen-Norwegian explorer who, explored across Greenland and reached, the highest altitude in the North Polar, Region, till then attained., •• Peary, Robert-First to reach the North, Pole in 1909., •• Pedro Alvares Cabral (Portuguese) Discovered Brazil in 1500., •• Shackleton-Arctic explorer, reached, within 160 km of the South Pole., •• Iksman-Dutch navigator, discovered the, Tasmania Island and New Zealand in 1642., •• Tenzing (Indian)-First to reach Mount, Everest on 29th May, 1953 along with, Edmund Hillary. The expedition was led, by Col. Sir John Hunt., •• Vasco da Gama (Portuguese)-Rounded, the Cape of Good Hope and discovered, the sea route to India in 1498., , NATIONAL ANIMALS OF THE MAJOR COUNTRIES, , Country, , Animals, , Country, , Animal, , Afghanistan Snow Leopard, , Nepal, , Cow, , Bangladesh Royal Bengal tiger, , South Africa, , Springbok, , Albania, , Golden Eagle, , Brazil, , Macaw, , Australia, Canada, China, , Denmark, Japan, , Myanmar, , Kangaroo, , North American beaver, , Panda, Red Crowned Crane, Mute Swan, , Green Pheasant, Tiger, , New Zealand, Pakistan, Spain, , United Kingdom, United States, India, , Kuwait, , Belgium, , Kiwi, , Markhor, Bull, , Barbary Lion, Bald Eagle, , Bengal Tiger, Camel, Lion, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World Panorama, , 125, , OFFICIAL BOOKS, Blue Book : An official report of the British Government, Green Book : An official publication of Italy and Persia, Grey Book : An official reports of the Government of Japan and Belgium, Orange Book : An official Publications of the Government of Netherlands, White Book : An official Publications of China, Germany and Portugal, Yellow Book : French official Book, White Paper : An official paper of the Government of Britain and India on a particular, issue, Red Data Book: Russian official book which contains lists of species whose continued, existence is threatened, , WORLD’S MOST POWERFUL INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES, , Detective Agency, Ministry of State Security, Australian Secret, Intelligence Service (ASIS), FSB, State Security Agency, Inter Service Intelligence (ISI), MI (Military Intelligence) 5, and 6, Special Branch, Joint, Intelligence org., Research and Analysis Wing, (RAW), Intelligence Bureau, (IB), , Country, China, Australia, , Detective Agency, VAJA, MOSSAD, , INDIA, , DGSE (Direction General Dela Securite France, Exterieure, , Russia, South Africa, Pakistan, UK, , INTERNATIONAL AWARDS, Nobel Prize, , • It was set up in 1895 under the will of, Alfred Nobel., • The Nobel prizes are presented annually on 10 December (The death anniversary of the founder)., • It is given in the fields of Peace, Literature, Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, or Medicine (from 1901) and Economics (from 1969)., Nobel Prize (Indian/ Indian origin), 1913: , Literature: Rabindranath Tagore;, was also the first Asian to win the, prize, , 1930: Physics: C. V. Raman, , 1968: Medicine: Har Gobind Khorana; US, citizen of Indian origin, , Egyption Homeland Security, PSIA, Iraqi National Intelligence Service, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),, Federal Bureau of investigation (FBI), , Country, Iran, Israel, Egypt, Japan, Iraq, USA, , 1979: , Peace: Mother Teresa;, citizen of Albanian origin, , 1998: Economics: Amartya Sen, , Indian, , 2009: , Chemistry: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan; US citizen of Indian, origin, , 2014: Peace: Kailash Sathyarthi, , Pulitzer Prize, , • Instituted in 1917 and named after US, publisher Joseph Pulitzer., • It is conferred annually in the United, States for the accomplishments in, journalism, literature and music., , Magsaysay Awards, , • Instituted in 1957. Named after Ramon, Magsaysay, the former President of, Philippines., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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126, , World Panorama, , • The award is given annually on August, 31, the birth anniversary of Magsaysay,, for outstanding contributions in Public, service,, Community, Leadership,, Journalism, Literature & Creative Arts, and International Understanding., , Man Booker Prize, , • Instituted in 1968, is the highest, literary award of the world, setup by, the Booker Company and the British, Publishers Association along the lines, of the Pulitzer Prize of USA., , Right Livelihood Award, , • The Right Livelihood Award was, established in 1980., • It is also referred as “Alternative Nobel, Prize”., • It is given to persons to honour those, “working on practical and exemplary, solutions to the most urgent challenges, facing the world today.”, , Oscar Awards, • Instituted in 1929, are conferred, annually by the Academy of Motion, Pictures, Arts and Sciences, USA, in, recognition of outstanding contribution, in the various fields of film making., , UN Human Rights Award, , • Instituted in 1966, this award is, given every 5 years for individual, contributions to the establishment of, human rights., , UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Prize, , • Instituted by UNESCO (1995) for, the promotion of tolerance and nonviolence on the occasion of the UN, Year of Tolerance and the 125th bir th, Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi funded, by a donation from Madanjeet Singh., , FATHER OF VARIOUS FIELDS, , Field, , Atom Bomb, , Father, , Field, , Father, , Aviation, , Dr. Robert Oppenheime Computer, , Sir George Cayley, , Biology, , Charles Babbage, , Comedy, , Aristophanes, , Political Science, , Aristotle, , Chemistry, , Economics, , English Poetry, Greek Tragedy, Immunology, Modern, Chemistry, , Nuclear Physics, , Robert Boyle, Adam Smith, , Geoffrey Chaucer, Aeschylus, , Edward Jenner, , Antoini Lavoisier, , Ernest Rutherford, , Sanskrit Grammar Panini, Geography, Sociology, , Mathematics, , Eratosthenes, , Auguste Comte, Archimedes, , Microbiology, , Modern Philosphy, Psychology, , Aristotle, , Louis pasteur and, Robert koch, Rene Descartes, , Wilhelmam Wundt, , Modern Observational Galileo Galilei, Astronomy, Modern Physics Science Galileo Galilei, Modern Science, , Nano technology, , Galileo Galilei, , Richard Smalley, , Indian Nuclear Science Homi Jehangir, Bhabha, Anatomy, , Geometry, Internet, , Andreas Vesalius, Euclid, , Vinton Cerf, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World Panorama, , SOBRIQUETS, A sobriquet is a nickname, Occasionally, assumed and often given by another. The, sobriquet can become more familiar than, the original name., Sobriquets Person, Angel of Death, Bard of Avon, Bard of Twickenham, Bloody Mary, Bonnie Prince, Charlie, Caligula, , Primary Names, Josef Mengele, William Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, Mary I of England, Charles Edward, Stuart, Gaius Julius Caesar, Augustus Germanicus, Desert Fox, Erwin Rommel, Diamond Dave, David Lee Roth, Singer, Digger, Australian soldier, Dr. Death, Jack Kevorkian,, proponent of, assisted suicide, Dubya, George W. Bush, EI Caudillo, Francisco Franco, Father of his country George Washington, Fuhrer, Adolf Hitler, Genghis Khan, Temüjin, Grand Old Man of Willian Ewart, Britain, Glandstone, Honest Abe, Abraham Lincoln, Iron Duke, Duke of Wellington, Iron Lady, Margaret Thatcher, King James, LeBron James,, American basketball, player, Lady with the Lamp Florence Nightingale, Little Richard, Rev. Richard, Wayne Penniman, a, prominent figure in, rock n’ roll., Madge, Madonna, Madiba, Nelson Mandela, Maid of Orleans, Joan of Arc, Man of Blood and Otto Von Bismark, Iron, Man of Destiny, Napolean Bonaparte, , 127, Sobriquets Person Primary Names, Old Blood and Guts George S. Patton, Old Blue Eyes, Frank Sinatra,, entertainer, Old Hickory, Andrew Jackson,, 7th President of the, United States, Old Kinderhook, Martin Van Buren,, (OK), 8th President of the, United States, Old Nick, Santa, Old Rough and, Zachary Taylor, Ready, Old St. Nick, Santa, Prince of the, Desiderius Erasmus, Humanists, Qaid-e-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Saint Jimmy, Billie Joe Armstrong, Satchmo, Louis Armstrong, Slick Willy, U.S. President Bill, Clinton, Slowhand, Eric Clapton, The Bard, William Shakespeare, The Bird, Mark Fidrych,, Baseball pitcher, The Boss, Bruce Springsteen, The Cincinnatus of George Washington, the Americans, The Duke, John Wayne, The Fab Four, The Beatles, The Godfather of, Soul, The Golden Bear, The Greatest, The King (of golf), The King of Pop, The Man from, Tennessee, The Material Girl, The Red Baron, , James Brown, , Jack Nicklaus, Muhammad Ali, Boxer, Arnold Palmer, Michael Jackson, Andrew Jackson, , Madonna, Manfred von, Richthofen, World, War I, German flying, ace, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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128, , World Panorama, , Sobriquets Person, The Rock Chemeleon, The Tiger of France, Tricky Dick, , Primary Names, David Bowie, Georges Clemenceau, Richard Nixon, 37th, President of the, United States, Uncle Sam, The U.S.A. or sometimes, the government, Wizard of the North Walter Scott, , FIRST IN THE WORLD, , The first person to reach, Mount Everest, The first person to reach, North Pole, The first person to reach, South Pole, The first religion of the, world, The first country to, print book, The first country to, issue paper currency, The first country to, commence competitive, examination in civil, services, The first President of, the U.S.A, The first Prime Minister, of Britain, The first Governor, General of the United, Nations, The first country to win, football World cup, The first country to, prepare a constitution, The first Governor, General of Pakistan, The first country to host, NAM summit, The first European to, attack India, The first European to, reach China, , Sherpa Tenzing,, Edmund Hillary, Robert Peary, Amundsen, Hinduism, China, China, China, George, Washington, Robert Walpole, Trygve Lie, Uruguay, U.S.A, , Mohd. Ali, Jinnah, Belgrade, (Yugoslavia), Alexander, The, Great, Marco Polo, , The first person to fly, aeroplane, The first person to sail, round the world, The first country to, send man to the moon, The first country to, launch Artificial satellite, in the space, The first country to host, the modern Olympics, The first city on which, the atom bomb was, dropped, The first person to land, on the moon, , Wright, Brothers, Magellan, U.S.A, , Russia, Greece, , Hiroshima, (Japan), , Neil Armstrong, followed by, Edwin E. Aldrin, The first shuttle to go in Columbia, space, The first spacecraft to, Viking-I, reach on Mars, The first woman Prime Margaret, Minister of England, Thatcher, The first Muslim Prime Benazir Bhutto, Minister of a country, (Pakistan), The first woman Prime Mrs. S., Minister of a country, Bandamaike, (Sri Lanka), The first woman to, Mrs. Junko, climb Mount Everest, Tabei (Japan), The first woman, Velentina, cosmonaut of the world Tereshkova, (Russia), The first woman, Vijaya Lakshmi, President of the U.N., Pandit, General Assembly, The first man to fly into Yuri Gagarin, space, (Russia), The first batsman to, Mohd., score three test century Azharuddin, in three successive tests, on debut, The first man to have, Nawang Gombu, climbed Mount Everest, twice, The first U.S. President to Richard Nixon, resign Presidency, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World Panorama, , 129, , SUPERLATIVES, Tallest Animal, on (land), Fastest Bird, Largest Bird, Smallest Bird, Longest Bridge, (Railway), Tallest Building, Tallest office, Building, , Longest Big, Ship Canal, Busiest Canal, (Ship), Largest, Continent, Smallest, Continent, Largest Coral, Formation, Largest Dam, , Giraffe, , Swift, Ostrich, Humming Bird, Lower Zambeji (Africa ), Burj khalifa, Dubai, (U.A.E), Patronas Twin, Towers Kuala Lampur, (Malaysia), Seuz Canal (Linkin red, sea & Mediterranean), Baltic White Sea Canal, (152 miles), Asia, Australia, , The Great Barrier Reef, (Australia), Grand Coulee- Concrete, Dam (U.S.A), Longest Day, June 21 (in Northern, Hemisphere), Shortest Day, Dec. 22(in Northern, Hemisphere), Largest Delta, Sundarbans, India, (8000 sq. miles), Longest Desert Sahara, Africa (84,, (World), 00,000 sq. km.), Largest, The Cullinan (over 1, Diamond, ½ 1b.), Biggest Dome Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur),, (Old archi) 144 ft., diameter., Longest Epic, The Mahabharata, Largest Island Greenland (renamed, Kalaallit Nunaat), Largest Lake, Lake Mead (Bouler), (Artificial), , Deepest Lake, Highest Lake, , Baikal (Siberia);, average depth2300 ft., Titicaca (Bolivia) 12645, ft. above sea level., Lake Superior, U.S.A, , Largest Lake, (Fresh Water), Largest Lake, Caspian Sea 3, 71,000, (Salt Water), sq. km.), Largest Mosque Masjid-al-Haram, (Mecca-Saudi Arabia), Surrounds the Kaaba., Highest, Himalayas, Mountain peak, (World), Longest, Andes (S.America), Mountain, 5,500 miles in length, Range, Tallest Minaret Qutub Minar, Delhi, (Free Standing) 238 ft., Tallest Minaret Great Hassan Mosque,, Casablanca, Morocco, Deepest &, The Pacific, Biggest Ocean, Largest Palace Imperial Palace, (Gugong), Beijing, (China), Coldest Place or Verkhoyansk (Syberia),, Region, Temperature – 85° C, Driest Place, Death Valley, (California); rainfall 1, ½ inch., Hottest Place, Al-Aziziyah (Libya,, (World), Africa) 136°F, Highest Plateau Pamir (Tibet), Longest, Kharagpur W.B, India, Platform, (833m), (Railway), Largest, Grand Central terminal,, Platform, New York (U.S.A), (Railway), Largest Port, Port of New York & New, Jersey (U.S.A), Busiest Port, Rotterdam (the, Netherlands), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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130, Longest Railway Trans-Siberian Railway, (6,000 miles Long), Longest River Nile (6690 km),, Amazon (6570 km.), Longest River Hirakund Dam (Orissa),, Dam, India 15.8 miles., Largest sea-bird Albatross, Largest Sea, Mediterranean, (inland), Tallest statue, Statue of Liberty, New, York (U.S.A), 150 ft., high., Longest, English Channel, Swimming, Course, Tallest Tower, C.N Tower Toronto, (Canada), Longest Train Flying Scoutsman, nonstop, Longest Tunnel Seikan Rail Tunnel, (Railway), (Japan), (53.85 km.), Longest &, Le Rove Tunnel (South, Largest Canal of France), Tunnel, Longest Tunnel Laerdal, Norway, (Road), Highest Volcano Ojos Del Salado, Andes, Argentine-Chile (6,885 m.), Largest Volcano Mauna Lao (Hawaii), Longest Wall, Great Wall of China, (1500 miles), Highest, Salto Angel Falls, Waterfall, (Venezuela), Longest Strait Tartar Strait (Sakhalin, Island & the Russian, mainland), Broadest Strait Davis Straits, (Greenland & Baffin, Island, (Canada), Narrowest, Chaliks-45 yards, strait, (Between the Greek, mainland the island of, Euboea in the Aegean, Sea), , World Panorama, Largest Bay, , Hudson Bay, Canada, (Shore line 7623 miles), Largest Gulf, Gulf of Mexico,(, shoreline 2100 miles), World Rainiest Cherrapunji, Spot, (Mawsynram), India, Lightest gas, Hydrogen, Hardest, Diamond, Substance, Longest Animal Blue Whale, (recorded, length 106 ft., weight-195 tons), Longest Life, 190 to 200 years, (Giant, Span of an, tortoise), Animal, Largest Land, African Bush Elephant, Animal, Fastest Animal Cheetah (Leopard ) 70, m.p.h, Longest Jump Kangaroo, Animal, Longest wing, Albatross, Spread Bird, Slowest Animal Snail, Fastest Dog, Persian Grey Hound, (speed 43 m.p.h), Longest, King cobra, poisonous, snake, Biggest Flower Raffesia (Java), Largest Stadium Strahov stadium in, Prague, (the Czech, Republic), Largest Church Basilica of st. Peter,, Vetican city, Rome Italy, Largest Temple Angkor Vat (Combodia), Largest, Kimbarley (S.Africa), Diamond mine, Largest River in Amazon, Brazil, volume, Highest Straight Bhakhra Dam, Dam, Highest Capital La Paz (Bolivia), City, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World Panorama, , 131, , Largest Asian, Desert, , Gobi, Mongolia, , Longest, Thoroughfare, , Verazano-Narrows,, New York City Harbour, , Largest, Democracy, , Largest Neck, Animal, , India, , Giraffe, , Largest Animal Lion, of the Cat, Family, , Most Intelligent Chimpanzee, Animal, , WORLD FAMOUS LANDMARKS, 1., 2., 3., 4., , The Statue of Liberty in New Your: USA, The Eiffel tower in Paris: France, St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow : Russia, The Great Sphinx at Giza, The Pyramids, of Giza: Egypt, , 5. Neptune and the Place of Versailles:, France, 6. The Great wall of China : China, 7. The Taj Mahal in Agra : India, 8. Christ the Redeemer: Rio de Janeiro, 9. Mecca: Saudi Arabia, 10. Brandenburg Gate in Berlin: Germany, 11. Acropolis of Athens: Greece, 12. Niagara Falls : Border of Ontario, (Canada) and New York (USA), 13. Angkor Wat : Cambodia, 14. St. Peter’s Cathedral : Vatican City, 15. Mount Rushmore: South Dakota, 16. The Grand Canyon : Arizona, 17. Sydney Opera House : Australia, 18. Forbidden City : Beijing, 19. The Colosseum: Rome, Italy, 20. The Empire State Building : New York, 21. Abu Simbel : Egypt, 22. Tower of Pisa : Italy, 23. The Burj al Arab Hotel : Dubai, 24. Stonehenge: Wiltshire, United Kindom, 25. Big Ben : London, , THE NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, , Country, Australia, Barbados, Canada, Denmark, France, Guyana, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, , Emblem, Kangaroo, , Head of a Trident, , Belgium, , Shamrock, , Israel, , White Lily, Beach, Lily, Canje Pheasant, Lioned Capital, , Chile, Dominica, Germany, Hong Kong, Iran, , Chrysanthemum, , Lebanon, , White Lily, , Ivory Coast, , Lion, Lion, Bird of paradise, , New Zealand, Pakistan, Spain, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Turkey, , Luxembourg Lion with Crown, Netherlands, Norway, Papua New, Guinea, Sri Lanka, Syria, U.K., , Country, Bangladesh, , Lion, Eagle, Rose, , Mongolia, , Emblem, Water Lily, Lion, , Candor & Huemul, Sisserou Parrot, Corn Flower, Bauhinia (Orchid Tree), Rose, Candelabrum, Elephant, , Cedar Tree, , The Soyombo, , Southern Cross, Kiwi, Fern, Crescent, Eagle, Lion, Secretary Bird, Crescent & Star, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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132, , World Panorama, , IMPORTANT DAYS OF THE YEAR, 10th January: World Laughter Day, 2nd February: World Wetlands Day, 4th February: World Cancer Day, 13th February: World Radio Day, 14th February: St. Valentine’s Day, 21st February: International Mother, Language Day, 8th March: International Women’s Day, and Mother’s day, 15th March: World Consumer Rights Day, 22nd March: World Water Day, 23rd March: World Meteorological Day, 24th March: World Tuberculosis Day, 27th March: World Theatre Day, 2nd April: World Autism Awareness Day, 7th April: World Health Day, 18th April: World Heritage Day, 22nd April: World Earth Day, 25th April: World Malaria Day, 30th April: World Jazz Day, 1st May: International Labour Day, 3rd May: World Asthma Day, 5th May: World Athletics Day, 8th May: International Red Cross Day, 17th May: World Telecommunications Day, 20th May: World Refugee Day, 24th May: Commonwealth Day, 31st May: World No Tobacco Day, 1st June: World Milk Day, 5th June: World Environment Day, 8th June: World Ocean Day, 20th June: International Refugee Day, 21st June: International Yoga Day, 23rd June: International Olympic Day, 27th June: World Diabetes Day, 1st July: World Doctor’s Day Van Mahotsav, Week (1st July to 7th July), , 11th July: World Population Day, 28th July: World Hepatitis Day, 29th July: International Tiger Day, 30th July: International Day of Friendship, 6th August: Hiroshima Day, 12th August: International Youth Day, 19th August: World Humanitarian Day, 8th September: International Literacy, Day, 15th September: World Engineer’s Day, 16th September: World Ozone Day, 18th September: International Day of Peace, 21st September: Biosphere Day, 25th September: Social Justice Day,, World Maritime Day, 27th September: World Tourism Day, 1st October: International Music Day, 2nd October: Gandhi Jayanti, International, Non-Violence Day, 3rd October: World Habitat Day, 9th October: World Postal Day National, Postal Week (9th October to 14th October), 12th October: World Sight Day, 16th October: World Food Day, 7th November: World Cancer Awareness, Day, 21st November: World Fisheries Day,, World Hello Day, World Television Day, 25th November: International Day for the, Elimination of Violence against Women, 3rd December: World Conservation Day, 5th December: World Soil Day, 9th December: International Day against, Corruption, National Immunization Day, 10th December: World Human Rights, Day, International Broadcasting Day, 11th December: UNICEF Day, , LIST OF PARLIAMENT OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, , Country, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, , Parliament Name, Sansad/Parliament, National Assembly, Jatiya Sansad, National Peoples Congress, , Country, Maldeep, Span, Nepal, Russia, , Parliament Name, Majlis, Cortes, Rastriya Panchayat, Duma, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World Panorama, Bhutan, Srilanka, Afganistan, England, Canada, Australia, USA, Germany, Taiwan, Japan, Israil, , Tsondu, Parliament of Sri Lanka, Shora, Parliament, Parliament, Parliament, Congress, Wondstag, Yuan, Diet, Neset, , Arms Control Treaties, , Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT): Banned, nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in, outer space and under water. Signed by the, US, UK and USSR in Moscow on 5 August, 1963. Entered into force on 10 October 1963., Nuclear, Non-Proliferation, Treaty, (NPT): Allows only the nuclear weapon, states to have nuclear weapons and stops, others from aquiring them. There are five, nuclear weapon states: US, USSR (later, Russia), Britain, France and China., Strategic Arms Limitation TalksI (SALT-I):, The first Talks began in November 1969., Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALTII): The second round started in November, 1972. The US President Jimmy Carter and, the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev signed, the Treaty on 18 June 1979., Strategic Arms Reduction TreatyI (START-I):, Treaty signed by the USSR President, Mikhail Gorbachev and the US President, George Bush (Senior) on 31 July 1991., Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II, (START-II): Treaty signed by the Russian, President Boris Yeltsin and the US President, George Bush (Senior) on 3 January 1993., , UNITED NATIONS, Quick Facts, , •• Membership: 193 Member States, •• Established: 24 October 1945, •• Official languages: Arabic, Chinese,, English, French, Russian, Spanish., •• United Nations Day, 24 October, , 133, France, Iran, Malasiya, Switzerland, Turkey, , National Assembly, Majlis, Diwan Nigara, Fedral Assembly, Grand National Assembly, , •• Based on five principal organs, (formerly six–the Trusteeship Council, suspended operations in 1994, upon, the independence of Palau, the last, remaining UN trustee territory);, the General Assembly, the Security, Council, the Economic and Social, Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and, the International Court of Justice., •• General Assembly: 193 Member States, •• Security Council: 5 permanent, members and 10 non-permanent, , The Permanent Members of the, Security Council, , •• The Peoples’ Republic of China;, •• The Republic of France;, •• The United Kingdom of Great Britain, and Northern Ireland;, •• The Russian Federation; and, •• The United States of America., , The UN Flag and the Emblem, , The UN General Assembly adopted the UN, flag on 20 Oct. 1947. The white UN emblem is, super-imposed on a light blue back ground., , Aims and Objectives, , The Main objectives of the UN are :, (1) To maintain peace and security in the, world., (2) To work together to remove poverty,, disease and illiteracy and encourage, respect for each other’s rights of basic, freedom., (3) To develop friendly relations among, nations., (4) To be a centre to help nations achieve, these common goals., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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134, , World Panorama, , NON-PERMANENT MEMBERS OF UNSC, Country, Angola, Egypt, Japan, Malaysia, , Term, Began, 2015, 2016, 2016, 2015, , Terms, Ends, 2016, 2017, 2017, 2016, , New Zealand, , 2015, , Ukraine, , 2016, , Senegal, Spain, , Uruguay, , Venezuela, , 2016, , 2016, , 2017, , 2016, , 2017, , 2015, , 2016, 2017, , 2015, , 2016, , SECRETARY GENERALS OF UNO AND THEIR TENURE, Name, Trigve Lie, Dag Hammarskjoeld, U-Thant, Kurt –Waldheim, Javier Perez de Cuellar, Boutros Boutros Ghali, Kofi Annan, Ban-Ki-moon, , Country, Norway, Sweden, Myanmar (Burma), Austria, Peru, Egypt, Ghana, S. Korea, , WORLD ORGANISATIONS AND, THEIR HEADQUARTERS, , Asian Development, Bank (ADB), ASEAN (Association, of South –East Asian, Nations), NATO (North Atlantic, Treaty Organisation), African Union (AU), , Manila, (Philippines), Jakarta, (Indonesia), , Brussels, (Belgium), Addis-Ababa, (Ethiopia), SAARC (South Asian, Kathmandu, Association for Regional (Nepal), Corporation), United Nations, Nairobi (Kenya), Environment, Programme (UNEP), International Atomic, Vienna, Energy Agency (IAEA) (Austria), United Nations, Vienna, Industrial Development (Austria), Organisation (UNIDO), UNCTAD (United, Geneva,, Nations Conference, Switzerland, on Trade and, Development), WWF (World Wildlife Gland, Fund), (Switzerland), , Tenure, 1946-1952, 1953-1961, 1961-1971, 1972-1982, 1982-1991, 1992-1996, 1997-2006, 2007- continued, , International Olympic, Committee (IOC), OPEC (Organisation of, Petroleum Exporting, Countries), OECD (Organisation for, Economic Co- operation, and Development), Commonwealth of, Nations, United Nations Centre for, Human Settlements, (UNCHS), United Nations, International Children’s, Emergency Fund, (UNICEF), United Nations, Fund for Population, Activities (UNFPA), United Nations, Development Programme, (UNDP), United Nations, Institute for Training, and Research (UNITAR), United Nations, Research Institute for, Social Development, (UNRISD), , Lausanne, Vienna, Paris, , London, Nairobi, , New York, New York, New York, Geneva, Geneva, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World Panorama, , 135, , World Food Programme, (WFP), International Civil, Aviation Organisation, (ICAO), International Fund, for Agricultural, Development (IFAD), International Labour, Organisation (ILO), International Monetary, Fund (IMF), , Rome (Italy), Montreal, (Canada), Rome, , Geneva, , Washington, , Universal Postal Union, (UPU), World Health, Organisation (WHO), World Intellectual, Property Organisation, (WIPO), World Meteorological, Organisation (WMO), Woman Aid International, European Free Trade, Association (EFTA), , INT’L GROUPS/ORGANISATION, , Acronym, NAM, CHOGM, EU, , SAARC, , NATO, SEATO, , INTERPOL, , G-8, G-77, G-15, G-20, ADB, AL, ASIAN, OPEC, , APEC, OECD, , Full Name, Non-Aligned Movement, The Commonwealth Heads of, Government Meeting, The European Union, , The South Asian Association for Regional, Cooperation, The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, , Berne, (Switzerland), Geneva, Geneva, Geneva, , London, Geneva, , H.Q., Belgrade, , Establishment, 1961, , Brussels,, Belgiwn, Kathmandu,, Nepal., Brussels, Manila, , 1993, , 1985, , 4 April 1949, September 8,, 1954, Police Lyon, France 1923, , The, International, Criminal, Organization, GROUP OF 8, Group of 77, GROUP OF 15, Group of 20, Asian Development Bank, Arab League, The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, The Organization of the Petroleum, Exporting Countries, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Amnesty International, , France, Geneva, Belgrade, , Cairo, , Vienna, , Amnesty, London, International, Red Cross, Red Cross, BRICS, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa No. H.Q., MDG – 2015 Millenium Development Goal, , 1975, 15 June 1964, September 1989, 1999, 22 August 1966, 22 March 1945, 8 August 1967, 1965, 1989, 1961, , 28 May 1961, , 1864, 2008, 2000, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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136, , World Panorama, , CENSUS 2011, • It is the 15th National Census survey, conducted by the Census Organization, of India., • Mr. C. Chandramouli -Commissioner &, Registrar General of the Census 2011., • Survey has been conducted in 2 phases house listing and population., , • Population of India – 1,210,193,422, with 623, 724, 248 males and 586,469,, 174 females., • Total literacy rate: 74.04%., • Density of population: 382 persons/, sq.km, • Sex ratio: 940 females per 1000 males, • Child sex ratio: 914 females per 1000, males, HIGH POPULATION, 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , Uttar Pradesh, , 199,812,341, , Bihar, , 104,099,452, , Maharashtra, , West Bengal, , 3, , 4, 5, , Bangalore, , 14,112,536, 8,696,010, , 8,499,399, , 1, , Dadra and Nagar Haveli, , 55.88 %, , 3, , Puducherry, , 28.08 %, , 2, 4, 5, , Daman and Diu, Meghalaya, , 27.95 %, , TOP LITERATE STATES, 1, , Kerala, , 94.00 %, , 3, , Mizoram, , 91.33 %, , 2, 4, , Arunachal Pradesh, , 53.76 %, 26.03 %, , Lakshadweep, Goa, , 91.85 %, 88.70 %, , 112,374,333, , BEST SEX RATIO, , 91,276,115, , 1, , Kerala, , 1084, , 3, , Tamil Nadu, , 996, , 84,580,777, , 5, , Andhra Pradesh, , MOST POPULATED METROS, , 2, , 1, , Mumbai, , 4, , Delhi, , Chennai, , TOP GROWTH RATE, , 5, , 2, , Kolkata, , 18,414,288, , 16,314,838, , 5, , Tripura, , Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh, Manipur, , 87.22 %, , 1037, 993, , 992, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian History, ANCIENT HISTORY, SOURCES OF ANCIENT, INDIAN HISTORY, • Pliocene deposits in Siwaliks. It is known, as Ramapitheus, a type of early hominid., • Inscriptions either on stone or on metal, plates are old records of ancient India. The, study of inscriptions is called epigraphy., • Coins: The study of coins is called, numismatics., – The Punch Mark Coins (silver &, copper) are the earliest coins of India., • Monuments: Monuments reflect the, material prosperity and development, of culture e.g. Taxshila monuments, about Kushans and Stupas, Chaityas, and Vihars about Maurya., • Vedas: Vedas point out features and, development of different dynasties, e.g., Rigveda deals with Archery and known as, “The first testament of mankind.”, – Samveda says about the art of music, (i.e. melodies), – Yajurveda: It is known as ritual Veda., – Atharvaveda: It is the latest of the four., It is about beliefs and superstitions., • Upanishad: It is anti-ritualistic in nature., It deals about the theories of creation of, the universe and doctrine of action., • Sutras: Sutras deal about rituals,, Sanskaras, social life, Medical science etc., • Puranas:, Puranas, describe, the, genealogies of various royal dynasties, i.e., Maurya, Andhra, Shishunag, Gupta, etc., • Jatak Kathas: These are the parts of art, and literature of 3rd century B.C., • Arthashastra: It is the analysis of, political and economic conditions of, the Mauryas, composed by Kautilya, (Chanakya)., • Mudrarakshasa: It tells about the, establishment of the Maurya dynasty,, the fall of Nanda, Ramgupta, etc., , • Rajtarangini: It was written by Kalhana, in 12th century A.D. It is about the rulers, of Kashmir. It is considered the, “first, historical book of India.”, • Foreign travellers wrote about the, information of India. For examples –, Megasthenes: He wrote book, “INDICA”, about the dynasty of Maurya., Fahien: He wrote about the Gupta, Emperor., Hieun-Tsang: He wrote about the, Buddhist record of the western world, during period of Harshavardhan., Albiruni: He wrote ‘ Tarikh-ul-Hind.’, Ibna-Batuta: He wrote about India, under the rule of Muhammad Tughlaq., , PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD, , • Pre - historic period is divided into, three sections- Stone age, Bronze age, and Iron age., • Stone age is divided into three periods,, i.e. Palaeolithic Age, Mesolithic Age and, Neolithic Age., • Chalcolithic Age is marked by the use, of copper as copper age., • The Iron age is usually associated with, the Painted Grey Wares (P.G.W.)., , Indus Valley Civilization, , • The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), was a unique Bronze Age civilization., • The Civilization flourished around the, Indus river basin and its tributaries,, consisting of modern Pakistan and, northwestern India., • Lothal, Balakot, Suktagendor and, Allahdin (Pakistan) in the cities of the, Harappan civilization were the major, ports., • In the valley of the Indus people used, irrigation-based agriculture., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian History, , RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS, • Came into existence around 600 B.C., • The main cause being reaction against, domination of Brahmins and spread of, agricultural economy in North-East., , Jainism, , • Founder –Rishabhadeva(FirstTirthankara)., • Mahavira was the last of the 24, tirthankaras., • Jainism was divided into two sects:, Shwetambaras and Digambaras., • The First Council was held at Pataliputra, by Sthulabahu and Second at Valabhi., , Teachings, , 139, • Ajatasatru who killed his father and, seized the throne for himself., • He was contemporary to Lord Mahavira, and Lord Buddha and a follower of, Buddhism., • Ajatasatru was succeeded by Udayin., , Shishunaga dynasty, (412 - 344 B.C.), , • The last Haryanka ruler, Nagadasaka,, was killed by his courtier Shishunaga, in 430 B.C, who became the king and, founded the Shishunaga dynasty., , Nanda dynasty (344-321 B.C.), , • Jainism was based on 5 doctrines :, (i) Ahinsa, i.e. non-violence; (ii) do, not speak a lie, (iii) do not steal. (iv), do not acquire property, and (v), observe continence (Brahmacharya), introduced by Mahavira., Three Gems of Jainism (Ratnatrya), (i) Right faith (Samyak Vishwas), (ii) Right knowledge (Samyak Gyan), (iii) Right conduct/action (Samyak Karma), , • Mahapadmananda established the, Nanda dynasty into a powerful empire., • Last ruler of Nanda dynasty was, Dhanananda. He was contemporary of, Alexander., • Alexander invasion of India took, place in 326 B.C. during the reign of, Dhanananda., , Buddhist Councils, , • Founder— Chandragupta Maurya, • He defeated the king Dhanananda with, the help of Chanakya ., • Its capital was Pataliputra., • Megasthene (Greek Ambassador) came, to his court., • He embraced Jainism and at, Sravanbelagola, • He died at Sravanbelagola, • The war of Kalinga (BC 261) was the, turning point of Ashoka’s life. The mass, death of the war changed his mind and, he became a follower of Buddhism., • Ashok Stambh of Sarnath was adopted, as national emblem of India., • Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka., • Ashoka’s Dhamma was a code of, conduct (a set of principles like respect, to elders, mercy to slaves & emphasis, on truth, non-violence & tolerance)., , Buddhism, , • Gautam Buddha was the founder of, Buddhism., • His real name was Siddhartha., • His father was a king named Suddodana, Tharu and Mother was Mahamaya., • He was born at Lumbini., • He discovered enlightenment under the, peepal tree (Bodhi Vriksha) in Gaya,, Bihar at the age of 35., • He gave his first sermon at the Deer, Park in Sarnath., • It was divided into three main sects:, Hinayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana., First at Rajgir, Second at Vaishali, Third at, Patliputra & Fourth in Kashmir., , IMPORTANT DYNASTIES IN, ANCIENT INDIA, The Haryanaka dynasty, (544 – 412 B.C.), , • Bimbisara was the first ruler and, founder of Haryanka dynasty. The, capital of the kingdom was Rajagriha., , The Mauryan empire, (322 – 185 B.C.), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian History, • In 1667, the first French Factory was, established at Surat., , Danes, , • In 1616 the Danes came to India., • They established at Tranquebar, (Tamil Nadu) in 1620 and Serampore, (Bengal) in 1676., , EAST INDIA COMPANY, , • Company rule in India effectively began, in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey., • Company was granted the diwani, or, the right to collect revenue, in Bengal, and Bihar in 1765., • Siraj-ud-Daula, was, the, last, independent Nawab of Bengal who, succeeded Alivardi Khan to the throne., • Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur, commonly, known as Mir Jafar, (c. 1691–February, 5, 1765) was the first Nawab of Bengal, under Company rule in India., • After Siraj decline Mir Jafar was, installed as the Nawab in 1757 by the, British East India Company., • Mir Qasim ( May 8, 1777) was the, Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1763., • The Battle of Buxar was fought on, 23 October 1764 between East India, Company led by Hector Munro and, the combined army of Mir Qasim, the, Nawab of Bengal: the Nawab of Awadh, and the Mughal King Shah Alam II., , Rule of the British Governors and, Governor Generals, , • After the victory of the English in Buxar,, Clive was appointed the governor and, commander-in-chief of the English, possessions in Bengal., • Warren Hastings was appointed the, Governor of Bengal in 1772., • In 1773 the Regulating Act was passed, which provided for the setting up of a, supreme court to try all British subjects., • Lord Wellesley is considered to be one, of the most brilliant Governor Generals, of Bengal., • He introduced the Subsidiary, Alliance system to undo with the, French influence and bring the Indian, states within the purview of the British, power of Jurisdiction., , 147, • Lord Minto-I (AD 1807-13) was, followed by Lord Hastings who, governed from 1813 to 1823., • Marquess of Hastings (AD 18131823)– He was the first to appoint, Indians to the highest posts of, responsibility. The first vernacular, newspaper, Samachar, Patrika, published during his time., • Lord William Bentinck (AD 182835)– Charter Act of 1833 was passed, and he was made the first Governor, General of India; Abolition of sati in, 1829., • Lord Dalhousie (AD 1848-56)–, Doctrine of Lapse, The Second, Burmese war, The Second Anglo Sikh, War, Shimla made the summer capital,, First railway line was laid from, Bombay to Thane, in 1853., • Lord Canning (AD 1856-58) Annexation of Avadh, enactment of, Hindu Widow Remarriage Bill, 1857,, establishment of universities at, Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, revolt, of 1857.,  Following the Queen’s recommendation, in 1858, transferring the Government, from the company to the British Crown,, Lord Canning was made the first, Viceroy of India., • Lord Mayo (AD 1869-72)– Organised, first census which was held in 1871., • Lord Lytton (AD 1876-80)– The, Delhi Durbar, January 1, 1877 and the, Vernacular Press Act, 1878., • Lord Ripon (AD 1880-84) – First, Factory Act of 1881. Local SelfGovernment was introduced in 1882., Repeat of Vernacular Press act., • Lord Curzon (AD 1899-1905) Famine, Commission,, Agriculture, Research Institute at Pusa, Partition of, Bengal in 1905., • Lord Minto II (AD 1905-10)– MintoMorley Reforms in 1909. Swadeshi, movement (1905-08), foundation of, Muslim League (1906), Surat session, and split in the congress (1907)., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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148, , Indian History, ,  Capital of country was announced to, be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi., • Lord, Chelmsford, (1916-21)–, Government of India Act 1919, (Montague-Chelmsford, Reforms),, enactment of Rowlatt Act (1919),, Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919),, beginning of the Non-co-operation, Movement., • Lord, Irwin, (AD, 1926-31)–, Appointment of Simon commission in, 1928. Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931; First, Around Table Conference (1930)., • Lord Willington (AD 1931-36)– The, Second Round Table Conference 1931,, The communal award, 1932, the Poona, pact, Third Round Table Conference, 1932., • Lord Wavell (AD 1944-47)- Wavell, Plan and Shimla Conference, Cabinet, Mission (Lawrence, Cripps and, Alexander), Direct Action Day” on, August 16, 1946, Attlee’s Declaration,, • Lord Mountbatten, (March 1947-June, 1948) Last Viceroy of British India, and first-Governor general of free, India. Partition of India in third week, of June, 1947; Indian Independence, Act, Partition of the country between, two independent states of India and, Pakistan. He was succeeded by C., Rajagopalachari., , Some Important rulers in India, (1720-1949), Ruler, 1. Sadat Khan, Burhan-ul-Mulk, 2. Safdar Jung, 3. Shuja-ud-daulah, 4. Asaf-ud-daulah, 5. Wazir Ali, 6. Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah, 7. Nasir Jung, 8. Muzaffar Jung, 9. Salabat Jung, 10. Nizam Ali, , Period, 1722-39, , Place, Awadh, , 1748-50, 1750-51, 1751-60, 17601803, , Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, , 1739-54 Awadh, 1754-75 Awadh, 1775-97 Awadh, 1797-98 Awadh, 1724-48 Hyderabad, , 11., 12., 13., 14., , Sikandar Jah, Nasir-ud-daulah, Afjal-ud-daulah, Mahabat Ali, Khan, 15. Osman Ali Khan, , 1803-29, 1829-57, 1857-69, 18691911, 1911-49, , 18. Ranjit Singh, , 1792-1839 Punjab, , 16. Hyder Ali, , 17. Tipu Sultan, , Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, , 1761-82 Mysore, 1782-99 Mysore, , Some important Nawabs of, Bengal (1717-1772), Nawabs, , Period, , 1. Murshid Quli Khan, , 1717-27, , 4. Alivardi Khan, , 1740-56, , 2. Suf-ud-din, , 3. Sarfraz Khan, , 5. Siraj-ud-daulah, 6. Mir Jafar, , 7. Mir Qasim, 8. Mir Jafar, , 9. Najm-ud daulah, , THE REVOLT OF 1857, , 1727-39, 1739-40, 1756-57, 1757-60, 1760-63, 1763-65, 1765-72, , • Political Causes: The policy of Doctrine, of Lapse., • Nana Sahib was refused pension, as he, was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao I., • Military Discrimination: Discrimination, between the Indian and the British, soldiers., The, • Religious, Discrimination:, introduction of Enfield rifle, the, cartridge of which was greased with, animal fat, provided the spark., • On March 29, 1857, a soldier named, Mangal Pandey attacked and fired at, his senior at Barrackpur in Bengal (in, 19th and 34th Native infantry)., • Mutiny spread throughout UP along, with some other parts of the country., • Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II, was proclaimed the Emperor of India., • Causes of Failure of the Revolt: Lack of, planning, organization and leadership., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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150, , Indian History, , Nadwah-ul-Ulma, Ramakrishna Mission, Servants of Indian Society, Poona Seva Sadan, Social Service League, Seva Samiti, , Maulana Shibli Numani, 1894 Lucknow, Swami Vivekanand, 1897 Belur, Gopalakrishan Gokhale, 1905 Bombay, Mrs Ramabai Ranade and 1909 Pune (Poona), G.K. Devadhar, N. M. Joshi, 1911 Bombay, H. N. Kunzru, 1914 Allahabad, , THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE, , • The Indian National Congress was, founded on 28 December 1885 by Allan, Octavian Hume., • Womesh Chandra (W.C.) Bonnerjee, was the first President of the INC., • The first session of the INC was held, from 28–31 December 1885, and was, attended by 72 delegates., • Bengal was reunited in 1911., • Surat Split is mainly known for, separation of Congress partymen into, moderates and extremists at the Surat, session of Congress in 26 December, 1907., • The All-India Muslim League was, founded on 30 December 1906., • The founding president of Ghadar, Party was Sohan Singh Bhakna and, Lala Hardayal was the co-founder of, this party., • In 1916, two Home Rule Movements, were launched in the country: one, under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar, Tilak and the other under Annie Besant., • August Declaration (1917), The British aimed at “increasing, association of Indians in every branch, of the administration for progressive, realisation of responsible government, in India as an integral part of the British, empire”., , Summary of Freedom Movement, , • On February 5, 1922, in the Chauri, Chaura the police chowki was set on, fire by the mob, killing 22 of the police, occupants., • The Lahore protest was led by Indian, nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai, was severely, beaten by local police. He died on, November 17, 1928., First Round Table Conference, (November 1930 – January 1931)., Second Round Table Conference, (September – December 1931), Third Round Table Conference, (November – December 1932), , • The name “Pakistan” had been proposed, by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan, Declaration., In 1940 at the Lahore Session of the, Muslim League, the demand for a, separate state of Pakistan was made., • It was based on the two-nation theory., • Gandhiji gave the slogan “Do or Die”., • The Indian National Army was, an armed force formed by Indian, nationalists in 1942 in Southeast Asia, during World War II., • Cabinet Mission was composed of three, Cabinet Ministers of England: Sir Pethick, Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and, Alexander., , S. No., Event, 1. Sepoy Mutiny, 2., , 3., 4., , Year, Significance, 1857 First War of Independence due to dissatisfaction, of the Indian soldiers, Indian National, 1880 Initiated by A. O. Hume; first president, W. C., Congress, Bannerjee, Swadeshi Movement 1905 Boycott of foreign goods, Home Rule Movement 1916 Led by Dr (Mrs) Annie Besant, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World History, WORLD HISTORY, Medieval, Ancient, Mesopotamian Civilization,  Europian Civilization, (5000-900 BC),  African Civilization,  Egyption Civilization,  Arab Civilization, (500-30 BC),  Chinese Civilization,  Greek Civilization, (776-388 BC),  Roman Civilization (753 BC-476 AD), , WORLD ANCIENT HISTORY, Mesopotamian Civilization, , , , , , , , , , Modern, Renaissance, Reformation, Glorious Revolution, Industrial Revolution, American Revolution, French Revolution, Russian Revolution, , Time Period, Events, 5000-3500 BC The first city built by Sumerian people in southern Mesopotamia., 3500 BC, Writing started with pictogram based script and took about a thousand, year to be evolved in full cuneiform script., 2300 BC, The first akkadian ruler Sargon started to conquer Sumerian cities, 2112-2095 BC The central city of Ur was built by Ur-Nammu and called as the third, dynasty of Mesopotamian., 1792-49 BC, Development of Babylonian civilization by king Hammurabi along, Euphrates River., 1530 BC, Kassite came into being in Hammurabi’s rule in 1750 BC and categorized, into minorities of Mesopotamia., 1500 BC, Northern Mesopotamia is conquered by an Indo-European ruler called, Mittani. He has also conquered Syria and Asia Minor., 1200 - 900 BC Assyria started to lose its importance due to political instability, engulfing Anatolia, Syria, and the Levant coast., , Egyptian Civilization, , Time Period, Events, 5000 BC, Farming started along the bank of Nile River., 3500-3000 BC Starting of Pre dynastic period which was characterized by permanent, settlement., 2650 BC, Old kingdom began to flourish which was known to be the era of, dynamic development of Egyptian art., 1539 BC, With the expulsion of the Hyksos and reunification of Egypt, it became, the leading power in the Middle East., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World History, , 153, , 1344-1328 BC The first ever instance of monotheism had been illustrated by the, religious reforms of pharaoh Akhenaton., 525 BC, Persians started ruling the Egypt., 332 BC, Alexander the great conquered Egypt., 305 BC, A greek-speaking dynasty was established by one of the generals of, Alexander the Great., 30 BC, The last queen of independent Egypt died and Roman empire occupied Egypt., , Greek Civilization, Time Period, 776 BC, 750BC, 490-479, 399, , 338, , Events, The first official date of Olympic Games, Greek started planting colonies on the Mediterranean coast, Athens and Sparta took lead for defending their land against, invasion from the huge Persian Empire, Socrates, the famous philosopher of Athens was sentenced to death, as he was questioning conventional ideas, The Greek city-states were defeated by King Phillip II of Macedon, , Roman Civilization, Time Period, 753 BC, 509BC, 390BC, 117AD, 312AD, 410AD, 476AD, , Events, Rome was founded, Roman republic was built, Rome was sacked by the Gauls, Roman Empire became the largest empire of its time, Constantine the Great got converted to Christianity, Goths sacked Roman Empire, The last Roman emperor was thrown out by German Tribes, , WORLD MEDIEVAL HISTORY, Medieval Europe Civilization, , Time Period, Events, 500-600AD •• A monastery was built in Italy., •• Christianity was introduced in England., •• The foundation stone of Roman Catholic Church was laid by Gregory, the Great., 650-700AD History of the English Church and People was written by Bede, 800AD, Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor., 850-900AD First Russian states founded at Kiev and Novgorod, 1150-1200 AD Construction of the cathedral of Nutre Dame, 1200-1250 AD •• St Francis of Assisi sets up a monastic order, emphasizing austerity, and compassion, •• Rebellion against the king by the Lords of England as he signed the, Magna Carta, accepting to rule according to law., 1250-1300 AD Establishment of the Habsburg dynasty that continued to rule Austria, till 1918, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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154, , World History, , AFRICAN CIVILIZATION, Time, Period, 830AD, 10501100AD, , Events, Ghana Empire was created, , Expansion of Almoravid, kingdom from Ghana to, southern Spain, 1100Emergence of Zimbabwe as, a centre for producing gold, 1150AD, and copper artifacts and, long distance trade., churches, 1200-1250 •• Christian, established in Ethiopia, AD, •• Kingdom of Mali was, established in West Africa,, with Timbuktu as a centre, of learning, , ARAB CIVILIZATION, , Time Period, Events, •• The great Prophet, 571AD, Mohammad of Islam,, was born in Mecca, •• With the rise of new, religion Islam, the Arab, civilization, started, expanding its realm, 632AD, After the death of, Mohammad his successors, continued to spread his, teachings and were known, as Caliphs or Khalifas, 13th Century The Islamic Empire came, AD, to an end with the defeat, of Abbasids by Seljuq, Turks, Islam in Arab Civilization, • Hazrat Prophet Muhammad Saheb, founded the Islam as a religion., • He was born on Monday, April 22nd, 571, A.D. (12th Rabi Al Awwal) in Mecca., • His father was Abdulsah & mother was, Aminah., • His grand father was Abdul Mullahib., • His mother died when he was 6 year, and grandfather died 2 years later., • Hijri Era started on 24th September, 622 when he migrated to Medina., , • He attained enlightment, i.e. the first, revelation came to him on Monday,, August 10th, 610 AD (21st of Ramadan), at 40 years of age at Gaare-Hira (Hira, cave)., • Prophet Muhammad died on Monday,, 8th June, 623 AD and was buried at, Medhina., • Eid-milad-un-Nabi is celebrated as his, birthday of the prophet., , Christianity, , • It was founded by Jesus Christ (i.e., , Merriah)., • He was born on 25th December to, Mother Mary (Marium) in Bethlehem, (Nr. Jerusalam), • Bible is the holy book of Christians., • His crucifixion (hanging) on cross was, happened in about AD 33., , Zoroastrianism (Parsi), , • Prophet Zoroaster founded the Parsi, religion., • The holy book of Parsi is Avesta., • Parsis believe in one God-Ahur., , Medieval China, , • From the early 7th century, China was, , ruled by the Tang dynasty., • The rule of Tang dynasty (618 AD —, 906 AD) was followed by the Sung dynasty for about 300 years., • After this, for about 100 years China, was ruled by the Mongols., • In 1644, China was conquered by the, Manchus who continued to rule until, 1911 AD., , WORLD MODERN HISTORY, Renaissance, , The European era between 14th to 17th, centuries AD was designated as the Age of, Renaissance generally known for “Revival, of Learning”. The Florence city of Italian, region Tuscany was well known as the, birth place of Renaissance., Reformation: It was a social movement,, started by Martin Luther in Wittenburg,, Germany in 1517 by publically protesting, against the sale of letters of Indulgence, (as passport to heaven)., • It was against Roman Catholic Church., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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World History, , 155, , • As a result Western Europe was divided, between, Catholic, &, Protestant, countries., • Other leader was Caloin of Switzerland., So the movement was a challenge to the, authority of Pope., Glorious Revolution : It was glorious, because of Bloodless Revolution focussed, on securing freedom of worship from, Catholics and unifying whigs and Tories, of Anglican church against the Roman, Catholic ruler James-II., Industrial Revolution : It was the, process of change in earning livelihood by, World Wars- I & II and other Wars, War, , Countries, , I, , II, , Trojan, War, , Persian, War, , Duration, , adopting industrial processes rather than, agriculture in 18th century in Britain., American Revolution : It was the mutiny, of people leaving in 13 colonies of England, in North America in late 18th century., French Revolution :, • It put an end to French monarchy., • It started in 1789 and ended in 1799., • It was carried out by Napoleon in later, expansion of French Empire., Russian Revolution :, • It was based on the Marxism ideology., • It took place in 1917., , Causes, , Consequences, , Germany, Austria- 28-07-1914 to, Hungary, Bulgaria, 11-11-1918, Turkey (i.e Central, powers) Vs., France, Russia,, Britain, US, Italy, (i.e. Allies or, Entente Powers), , 1. Murder of, Austrian King A., Ferdin and, 2. Militarism ..., , 1. End of German,, Russian, Ottoman,, etc. empires, 2. Formation of, league of Nation, , 1. Conflict between, German & Poland, 2. Treaty of, Versailles (1919), , 1. Collapse of Nazi, Germany, 2. Fall of Japanese &, Italian Empires, , City of Troy Vs., City of Sparta, , 10 years, , Kidnapping of, Queen Helen, , Victory of Greek &, destruction of Troy, , 1453 B.C. to, 1337 B.C., , King Edward III & Victory of France, England invaded over England, France, , Britain, France,, 01-09-1939 to, USSR, US, (i.e., 02-09-1945, Allies or Entente, Powers) vs., Germany, Italy &, Japan (i.e. Axis or, Central Powers), Greek vs. Persia, , Hundred France vs., Years, England, War, , Russo- Russia vs. Japan, Japanese, War, Vietnam Vietnam with, War, Soviet union vs., China, Iraq-Iran Iran vs. Iraq, War, , 499 BC to 449 Darius I of Persia, BC, attacked Athens, , Victory of Greek over, Persia, , 1904 to 1905 For imperial, Japanese won the war, AD, authority over, Manchuria & Korea, 1955 to 1975 To check spread, • Victory of North, of communism all Vietnam, over South-Asia, • American forces, backed out from China, 1980 to 1988 Border disputes, AD, between them, , Iranian invasion, failed, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Polity, THE PREAMBLE, • The Preamble to Indian Constitution is, based on “Objective Resolution” of, Nehru. Jawaharlal Nehru introduced an, objective resolution on December 13,, 1946 and it was adopted by Constituent, Assembly on 22 January, 1947., , • Initially, the Preamble was drafted by, Sh. B. N. Rau in his memorandum of, May 30, 1947 and was later reproduced, in the Draft of October 7, 1947., , THE PREAMBLE READS, , “WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having, solemnly resolved to constitute, India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST,, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and, to secure to all its citizen:, JUSTICE, social, economic and political;, LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief,, faith and worship;, EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;, and to promote among them all., FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the, , • The Constitution, in its current, form, consists of a Preamble, 24, Parts containing 448 articles, 12, schedules., • It makes India Sovereign, Socialist,, Secular, Democratic Republic., • India is a union of 29 States and 7, Union Territories., • It abolishes untouchability in India., • It guarantees Fundamental Rights to, all citizens of India., • It lays down Directive Principles of State, Policy for the guidance of Legislature, and the Executive of the country., • It establishes independence of judiciary, from the executive., , IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF, INDIAN CONSTITUTION, Article, Article 12-35, Article 36-50, Article 51A, , individual and the unity and integrity of, , Article 80, , 26th day of November 1949, do hereby, , Article 343, , the nation:, IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, this, , ADOPT, ENACT and GIVE TO OURSELVES, THIS CONSTITUTION., , CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, • Originally our Constitution contained, 395 Articles divided in 22 Parts and, 8 Schedules., , Article 81, , Article 356, Article 370, Article 395, , Importance, Specify the Fundamental, Rights available., Specify the Directive, Principles of State Policy., Specifies the, Fundamental Duties of, every citizen., Specifies the number of, seats for the Rajya Sabha., Specifies the number of, seats for the Lok Sabha., Hindi as official, language., Imposition of President’s, Rule in states., Special status to Kashmir., Repeals India, Independence Act and, Government of India Act,, 1935., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Polity, , 157, , THE UNION & ITS TERRITORY, • Article 1 stipulates that India, that is Bharat, shall be Union of states., • The country is described as ‘Union‘ because it is indestructible., , • Under Articles 2 & 3, Parliament has the power to establish new States, form a new, State., • First Linguistic State – Andhra Pradesh., • States Reorganisation Act 1956 was adopted by the Government. of India that resulted, in the formation of new states & UTs., , Indian, Citizenship, , Single, Citizenship, , Person, domiciled, in India, , By Birth, , 3 Categories Citizenship Act (1955) Provides, entitled to for acquisition & loss of, citizenship Citizenship after commencement, of the Constitution., Refugees who migrated, to India from Pakistan, , Dual Citizenship, for PIOs, , Indians living in other, Countries., , Acquisition of, Citizenship, , By Descent, , By Registration, , By Naturalisation, , By Incorporation, of Territory, , Loss of Citizenship, By Renunciation, , Fundamental Rights, , By Termination, , By Deprivation, , Part-III of the Constitution, Article (12-35), • Justiciable in nature (i.e. they are legally enforceable by the court of law)., • It promotes political democracy., , • Not absolute in nature & have some restrictions., , • Parliament can amend them but not those provisions that form the “basic” structure, of the Constitution., • Suspended during National Emergency (Except Article 20 & 21)., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Right to Freedom, , Part III (Article, 12 to 35), , Right Against, Exploitation, , (15) Prohibition of, (20) Protection in respect (24) Prohibition of, (26 ) Manage religious, (30) Right of minorities, discrimination, of conviction for, employment of, affairs., to establish, on grounds of, offences., children in factories, & administer, religion, race, sex, etc., educational, etc., institutions., (21) Protection of life &, (27) Freedom from, (16) Equality of, opportunity, personal liberty., payment of taxes for, in public, promotion of any, employment, religion., (22) Protection against, (17) Abolition of, (28) Freedom from attending, untouchability., arrest & detention in, religious instruction, certain cases., or worship in certain, educational institutions., (18) Abolition of titles., , Articles, Articles, 25-28, 29-30, (25) Freedom of conscience (29) Protection of, & free profession,, interests of, practice & propagation, minorities., of religion., , Curtural and, Educational Rights, , Articles, 32, Includes writs:, (1) Habeas Corpus, (2) Mandamus, (3) Prohibition, (4) Certiorari, (5) Quo–warranto, , Right to Constitutional, Remedies, , Can be Suspended FRs available only to citizens, during Emergency & Not to Foreigners- Art. 15,, 16, 19, 29, 30, except Art. 20 & 21, , Right to Freedom of, Religion, , Fundamental Rights, , Borrowed from, USA & France, , Articles, Articles, Articles, 14-18, 19-22, 23-24, (14) Equality before (19) 6 Rights: Freedom of (23) Prohibition of, Law & Equal, speech & expression,, traffic in human, protection of law., Assembly, Association,, beings & forced, Movement, Residence, labour., & Profession., , Right to Equality, , , , Magna Carta, of India, , 158, Indian Polity, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Polity, , DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF, STATE POLICY, PART IV ARTICLE (36 − 51), • These Principles are in the nature, of instruments of instruction and, guidelines to the government., • Directives are not enforceable in the, Courts and do not create any justiciable, rights in favour of the individuals., • In case of a conflict between Directive, Principles and Fundamental Rights of, the Constitution, the latter shall prevail., , FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES, , Part IV-A–Article 51-A, added by 42nd, Amendment, 1976, It says that it shall be the duty of every, citizen of India (there are eleven such, duties, after the 86th Constitution, Amendment Act, 2002):, , THE UNION (ARTICLE 51-151), The President of India, , • Article 52 says that “There shall be a, President of India.”, • Article 53 says that the executive, power of the Union shall be vested in, the President., , Election, , The Electoral College consists of, (a) elected members of both Houses of, Parliament, and, (b) elected members of Legislative, Assembly of States., Article 57: The President is eligible, for re-Election to that office., , Tenure (Article 56), The President shall hold office for a, term of 5 years. The President can, resign from his office any time by, addressing the resignation letter to, the Vice-President of India., , 159, , Executive Powers - Article 53, All executive powers of the Union are, vested in him., • President appoints the Prime Minister, and other ministers; and they hold, office during his pleasure., • He appoints the Attorney General, of India, Comptroller and Auditor, General of India, the Chief Election, Commissioner and other Election, Commissioners, the Chairman and, Members of the UPSC, the Governors, of the states, the Chairman and the, members of the Finance Commissions,, etc., , The Legislative Powers, , • The President can summon or end a, session of the Parliament and dissolve, the Lok Sabha., , National Emergency, , • National emergency is caused by, war, external aggression or armed, rebellion in the whole of India or a part, of its territory., • President, can, declare, national, emergency only on a written request, by the Cabinet Ministers headed by the, Prime Minister and the proclamation, must be approved by the Parliament, within one month., , State Emergency or President’s Rule, , A State Emergency can be imposed via the, following:, , 1. If that State failed to run Constitutionally,, i.e. constitutional machinery has failed Article 356, 2. If that State is not working according, to the given direction of the Union, Government – Article 365, 3. Such an emergency must be approved, by the Parliament within a period of, two months., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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160, , Veto Powers, , The President of India is vested with, three-absolute veto, suspensive veto and, pocket veto., In 1986, President Zail Singh exercised, the pocket veto with respect to the, Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill., , THE VICE-PRESIDENT (ART., 66-73), , • Article 63 says that there should be a, Vice-President of India., • The Vice-President shall be the ex-officio, Chairman of Rajya Sabha (Article 64)., • The Vice-President can be removed, from office by a resolution of the, Council of States (Rajya Sabha), passed, by a majority of its members at that, time and agreed to by the House of the, People (Lok Sabha). (Article 67), Council of Ministers, • Art 74 (1): It provides that, “There shall, be a Council of Ministers with the Prime, Minister as its head to aid and advise, the President who shall in exercise of, his/her functions act in accordance, with such advice., • If the Lok Sabha passes a ‘no confidence, motion’, the entire Council of Ministers, including PM has to resign., , THE PRIME MINISTER, , Prime Minister is the real executive authority., • Art 75 (1) : The Prime Minister shall be, appointed by the President and other, Ministers shall be appointed by the, President on the advice of the Prime, Minister., • He allocates & reshuffles various, portfolios among the Ministers., • Prime Minister is the key link between, the Cabinet and the Parliament and, keystone of Cabinet architecture., , Indian Polity, , UNION LEGISLATURE, • Part V of the Constitution deals with, Parliament. According to Article 79,, there shall be a Parliament for the, Union, which shall consists of:, • President of India., • Two houses consists of Council of States, (Rajya Sabha or Upper House) and Lok, Sabha or Lower House., , RAJYA SABHA (COUNCIL OF, STATES), , • Its first sitting was held on April 3,, 1952., • Article 80 of the Constitution lays down, the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha, as 250, out of which 12 members are, nominated by the President, 238 are, representatives of the States and of the, two Union Territories., • The present strength of Rajya Sabha,, however, is 245, out of which 233 are, representatives of the States and Union, Territories of Delhi and Puducherry and, 12 are nominated by the President., • The Rajya Sabha is not subject to, dissolution. The members of the Rajya, Sabha are elected for 6 years. One-third, of the members retire every two years., , LOK SABHA (PEOPLE’S, HOUSE), • Its first sitting took place on May 13,, 1952, • All the members of the Parliament are, popularly elected, except not more than, two members of the Anglo-Indian, community, who are nominated by the, President., • In the Constitution, the strength of, the Lok Sabha was provisioned to, be not more than 552 : 530 from the, States, 20 from the Union Territories, and 2 nominated from the AngloIndian community., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Polity, • Under the current laws, the strength, of Lok Sabha is 545, including the two, seats reserved for members of the, Anglo-Indian community., , BILLS, , The bill can broadly be categorised as:, (a) Ordinary bills, (b) Money bills, Ordinary Bills, • All the Bills other than Financial Bills, • Money Bills and the Constitutional, Amendment Bills are Ordinary Bills., • Such Bills can be introduced in either, House of the Parliament (in Lok, Sabha or the Rajya Sabha) without the, recommendation of the President,, except those Bills under Article 3 (i.e.,, Bills related to reorganisation of the, territory of a State)., Money Bills, • Money Bill is defined in Art. 110 of the, Constitution., • As per the Article, any Bill dealing with, all or any of the matters enumerated, from (a) to (g) of the same Article shall, be a Money Bill., • Money Bills are: imposition, abolition,, remission, alteration or regulation of, any tax., Financial Bills, A, Financial, Bill, cannot, be, introduced without the President’s, recommendation, and it can only be, introduced in the Lok Sabha., Constitutional Amendment Bills, , 161, • Art. 368 deals with the power, of the Parliament to amend the, Constitution, and the procedure, thereof., • A Bill for this can be introduced in, either House (the Lok Sabha or the, Rajya Sabha) of the Parliament., , SPEAKER OF THE LOK SABHA, • After formation of a new Lok Sabha the, President appoints a Speaker pro-tem, who is the senior most member of the, House., • A Deputy Speaker is also elected to, officiate in the absence of the Speaker., • The Speaker is the Chief Presiding, Officer of the Lok Sabha., • The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, may be removed from their offices, by a resolution passed by the House, with an effective majority of the, House after a prior notice of 14 days, to them., Meira Kumar is the first woman, Speaker of the Lok Sabha (2009-2014), GMC Balyogi is the first speaker to die, in the office (1998-2002), Dr Balram Jakhar was the longest, serving Speaker (1980-1989), M A Ayangar was the first Deputy, Speaker (1952-1956), GV Mavlankar was the first Speaker of, the Lok Sabha (1952-1956), Sumitra Mahajan is the present, Speaker of 16th Lok Sabha since June,, 2014., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Polity, , 163, , THE SUPREME COURT, , THE STATES (ARTICLE 152-237), , • The Supreme Court of India is the, highest judicial forum and final court of, appeal under the Constitution of India, with the power of constitutional review., • It comprises the Chief Justice of India, and 30 other judges., Tenure and Qualification and Salary, • Judges of Supreme Court are appointed, by the President of India, and serve till, the age of 65 years., Impeachment, • A judge of the Supreme Court can be, removed under the Constitution only, on grounds of proven misconduct, or incapacity and by an order of the, President of India, after a notice signed, by at least 100 members of the Lok, Sabha or 50 members of the Rajya, Sabha is passed by a two-third majority, in each House of the Parliament., , The Governor (Article 153-162), , • The first woman judge of the Supreme, Court was Justice Fatima Beebi in 1987., • The second woman justice was Gyan, Sudha Mishra in 2010, • The first Chief Justice of India was, HJ Kania (1950-50), • The shortest tenure so far is of, KN Singh (Nov.25-1991-Dec. 12, 1991., , Comptroller and Auditor General, (CAG) (Article 148-151), • CAG is appointed by the President, of India under Article 148 of the, Constitution and shall only be removed, from the office in the like manner as a, Judge of the Supreme Court., • The first CAG of India was V Narahari, Rao, Attorney General of India, • According to Article 76 the Attorney, General of India is the Government’s, chief legal advisor, and its primary, lawyer in the Supreme Court of India., • The First Attorney General was, M.C. Setalvad., • Mukul Rohatgi is the incumbent, Attorney General of India., , • The Governor of a State is appointed, by the President of India (Article 155)., • The same Governor can act as Governor, of more than one State (Article 153-162)., , Legislative Assembly (Vidhan, Sabha), , • It is the lower and popular house of the, State. Members are chosen by direct, election, • According to Article 172, duration of, Assembly is normally 5 years. But it may, be dissolved earlier by the Governor., , Legislative Council (Article 169), , • It is the upper house., • Parliament may by law create or abolish, Legislative Council., • It can be created, if the Legislative, Assembly of the State passes a, resolution to the effect by special, majority., , High Courts (Article 214-232), , • There shall be a High Court for each, State Article-214., • The Judiciary in the states consist of a, High Court and subordinate courts., • There are 24 High Courts in India, • The Calcutta High Court is the oldest, of all which was established in 1862., The Bombay and Madras High Courts, were established in the same year., • Chhatisgarh, Uttarakhand (Nainital), and Jharkhand (Ranchi) High Courts, were established in the year 2000., , The Panchayati Raj (Article 243-O), , • Rajasthan is the first state in India,, where Panchayati Raj was implemented, after the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992., • It gave Constitutional status to, Panchayati Raj system., • After Amendment Panchayati Raj added, to the 11th Schedule of the Constitution, , The Three Tire System of Local, Governance, • Gram Panchayat at Village Level, • Panchayat Samiti at Block Level, • Zila Parishad at District Level, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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164, , Indian Polity, , The Municipalities (Article 243P243 ZG), , • PART IX A added by 74th Amendment, Act 1992, gives a constitutional, foundation to the local self government, units in urban area., • Nagar Panchayat, is for an area being, transformed from a rural area to an urban., • Municipal Council is for a smaller, urban area., • Municipal Corporation is for a larger, urban area. The Municipal Corporation, is the topmost urban local government., , ELECTION COMMISSION, (ARTICLE 324-329), , Article 324 says that the superintendence,, direction and control of elections shall be, vested in the Election Commission., Article 325 provides for a single electoral, roll for every constituency., , Article 326 stipulates that elections shall, be held on the basis of adult suffrage., , Political Parties, , • As per the provisions of the Peoples, Representation Act, 1951 political, parties are registered with the Election, Commission of India., • The Anti-defection law, passed in, 1985, prevents the MPs or the MLAs, elected as candidates from one party, forming or joining a new party,, unless they comprise more than, one-third of the original party, in the, Legislature., , Recognition and Reservation of, Symbols, , • A party registered with the Election, Commission may be granted recognition, as a National or a State party on the, basis of its performance in polls., , National Parties, , S., No., , Name, , Symbol, , Year of, Current Current Lok, Foundation leader(s) Sabha Seats, , 1. Bharatiya Janata, Party, , Lotus, , 1980, , Amit Shah 282 / 543, , 3. Communist Party, of India (Marxist), , Hammer, Sickle and, Star, , 1964, , Sitaram, Yechury, , 2. Indian National, Congress, , 4. Communist Party, of India, 5. Bahujan Samaj, Party, , 6. Nationalist, Congress Party, , Hand, , Ears of Corn and Sickle, Elephant (In all States/, U.T.s except in the State, of Assam, where its, candidates will have to, choose a symbol., Clock, , 7. All India Trunamue Jora Ghas Phul, Congress, , IMPORTANT, TERMS, , 1885, , PARLIAMENTARY, , • Calling Attention: Moved to call the, attention of a Minister to matters of, public importance., • Interim, Government:, This, Government is formed during the, , 1925, , Sonia, Gandhi, , 9 / 543, , Suravaram 1 / 543, Sudhakar, Reddy, , 1984, , Mayawati, , 1999, , Sharad, Pawar, , 1998, , 44 / 543, , Mamta, Banerjee, , 0 / 543, , 32/545, , transitional phase of the history of the, country., • Ordinance: An ordinance is a law, promulgated by the head of the State, in a situation of urgency when the, Legislature cannot frame the law, because either it is not in session or it is, dissolved., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Indian Polity, , 165, , • Question Hour: The first one hour, period (usually 11: 00 a. m. to 12: 00, a. m.) each day during the meetings of, the Parliament is allotted for asking the, questions by the members to be replied, by the Ministers, is called the Question, Hour., • Quorum: It refers to the required, presence of the minimum member of, members of a body to hold its meetings, and conduct its business., • Whip: This is an official appointed by a, political party to regulate and monitor, the behaviour of its members in the, Legislature., • Zero Hour: It is a period which follows, after the Question Hour when the, members raise any issue of public, importance on very short or even, without any notice., Adjournment •• To draw attention of, Parliament to a matter of, motion, urgent public importance., •• Motion, needs, the, support of 50 members, for admission., •• Rajya Sabha cannot, move this motion., No, Confidence, Motion, , •• Moved to prove the, confidence, of, Lok, Sabha in the Council of, Ministers., •• If No Confidence Motion, is passed, Council of, Ministers has to resign., •• No Confidence Motion, needs the support of 50, members to be admitted., •• Can be moved only in, Lok Sabha., , • It, conducts, examinations, for, appointment to the Services of the, Union., • Age of retirement for a member of UPSC, is 65 years and for a member of PSC, of a State or a Joint Commission is 62, years., , NITI AAYOG, , • NITI Aayog or National Institution for, Transforming India Aayog is a policy, think-tank of Government of India that, replaces Planning Commission and, aims to involve the States in economic, policy-making in India., • It will be providing strategic and, technical advice to the Central and, the State Governments. The Prime, Minister heads the Aayog as its, chairperson., , NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, COUNCIL (NDC), • The National Development Council was, formed in 1952, to associate the States, in the formulation of the plans., • All members of the Union Cabinet, Chief, Minister of States, the Administrators, of the Union Territories and members, of NITI Ayog are members of the NDC., , FINANCE COMMISSION, , • As per Article 280 of the Constitution, of India the Finance Commission is, established., • It is a quasi-judicial body., • It consists of a chairman and four other, members., , LOKPAL, , UNION PUBLIC SERVICE, COMMISSION, , In India, the institution of Ombudsman, (Swedish word meaning Commissioner), has given the name of Lokpal & use it as an, anti-corruption institution., , • The Union Public Service Commission, consists of a Chairman and other, members appointed by the President, and they hold office for a period, of 6 years from the date of their, appointment., , The anti-corruption institution of, Lokayukta is set up at the state level. He is, appointed by the Governor of the State. In, most of the States, the term of office fixed, for Lokayukta is of 5 years duration or, 65 years of age, whichever is earlier., , LOKAYUKTA, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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166, , ADVOCATE GENERAL, Each State shall have an Advocate General., He has the right to address & take part, in the proceedings of the House of the, State Legislature. But he has no right to, vote. His functions are similar to those of, the Attorney – General., , ARTICLE 370, , Under Article 370 of the Indian, Constitution, Jammu & Kashmir is granted, autonomy. It is a ‘temporary provision’, that accords special status to the State., , How J & K Different from Other, States?, , • Directive Principles of State Policy, (DPSP) are not applied to J&K but, applied to other States., • President can’t declare financial, emergency (salaries and allowances, reduction, etc.) in relation to J&K., • High Court of J&K can issue writs, only for enforcement of Fundamental, Rights., • Right to property is still guaranteed in, J&K., • Permanent residents of J&K have some, special fundamental rights., • Although Supreme Court, EC and CAG, are applicable to J&K along with all, other States., , AMENDMENTS OF THE, CONSTITUTION (ARTICLE 368), , There are three types of bills that seek to, amend the Constitution:, 1. Bills that are passed by Parliament by, Simple Majority., 2. Bills that have to be passed by, Parliament by Special Majority., 3. Bills that have to be passed by Special, Majority and also to be ratified by, not less than one-half of the State, Legislatures., Important Amendments, • The first Amendment Act to the, Indian Constitution was made in the, year 1951. Ninth Schedule was added., , Indian Polity, • The Constitution (24th Amendment), Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of the, Parliament to amend any part of the, Constitution., • The Constitution (39th Amendment), Act, 1975: The Act places beyond, challenge in courts the election to, Parliament of a person holding the, office of Prime Minister or Speaker, and the election of President and VicePresident., • The Constitution (42nd Amendment), Act, 1976: It was enacted during the, period of National Emergency., • The Constitution (43rd Amendment), Act, 1978: It restores civil liberties by, deleting Article 3ID which gave powers, to Parliament to curtail even legitimate, trade union activity under the guise of, legislation for the prevention of antinational activities., • The Constitution (44th Amendment), Act, 1978: Fundamental Rights, guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21, cannot be suspended during a national, emergency., • The Constitution (61st Amendment), Act, 1989: It lowered the voting age, from 21 to 18., • The Constitution (73rd Amendment), Act, 1992: To ensure direct election to, all seats in Panchayats., • The Constitution (74th Amendment), Act, 1992: was made to ensure direct, election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and, Municipalities., , E-Governance, , E-governance means technology drive, operation. The 11th report of the Second, Administrative Reforms Commission,, entitled to promoting e-Governance., Five models of e-Governance, • G2C (Government to citizen), • G2B (Government to business), • G2E (Government to Employees), • G2G (Government to Governments), • C2G (Citizens to Government), National e-Governance Plan, National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) is a, plan of the Government of India to make, all government services available to the, citizens of India via electronic media., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Economy, INTRODUCTION, • It’s a developing economy with, agriculture being its backbone., • The growth rate is estimated to be around, 7.6% per cent in the year 2015-16., • World’s fourth largest in terms of real, GDP after USA, China and Japan., , HISTORY OF PLANNING IN INDIA, , • 1934: First attempt to initiate economic planning in India was made by, Sir M.Visvesvarayya, through his book, ‘Planned Economy For India’., • 1938: ‘National Planning Commission’, was set up under the chairmanship of, J.L. Nehru first time., • 1944: ‘Bombay Plan’ was presented by, 8 leading industrialists of Bombay., • 1944: ‘Gandhian Plan’ was given by, S. N. Agarwal., • 1945: ‘People’s Plan’ was given by, M. N. Roy., • 1950: ‘Sarvodaya Plan’ was given by J., P. Narayan., , The Planning Commission, , • It was set up on March 15, 1950 under, the chairmanship J.L. Nehru, by a resolution of Union Cabinet., • It is an extra-constitutional, non-statutory body., • Prime Minister is the ex-officio Chairman, one deputy-Chair appointed by, the PM and some full time members., • In January 2015, Cabinet resolution, replaced the Planning Commission, by NITI Aayog., , PLANS, First Plan (1951 - 56), , • Based on Harrod-Domar Model., • Community Development Program, launched in 1952, • Focus on agriculture, price stability,, power and transport., , Second Plan (1956 - 61), , • Also called Mahalanobis Plan., • Focus - rapid industrialization, , Third Plan (1961 - 66), , • Target Growth: 5.6% ; Actual Growth:, 2.4%, • Agriculture was given to priority to support the exports and industry., • Aimed to make India a ‘self-reliant’ and, ‘self-generating’ economy., , Three Annual Plans (1966-69) Plan, holiday for 3 years, , • The main reasons for plan holidays, were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation., • Policy of Green Revolution was adopted., , Fourth Plan (1969 - 74), , • Target growth rate was 5.6%, actual, growth rate was 3.3%., • Main emphasis was on growth rate of, agriculture to enable other sectors to, move forward, , Fifth Plan (1974 - 79), , • The fifth plan was prepared and, launched by D.D. Dhar., • Target growth rate was 4.4% and the, actual growth rate was 5.0%., • It proposed to achieve two main objectives: ‘removal of poverty’ (Garibi Hatao), and ‘attainment of self reliance’., , Rolling Plan (1978 - 80), , • There were two Sixth Plans. Janta, Government put forward a plan for, 1978-1983. However, the government lasted for only 2 years. Congress, Govt. returned to power in 1980 and, launched a different plan., , Sixth Plan (1980 - 85), , • Target growth rate was 5.2% and the, actual growth rate was 5.4%., • It was a great success and marked the, beginning of economic liberalisation., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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168, , Seventh Plan (1985 - 90), , • Target growth rate was 5.0% and the, actual growth rate was 6.01%., , Eighth Plan (1992 - 97), , • It was postponed by two years because, of political uncertainty at the Centre., • Modernization of industries was a, major highlight., • Target growth rate: 5.6%; Average, growth rate: 6.78%, , Ninth Plan (1997- 2002), , • Target growth was 7.1% and the actual, growth was 6.8%., , Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007), , • Target growth: 8.1%, Growth achieved: 7.7%, • 20 point program was introduced., • It targetted a GDP growth of 8% per, annum., , Eleventh Plan (2007 - 2012), , • Accelerate GDP growth from 8% to 10%., • Reduce Total Fertility Rate to 2.1, • Increase agriculture growth to 4%., , Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017), , Major objective: Faster, Sustainable, and More Inclusive Growth., The main points of the Twelfth Plan are:, , Resource Allocation Priorities in, 12th plan, , • Health and Education received less than, projected in Eleventh Plan., • Infrastructure, including irrigation and, watershed management and urban infrastructure, will need additional 0.7, percentage point of GDP over the next 5, years., , National Income of India, , • National Income is the money value of, all the final goods & services which produced by a country during one year., • India is now the world’s 3rd largest, economy in terms of real prices and, purchasing power., , Measures/Concepts of National, Income, , 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP):, GDP is the total money value of all final, , Economy, goods & services produced within the, geographical boundaries of the country, (produced by resident citizens + foreign, nationals) during a given period of time,, generally one year., GDP = Q × P,, , Q = Total quantity of final goods & services., P = Price of final goods & services., 2. Gross National Product (GNP): GNP, is the money value of total output or, production of final goods & services produced by the nationals of a country during a, given period of time, generally a year. In this, case, the income of all the resident & nonresident citizens of a country is included, whereas the income of foreign nationals , who reside within the geographical boundary of the country is excluded., GNP = GDP + (X – M), , X = Export of goods & services, M = Import of goods & services, X – M = Net Factor Income from Abroad, (NFIA), So,, , GNP = GDP + NFIA, , 3. Net National Product (NNP): can be, calculated in 2 ways:(i) NNP at market price:, NNP = GNP – Depreciation, , Depreciation means wear & tear of, goods produced., NNP at market price includes Indirect taxes and excludes subsidies., (ii) NNP at factor cost: NNP at factor, cost calculates National Income, only on the basis of cost incurred, to produce the goods & services., This cost is the payment made to, the factors of production., NNPfc = NNPmp – Indirect Taxes + Subsidy, , When NNP is obtained at factor cost, it is, known as National Income., Likewise, GDP at factor cost also can be, calculated., GDPfc = GDPmp – Indirect Taxes + Subsidy, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Economy, , 169, , 4. Personal Income : It is that income, which is actually obtained by nationals, in one year., P.I. = National Income – Undistributed, Profits of Corporation – Payments for, Social Security Provisions – Corporate, Taxes + Government Transfer payments, + Business Transfer payments + Net, Interest paid by government., SOCIAL SECURITY PROVISIONS =, Payments made by employees towards, pension & provident fund, TRANSFER PAYMENTS = Payments, made not against any productive activity., eg. – old age pension, unemployment, compensation, disaster relief payment,, etc., 5. Disposal Personal Income (DPI):, Income that is available to individuals, that can be disposed at their will., , 6. National Income at constant price &, current price, NI CONSTANT PRICE = Total quantity, of all final goods & services produced, in a particular year × Price of base year., , Base year of National Income accounts, is the year chosen to enable inter – year, comparisons. The new series changes, the base to 2011–12 from 2004–05, NI CURRENT PRICE = Total quantity, of all final goods & services produced, in a particular year × Price of goods &, services in that particular year., , BUDGET, Budget is an annual financial statement., The Budget in India is divided into 2 parts, – Revenue Account & Capital Account., , DPI = Personal Income – Direct Taxes., , Budget, , Revenue A/C, , Receipts, , Tax, , Capital A/C, , Expenditure, , Expenditure, , Non – Tax, General Services, (Police, Judiciary,, Defence), , Income &, Expenditure, , Commodities, & Services, Currency, Coinage, & Mint, Property, & Capital, , Others, , Interest, Receipts &, Dividends, , Economic Services, (Agriculture Industries,, Transportation, Trade), , Social & Community, Services (Education,, Medical, Employment), , Net Recoveries, of Loans &, Advances, , loans to Economic, Defence, states & Social &, & Others, UTs, Community, development, , Receipts, , Net Market Net Small Others, Borrowing Savings, Collections, , Indian Tax Structure, , • Tax Structure present in India is very strong and follows the financial year., • Direct taxes are those which are imposed on a person either on his income or, wealth and the tax liability cannot be escaped. It is governed by Central Board of, Direct Taxes (CBDT)., • Indirect tax is collected by middle men in the channels of distribution of goods and it, is remitted to the Government treasury. It is governed by Central Board of Excise and, Customs (CBEC)., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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170, , Economy, India Tax Structure Taxes/imposed by, , Central Government, , State Government, , Local Government, , • Property tax, Direct taxes Indirect taxes, Direct taxes, Indirect taxes, • Income tax • Custom duty • Professional tax • Entertainment • Water tax, • Sewerage tax, • Wealth tax • Central excise • Agricultural tax • V.A.T, • Service tax, • State excise duty, • Central sales, Goods and Services Tax (GST), Features, • Uniform regim of taxes across India., • Common market of goods and services, across India., • States will collect services taxes., • Centre will collect Integrated Goods and, Service Tax (IGST) or inter-state supplies., • IGST rate will be equal to Central GST, (CGST) + State GST (SGST)., • It will subsume 16 central or state’s taxes., , GST Replaces, , States Taxes, • VAT/Sales Tax, • Entry Tax/Octroi, , Central Taxes, • Central Excise Duty, • Excise Duty on, Medicines and Toilet, • Local Tax, • Additional Custom, Duty, • Entertainment Tax • Sp. Add. Custom Duty, • Purchase Tax, • Countervailing Duty, • Mandi Tax/Local • Service Tax, Levis, • Luxury Tax, • Cesses, and, surcharges, • Tax on Lottery and, Betting, • Inter-state Tax, , Poverty in India, , • One third of the world’s poor live in India., • The number of poor in India is now, estimated at 148 million in 2014 as, compared to 396 million in 2004-05., • Goa ranks best with least poverty of, 5.09% and Chattisgarh has the most, poverty with 39.93%., , • Poverty is concentrated among agricultural labourers, casual workers, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes., • According to Economic Survey 201314, poverty ratio declines to 21.9%., , Unemployment in India, , • The country’s overall unemployment rate, was estimated to be 4.9% in 2013-14., • In case of women living in urban areas,, the unemployment rate was 12.4%,, while in rural areas, it was 6.4%., • The overall unemployment among, women was 7.7% across the country., • Gujarat has the lowest unemployment, rate of 1.2%, as per the fourth Annual, Employment & Unemployment Survey, report for 2013-14, released by Labour, Bureau, under Union Ministry of Labour, and Employment., , Schemes for Women and Child, Development, , 1. Ahimsa Messengers, • Scheme of Ministry of women and, child development launched by UPA, in 2013., • Includes Women Panchayati Raj, Members, Youth, NGOs etc., • These people work for prevention of, violence against women, dowry etc., 2. CSWB, • Central social welfare board (CSWB)., • To implement welfare programs for, women and children via NGOs, family, counselling, awareness generation, etc., 3. Poorna Shakti Kendra, • Created under National Mission for, empowerment of women in 2013., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Economy, , 171, , • One stop information centres., • Help women get benefit from various, , govt. schemes., 4. SABLA, • Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls launched in, 2011., • To provide nutrition for growing, adolescent girls by provision of food, grains., • All girls will be given a kishori card, which will be updated with details of, the girl’s growth and provision of the, food grains., • SABLA is created by merging earlier, two schemes: Nutrition program, for adolescent girls + Kishori Shakti, Yojana., • Target: girls aged 11-18., • 100 gms of foodgrain per day per girl, for 300 days in a year., 5. Saksham, • This is a scheme by Ministry of Women and Child Development launched, in 2012., • Made due to rising demand for, gender sensitisation among boys, after the Delhi gang-rape incident., • It’ll give training/moral education to, adolescent boys (11-18 age) to respect women., 6. STEP, • Support to Training and Employment program for Women., • Provides skill training., Policies, 1974, 2001, 2004, 2014, , National Policy for Children, National Policy for Women, National Charter for Children, National Youth Policy, , Child labour v/s Right to, Education (RTE), , • RTE = Every child between the ages of, , 6 and 14 has right to free (and compulsory) elementary education, • Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 makes a distinction, between hazardous and non-hazardous categories of work for children, under 14 years., , National Rural Health Mission, • Focus, , will be post-menopausal, problems, osteoporosis and breast and, cervical cancer., • Dovetailing of NRHM with IGMSY, [Indra Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana], (conditional cash transfer for maternity, benefit) and National Food Security Bill, (NFSB) will be undertaken., • Training Anganwadi and ASHA workers, (Accredeted Social Health Activist) on, issues relating to nutrition, counselling,, child rights and gender discrimination, , Rashtriya Bal Swasthya, Karyakram, , • This scheme was launched in 2013., • To provide comprehensive healthcare, and improve the quality of life of, children focus on 4D., • Defects at birth (cleft lip, down’s, syndrome, Talipes etc.)., • Diseases (dental, heart, asthama etc.)., , ICDS, , • Integrated Child Development Service, (ICDS) started in 1975., • Beneficiary-children below the age of six,, lactating mothers, pregnant mothers., , Dhanlakshmi, , Conditional cash transfer for girl child,, launched in 2008, for fulfilling following, conditions:, • birth and registration of birth, • immunization, • enrolment and retention in school, , Rajiv Gandhi National Creche, , • Scheme provides for day-care facilities, to 0-6 year-old children of working, mothers by opening crèches and, development services, • Requirement: combined monthly income, of both the parents should not exceed, `12,000 for availing of the facilities., , INDUSTRIES:, , • Public Sector Enterprises (PSE) is, a government-owned corporation, owned by Union Government of India,, or one of the many state or territorial, governments, or both., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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172, , Economy, , • They are under the Department of, Public Enterprises of Ministry of Heavy, Industries and Public Enterprises., • There are 298 PSU companies on 3103-2015 in India., , Industrial Policy 1991, , • Miniratna, , (B) Main Focus on, , • Maharatna, • Navratna, , CPSEs (itself divided into Category I &, Category II), As on 26 October, 2014 there are, 7 Maharatna, 17 Navratna and 73, Miniratna CPSE’s., There are 7 Maharatnas :, (i) Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL), (ii) Coal India, (iii) Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), (iv) GAIL, (v) NTPC, (vi) Oil & Natural Gas Corporation, (ONGC), (vii) Steel Authority of India (SAIL), There are 17 Navratna CPSEs in the, country, these are:, 1. Bharat Electronics Limited, 2. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, 3., 4., 5., 6., , 7., 8., 9., , 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., , 15., 16., 17., , Container Corporation of India Limited, , Engineers India Limited, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Limited, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, National Aluminium Company Limited, Nation al Buildings Construction, Corporation Limited, NMDC Limited, Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, Oil India Limited, Power Finance Corporation Limited, Power Grid Corporation of India, Limited, Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited, Rural Electrification Corporation, Limited, Shipping Corporation of India Limited, , (A) Objectives, • to maintain a sustained growth in, productivity., • to enhance gainful employment., • to achieve optimum utilisation of human, resources., • deregulating Indian industry., • allowing the industry freedom and, flexibility in responding to market, forces, and, , (C) Policy Measures, •, •, •, , Liberalisation of Industrial Licensing, Policy., Introduction of Industrial Entrepreneur’s, Memorandum (i.e. no industrial approval, is required for industries not requiring, compulsory licensing)., Non-Resident Indians Scheme (NRIs, are allowed to invest upto 100%, equity on non-repatriation basis, in all activities except for a small, negative list)., , Classification of Industries:, A., , On the basis of source of raw, materials, , • Agro based industry (cotton textile,, , jute textile and sugar)., , B., , • Mineral based industry (iron and, , steel, machine tools and aluminium)., , On the basis of main role played, by the industry, , • Basic industries: these are the, , C., , industries whose finished products, are used as the raw materials for, other industries., • Consumer goods industries: these, are the industries whose finished, products are directly used for, consumption by consumers., , On the basis of capital investment, , • Small scale industry, • Large scale industry, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Economy, , D., , 173, , On the basis of ownership, • Private sector undertaking, , Sugar Industry, Jute Industry, , (TISCO, Mahindra and Mahindra,, Birla Cement), • Joint sector undertaking, (Oil India Limited), • Co-operative industries, (Sugar Industry in Maharashtra), , BANKING IN INDIA, , • Public sector undertaking, , (SAIL, HAL, BEML), , E., , Based on the bulk of raw materials, and finished products, , • Heavy industries, • Light industries, , In India, industries are concentrated in, four main regions:, 1. West Bengal, Jharkhand and, Chhatisgarh, 2. Maharashtra and Gujarat region, 3. Gangetic Plains, 4. South India, , First Time in India, Cotton Industry, Iron and Steel, Industry, , 1818 Fort Gloster, (Kolkata), 1870 Kulti (West, Bengal), , 1900 Bihar, 1855 Rishara (West, Bengal), Paper Industry, 1812 Serampur, (W. Bengal), Petroleum Indus- 1956 Digboi, try, (Assam), Cement Industry 1904 Chennai (Tamil, Nadu), , The State Bank of India is the largest, commercial bank in India., , Reserve Bank of India, , • Central bank of India., • Established on April 1, 1935 with a, capital of ` 5 crore., • Nationalised on January 1, 1949 as, Government acquired the private share, holdings., • Administration: 14 Directors in, Central Board of Directors besides the, Governor, 4 Deputy Governors and 1, Government official. The Governor is, the Chairman of the Board and Chief, Executive of the Bank., , Reserve Bank of India, , Scheduled Banks, Scheduled Commercial, Banks (163), (Mentioned in II Schedule, of RBI ACT,1934), , Public Sect or, Bank s (26), , Priva te Sector, Banks (21), , Sch eduled, Cooperative, Banks (69), , RRBs (82), , Nationalised, Bank (20), , Old Private Banks (14), , SBI & Asso (6), , New Private Banks (7), , Non-Scheduled, Commercial Banks (4), , Scheduled, Urban, Cooperative, Bank (53), , Scheduled, State, Cooperative, Bank (16), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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174, • Governors: 1st Governor – Sir Smith, (1935-37); 1st Indian Governor- CD, Deshmukh (1948-49)., • RBI follows Minimum Reserve System, worth 200 crore (` 115 crore gold &, ` 85 crore bond)., • All notes except one rupee are issued, by the RBI & bear the signature of RBI, Governor., • Where as the one rupee note bears, signature of Secretary of Finance (GOI)., • No personal accounts are maintained &, operated in RBI., Functions of RBI, • Issuance of note., • Banker to the Government., • Banker’s Bank., • Controller of Credit, • Custodian of Foreign Reserves, • Formulates and administers the, monetary policy in India., • Acts as the agent of the Government of, India in respect to India’s membership, of the IMF and the World Bank., • RBI acts as the central clearing house, for the inter bank transactions., • Credit control means control over, the quantity and value of credit in the, country. Among the functions of Central, Bank, one main function is to control, and regulate the credit in the country., 1. Quantitative Credit Control:, Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR),, Open Market Operations (OMO),, Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo/, Reserve Repo., 2. Qualitative Credit Control:, Rationing of Credit, Regulation of Credit, for Consumption Purpose, Variation of, margin requirements, Moral Control,, Direct action., Printing of Securities and Minting in, India, India Security Press (Nashik Road):, Postal Material, Postal Stamps, Nonpostal Stamps, Judicial and Non-judicial, Stamps, Cheques, Bonds, NSC, Kisan Vikas, Patra, Securities of State Governments,, Public Sector Enterprise and Financial, Corporations., , Economy, Currency Notes Press (Nashik Road):, Since 1991, this press prints currency, notes of ` 1, ` 2, ` 5, ` 10, ` 50, and ` 100., Bank Notes Press (Dewas): Currency, notes of `20, `50, `100 and `500 are, printed here., Modernized Currency Notes Press:, Two new modernized currency notes, press are under establishment at Mysore, (Karnataka) and Salboni (West Bengal)., Security Paper: Hoshangabad (established, in 1967-68) makes production of Bank and, Currency notes paper., Coins are minted at four places:, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Noida., , STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA, , • The Securities Contracts (Regulation), , Act of 1956 established for the purpose, of assisting, regulating and controlling,, business in buying, selling and dealing, in securities.”, • There are 24 stock exchanges in India., Bombay Stock Exchange 1875- one of, the oldest in the world and oldest in, Asia., Madras Stock Exchange- 1920, , Ahmedabad Stock Exchange- 1894, Calcutta Stock Exchange- 1908, , Securities and Exchange Board of India, (SEBI): April 1988, , SEBI, , • It was given statutory status and powers through an ordinance promulgated, on January 30, 1992., • Its office is situated in Mumbai with, regional offices at Delhi, Chennai and, Calcutta., Functions of SEBI:,  Check insider trading of securities.,  Encourage self-regulatory organisations.,  Eliminate malpractice of security, market.,  Safeguard interests of investors., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Economy, , 175, , AGRICULTURE, The agriculture sector of India occupies, almost 43% of India’s geographical area., , Importance, , • It is the largest contributor to India’s, GDP., • Provides livelihood to 65-70% of total, population and employment to 58.4%, of total work force., • Importance source of raw materials to, large and small scale industries., • Agriculture accounts for 14.7% of total, export earnings., • Agriculture and related products, contribute to 38% in total exports of the, country., , Food grains procurement and, Stocks in India, , Food grains procurement by government, serves two purposes- providing support, price to the farmers and building up public, stocks of food grains. It is carried by Food, Corporation of India (FCI)., • Market intervention to augment supply, so as to help moderate the open market, prices., , Green Revolution in India, , • The term ‘green revolution’ was given, by American scientist- Dr. William, Gande., • The credit of Green Revolution goes to, Dr. Norman Borlaug (Mexico) and Dr., M.S. Swaminathan in India., , Second Green Revolution in India, , • Strategy adopted in Eleventh Plan., • It aimed at efficient use of resources, and conservation of soil, water and, ecology on a sustainable basis and in a, holistic framework., , Other Revolutions, Revolution, Yellow Revolution, White Revolution, Blue Revolution, Pink Revolution, Grey Revolution, Golden Revolution, , Area, Oil Seeds, Milk, Fish, Shrimp, Fertiliser, Horticulture, , White Revolution and Operation Flood, in India, • India stands first in the world in the, milk production., • Dr. Varghese Kurien is the pioneer of, operation flood in India., , FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, (FDI), , Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an, investment in a business by an investor, from another country for which the foreign, investor has control over the company, purchased., • A Multi National Enterprise (MNE), may create a new foreign enterprise by, making a direct investment, which is, called a greenfield investment., • A MNE may make a direct investment by, the acquisition of a foreign firm, which, is called an acquisition or prownfield, investment ., • The Government has allowed 100% FDI, in all the sectors except Space (74%),, Defence (49%), and News Media (26%)., • FDI restrictions in tea plantation has, been removed., FDI In India, FDI during 2015 – $ 39.32 billion, Highest FDI attracted sectors –, Computers Hardware & Software,, Services, Trading business, Automobiles, & Chemicals., Biggest FDI source – Singapore,, Mauritius, US, Netherlands and Japan, , FINANCIAL INCLUSION, , The objective of Financial Inclusion is, to extend financial services to the large, hitherto un-served population of the, country to unlock its growth potential., Following are the, 1. Expansion of Bank Branch Network., 2. Swabhimaan Scheme, 3. Direct Benefit Transfer, 4. PAHAL Scheme, 5. Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana, (PMJDY), PMJDY was formally launched on 28th, August, 2014., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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176, New Pension System, The National Pension System (NPS), was launched on 1st January, 2004, with the objective of providing, retirement income to all the citizens. It, is a co-contributory pension scheme,, ‘Swavalamban Scheme’ in the Union, Budget of 2010-11, under which the, Government will contribute a sum of `, 1,000 to each eligible NPS subscriber, who contributes a minimum of ` 1,000, & maximum ` 12,000 per annum., , GLOSSARY, , • Ante date: To give a date prior to that, on which it is written, to any cheque,, bill or any other document., • Ad valorem tax- a tax based on the, value of property., • Balance of trade (or payment): The, difference between the visible exports, and visible imports of two countries in, trade with each other is called balance, of payment., • Basis Point: A unit of measurement, which is equal to 1/100th of 1%. This, is used to measure changes in interest, rates, stock-market indices or yield on, fixed income securities., • Balance Sheet: It is a statement of, accounts, generally of a business, concern, prepared at the end of a year., • Bank Rate: It is the rate of interest, charged by the Reserve Bank of India for, lending money to Commercial Banks., • Bear: A speculator in the stock market, who believes that prices will go down., • Bull: Speculators in the stock markets, who buy goods, in some cases without, money to pay with, anticipating that, prices will go up., • Cartel: It is a combination of business,, generally in the same trade formed with, a view to controlling prices and enjoy, monopoly., • Call money: Loan made for a very short, period. It carries a very low rate of interest., • Commercial Banks: Financial institutions, that create credit, accept deposits, give, loans and perform other financial functions., , Economy, • Deferred Payment: Payments put, off to a future date or extended over a, period of time. Interest will usually still, accumulates during deferment., • Deflation: Deflation is a reduction in, the level of national income and output,, usually accompanied by a fall in the, general price level., • Depreciation: Reduction in the value of, fixed assets due to wear and tear., • Devaluation: Official reduction in the, foreign value of domestic currency., It is done to encourage the country’s, exports and discourage imports., • Dividend: Earning of stock paid to, shareholders., • Dumping: Sale of a commodity at, different prices in different markets,, lower price being charged in the market, where demand is relatively elastic., • Double Taxation: Corporate earnings, taxed at both the corporate level and, again as a stock holder dividend., • Fiscal, policy:, Government’s, expenditure and tax policy., • Free-trade Area: A form of economic, integration in which there exists, free internal trade among member, countries but each member is free to, levy different external tariffs against, non-member nations., • Payee (Drawee): The person who, receives a payment. This often applies, to cheque., • Payer (Drawer): The person who makes, a payment. This often applies to cheque., • Repo Rate: The rate at which banks, borrow from RBI. It injects liquidity, into the market., • Reverse Repo Rate: The rate at which, RBI borrows from banks for a short-term., It withdraws liquidity from the market., • Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): SLR, is the portion that banks need to invest, in the form of cash, gold or government, approved securities., • VAT(Value Added Tax): A form of, indirect sales tax paid on products and, services at each stage of production or, distribution, based on the value added at, that stage and included in the cost to the, ultimate customer., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Geography, , 177, , Geography, UNIVERSE AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM, Universe, the vast and infinite space having million of galaxies is believed to be at least, 10 billion light years in diameter it has been expanding since its creation in the Big Bang, The Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began., Solar system consist of 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It also consist of stars., , Planets, Planet, , Rotational Time, , Orbital Time, , No. of Moons, , Mercury, , 59 Days, , 88 Days, , 0, , Mars, , 1.03 Days, , 687 Days, , 2, , Venus, Earth, , Jupiter, Saturn, , Uranus, , Neptune, Pluto, , 243 Days, 1 Day, , 9 hrs 56 min, , 10 hrs 40 min, , 17 hrs 14 min, 16 hrs 7 min, 6 Days 9 hrs, , Some facts about planets, 1. Biggest Planet is Jupiter, 2. Biggest Satellite is Ganymede, 3. Blue Planet is Earth, 4. Green Planet is Uranus, 5. Brightest Planet is Venus, 6. Brightest Planet outside Solar System, is Sirus, 7. Closest Star of Solar System is Proxima, Centauri, 8. Coldest Planet is Neptune, 9. Evening Star is Venus, 10. Farthest Planet from Sun is Neptune, 11. Planet with maximum number of, satellites is Saturn, 12. Fastest revolution in solar system is by, Mercury, 13. Hottest Planet is Venus, 14. Densest Planet is Earth, , 255 Days, , 365 Days, , 11 yrs 11 months, 29 yrs 5 months, 84 yrs, , 164 yrs, , 248 yrs, , 0, , 1, , 16, , 18, , 17, 8, , 1, , 15. Fastest Rotation in Solar System by, Jupiter, 16. Morning Star is Venus, 17. Nearest Planet to Earth is Venus, 18. Nearest Planet to Sun is Mercury, 19. Red Planet is Mars, 20. Slowest Revolution in Solar System is, by Neptune, 21. Slowest Rotation in Solar System is by, Venus, 22. Smallest Planet is Mercury, 23. Smallest Satellite is Deimos, 24. Earth’s Twin-is Venus, 25. Atmosphere like Earth is on Titan, , Keywords in Universe, , • Celestial body: Heavenly body., • Stars: The celestial body with their own, light and heat given out by burning of, gases., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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178, , Geography, , • Constellation: A group of stars forming, some recognised shape., • Saptarishi Mandal: The constellation, of Great Bear or Ursa Major., • Ursa Major: One of the most prominent, and largest northern constellation also, called the Great Bear., • Galaxy: A system of millions or billions, of stars found in clusters., • Milky Way Galaxy: Our solar system, belongs to this galaxy., • Orbits: The elongated path on which, the planets revolve round the sun., • Planets: The bodies made up of rocks, or gases and liquids with no light of, their own going round the sun., • Moon: Refers to the earth’s Moon., Generally all satellites going round their, respective planets are also termed as, the moons., • Asteroids: Planetoids found located in, a gap between Mars and Jupiter., • Shooting stars: The rapidly moving, meteors that burn upon entering the, earth’s atmosphere., • Meteorites: The fragments of meteors, falling on the ground or in the oceans., • Comets: A mass of ice and dust with, a long tail moving around the solar, system., , Earth, , 90°N, , +, +, , +, +, , +, +, , ++, , ++, ++, / TORID, ZONE, ++, ++, ++, , • Globe: A model of the earth., , • Latitudes: The angular distance of a, place north or south of the equator., , • Longitudes: The angular distance, of a place east or west of the Prime, Meridian., • Pole: Either of the two poles north or, south of the equator having 90° latitude., • Equator: The latitude line with 0° value, dividing the earth into two equal halves., , • Hemispheres: Any of the two halves, of the earth north or south of the, equator called northern and southern, hemispheres respectively., • Tropic of Cancer: The latitude line, measuring 23°30’ N., • Tropic of Capricorn: The latitude line, measuring 23°30’ S., • Arctic Circle: The, measuring 66°30’ N., , latitude, , line, , • Antarctic Circle: The latitude line, measuring 66°30’ S., , • Tropical Zone: Also called the Torrid, Zone between Tropic of Cancer and, Tropic of Capricorn., • Temperate Zone: Any of the two zones, between 23½° & 66½°N & S., , • Frigid Zone: Any of the two zones, beyond Arctic & Antarctic Circles., • Rotation: The movement of the planets, on their axis., , N, , N, +, +, , Earth’s Facts, , +, +, +, +, , 0°, S, , S, 90°S, Important Parallels and Heat zones, , • Revolution: The movement of the, planets around the sun., , • Solstice: Any of the two occasions,, Summer Solstice (21 June) and Winter, Solstice (22 December) When the, sun is at its highest or lowest point, respecitvely in the sky. These occasions, are marked by the longest and the, shortest days., , • Equinox: Any of the two occasions in, a year (23 September and 21 March), when days and nights are of equal, length throughout the world., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Geography, , 179, , Facts about Latitude, , Lattitudes, , Major Continents, , Tropic of, Cancer, , North America,, Africa and Asia, , Tropics of, Capricorn, , South America,, Africa, Asia, , Equator, , South America,, Africa, Asia, , Atmosphere, , Major Countries, Bahamas, Mexico, Mauritania, Mali, Western Sahara,, Algeria, Niger, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, China,, Abudhabi, Oman, Bangladesh, Burma, and Taiwan., , Equador, Colombia Brazil, Sao Tome & Prince, Gobon, Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo,, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia., Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Namibia,, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar,, Australia, French Polinesia, Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, and Coolis Island, etc., , Geographical Phenomena, , Atmosphere is a mixture of gases. Divide, into 4 layers., Gaseous Composition of Atmosphere, Component, , Per cent by Volume, , Nitrogen, , 78.08%, , Carbon dioxide, , 0.03%, , Oxygen, Argon, Neon, , Helium, Ozone, , Hydrogen, , 20.94%, 0.93%, , 0.0018%, 0.0005%, , 0.00006%, 0.00005%, , • Earthquake waves: Earthquakes generate, pulses of energy called Seismic waves, that can pass through the entire Earth., Cyclone, The system of wind rotating inward to, an area of low pressure zone from its, surrounding high pressure area., Cyclones, Typhoons, Tropical Cyclone, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Willy-Willy, Taifu, , SOME CYCLONES IN INDIA, , Name, 1. Bay of Bengal (BOB-01), 2. Bay of Bengal (BOB-05), 3. Yemyin, 4. Laila, 5. Nilam, 6. Helen, 7. Hudhud, 8. Onil, 9. Nada, 10. Phyan, 11. Phailin, 12. Fanoos, 13. Nisha, 14. Madi, 15. Vardah, , Year, 1990, 1998, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2004, 2016, 2009, 2013, 2005, 2008, 2013, 2016, , Region, China, Indian Ocean, Caribbean sea, USA, Australia, Japan, , State/Region, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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180, Tides, • The periodic phenomenon of alternate, rise and fall in the sea levels is known, as Tide., • It is produced due to gravitational, interaction of the Earth, the Moon and, the Sun., • Spring tides: On the full moon and the, new moon, tides are highest which are, called Spring tides., • Neap tides: A tide just after the first or, third quarters of the moon when there, is least difference between high and low, water is called Neap tides., Waves, • Waves are the oscillatory movements, in water mainly produced by winds,, manifested by an alternate rise and fall, in the entire sea surface., , Types of Rocks, , On the basis of modes of formation, there are three types of rocks., • Igneous Rocks: Igneous rock is formed, through the cooling and solidification, of magma or lava such as granite and, diorite., • Sedimentary Rocks: Sedimentary rocks, are derived from the process of deposition, and solidification of sediments after the, process of denudation. For instance;, Sandstone, limestone and chalk rock, salts, gypsum or calcium sulphate, etc., • Metamorphic Rocks: Metamorphic, rocks arise from the transformation of, existing rock types, in a process called, metamorphism, which means “change, in form”. Gneiss phyllite, slate, schist,, marble, quartzite, etc belongs to the, category of metamorphic rocks., , INDIAN GEOGRAPHY, , • India is the seventh largest country in, the world., • It covers an area of 32,87,2631 sq. km., • India is situated North of the Equator, between 8°4’ and 37°C’ North latitude, and 68°7’ and 97°25’ east longitude, and is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal, in the East, the Arabian sea in the West, and the Indian Ocean to the South., , Geography, , List of Indian State Sharing Border, with Neighbouring Countries, Countries, Pakistan, , Indian States, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab,, Rajasthan and Gujrat, China, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal, Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh, Nepal, Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar, Pradesh, Sikkim and West, Bengal, Bangladesh West Bengal, Mizoram,, Meghalaya, Tripura and Asom, Bhutan, West, Bengal,, Sikkim,, Arunachal Pradesh and Asom, Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,, Manipur and Mizoram, Afghanistan Jammu and Kashmir, (Pakistan occupied area), , Mountain Ranges in India, , • The Himalayan Range is the world’s, highest mountain range., • The tallest peak of the world, Mt., Everest, is also a part of it., • Karakoram Range lies in Jammu and, Kashmir and comprises more than 60, peaks., • K2 (Mount Godwin Austen) is the, second highest peak of the world, also, a part of this range. Its height is 8611m, or 28,251 fit., • Shivalik Hills extend from the, Arunachal Pradesh to West Bengal, and from Uttarakhand to Kashmir and, Himachal Pradesh. Jammu, Kangra and, Vaishno Devi are a part of this range., • Vindhya Range spreads across central, India and extends across 1,050 km., • Aravalli Range is India’s oldest, mountain range and spreads across the, parts of Rajasthan, Delhi and Haryana., Guru Shikhar in Mount Abu is the, highest peak of this range., • Satpura Range stretches from Gujarat, and runs to Maharashtra, Madhya, Pradesh and Chhattisgarh., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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184, , Geography, , Limestone - Singareni and Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Panchmahals (Gujarat), Balaghat,, Bhandara, Chhindwara, Nagpur., Manganese - Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh., Marble, - Jaipur (Rajasthan)., Mica, Koderma in Hazaribagh district, Jharkhand, Monghyr., Petroleum, Digboi, Badarpur, Musimpur and Patharia fields of Assam., Red Stone - Jodhpur (Rajasthan)., Salt, - Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan), and ocean water in Rann of Kutch., Silver, - Goldfields (Karnataka), Singhbhum., Tungsten - Bihar, Nagpur (Maharashtra) and Marwar., Uranium - Bihar., Zinc, - Zawar mines in Udaipur (Rajasthan)., , Important National Highways, NH, , NH 1, NH 2, NH 3, NH 4, NH 5, NH 6, NH 7, NH 8, NH 9, , Connects, , New Delhi-Ambala-JalandharAmritsar., , Delhi-Mathura-Agra-KanpurAllahabad-Varanasi-Kolkata., , Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai., , Thane and Chennai via Pune and, Belgaum., Kolkata-Chennai., Kolkata-Dhule., , Varanasi-Kanyakumari (2369 km)., , Delhi-Mumbai (via Jaipur, Baroda, & Ahmedabad)., Mumbai-Vijaywada., , NH 10 Delhi-Fazilka., , NH 24 Delhi-Lucknow., , NH 26 Lucknow-Varanasi., , Water ways, National, waterways-1, National, waterways-2, National, waterways-3, National, waterways-4, National, waterways-5, National, waterways–6, , - Allahabad to Haldia., , - Sadiya to Dhubri, , - Kollam to, Kottapuram., - Kakinada to, Pondicherry., - Talcher to Dhamra., , - Lakhipur to Bhanga,, (Proposed)., , Climate of India, , • India has ‘Tropical Monsoon’ type of, climate., • The country holds the first position in, the world for the production of Papaya,, Mangoes and Banana etc., • India ranks sixth in the world in the, production of coffee., • India has the biggest number of, livestock in the world., , WORLD GEOGRAPHY, • Asia, , •, , •, , •, , (43,820,000 sq km) includes 50, countries, and it is the most populated, continent, the 60% of the total, population of the Earth live here., , Africa, , (30, 370, 000 sq km) comprises 54, countries. It is the hottest continent and, home of the world’s largest desert, the, Sahara, occupying the 25% of the total, area of Africa., , North America, , (24, 490,000 sq km) includes 23, countries. Led by the USA as the largest, economy in the world., , South America, , (17,840,000 sq km) comprises 12, countries. Here is located the largest, forest, the Amazon rainforest, which, covers 30% of the South America total, area., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Geography, •, , Antarctica, , •, , Europe, , •, , 185, , (13,720,000 sq km) is the coldest, continent in the world, completely, covered with ice. There are no permanent, inhabitants, except of scientists maintaining, research stations in Antarctica., (10,180,000 sq km) comprises 51, countries. It is the most developed, economically continent with the, European Union as the biggest economic, and political union in the world., , 3. , Indian Known as the sea , , south of India containing, , the water of Arabian and, , Laccadive Seas, 4. , Southern Extension of the , , Pacific Atlantic and , , Indian Oceans, 5. , Arctic, The sea around North, , pole containing the water, , of Greenland sea., , Important Grassland in the World, Grass lands, , Australia, , Regions, , Grassland, , (9,008,500 sq km) includes 14, countries. It is the least populated, continent after Antarctica, only 0.3% of, the total Earth population live here., , Australia, , Dawns, , North America, , Prairies, , List of Ocean in the World, RANK OCEAN, , NOTES, , 1 Pacific, , , Separated into north , and South pacific., , South America, (Argentina & Uruguay), Africa and Australia, South America, , Europe and Northern Asia, Europe and Asia, , 2. , Atlantic Separated into north , , and south Atlantic, , South Africa, , Highest Mountains on each Continent of the Earth, Mountain name, , Pampas, Selvas, , Steppes, Taiga, , Velds, , Metres, , Feet, , Mount Everest, , 8848, , 29029, , Nepal, China, , Asia, , Mount Kilimanjaro, , 5892, , 19340, , Tanzania, , Africa, , Aconcagua, , Mount McKinley, Mount Elbrus, , Vinson Massif, Puncak Jaya, , 6962, , 6194, , 5642, , 4892, , 4884, , List of Important Boundary Lines, Boundary Line , Radcliffe Line , Mac Mohan Line , Durand Line , 49th Parallel , 38th parallel , Hindenberg Line, Maginot Line , Order Neisse Line, , 22841, , 20320, , 18310, , 16050, , 16024, , Country, , Savannah, , Argentina, USA, , Russia, NA, , Indonesia, , Continent, South America, , North America, Europe, , Antarctica, , Australasia, , Countries, Between India and Pakistan, Between India and China, Between Pakistan and Afghanistan, Between USA and Canada, Between North and South Korea, Between Germany and Poland, Between France and Germany, Between Germany and Poland, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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186, , Geography, , Longest Rivers, Name, Nation/Continent, Nile Africa, Amazon, South America, Yangtze Kiang, China, Mississippi Missouri, USA, Ob Irtysh, Russia, Yenisey Angari a Selenga, Asia, Yellow (Hwang Ho), China, Congo (Zaire), Africa, Parana Rio de la Plata, S. Am, , Lakes, , Length in kms, 6695, 6516, 6380, 5959, 5568, 5550, 5464, 4667, 4500, , Deepest Lakes, Baikal, Russian Fedn, Tanganyika, Africa, Caspian Sea, Asia-Europe, Malawi of Nyasa, Africa, Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan, , Deserts, , Largest Deserts of the World, Subtropical, Sahara, North Africa, Arabian, Middle East, Great Victoria, Australia, Kalahari, Southern Africa, Chihuahuan, Mexico, Thar, India/Pakistan, Great Sandy, Australia, Gibson, Australia, Sonoran, S.W. USA, Simpson/Stony, N Africa, Mohave, S.W. USA, , Cool Coastal, Atacama, Chile SA, Namib, S.W. Africa, Cold Winter, Gobi, China, Patagonian, Argentina, Great Basin, S.W. USA, Kara-kum, West Asia, Colorado, Western USA, also called the Painted Desert, Kyzyl-kum, West Asia, Taklamakan, China, Iranian, Iran, , Basin Area m2 km, 3.25, 6.14, 1.72, 3.20, 2.97, 2.55, –, –, 2.58, 1620 m, 1463 m, 1025 m, 706 m, 702 m, , 8,600,650 sq. km, 2,300,000 sq. km, 647,475 sq. km, 582,727 sq. km, 453,232 sq. km, 453,232 sq. km, 388,485 sq. km, 310,788 sq. km, 310,788 sq. km, 145,034 sq. km, 139,854 sq. km, 139,854 sq. km, 33,668 sq. km, , 1,166,450 sq km, 673,374 sq km, 492,081 sq. km, 349,636 sq. km, 336,687 sq. km, 297,838 sq. km, 271,939 sq. km, 258,990 sq. km, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Ecology, & Environment, Ecology is the branch of biology deals with, the relations and interactions between, organisms and their environment,, including other organisms., , Ecosystem, , An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature, consisting of abiotic and biotic factors,, where the living organisms interact among, themselves and also with their physical, environment (abiotic factors)., , Biodiversity & Wildlife of India, , Biodiversity mean diversity of heterogeneity, at all levels of biological organisation, i.e from, Micro molecules of the cells to the Biomass., The word Biodiversity was popularized by, the sociologist Edward Wilson., As per available data, the varieties of species, living on the earth are 1753739. Out of the, above species, 134781 are residing in India., Wild life Institute of India has divided it, into ten biogeographical regions and twenty, five biotic provinces., IUCN at a Glance, • It was founded in 1948 as the world’s, first global environmental organisation., • The IUCN stands for “The International, Union for Conservation of Nature and, Natural Resources.” Now known as, World Conservation Union (WCU)., • The IUCN Red List of “Threatened Species”, provides taxonomic, conservation status, , Biodiversity Conservtion, , and distribution information on plants,, fungi and animals., Red Data Book, A Red Data Book contains lists of species, whose continued existence is threatened., By the end of 2014 India had 988 threatened, species on the list, which lists., Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, Indian lion,, Indian Rhino, Gaur, lion tailed macaque,, Tibetan Antelope, Ganga river dolphin, the, Nilgiri Tahr, snow leopard, dhole, black buck,, great Indian bustard, forest owlet, white –, winged duck and many more are the most, endangered animals in India., , CITES, , • Convention on International Trade in, Endangered species (CITES) was signed, in 1975 in Washington., • Roughly 5,600 species of animals and, 30,000 species of plants are protected, by CITES against over-exploitation, through international trade., , National Biodiversity Authority, , The NBA is a body corporate established, in accordance with the provisions of Sec.8, of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, at, Chennai w.e.f. 1st October 2003. It is an, autonomous, statutory and regulatory, organization which is intended to, implement the provisions of Biological, Diversity Act, 2002., , Biodiversity conservation, , Ex-situ conservation, , In-situ conservation, National Parks, and Sancturies, , Biosphere, reserves, , Terrestrial, , Sacred, lakes and, forests, , Marine, , Zoos,, Botanical Gardens,, Arboreta and, Aquaria, , Seed Bank/, Gene bank, (Cryopres, ervation), , Sacred, plants, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Ecology & Environment, , 189, , Karnataka, - Bandipur*, Kerala, - Silent Valley, Periyar*, *These national parks are running Tiger Project also. (The maximum national parks, are present in Madhya Pradesh)., , Sanctuaries, , In sanctuaries the protection is given to fauna only. The activity like harvesting of timber,, collection of forest products and private ownership rights are permitted so long as they, do not interfere with the well being of the animals. The important wild life sanctuaries are:, Chilka wild life sanctuary (Orissa), Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (Rajasthan), Sultanpur, Bird sanctuary (Haryana) and Jalpara sanctuary (West Bengal). Gir wild life sanctuary, (Gujarat), Maximum sanctuaries belong to Andaman and Nicobar., , Pollutants and their Effects, Sr., No., 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , Pollutant, , Origin, , Arsenic (As), , Effect, , Coal, oil furnaces, glass, factories, , Cadmium (Cd), , Smelters, coals, oil furnaces Damage to lung, kidney, bones, , Chlorine (Cl), , Chemical Industries, volcanic Causes irritation, activities, , Carbon monoxide (CO) Motor vehicles, smelters, Starves body, coal steel plants, damages heart, , 6., , Formaldehyde (HCHO) Chemical plants, , Fluoride (F), , Smelters, steel plants, , 7., , HCl (Hydrogen, chloride), , Incinerators, , 8., , 9., , 10., , Lung and skin cancer, , of, , oxygen,, , Mottled teeth in children, , Allergenic,, carcinogenic,, headaches, burning sensation, in the throat, and can, aggravate asthma symptoms, , Irritates eyes and lungs, , Mercury (Hg), , Coal, smelters oil furnaces Tremors, nerve troubles, , Nitrous acid (HNO3), , Formed from NO2 and Respiratory disease, water vapour, , Nitric acid (HNO3), , 11. Hydrogen, (H2S), , 12. Sulphuric, (H2SO4), , sulphide Refineries, Pulp mills, , 13. Nitric Oxide (NO), , 14. Ozone (O3), , Formed from NO2 causes Respiratory diseases, acid rain, , acid Formed from, sunlight with, , SO2, , Nausea, irritates eyes, , in Respiratory diseases hydroxyl, ions, , Motor Vehicles, coal, oil Oxidizes to NO2, furnaces, , Ground level ozone formed Asthma,, irritates, eyes, from nitrogen oxides sunlight from nitrogen, (NOx) and volatile organic oxides and hydrocarbons, compounds (VOCs), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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190, 15. Lead (Pb), , Ecology & Environment, , 16. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), , UNFCCC, , Motor, vehicles,, smelters, , Smelters Coal, Oil furnaces Irritates, eyes,, problems, , The United Nations Framework Convention, on Climate Change (UNFCCC) entered into, force on 21 March 1994. Today, it has nearuniversal membership. The 195 countries, that have ratified the Convention are called, Parties to the Convention., , Sustainable Development, Initiatives of India, , • Constitution of the forest conservation, act 1980., • Water (prevention and control of, pollution) Act 1974., • Air(prevention and control of pollution, (Act 1981)., • Environment (protection) Act 1986., • The Wildlife Protection Act ,1972., • India acceded to the Vienna convention, for the protection of the ozone layer,, March 1985., Greenhouse Gas, , Carbon dioxide, Methane, , Nitrous oxide, , Tropospheric Ozone, , CFC-12, , HCFC-22, , Sulfur Hexaflouride, , high Brain damage, , Chemical Formula, CO2, , CH4, , N2O, O3, , CCL2F2, CCl2F2, SF6, , World Wide Fund for Nature, , • It was set up in India in 1969, • Its coordinating body the WWF, international is located in Gland in, Switzerland., • It has five broad programme components., , breathing, , • India signed the convention on the, Conservation of Migratory Species of, wild animals (The Bonn Convention), in 1979., • India signed the International Convention for the prevention of pollution of the, sea by the oil, 1954(London)., , Global Warming and Climate, Change, , • Greenhouse Effect- A greenhouse is an, enclosure of glasses in which tropical, plants are grown during winters in, areas of colder climate. Heat trapped by, the glass keeps the temperature inside, the greenhouse much higher than the, surrounding atmosphere. A similar, heating phenomenon occurs in the, atmosphere., • Greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon which keeps the earth warm at, normal level., Anthropogenic Sources, , Fossil-fuel combustion, Land-use, conversion, Cement Production., , Fossil fuels, Rice paddies, Waste dumps., Fertilizer, Industrial processes, Combustion., , Fossil fuel combustion, Industrial emissions, Chemical solvents., Liquid coolants, Foams., Refrigerants., , Dielectric fluid., ,  Promoting India’s ecological security,,  Conserving biological diversity,,  Ensuring sustainable use of the natural, , resource base,, ,  Minimum pollution,,  Promoting sustainable lifestyle., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Art, Culture &, Tourism, Culture plays an important role in the development of any nation. A country as diverse as, India is symbolized by the plurality of its culture., India has one of the world’s largest collections of songs, music, dance, theatre, folk, traditions, performing arts, rites and rituals, paintings and writings that are known, as, the ‘Intangible Cultural Heritage’ (ICH) of humanity., , FAMOUS ART FORMS, Names, Patachitra, painting, Bengal pat, painting, Madhubani, painting, Miniature, painting, Tanjore art, Kalamkari, Warli, Painting, Gond art, , State of Origin, , Materials Used, , Raghurajpur Village in Puri district Cloth fortified with tamarind paste,, chalk powder and gum and natural, of Odisha, dyes., Bengal, Dye that are made of spices, earth, soot,, etc., Madhubani (Bihar), , Mud coated wall, cloth paper, , Tanjore (Southern Tamil Nadu), Golkonda and Chennai and, Masulipatnam area of Hyderabad, North Sahyadri Range in India., , Semi-precious stones, glass and gold, pens made of bamboo and natural, colours extracted from vegetables, Rice paste, mix with Gum and Water, Red clay (Geru), cow dung, mud, Made on walls, ceilings and floors of, village houses, , Developed during Mughal Period precious stones conch shells, gold and, i.e. 16th – 19th century, silver, , Gond Tribes of Central India., , Famous Indian Painters, , Rabindranath Tagore, , 7 May 1861 – 7 Aug 1941, , Jamini Roy, , 1 Apr 1887 – 24 Apr 1972, , Abanindranath Tagore, Amrita Sher-Gil, , Francis Newton Souza, S.H. Raza, , Tyeb Mehta, , Satish Gujral, , Nandalal Bose, Manjit Bawa, M. F. Husain, , 7 Aug 1871 – 5 Dec 1951, , 30 Jan 1913 – 5 Dec 1941, , 12 Apr 1924 -28 Mar 2002, , 22 Feb 1922 - 23 june 2016, 25 Jul 1925 – 2 Jul 2009, 25 Dec 1925 - Till date, , 3 Dec 1882 – 16 Apr 1966, 1941-29 Dec 2008, , 17 Sep 1915 – 9 Jun 2011, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Art, Culture & Tourism, , 193, , Some of the Important Theatres of Modern India, Name, , Founder, , Year and Place of, Establishment, , National School of, Drama (Deemed, University), , Ministry, of Culture,, 1959, New Delhi, Government, of India., , Theatre Arts, Workshop (TAW), , Raj Bisaria, , Bhartendu Academy Padma Shri, 1975, Lucknow,, of Dramatic Arts, Raj Bisaria., , Hindi Films, , 1966, Lucknow, , Bollywood is the Hindi Language film, industry which is based in Mumbai,, Maharashtra. They are one of the largest, film producers in India and one of the, largest centres of film production in the, world. Raja Harishchandra (1913), by, Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first, silent feature film made in India. The, first Indian sound (talkie) film, Ardeshir, Irani’s Alam Ara (14 March 1931), was, a major commercial success. In 1937,, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the, first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya., , TOURISM, , India has become a popular tourist, destination with thousands of people, visiting different parts of India each year., Major tourist destinations in India are the, Himalayas, Agra, Jaipur,Goa, Kerala, Delhi,, Odisha and Maharshtra., Famous Tourist Destination in India, Akshardham Temple:, The 108 feet tall temple was built on 2nd,, November 1992 in memory of Pramukh, Swami in Gandhinagar district of Gujarat., Ajmer Sharif:, It is sufi shrine dedicated to the sufi saint, Moinuddin Chishti. It is situated in Ajmer,, Rajasthan., Amarnath Cave:, It is situated in Jammu and Kashmir, Ajanta and Ellora Caves:, They contain a cluster of Hindu and Jain, temples along with cave monuments in., , People Associated with it, Naseeruddin Shah, Irfan Khan,, Anupam Kher, Nawazuddin, Siddiqui, Pankaj Kapur, Himani, Shivpuri and many more, , Rajiv Jain, Raajpal Yadav,, Anupam Shyam, , Dal Lake:, The enchanting lake of Jammu and Kasmir, bordered by ice covered mountains from, three sides is famous for its gardens,, shikara rides and house boat stay., Golden Temple:, , Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara, is commonly, called as Golden Temple in Amritsar Punjab., , Gateway of India:, It is made by British in 1914 in Mumbai., Haji Ali Dargah: The very famous, dargah (tomb) is located on an islet of the, coast of Worli in the Southern part of Mumbai, built in 1431 in the memory of a wealthy, merchant Sayyed Peer Haji Ali Shah Bukhari., Khajuraho Group of Monuments: It is a, group of Hindu and Jain temples situated, in Madhya Pradesh., , Mahabaleshwar: It is a vast magnificent, plateau located at a distance of 120 km, south west of Pune with an average height, of 1353 meters., Taj Mahal: It is a white marble mausoleum, located on the southern bank of the, Yamuna river in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. It, was built by Shah Jahan in 1632 in the, memory of his loving wife Mumtaz Mahal., Vaishno Devi Temple, Jammu Kashmir:, The temple is recognized as one of the, “Shakti Peeths” of goddess Durga. The, holy shrine is situated in the folds of, mighty ‘Tirkuta’ Hills’ which attracts lakhs, of devotees from all parts of India and, abroad, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Art, Culture & Tourism, State, , 197, Handicrafts, , Rajasthan, Tie-and-dye textiles, hand block printing, quilting, jewellery,, Himachal Pradesh Jewelry, leather craft, woodcarving, architecture, kangra paintings, Goa, , Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Manipur, , Pottery & Terracotta, Brass metal ware, Crochet & Embroidery,, Fiber Craft, Jute Macrame Craft, carving, sea shell craft, Priceless Pearls, Woodcarving, Ivory carving, , Wood craft, paitkar paintings, metal work, stone carving, ornaments,, toy making, Wood carving, textile weaving, stone-carving, block printing, kauna, (water reed) mat, hand-embroidery, , Jammu & Kashmir Carpets, Basket Weaving, Namdas, pashmina shawls, Papier-Mchie,, Leather and fur, wood carvings, , Top Ten Monuments With Highest foreign visitors in india, Monuments, , No. of Foreign Visitors, , % age share, , 1., 2., 3., , Taj Mahal, Agra, Agra Fort, Agra, Qutub Minar, Delhi, , 695702, 363823, 307043, , 23.2, 12.1, 10.2, , 6., , Red Fort, Delhi, , 141498, , 4.7, , 4., 5., 7., 8., 9., , Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, , Mattancherry place Museum, Kochi, , Western Group of Temple, Khajuraho, Excavated site, Sarnath, , 10. Group of Monuments, Mamallapuram, , INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY, , India is the largest producer of films in the, world and second oldest film industry in, the world which originated around about, 103 years ago. It was in early 1913 that, an Indian film received a public screening., The film was Raja Harischandra. Its, director, Dadasaheb Phalke. By the mid, 1920s, Madras had become the epicentre, for all film related activities. Raghupathi, Venkaiah Naidu, SS Vasan, AV Meiyappan, set up production houses in Madras to, shoot Telugu and Tamil films., The silent era came to an end when, Ardeshir Irani produced his first talkie,, ‘Alam Ara’ in 1931. If Phalke was the father, of Indian cinema, Irani was the father of, , 276641, 255129, 104717, 89511, 85991, 70840, , 9.2, 8.5, 3.5, , 3.0, 2.9, 2.4, , the talkie. The first talkie films in Bengali, (Jumai Shasthi), Telugu (Bhakta Prahlad), and Tamil (Kalidass) were released in the, same year., Largest film industry in India is the Hindi, film industry mostly concentrated in, Mumbai (Bombay), and is commonly, referred to as “Bollywood”. Kochi and, Kolkata are commonly referred to as, “Tollywood” (Telugu), “Kollywood” (Tamil),, “Sandalwood” (Kannada), “Mollywood”, (Malayalam), “Tollywood” (Bangla). The, largest film studio complex in the world is, Ramoji Film City is located at Hyderabad,, India, which was opened in 1996 and, measures 674 ha (1,666 acres). Comprising, 47 sound stages., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Communication,, Media & Transport, COMMUNICATION, POST OFFICE, •• The Department of Posts was founded in India on 1st April, 1774., •• This department serves as an agent of Govt., , Quick Facts, , Founder of Telegraph and Postal, :, System in India , First General Post Office opened in India :, First postage stamp of India, :, Pin system started in India, :, The First Indian Post Office Outside India :, , :, Speed Post started in India, Money Order System, :, Postal Life Insurance started, :, Postal Staff College situated at, :, World Postal Day is observed on, :, Indian Postal Day is observed on, :, , TELECOMMUNICATION, , •• Communication technology uses, channels to transmit information (as, electrical signals), either over a physical, medium (such as signal cables), or in, the form of electromagnetic waves., •• The Telecommunications system in, India is the 2nd largest in the world., The construction of 4,000 miles (6,400, km) of telegraph lines was started in, November 1853., •• Code division multiple access (CDMA), is a channel access method used, by various radio communication, technologies., •• 4G, is the fourth generation of mobile, telecommunications, technology,, succeeding 3G., , Governor General Lord , Dalhousie, 1774 (Kolkata), Sinde Dawk (1852), 1972, Dakshin Gangotri in Antarctica (1983),, Indian Territory, 1986, 1880, 1884, Ghaziabad (UP), 9th October, 10th October, , COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE, •• A communications satellite is an, artificial satellite that relays and, amplifies radio telecommunications, signals via a transponder; it creates, a communication channel between a, source transmitter and a receiver(s) at, different locations on Earth., •• Communications satellites are used for, television, telephone, radio, internet, and, military applications., , NEWS & MEDIA, , Newspaper, , Newspaper is the print media which, prints information, activities and daily, occurrences around us. It was introduced, in 1780., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Communication, Media & Transport, , 199, , Quick facts, Event, , Publishing, Name of the Publication, Year, Bengal Gazette (also Calcutta 1780, Calcutta Started by James Augustus Hicky, General Advertiser), weekly, (Irishman), , India Gazette, , 1787, Calcutta Henry Louis Vivian Derozio associated, with it, Madras Courier (First paper 1784, Madras, —, from Madras), Bombay Herald (First paper 1789, Bombay —, from Bombay), Indian Herald (in English, 1795, Madras Started by R. Williams (Englishman, and published by Humphreys, Digdarshana (First Bengali 1818, Calcutta —, monthly, Calcutta Journal, 1818, Started by J.S. Buckingham, , Bengal Gazette (First Bengali, newspaper), Sambad Kaumudi (Weekly in, Bengali), Mirat-ul-Akbar (First journal in, Persian, Jam-i-Jahan Numah (First paper, in Urdu), Banga-Duta (a weekly in four, languages-English,, Bengali,, Persian, Hindi), Bombay Samachar (First paper, in Gujarati), East Indian (daily), , 1818, Calcutta Harishchandra Ray, 1821, , Raja Rammohan Roy, , 1822, Calcutta Raja Rammohan Roy, , 1822, Calcutta An English firm, , 1822 Calcutta Rammohan Roy, Dwarkanath Tagore, and others, 1822 Bombay —, , 19th century, , Bombay Times (from 1861 1838, Bombay, onwards, The Times of India), Rast, Goftar, (A, Gujarati 1851, fortnightly), Hindu Patriot, 1853, Calcutta, , Henry Vivian Derozio, , Foundation laid by Robert Knight,, started by Thomas Bennett., Dadabhai Naoroji, , Girishchandra, Ghosh, Harishchandra, Mukerji, owner-cum-editor), Bengali 1858, Calcutta Dwarkanath Vidyabhushan, , Somaprakasha (First, political paper), Indian Mirror (fortnightly-first, Indian daily paper in English, Bengalee (this, and Amrita Bazar, Patrika—the first vernacular, papers), National Paper, , (later,, became, , Early, 1862, Devendranath Tagore, Calcutta, 1862, Calcutta Girishchandra Ghosh (taken over by, S.N. Banerjea in 1879), 1862, Calcutta Devendranath Tagore, , Madras Mail (First evening 1868 Madras, paper in India, , —, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Communication, Media & Transport, Registrar of Newspapers is a statutory, body of Government of India which is, popularly known as RNI. It was established, on 1st July 1956., Press Trust of India (PTI) was, incorporated in Madras on, 27th August,, 1947., United News of India (UNI) was founded, on December 1961under the company, acts. However its commercial application, started on 21st March 1961., Prasar Bharti is an autonomous body set, up by an Act of Parliament on 23 Nov, 1997., All India Radio (AIR) or Akashwani was, formed in 1930 as a part of Prasar Bharti., Doordarshan was launched on 15, September, 1959 as a part of Prasar Bharti, with the motto Satyam Shivam Sundaram., , Reuters, , It is an English news service opened in, London by Julius Reuter in 1851, and now, the most important institution of its kind in, the British Empire. It has correspondents, in all the great news centres of the, world and furnishes telegraph and other, news features throughout the eastern, hemisphere and, to some extent, to Latin, America, the United States and Canada., , AFP agence france-presse, (AFP), , It is an international news agency. The, headquarter of AFP is located in Paris., It was founded in 1944. It is the third, largest in the world (after Associated Press, and Reuters). AFP has regional offices, in Nicosia, Montevideo, Hong Kong, and, Washington, D.C., and bureaus in 150, countries. It transmits news in French,, English, Arabic, Portuguese, Spanish and, German., , AP (Associated Press), , It is one of the largest and most trusted, sources of independent news gathering. It, is neither privately owned nor governmentfunded; instead, as a not-for-profit news, cooperative owned by its American, newspaper and broadcast members., , 201, Founded in 1846, AP has covered all the, major news events of the past 165 years,, providing high quality, informed reporting, of everything from wars and elections to, championship games and royal weddings., Since the Pulitzer Prize was established,, in 1917, AP has received 51 Pulitzers,, including 31 photo Pulitzers., , BBC (The British Broadcasting, Corporation), , It is the public service broadcaster of the, United Kingdom, headquartered at Broadcasting House in London. It is the world’s, oldest national broadcasting organisation and, the largest broadcaster in the world., , Al Jazeera, , It is a Doha-based state funded, broadcaster owned by the Al Jazeera, Media Network, Partly funded by the, house of Thani, the ruling family of Qatar., It is one of the largest news organizations, with 80 bureaus around the world. The, channel was launched on 1st November, 1996 following the closure of the BBC’s, Arabic language television station. Hamid, bin Thamer Al Thani is the chairman of the, channel., , Social Media, , Social Media are computer-mediated, technologies that allow the creating and, sharing of information, ideas, career, interests and other forms of expression via, virtual communities and networks., Social media use web-based and mobile, technologies on smartphones and tablet, computers to create highly interactive, platforms through which individuals,, communities and organizations can, share, co-create, discuss, and modify usergenerated content or pre-made content, posted online., Some of the most popular social media, websites are Facebook (and its associated, Facebook Messenger), WhatsApp, Tumblr,, Instagram, Twitter, Baidu Tieba, Pinterest,, LinkedIn, Gab, Google+, YouTube, Viber,, Snapchat, Weibo and WeChat., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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202, , Communication, Media & Transport, , TRANSPORT, Indian Road Network, , •• India has a road network of over, approx. 4,689,842 kilometers., •• The Central Government is responsible, for development and maintenance of, the National Highways system., , •• The Ministry carries out development, and maintenance work of National, Highways through three agencies., viz. National Highways Authority, of India (NHAI), State Public Works, Department (PWDs) and Border Road, Organization (BRO)., , Quick Facts, , Categories, , National, Highways, State Highways, Major and Other, District Roads, Rural Roads, , Dimensions in, Kms (up to 2011), 92,851, , 1,63,898, , 17,05,706, , 27,49,805, , Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, (Central government), State governments (State’s public works department), Local governments, Panchayats and, Municipalities, Local governments, Panchayats and Municipalities, , National Highways Development, Projects, , Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises, construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane,, high density traffic corridor, to connect, India’s four big metro cities of DelhiMumbai-Chennai and Kolkata., North-South and East-West Corridors:, North-South corridor aims at connecting, Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with, Kaniyakumari in Tamil Nadu (including, Kochchi-Salem Spur) with 4,076 km long, road. The East-West Corridor has been, planned to connect Silchar in Assam with, the port town of Porbandar in Gujarat with, 3,640 km of road length., , Important National Highways, NH, NH 1, NH 2, , NH 3, NH 4, NH 5, NH 6, NH 7, NH 8, , Responsible Authority, , Connects, New Delhi-Ambala-JalandharAmritsar, Delhi-Mathura-Agra-KanpurAllahabad-Varanasi-Kolkata, Agra-Gwalior-Nasik-Mumbai, Thane and Chennai via Pune, and Belgaum, Kolkata-Chennai, Kolkata-Dhule, Varanasi-Kanyakumari, Delhi-Mumbai (via Jaipur, Boroda & Ahmedabad), , NH 9, NH 10, NH 24, NH 26, , Mumbai-Vijaywada, Delhi-Fazilka, Delhi - Lucknow, Lucknow-Varanasi, , Indian Railways, , Indian Railways is a state-owned, enterprise and one of the world’s largest, railway networks comprising 115,000 km, of track over a route of 65,808 km and, 7,112 stations., It was founded on April 16, 1853., , Indian Railways Zones and their, Headquarters, Name, , Route, (km), 5098, 3905, 6182, 2414, 6968, , Headquarters, , Southern (SR), Chennai, Central (CR), Mumbai, Western (WR), Mumbai, Eastern (ER), Kolkata, Northern (NR), Delhi, North Eastern, 3667 Gorakhpur, (NER), South Eastern, 2631 Kolkata, (SER), Northeast Frontier, 3907 Maligaon, (NFR), , South Central (SCR) 5951 Secunderabad, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Communication, Media & Transport, East Central (ECR), North Western, (NWR), East Coast (ECoR), North Central (NCR), South East, Central(SECR), South Western, (SWR), West Central (WCR), , 3628 Hajipur, 5459 Jaipur, , 2677 Bhubaneswar, 3151 Allahabad, 2447 Bilaspur, 3177 Hubli, , 2965 Jabalpur, , TOP TEN COUNTRIES WITH, LONGEST RAIL NETWORK IN, THE WORLD, , Rank, 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , 8., , 9., , Country, , Route Km., , USA, , 250000, , India, , 65000, , China, , Russia, , Canada, , Germany, , Australia, , Argentina, , France, , 10. Brazil, , 100000, 85500, , 48000, , 41000, , 40000, , 36000, , 29000, , 28000, , 203, Bangaluru Metro: Bengaluru Metro also, known as Namma Metro is recently started, rapid transit rail system in the Bengaluru, city of Karnataka., Jaipur Metro: The pink city of Rajasthan, is got its first metro line of 9.2 km from, Mansarovar to Chandpole Bazaar in, November 2010., , AVIATION INDUSTRY, , Air transport in India made a beginning in, 1911 when airmail operation commenced, over a distance of 10 km between Allahabad, and Naini. The Airport Authority of India, was constituted in 1972., • JRD Tata was the first licensed, pilot of Federation aeronautique, International on behalf of the Aero, Club of India and Burma., •, , Prem Mathur became the first female, commercial pilot to start flying for, Deccan Airways, as she obtained her, commercial pilots licence in 1947., , 5/20 rule : The rule allows an Indian, carrier to fly abroad only after it has, completed five years of domestic operations and maintains a fleet of 20 aircrafts., , BUSIEST AIRPORTS IN INDIA, , Rank, Name, City, 1. Indira Gandhi International Airpot Delhi, 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., 6., , 7., 8., , 9., , Chhatrapati Shivaji International, Mumbai, Airport, Kempegowda International Airport Bangalore, , Chennai International Airport, , Chennai, , Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, Kolkata, International Airport, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad, , Cochin International Airport, , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, International Airport, Pune International Airport, , 10. Goa International Airport, , Ahmedabad, , Pune, , Dabolim, , State, Delhi, , Maharashtra, , Karnataka, , IATA Code, DEL, BOM, BLR, , Tamil Nadu, , MAA, , Telangana, , HYD, , West Bengal, , CCU, , Gujarat, , AMD, , Goa, , GOI, , Maharashtra, , PNQ, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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204, , Communication, Media & Transport, , WATER WAYS, India has 14,500 km of navigable waterways. At present, 5,685 km of major rivers are, navigable. The Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986., , NATIONAL WATERWAYS OF INDIA, , Waterways, Stretch, Specification, NW 1, Allahabad-Haldia stretch (1,620 It is divided into three parts for, km), developmental purposes– (i) HaldiaFarakka (560 km), (ii) Farakka-Patna, (460 km), (iii) Patna- Allahabad (600 km)., NW 2, Sadiya-Dhubri stretch, Brahmaputra is navigable by steamers, (891 km), up to Dibrugarh (1,384 km) which is, shared by India and Bangladesh., NW 3, Kottapuram-Kollam stretch (205 It includes 168 km of west coast canal, km), along with Champakara canal (23 km), and Udyogmandal canal (14 km)., NW 4, Specified streches of Godavari and, Krishna rivers along with Kakinada, Puducherry stretch of canals (1078 km), NW 5, Specified stretches of river Brahmani, along with Matai river, delta channels, of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers, and East Coast canals (588km)., , PORTS, , Indian coastline is about 7516.6 kilometers, and it is one of the biggest peninsulas in, the world. It is serviced by 12 major ports,, 200 notified minor and intermediate ports., Maharashtra (48) has the maximum and Gujarat, (42) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (23)., The Coastal States in India are Andhra Pradesh,, Odisha, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala,, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat., Name of the Port Coast, State, Kandla, Western Gujarat, Coast, Mumbai, Western Maharashtra, Coast, Jawaharlal Nehru Western Maharashtra, Coast, Mormugao, Manglore, Kochi, , Western Goa, Coast, Western Karnataka, Coast, Western Kerala, Coast, , Haldia, , Paradip, , Vishakapatnam, Chennai, Ennore, , Tutikorin, , Eastern, Coast, Eastern, Coast, Eastern, Coast, Eastern, Coast, Eastern, Coast, Eastern, Coast, , West Bengal, Odisha, , Andhra, Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu, , Facts about Ports of India, , •• Kandla Port is located on the Gulf of Kutch., •• Mumbai Port is the biggest port in our, country., •• Mormugao Port is the leading iron ore, exporting port of India., •• New Mangalore Port is an all weather port., •• Paradip Port is an artificial and deepwater port., •• Jawaharlal Nehru Port is the largest, container port in India., •• Tuticorin Port is an artificial deep-sea, harbour of India., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Healthcare, HEALTHCARE IN INDIA, Present Status, India has worked in improving the health, of the citizens. However, the healthcare, sector has been seen as a social sector, receiving less focus and low budget, allocation., *, *, *, •, •, *, *, , *, , The country spends a total of 4.2%, of its GDP on healthcare while USA, 18%., As a result of low GDP allocation, private players are emerging to fulfil, the growing healthcare needs., India shares 20% of the burden of, global diseases with only 6% beds, and 8 % doctors., Hospital bed density in India is 0.9, per 1,000 persons, against WHO’s 3.5, per 1,000., India has one doctor per 1,700, citizens against WHO’s a minimum, ratio of 1:1,000., India has 387 medical colleges—181, governments and 206 privates., India produces 30,000 doctors,, 18,000 specialists, 30,000 AYUSH, graduates, 54,000 nurses, 15,000, ANMs and, 36,000 pharmacists, annually., India has about 6-6.5 lakh doctors., But it needs 4 lakh more by 2020, to maintain the required ratio of, 1:1,000., , Rise in per capita healthcare, expenditure, •, , Per capita healthcare expenditure is, estimated at a CAGR of 5 % during FY, 2008–15 to US$ 68.6 billion by 2015., , •, •, •, , This is due to rising incomes, easier, access to high-quality healthcare, facilities and greater awareness of, personal health and hygiene., Greater, penetration, of, health, insurance aided the rise in healthcare, spending, a trend likely to intensify in, the coming   decade., Economic prosperity is driving the, improvement in affordability for, generic drugs in the market., , Per capita healthcare expenditure, (US$), 68.6, 61 61.9, 61, 58, 54, , 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015, Source: World Bank, BMI Report, TechSci Research, , GROWTH OF HEALTHCARE, INDUSTRY IN INDIA, •, , •, •, •, , Healthcare industry is growing at, a tremendous pace owing to its, strengthening coverage, services and, increasing expenditure by public as, well as private players., During 2008-20, the market is, expected to record a CAGR of 16.5 per, cent., The total industry size is expected to, touch US$ 160 billion by 2017 and US$, 280 billion by 2020., As per the Ministry of Health,, development of 50 technologies has, been targeted in the FY16, for the, treatment of disease like Cancer and, TB., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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206, , Healthcare, , HEALTHCARE, , Healthcare Sector to Grow at a CAGR of 17% during 2008-20 and, healthcare revenues to reach USD 280 billion by 2020, Policy Support, , 20, , 17, , F, , 280.0 India to Emerge as a global healthcare hub, Reduced excise and customs duty, 300, Exemption in service taxes, Establishment of new drug testing, 160.0, 200, laboratories, Formulation of the Mental Health Policy, 81.3, 68.4 72.8, 45.0 51.7 59.5, According to the Ministry of Health, over 50, technologies are being developed by FY16 for, 0, F treatmentofCancer,TBandotherdiseases., 8, 09 10 011 012 014, 20, 2, 200 20 20, 2, 2, 0, Implementation and Promotion of e-Health, 2, Initiatives-Mother and Child Tracking System, F-Forecase, (MCTS)andFacilitationCentre(MCTF)., , Healthcare expenditure to Grow at a CAGR of 17% during 2011-20, Source: TechSci Research, , NATIONAL HEALTH, PROGRAMMES, AIDS Control Programme, A division of Ministry of Health and Family, Welfare,was established in 1992 to prevent, and control HIV/AIDS., , Cancer Control, Launchedin1975forequippingthepremier, cancer hospital/institutions., , Pulse Polio Campaign (Do, Boond Zindegi Ke), , Initiated in 1978 the programme aimed at, preventing polio by vaccinating against the, disease. As a result India was declared Polio, free in 2014., , National Leprosy Eradication, Programme (NLEP), , Launched in 1955 with an objective of, eliminating leprosy with the use of Multidrug, therapy (MDT) in phases., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Healthcare, , Eliminate Kala-azar, A part of National Health Policy envisaged, in 2010 to eradicate the dreaded disease, ‘Kala-azar’ or Visceral Leishmaniasis, also, known as ‘Black Fever’ and ‘Dumdum Fever’, from India by 2015., , National TB Control Programme, , Launched in 1962 with an objective of, eradication of the disease but till 1992 only, 30% of the country had been covered., , National Tobacco Control, Programme, , Launched in 2007 by the Ministry of Health, and Family., , NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH, MISSION (NRHM), , Launched on 5th April,2005., •• Creation of cadre of Accredited Social, Health Activist (ASHA), •• Mainstreaming AYUSH (Indian System, of Medicine), , Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, , •• It was launched by Prime Minister, Narendra Modi on 2nd October 2014,, covering 4041 statutory towns with the, purpose to clean the streets, roads and, infrastructure of the nation., , 207, , 7 Structural Problems in India’s, Healthcare System, 1. A weak primary healthcare sector, , 2. Unequally distributed skilled human, resources, 3. Large unregulated private sector, 4. Low public spending on health, 5. Fragmented health information systems, 6. Irrational use and spiralling cost of, drugs, 7. Weak governance and accountability, A3’s Healthcare Challenge in Remote, Areas, , •, , •, •, , National Bal Swachhta Mission, , •• ItwaslaunchedbytheUnionGovernment, on 14th November 2014, on the 125th, birth anniversary of India’s first prime, minister Jawahar Lal Nehru., •• Its themes, 1. Clean Anganwadis, Playgrounds, Clean, Self, Food, Drinking Water, Toilets, , •, •, , YOGA and its Health Benefit, , YOGA is just a master stroke. It’s an, ascetic Hindu discipline which involves, practices like controlling breath with, prescribed body position and meditation, with an objective to attain a state of, deep spiritual insight and tranquility., These practices in turn promote good, health, fitness and control of mind. Sage, Patanjali was known to be the founder, of this practice and the knowledge he, had given was known as Yoga Sutra., The United Nations has declared June, 21 as the International Day of Yoga., , •, , •, , A3rmt is a wireless portable medical, technology developed as a solution to, area-specific healthcare inefficiencies., A3 is a remote technology came in, to help doctors sitting in cities or, anywhere to control patients from, long distances, i.e. rural areas., The concept and devices useful in, developing countries was started by, Dr. Shrikant Parikh, founder and CEO, of the company, in 2008., A3 will help India in tackling its rural, health problems by connecting needy, patients to medical experts. A3rmt create, customized devices to connect patient, side units to multiple cloud servers., Doctors just need to have a smart phone/, hand held device., A3rmt provides detailed information, about the specific local challenges in, healthcare., The A3 services focuse on five broad, areas: cardiovascular diseases, cuts, and wounds, war zone medical care,, pregnancy, and radiology., A3 devices are helping doctors and, cardiologist of Tamil Nadu State, Governmental District Hospital to, remotely serve patients in the Primary, Healthcare Centre of Kunjapanai village,, which lies in a hilly, forested terrain., A3 has provided their technology to, six Indian states so far, and has even, crossed the Indian border to reach the, hospital of Mwanza-Tanzania, where, patients are remotely monitored by, senior doctors in Ahmedabad., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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208, , Government Initiatives in Health, Sector, India’s universal health plan that aims to, offer guaranteed benefits to a sixth of the, world’s population will cost an estimated, Rs 1.6 trillion (US$ 23.48 billion) over the, next four years., Some of the major initiatives taken by the, Government of India to promote Indian, healthcare industry are as follows:, • Provisions made in the Union budget, 2016-17:, • National, Dialysis, Services, Programme to be initiated to, provide dialysis services in all, district hospitals., • A new health protection scheme, for health cover upto Rs 1 lakh, (US$ 1,470) per family., • Setting up 3,000 medical stores, across the country to provide quality, medicines at affordable prices., • Senior citizens will get additional, healthcare cover of Rs 30,000 (US$, 441) under the new scheme., • Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi, Yojana to be strengthened, 3000, generic drug storer to be opened., • Government of West Bengal has, introduced G1 Digital Dispensary, to, provide people from rural areas access, to primary healthcare services., • A unique initiative for healthcare, ‘SEHAT’ (Social Endeavour for Health, and Telemedicine) has been launched, to empower rural citizens by providing, access to information, knowledge, skills, and other services in different sectors, through digital technologies., • Government of India has launched, the National Deworming initiative to, protect 24 crore children of 1-19 years, from intestinal worms., • Mission Indradhanush launched, by Government of India to immunise, children against seven diseases, i.e., diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus,, polio, tuberculosis, measles and, hepatitis B by 2020., , Healthcare, , Startups Making Difference in, Healthcare Digitally, , About 90% of the startups evaluated in 2015, were working on preventive healthcare, and monitoring solutions, revealed an, InnAccel’s report. Hospitals, medical devices,, clinical trials, outsourcing, tele-medicine,, medical tourism, health insurance and, medical equipment collectively form the, pillar of healthcare sector., Today, you can locate diagnostic centres,, hospitals and doctors just by a swipe on a, smartphone’s Apps created by Startups., Below are the list of some healthtech, startups:, eKincare: It was founded in 2014 by, Kiran Kalakuntla and Sunil Motaparti at, Hyderabad. It helps users put their health, records and keep it on the cloud — where, they can access the data anywhere, using a, PC or a mobile device., Medibox Technologies: Mr. Bhavik Kumar, and Kapil Kanbarkar started it at Bengaluru., Medibox allows patients to search for, healthcare facilities like pharmacies,, hospitals and blood banks across India. It, is a mobile application based services., Mediaka Bazaar: It was founded by Mr., Vivek Tiwari (IIM) in 2015 in Mumbai., Medikabazaar is a marketplace for all, medical and healthcare needs. It helps, buyers search and compare from over, 10,000 medical devices and consumable, options for all health and wellness needs., Medical Unique Identity (MUI): Mr., Mayank Harlalka started it in Bengaluru., MUI manages personal health information, to deliver quality healthcare to the public., It allows users to maintain lifetime health, records and data for improving the quality, of medical treatment., BookMEDS.com: It was started by, Mohammed Abubakar, Subathra Santanam,, and Sajid Sikander in 2013 at Hyderabad., BookMEDS is an e-commerce portal for, medicines and medical products. The, product categories include orthopedic care,, home care, mother and baby care, medical, gadgets, hospital equipment, contraceptives, care, protein supplements, fitness and sports,, homeopathy and Ayurveda, ENT, eye, and, dental care., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Sports & Games, Olympics, , ASIAN Games, , • The Games were first held in honour, of the Greek God, Zeus in 776 B.C. on, Mount Olympia in the plain of the, kingdom of Elis., • The first Modern Olympic Games were, started in Athens on 6th April 1896., Since then these Games are held every, four years., • Olympic Symbol comprises five rings or, circles, linked together to represent the, sporting friendship of all people. The, rings also symbolise the continentsEurope, Asia, Africa, Oceania and, America., • The Olympic flag was created in 1914, at the suggestion of Baron Pierre de, Coubertin and was hoisted first time in, the Antwerp Olympic Games in 1920., • For the first time an Olympic flame was, ceremonially lighted and burned in a, giant torch at the entrance of the stadium, at the Amsterdam Games in 1928 ., • The Olympic motto is “Citius-AltiusFortius” (faster, higher, stronger)., • Mary Leela Rao was the 1st Indian , woman participant in the Olympic, Games., , • The first Asian Games began on March, 4, 1951 in New Delhi., • The AGF(Asian Games Federation), adopted “Play the game in spirit of the, game”, given by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, as, the motto of the Asian Games, • The emblem of Asian Games is a ‘bright, full rising sun’ with interlocking rings., • In the 16th Asian Games Twenty-20, Cricket was included., , Commonwealth Games, , • After Olympics, Commonwealth Games, are the second largest sports festival in, the world., • The Games are held in four years but, only in between the Olympic years., • The 1st Commonwealth Games were, held in 1930 at Hamilton, Canada., • India, for the first time, participated in, the second Commonwealth games held, in London in 1934., , South Asian Games, , • The South Asian Games (SAG Games), are a bi-annual multi-sport event held, for the athletes from South Asia., • The governing body of these games, is South Asian Sports Council (SASC),, formed in 1983., • At present, SAG are joined by eight, members namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,, Pakistan, Sri Lanka., • The first South Asian Games were, hosted by Kathmandu, Nepal in 1984., • These Games are often hyped as the, South Asian version of Olympic Games., , Afro-Asian Games, , • They are inter-continental multi-sport, competitions, held between athletes, from Asia and Africa., • These Games are supposed to be held, once every four years., • They are jointly supervised by the, Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), and, the Association of National Olympic, Committees of Africa (ANOCA)., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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210, , Sports & Games, , • The Inaugural Afro-Asian Games were, held in 2003 in Hyderabad, India, , Cricket World Cup, , • The ICC Cricket World Cup is the, international championship of One Day, International (ODI) cricket., • This is organized by the International, Cricket Council (ICC)., • It is held every four years., , • The first World Cup was organized in, England in June 1975., • The current trophy is made from silver, and gold, and features a golden globe, held up by three silver columns., • The ICC keeps the original trophy. A, replica differing only in the inscriptions, is permanently awarded to the winning, team., , Cricket World Cup, , Year, , Host, , Winner, , 1975, , England, , West Indies, , England, , India, , Australia, New Zealand, , Pakistan, , 1979, , England, , 1987, , India, Pakistan, , 1983, 1992, 1996, , West Indies, , India, Pakistan, , Australia, Sri Lanka, , 1999, , England, , Australia, , 2007, , West Indies, , Australia, , 2003, , 2011, 2015, , 2019, 2023, , FIFA World Cup, , South Africa, India, Bangladesh, , Australia, , Australia, New Zealand, , England, India, , • The FIFA World Cup is an international, association football competition, • It is contested by the senior men’s, national teams of the members of, Federation Internationale de Football, Association (FIFA)., • It is held every four years., • The current champion is Germany,, which won its fourth title at the 2014, tournament in Brazil., • Brazil have won five times, and they are, the only team to have played in every, tournament., , India, , Australia, , • The next two World Cups will be, hosted by Russia in 2018 and Qatar in, 2022., • From 1930 to 1970, the Jules Rimet, Trophy was awarded to the World Cup, winning team., • After 1970, a new trophy, known as the, FIFA World Cup Trophy, was designed., • The designer of the current FiFA, Trophy was Silvio Gazzaniga(the Italian, designer)., • The new trophy is 36 cm (14.2 in) high,, made of solid 18 carat (75%) gold and, weighs 6.175 kg (13.6 lb)., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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Sports & Games, Year, 1930, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, , 211, Host, , Uruguay, Spain, Mexico, Italy, United States, France, South Korea & Japan, Germany, South Africa, Brazil, Russia, , Hockey World Cup, , Winner, Uruguay, Italy, Argentina, West Germany, Brazil, France, Brazil, Italy, Spain, Germany, , • The Hockey World Cup is an, international field hockey competition, organised by the International Hockey, Federation (FIH)., • The tournament was started in 1971., • It is held every four years, bridging the, four years between the Summer Olympics., • The Hockey World Cup trophy was, designed by the Bashir Moojid and, created by the Pakistani Army., • The trophy consists of a silver cup with, an intricate floral design, surmounted, by a globe of the world in silver and, gold, placed on a high blade base inlaid, with ivory., Year Host, 1971 Barcelona, Spain, 1973 Amstelveen,, Netherlands, , Winner, Pakistan, Netherlands, , Score, 4–2, 3–1, 3–2, 1–0, 3–2, 3-0, 2-0, 5-3, 1-0, 1-0, , Runner-up, Argentina, West Germany, West Germany, Argentina, Italy, Brazil, Germany, France, Netherlands, Argentina, , 1975 Kuala Lumpur,, Malaysia, 1978 Buenos Aires,, Argentina, 1982 Bombay, India, 1986 London, England, 1990 Lahore, Pakistan, 1994 Sydney, Australia, 1998 Utrecht,, Netherlands, 2002 Kuala Lumpur,, Malaysia, 2006 Monchengladbach,, Germany, 2010 New Delhi, India, 2014 The Hague,, Netherlands, 2018 Bhubaneswar,, India, , India, , Pakistan, , Pakistan, Australia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Netherlands, Germany, Germany, Australia, Australia, , TROPHIES ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTS, , NATIONAL, Name of the Trophy, Aga Khan Cup, Barna Belleck Cup, Beighton Cup, Bombay Gold Cup, Burdwan Trophy, D.C.M. Trophy, Dhyan chand Trophy, Dr. B.C. Roy Trophy, Duleep Trophy, , Related game, Hockey, Table Tennis, Hockey, Hockey, Weight Lifting, Football, Hockey, Football, Cricket, , Durand Cup, Ezra Cup, I.F.A Shield, Lady Ratan Tata Trophy, Moin ud daula Gold Cup, Rangaswami Cup, Ranji Trophy, Santosh Trophy, Scindia Gold Cup, Subroto Mukherjee Cup, Wellington Trophy, , Football, Polo, Football, Hockey, Cricket, Hockey, Cricket, Football, Hockey, Football, (Inter-School), Rowing, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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212, , Sports & Games, , INTERNATIONAL, Name of the Trophy Related game, American Cup, Yatch Racing, Ashes Cup, Cricket (AustraliaEngland), Azlan Shah, Hockey, US Masters, Golf, Hopman Cup, Lawn Tennis, Colombo Cup Trophy Football, Davis Cup, Lawn Tennis, Kings Cup Race, Air Races (England), Merdeka Cup, Football (Asia), Swaythling Cup, World Table Tennis, Thomas Cup, World Badminton, (Men), Uber Cup, World Badminton, (women), US-Open, Lawn Tennis, French-Open, Lawn Tennis, Australian Open, Lawn Tennis, Wimbledon, Lawn Tennis, Masters Champions, Hockey, Trophy, British Open, Golf, Malaysian Open, Badminton, Tata Open, Lawn Tennis, , National Games of various Nations, Nation National Games, USA, Baseball, Spain, Bull Fighting, Canada , Ice Hockey, New Zealand, Rugby Union, India, No Game, Bangladesh, Kabaddi, Srilanka, Volley ball, Russia, Bandy, China, Table Tennis, Brazil, Capoeira, Nation, National Sports, France, Football, England, Cricket, Japan, Sumo, Australia, Cricket, Pakistan, Hockey, Malaysia, Sepak takraw, Scotland, Golf, Indonesia, Badminton, Bhutan, Archery, Switzerland, Swiss Wrestling, Turkey, Oil Wrestling and Cirit, , TERMS USED IN GAMES AND, SPORTS, Badminton, , Deuce, Double, Drop, Fault,, Game, Let, love, Smash., Baseball, Bunting, Diamond, Home,, Pitcher, Put out, Strike., Billiards, Break, Cannons, Cue, In, off, Jigger, Scratch,, Boat Race, Cox, Boxing, Hook, Jab, Knock-out,, Punch, upper cut., Bridge, Diamonds, Dummy, Grand, slam, Little slam, Revoke,, Ruff, Tricks, Trump., Chess, Check, Checkmate, Gambit, Stalemate, Cricket, Bowling, Bouncer, Crease,, Cover point, Drive, Duck,, Follow on, Googly, Gulley,, Hat Trick, Hit wicket, L.B.W., (Leg Before Wicket), Leg, Break, Leg spinner, Leg bye, Maiden over, No ball, Pitch,, Run, silly point, Stumped,, Wicket keeper., Football, Dribble, Drop Kick, Foul,, Hattrick, Off-side,, Penalty, Throw in, Touch, Down., Golf, Bogey, Caddie, Hole, Links,, Put, Putting the green,, Stymie, Tee., Hockey, Bull,, Carry,, Centre, Forward, Carried, Dribble,, Goal, Hat trick, Penalty, corner,, Scoop,, Short, corner, Sticks, Striking, circle, Under cutting., Horse Racing Jockey, Place, Protest,, Punter, Win., Lawn Tennis Back-hand-drive, Service,, Smash, Volley, Deuce,, Game, Set, Love., Polo, Bunder, Chuckker, Mallet., Rifle Shooting Bull’s eye., Rugby, Drop kick, Screen., Swimming, Stroke., Volley ball, Booster, Deuce, Love,, Service, Spikers., Wrestling, Half Nelson, Heave., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, , 213, , MCQs, RAILWAYS, 1., , When was the first underground, railway (Metro Railway) started?, (a) 1982, (b) 1989, (c) 1984, (d) 1992, 2. Shatabdi Express train was started in, (a) 1984, (b) 1988, (c) 1990, (d) 1985, 3. At which of the following places Diesel, Component Works is established?, (a) Jamshedpur (b) Patiala, (c) Perambur, (d) Varanasi, 4. Which Zone is the largest in Indian, Railways?, (a) Central Railway, (b) Northern Railway, (c) Eastern Railway, (d) Western Railway, 5. The railway station situated in the, extreme south is, (a) Chennai, (b) Cochin, (c) Kanyakumari (d) Trivandrum, 6. A platform surrounded by rail lines, from all the four sides, is called, (a) dock platform, (b) passenger platform, (c) island platform, (d) goods platform, 7. When was the nationalization of, Indian Railways done?, (a) 1952, (b) 1950, (c) 1951, (d) 1954, 8. In which year Research, Design, and Standard organization was, established?, (a) 1954, (b) 1957, (c) 1959, (d) 1967, 9. Railway Staff College is situated at, (a) Bangalore, (b) Secundrabad, (c) Chennai, (d) Vadodara, 10. Where is the Research, Design and, Standard Organization situated?, (a) Lucknow, (b) Bangalore, (c) Pune, (d) New Delhi, , 11. Which is the following pairs of regional, Railways and their headquarters not, true?, (a) SouthCentral Railway, Secunderabad, (b) Central railway Bhopal, (c) South Railway Chennai, (d) North Railway New Delhi, 12. Between which of the destinations the, first Indian train was started?, (a) From Calcutta to Delhi, (b) From Mumbai to Thane, (c) From Mumbai to Surat, (d) From Mumbai to Madras, 13. When was the first train in Indian, started?, (a) 1851, (b) 1852, (c) 1853, (d) 1854, 14. In which Governor General's reign, railway lines in India was established?, (a) Lord William Bentick, (b) Lord Cornwallis, (c) Lord Kenning, (d) Lord Dalhousie, 15. station where the rail lines end, is, called, (a) junction station, (b) waysidestation, (c) block station, (d) terminal station, 16. How much distance was traveled by, first train of India?, (a) 33 km, (b) 36 km, (c) 34 km, (d) 46 km, 17. what is the position of the Indian, Railway in the world according to the, length of rail lines?, (a) First, (b) Second, (c) Third, (d) Fourth, 18. What is the length of NorthEastern, Frontier Railway (NEFR)?, (a) 4300 Km, (b) 3700 Km, (c) 4290 km, (d) 5298 km, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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214, 19. The headquarters of NorthEastern, railway is situated at, (a) Mumbai (V.T), (b) Guwahati, (c) Gorakhpur, (d) New Delhi, 20. When was the NorthEastern frontier, Railway (NEFR) established?, (a) 15th Jan, 1958, (b) 15th Jan, 1955, (c) 2nd Jan, 1956, (d) 14th April, 1952, 21. The headquarters of North Eastern, Frontier Railway (NEFR) is, (a) Calcutta, (b) Maligaon (Guwahati), (c) Chennai, (d) Gorakhpur, 22. In which of the following cities, the, first subway train was started?, (a) Mumbai, (b) Delhi, (c) Calcutta, (d) Chennai, 23. General Manger is responsible for, (a) Railway Board, (b) Railway Ministry, (c) Both railway Board and Railway, Ministry, (d) None of these, 24. The headquarters of SouthCentral, Railways is situated at, (a) Mumbai (V.T), (b) Chennai, (c) Secundrabad, (d) Mumbai (Central), 25. The headquarters of Northern, Railway is at, (a) New Delhi, (b) Guwahati, (c) Gorakhpur, (d) Mumbai (V.T), 26. The headquarters of South Railways is, situated at, (a) Calcutta, (b) Chennai, (c) Delhi, (d) Mumbai, 27. In which institution the training of, electric work is being given?, (a) Indian Railways Institute of, Mechanical, and, Electrical, Engineering, (b) Indian Railways Institute of, Electrical Engineering, (c) Railway Staff College, (d) Indian Railways Institute of Civil, Engineering, , MCQs, 28. Who invented the railway engine?, (a) Charles Babbage, (b) Isaac Newton, (c) James Watt, (d) George Stephenson, 29. Where is the Indian Railways, Institute of Mechanical and Electrical, Engineering Institution situated?, (a) Nasik, (b) Baroda, (c) Jamalpur, (d) Pune, 30. Metro Railway is functioning in which, of the following Indian States?, (a) Gujarat, (b) Maharashtra, (c) West Bengal (d) Tamil Nadu, 31. The zone with the minimum length is, (a) NorthEastern Railway, (b) NorthEastern Frontier Railway, (c) SouthEast Railway, (d) SouthCentral Railway, 32. Where is the Indian Railways Institute, of Civil Engineering Institute situated?, (a) Pune, (b) Chennai, (c) Nasik, (d) Sikandrabad, 33. How many training institutions of, Railways are in India?, (a) Three, (b) Four, (c) Five, (d) Six, 34. What is the position of the Indian, Railway under the zonal system?, (a) First, (b) Second, (c) Third, (d) Forth, 35. Which of the gauges is used in the hilly, areas?, (a) Broad gauge (b) Meter gauge, (c) Narrow gauge (d) Special gauge, 36. Where is the extreme north of India a, railway station?, (a) Jammutavi, (b) Amritsar, (c) Pathancoat (d) Guwahat, 37. How many institutions do give, suggestions for railways technology?, (a) One, (b) Two, (c) Three, (d) Four, 38. Diesel Locomotive Works is situated, at, (a) Perambur, (b) Varanasi, (c) Kapurthala (d) Bangalore, 39. The manufacturing of steam engine in, Chittranjan Locomotive stopped in, (a) 1974, (b) 1961, (c) 1971, (d) 1973, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, 40. The passenger bogies of the Indian, Railways are manufacture following, places?, (a) Kapurthala (b) Chittranjan, (c) Perambur, (d) Bangalore, 41. Indian Railways which is the largest of, the Public Sector E divided into how, many regions?, (a) 7, (b) 9, (c) 8, (d) 10, 42. Besides Mahrashtra, Karnataka and, Goa, which of the following State for, Konakan Railway Project?, (a) Kerala, (b) Tamil Nadu, (c) Gujarat, (d) Andhra Pradesh, 43. Palace On Wheels train was, inaugurated in, (a) 1988, (b) 1972, (c) 1982, (d) 1965, 44. When was the Central Railway, established?, (a) 5th Nov 1951, (b) 14th Nov 1951, (c) 14th April 1951, (d) 16th August, 1951, 45. Rajasthan is under which of the, following railway zones?, (a) Northern region, (b) Western region, (c) NorthWestern region, (d) Central Region, 46. The largest national enterprise of, India is, (a) Indian Railway, (b) Indian Shipyard, (c) Airways, (d) None of these, 47. The first locomotive which was, manufactured in Chittranjan on, (a) November 1950, (b) October 1950, (c) September 1949, (d) October 1954, 48. Where is the wheel and axle plant of, Indian Railways situated?, (a) Chittranjan (b) Kapurthala, (c) Bangalore, (d) Perambur, 49. When was the Jammu City appeared, on the map of Indian Railway?, (a) 1965, (b) 1963, (c) 1967, (d) 1965, , 215, 50. Where is the headquarters of Central, Railway situated?, (a) Mumbai (V.T), (b) Mumbai (Church Gate), (c) Gwalior, (d) Gorakhpur, 51. Where is the rail museum of india ?, (a) Delhi, (b) Bangaluru, (c) Chennai, (d) Mumbai, 52. Who was the first women rail minister, of india?, (a) mamata banarjee , (b) j Fatima bibi, (c) suchita kriplani, (d) surekha yadav, 53. Which train in India has the longest, route length?, (a) Howrah - Jammu Tawi Himgiri, Express, (b) Kanyakumari - Jammu Tawi, Himsagar Express, (c) Kanyakumari - Dibrugarh Vivek, Express, (d) Guwahati-Thiruvanthapuram, Express, 54. Which is the longest train in india?, (a) Jansadharan express, (b) Prayag express, (c) Magadh express, (d) Gomti express, 55. Which is the fastest train in india?, (a) Mahamana express, (b) Duronto express, (c) Shatabdi express, (d) Gatiman express, 56. Which is the slowest train in india?, (a) Nilgiri express, (b) Janta express, (c) Taj express, (d) Life line express, 57. When was first rail budget presented, in india?, (a) 1947 november, (b) 1948 december, (c) 1950 january, (d) 1952 november, 58. On which of the following is the longest, railway bridge in India located?, (a) River Ganges, (b) Vembanad Lake, (c) River Brahmaputra, (d) Chilka Lake, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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216, 59. In which of the following cities are, located 3 zonal headquarters of, Indian Railways?, (a) Guwahati, (b) Mumbai, (c) New Delhi, (d) Kolkata, 60. Who of the following is known for, having designed the first railway, timetables?, (a) George Bradman, (b) George Bernard Shaw, (c) George Bradshaw, (d) George Brummel, 61. Which of the following is the easternmost division of the Indian Railways?, (a) Tinsukia, (b) Lumding, (c) Rangiya, (d) Katihar, 62. Over which of the following rivers is, the world's highest railway bridge in, Kashmir being constructed?, (a) Chenab, (b) Jhelum, (c) Sutlej, (d) Indus, 63. Gorakhpur which has the longest, railway platform in the world is, located in which of the following, states?, (a) Odisha, (b) West Bengal, (c) Uttar Pradesh (d) Chhattisgarh, 64. Which of the following stations has all, the three guages viz. broad, metre and, narrow?, (a) Lucknow, (b) Chandigarh, (c) Shimla, (d) Siliguri, 65. What is the width of broad guage, railway line in India?, (a) 5 feet 3 inches, (b) 5 feet 6 inches, (c) 4 feet 11 inches, (d) 5 feet 4 inches, 66. Match the manufacturing units with, their locations, Manufacturing Unit State, A. Chittaranjan, 1. Tamilnadu, Locomotive Works, B. Integral Coach, 2. Punjab, Factory, C. Wheel and Axle 3. West Bengal, Plant, D. Rail Coach, 4. Karnataka, Factory, (a) A - 3; B - 4; C - 1; D - 2, (b) A - 2; B - 1; C - 4; D - 3, (c) A - 3; B - 1; C - 4; D - 2, (d) A - 3; B - 1; C - 2; D - 4, , MCQs, 67. Which of the following stations was, formerly known as Victoria Terminus?, (a) Churchgate Railway Station, (b) Mumbai Central, (c) Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, (d) Chhatrapathi Shivaji Terminus, 68. Fairy Queen, the world's oldest steam, locomotive in regular operation, plies, between New Delhi and (a) Shimla, (b) Alwar, (c) Kalka, (d) Gwalior, 69. Who of the following was the first, Railway Minister of independent, India?, (a) John Mathai, (b) Lal Bahadur Shastri, (c) Jawaharlal Nehru, (d) Shanmugham Shetty, 70. Shatabdi Express trains were, introduced in 1989 to commemorate, the 100th anniversary of which of the, following personalities?, (a) Swami Vivekanand, (b) Mahatma Gandhi, (c) Jawaharlal Nehru, (d) Rabindranath Tagore, 71. Who was the Governor General, of India when Railways were first, introduced in India?, (a) Lord Canning, (b) Lord Dalhousie, (c) Lord William Bentick, (d) Lord Ripon, 72. What is the rank of India in the world, in terms of length of railroad network?, (a) First, (b) Second, (c) Third, (d) Fourth, 73. The Maitree Express connects India, with which of the following countries?, (a) Myanmar, (b) Pakistan, (c) Bangladesh (d) Nepal, 74. Which of the following is the largest, zone in terms of route kilometers?, (a) Western Railways, (b) Eastern Railways, (c) Northern Railways, (d) Southern Railways, 75. Which of the following is the largest, marshalling yard in India (also the, longest in Asia)?, (a) Mughalsarai (b) Mathura, (c) Itarasi, (d) Guntakal, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, 76. Which of the following zonal, headquarters - city combination is, incorrect?, (a) South East Central - Bilaspur, (b) North Western - Jodhpur, (c) East Central - Hajipur, (d) West Central - Jabalpur, 77. In which city is the Indian Railway, Institute of Financial Management, (IRIFM) being set up as announced in, the Railway Budget 2013?, (a) Secunderabad, (b) Lucknow, (c) Rae Barelly, (d) Gurgaon, 78. Into how many zones is the Indian, Railways organized?, (a) 17, (b) 15, (c) 14, (d) 16, 79. Which state has the longest route, kilometers of railway line in India?, (a) Maharashtra, (b) Andhra Pradesh, (c) Rajasthan, (d) Uttar Pradesh, 80. Last Railway station in North India:, (a) Jammutavi, (b) Baramulla, (c) Ghagwal railway station, (d) banihal, 81. Last Railway station in South India:, (a) Kanyakumari (b) Aattur, (c) Aduturai, (d) Avadi, 82. Last Railway station in Western India:, (a) Naliya near Bhuj in Gujarat., (b) Okha in gujrat, (c) Warka in gujrat, (d) Porbanar in gujrat, 83. Who was the first female loco pilot in, india?, (a) Surekha yadav, (b) Roze Millian Bethew, (c) Puneeta Arora, (d) Sushama Chawala, 84. What is the full form of irctc? –, (a) Indian Railway Catering and, Tourism Corporation, (b) Indian Railway Corporatio and, Tourism Corporation, (c) Indian Railway Catering and, Tourist Corporation, (d) Indian Railway Catering and, Tourism Counsil, , 217, 85. Which of the following is the first, railway station in India to have free, high-speed WiFi Internet facility?, (a) Chennai Central station, (b) Mumbai Central station, (c) New Delhi station, (d) Kolkata station, 86. Which is the busiest railway station in, India?, (a) Howrah junction, (b) Newdelhi railway station, (c) Kanpur central, (d) Kalyan junction, 87. which is the oldest railway station, currently operational in India?, (a) Royapuram railway station, (b) Chhatrapati shivaji terminal, (c) Chennai central, (d) Howrah junction, 88. When did Life Line Express (Jeevan, Rekha) Started ?, (a) 1992, (b) 1991, (c) 1989, (d) 1990, 89. When did the The first live telecast of, railway budget took place, (a) 1992, (b) 1993, (c) 1994, (d) 1995, 90. India’s first CNG train runs between, (a) Mathura to Agra, (b) Rohtak to Rewari, (c) Delhi to Palwal, (d) Allahabad to Varanasi, 91. The Trans-Siberian Railway is a, network of railways connect, (a) Yaroslavsky to Vladivostock, (b) Mascow to Shanghai, (c) Yaroslavsky to Beijing, (d) Valadimir to Beijing, 92. In which year Indian Railway board, established ?, (a) 1905, (b) 1906, (c) 1907, (d) 1904, 93. Which train is named after Pt. Shri, Madan Mohan Malaviya, (a) Shabdbhedi express, (b) Uday express, (c) Mahamana express, (d) Muv –anand vihar express, 94. Which of the following is not a tourist, train, (a) Palace on Wheels, (b) Maharaja Express, (c) The Golden Chariot, (d) Swarn jayanti express, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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218, , MCQs, , 95. Which of the following has been , declared the World Heritage site by, UNESCO in 1999?, (a) Konkana railways, (b) Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, (c) Chhatrapati shivaji terminal, (d) Delhi railway station., 96. Which country has the longest railway, network?, (a) United States (b) China, (c) India, (d) Russia, 97. The longest rail journey in the world, is between?, (a) Moscow andVladivostok, (b) Toronto to Vancouver, (c) Shanghai to Lhasa, , (d) Sydney to Perth, 98. What is the full form of SCRA?, (a) Special Class Railway Association, (b) Special Commercial Railway, Apprentice, (c) Super Class Railway Apprentice, (d) None of these, 99. Where is head quarter of Indian, Railway RAIL BHAWAN situated?, (a) Kolkata, (b) New delhi, (c) Lucknow, (d) Allahabad, 100. Toy train is the name given to, (a) Kalka-Shimla Railway, (b) Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, (c) Nilgiri Mountain Railway, (d) konkana railways, , ANSWERS KEY, 1., 7., 13., 19., 25., 31., 37., 43., 49., 55., 61., 67., 73., 79., 85., 91., 97., , (c), (b), (c), (c), (a), (b), (b), (c), (d), (d), (a), (d), (c), (d), (b), (a), (a), , 2., 8., 14., 20., 26., 32., 38., 44., 50., 56., 62., 68., 74., 80., 86., 92., 98., , (b), (b), (d), (a), (b), (a), (b), (a), (a), (a), (a), (b), (c), (a), (a), (a), (b), , 3., 9., 15., 21., 27., 33., 39., 45., 51., 57., 63., 69., 75., 81., 87., 93., 99., , (b), (d), (d), (b), (b), (c), (c), (b), (a), (a), (c), (a), (a), (a), (a), (c), (b), , 4., 10., 16., 22., 28., 34., 40., 46., 52., 58., 64., 70., 76., 82., 88., 94., 100., , (c), (a), (c), (c), (d), (b), (c), (a), (a), (b), (d), (c), (b), (a), (b), (d), (b), , 5., 11., 17., 23., 29., 35., 41., 47., 53., 59., 65., 71., 77., 83., 89., 95., , (c), (b), (d), (a), (c), (c), (b), (a), (c), (b), (b), (b), (a), (a), (c), (b), , 6., 12., 18., 24., 30., 36., 42., 48., 54., 60., 66., 72., 78., 84., 90., 96., , (c), (b), (b), (c), (c), (a), (a), (c), (b), (c), (b), (d), (a), (a), (b), (a), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, , 219, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE, 1., , To whom the line 'A thing of beauty is a, joy for ever' is attributed ?, (a) John Keats, (b) Dr. Charles Dickens, (c) Dr. Jonathan Swift , (d) William Wordsworth, 2. The birthday of which of the following, leaders is celebrated as 'Teachers Day', in India?, (a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad, (b) S. Radhakrishnan, (c) C. Rajgopalachari, (d) Lala Lajpat Rai , 3. The award given for outstanding, performance in sports is , (a) Bharat Ratna, (b) Padma Shri Award , (c) Arjuna Award, (d) Dronacharya Award, 4. Which hill station's name means place, of the thunderbolt'?, (a) Shillong, (b) Oottacamand, (c) Darjeeling, (d) Gangtok, 5. The ship building yard––Mazgaon, Dock is located at –, (a) Kochi, (b) Kolkata, (c) Mumbai, (d) Vishakhapatnam, 6. Electric current is measured using, which of the following instrument ?, (a) Voltmeter, (b) Anemometer, (c) Wattmeter, (d) Ammeter, 7. 'Agha Khan Cup' is related with which, of the following sport event ?, (a) Cricket, (b) Hockey , (c) Table Tennis (d) Football, 8. Where was the first conference of, SAARC (South Asian Association for, Regional Cooperation) held ?, (a) Dhaka, (b) New Delhi, (c) Colombo, (d) Kathmandu, 9. Which among the following is not a, Bretton Woods Institution ?, (a) International Monetary Fund, (IMF), (b) World Bank, (c) Organisaiton, of, Economic, Cooperation and Development, (O.E.C.D.), (d) None of these, 10. Equilibrium price in the market is, determined by the, , 11., , 12., , 13., , 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., , (a) equality between total cost and, total revenue, (b) equality between average cost, and average revenue., (c) equality between marginal cost, and marginal revenue, (d) equality between marginal cost, and average cost., In the national context which of the, following indicates Macro Approach ?, (a) Sales of Bata Shoe Company, (b) Exports of Mangoes to U.K., (c) Income from Railways, (d) Inflation in India, Internal economies, (a) arise in an economy as it makes, progress, (b) accrue to a firm when it expands, its output, (c) arise when there is expansion in, internal trade, (d) arise when there is expansion in, an industry, One of the features of a free market, economy is, (a) public ownership of factors of, production, (b) rationing and price control, (c) consumer's sovereignty, (d) active state intervention, Gross National Product – Depreciation, Allowance = ?, (a) Gross Domestic Product, (b) Personal Income, (c) Net National Product, (d) Per Capita Income, The Panchayat Samiti remains, accountable for its functions to, (a) The Gram Panchayats and Gram, Sabhas, (b) Zilla Parishads, (c) Anchal Panchayats, (d) Janpad Panchayats, The legislature gains a priority over, the executive in, (a) A Federal Government, (b) An Authoritarian Government, (c) A Parliamentary Government, (d) A Presidential Government, The legislature in a democratic country, can influence public opinion by, (a) Granting rights, (b) Enacting non controversial laws, (c) Defining the duties of the citizens, (d) Focusing attention on public, issues, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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220, 18. If the President wants to resign from his, office, he may do so by writing to the, (a) Vice President, (b) Chief Justice of India, (c) Prime Minister, (d) Speaker of Lok Sabha, 19. Which of the following is not a Union, Territory ?, (a) Lakshadweep, (b) Puducherry, (c) Nagaland, (d) Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 20. The greatest king of the Pratihara, dynasty was, (a) Bhoj (Mihir–Bhoj), (b) Dantidurga, (c) Nagbhatta II, (d) Vatsaraj, 21. In 1939 Subhash Chandra Bose was, elected as President of the Congress, Party defeating, (a) Jawaharlal Nehru, (b) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, (c) V.B. Patel, (d) Pattabhi Sitharamayya, 22. Jallianwala incident took place at, (a) Lucknow, (b) Surat, (c) Amritsar , (d) Allahabad, 23. Who was the founder of Lodhi dynasty ?, (a) Sikandar Lodhi, (b) Bahlol Lodhi, (c) Ibrahim Lodhi, (d) Daulat Khan Lodhi, 24. Which one of the following pair is not, correctly matched ?, (a) Akbar – Todarmal, (b) Chanakya – Chandragupta, (c) Vikramaditya – Chaitanya, (d) Harshvardhan – Hiuen Tsang, 25. The South East trade winds are, attracted towards the Indian sub, continent in the rainy season due to, (a) the effect of easterlies, (b) the effect of Northern–East trade, winds, (c) the presence of low atmospheric, pressure over North–West India, (d) the development of cyclone over, the equator, 26. The 'graded profile' of a river course is a, (a) smooth curve in the upper course, (b) smooth curve in the middle, course, (c) smooth curve in the lower course, (d) smooth curve from source to, mouth, , MCQs, 27. Sink hole is a phenomenon of _______, topography., (a) Desert, (b) Tundra, (c) Karst, (d) Plain, 28. Kerala is famous for the cultivation of, 1. Coconut, 2. Black pepper, 3. Rubber, 4. Rice, (a) 1, 2 and 4, (b) 2, 3 and 4, (c) 1 and 4, (d) 1, 2 and 3, 29. The longest continental Railway in the, world is, (a) Trans Siberian Railway, (b) Canadian Pacific Railway, (c) Canadian National Railway, (d) Trans Atlantic Railway, 30. Photoperiodisrn affects, (a) Flowering, (b) Vegetative growth, (c) Fruiting, (d) All of these, 31. Match the following :, I, II, A. Ascorbic acid 1. Photosynthetic, pigment, B. Chlorophyll, 2. Quencher, C. Carotenoid, 3. Enzyme, D. Superoxide, 4. Vitamin–C, dismutase, A, B CD, (a) 4, 2 13, (b) 2, 4 13, (c) 4, 1 32, (d) 4, 1 23, 32. Allantois of Embryo helps in, (a) respiration (b) excretion, (c) protection, (d) digestion, 33. Which one of the following animals, belongs to mollusca ?, (a) Hare, (b) Hydra, (c) Hyla, (d) Haliotis, 34. Outside the nucleus DNA is found in, (a) Mitochondria, (b) Ribosome, (c) Endoplasmic reticulum, (d) Golgi bodies, 35. Animal protein is called first class, protein because it is, (a) delicious in taste, (b) cheaper in the market, (c) rich in essential amino acids, (d) easily digestible, 36. It is easy to burst a gas filled balloon with, a needle than with a nail. It is because, (a) nail exerts more pressure than, needle on the balloon, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, , 37., , 38., , 39., , 40., 41., , 42., , 43., 44., 45., , (b) needle exerts more pressure than, nail on the balloon, (c) gas is reactive with the needle , (d) nail is more longer than needle, The velocity of sound in moist air is, more than in dry air because the moist, air has, (a) less pressure than dry air, (b) more pressure than dry air, (c) more density than dry air, (d) less density than dry air, X–rays can be used, (a) to detect heart diseases., (b) to detect defects in precious, stones and diamonds., (c) to detect gold under the earth., (d) for cutting and welding of metals., Ice is packed in saw dust because, (a) saw dust is poor conductor of, heat., (b) saw dust is a good conductor of, heat., (c) saw dust does not stick to the ice., (d) saw dust will not get melted, easily., What is used to identify whether a, data word has an odd or even number, of 1's ?, (a) Sign bit, (b) Zero bit, (c) Parity bit, (d) Carry bit, Rearranging and allocating space, in memory to provide for multiple, computing tasks is called, (a) Multiprogramming, (b) Multitasking, (c) Memory Management, (d) Networking, What happens when a drop of glycerol, is added to crushed KMnO4 spread of, a paper ?, (a) There is a violent explosion, (b) There is no reaction, (c) The paper ignites, (d) There is a crackling sound., Most commonly used bleaching agent is, (a) Alcohol, (b) Carbon dioxide, (c) Chlorine, (d) Sodium chloride, The least penetrating power ray is, (a) a–Ray, (b) b–Ray, (c) g–Ray, (d) X–Ray, Hydrogen peroxide is an effective, sterilizing agent. Which one of the, , 221, , 46., 47., 48., , 49., 50., 51., , 52., , 53., 54., , following product results when it, readily loses active oxygen ?, (a) Water, (b) Hydrogen, (c) Ozone, (d) Nasant Hydrogen, The maximum fixation of solar energy, is done by, (a) Bacteria, (b) Fungi, (c) Green plants (d) Protozoa, The term 'brown air' is used for, (a) Photochemical smog, (b) Sulfurous smog, (c) Industrial smog, (d) Acid fumes, Which of the following is FALSE with, respect to rain water harvesting?, (a) It helps raising water table, (b) It helps meet rising water demand, (c) It increases run–off losses, (d) It is a device of water conservation, Peroxyacetyl nitrate is a, (a) Plant hormone, (b) Vitamin, (c) Secondary pollutant, (d) Acidic dye, Which of the following river does not, originate in Indian territory ?, (a) Mahanadi, (b) Brahmaputra, (c) Satluj, (d) Ganga, A computer executes programs in the, sequence of :, (a) Decode, Fetch, Execute, (b) Execute, Fetch, Decode, (c) Fetch, Decode, Execute, (d) Store, Fetch, Execute, What is 'Reformation'?, (a) Revival of classical learning, (b) The revolt against authority of, pope, (c) Rise of absolute monarchy, (d) Change in attitude of man, Which of the following particles has, the dual nature of particle–wave ?, (a) Neutron, (b) Electron, (c) Meson, (d) Proton, SIDBI stands for :, (a) Small Industries Developmental, Banker Institute, (b) Small Industrial Designed Bank of, India, (c) Small Innovations Development, Banker's Institute, (d) Small Industries Development, Bank of India, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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222, 55. The metal ion present in vitamin B12 is :, (a) nickel, (b) cobalt, (c) iron, (d) zinc, 56. Swaraj is my Birth Right and I shall, have it. This was advocated by :, (a) Mahatma Gandhi, (b) Lala Lajpat Rai, (c) Sardar Patel, (d) Lokmanya Tilak, 57. Which of the following is called the, Light house of the Mediterrancan ?, (a) Stromboli of sicily, (b) Mount Pelee of West Indies, (c) Paracutin of Mexico, (d) Vesuvius of Italy, 58. Who of the following has given the, term rhizosphere :, (a) Alexopolus, (b) Garret, (c) Hiltner, (d) None of the given options, 59. Which one among the following, industries in the maximum consumer, of water in India ?, (a) Textile, (b) Engineering, (c) Paper and Pulp, (d) Thermal Power, 60. First Nobel Prize to India was given for :, (a) Physics, (b) Literature, (c) Medicine, (d) Chemistry, 61. Gandhiji's Famous Quit India Movement, call to the British was given in :, (a) 1940, (b) 1942, (c) 1941, (d) 1943, 62. Choose the correct option which, represents the arrangement of, atmospheric layers., (a) Troposphere, Stratosphere,, Mesosphere, Ionosphere,, Exosphere, (b) Mesosphere, Ionosphere,, Exosphere, Troposphere,, Stratosphere, (c) Ionosphere, Exosphere,, Mesosphere, Troposphere,, Stratosphere, (d) Exosphere, Troposphere,, Ionosphere, Mesosphere,, Stratosphere, 63. Which of the following options correctly, explains the term ‘heat budget’?, (a) It is the amount of heat which the, surface of earth receives form the, sun., , MCQs, , 64., , 65., , 66., 67., 68., 69., , 70., , 71., , (b) It is the radiation from the earth, in the form of long waves, (c) It is a mode of transfer of heat, through matter by molecular, activity., (d) It is the balance between incoming, and outgoing radiation., Reverse transcription was discovered, by :, (a) Beadle and Tatum, (b) Watson and Crick, (c) Temin and Baltimore, (d) Har Govind Khorana, Burns caused by steam are much, more severe than those caused by, boiling water because:, (a) Steam pierces through the pores, of body quickly, (b) Temperature of steam is higher, (c) Steam is gas and engulfs the body, quickly, (d) Steam has latent heat, Which among the following is the, sweetest sugar ?, (a) lactose, (b) maltose, (c) glucose, (d) fructose, Ultra purification of a metal is done by, :, (a) smelting, (b) leaching, (c) zone melting (d) slagging, The layer of atmosphere close to the, earth's surface is called:, (a) Exosphere, (b) Ionosphere, (c) Stratosphere (d) Troposphere, Microbial degradation of nitrates into, atmospheric nitrogen is known as :, (a) Ammonification, (b) Denitrification, (c) Putrefacation, (d) Nitrifcation, Which of the following is in the, ascending order of Data hierarchy ?, (a) Bit–Byte – Record – Field –, Database – File, (b) Byte – Bit – File – Record –, Database – Field, (c) Bit– Byte – Field – Record – File –, Database, (d) Field – Byte – Bit – Record – File–, Database, The best milch breed in the world is :, (a) Deoni, (b) Holstein – Friesian, (c) Sindhi, (d) Chittagong, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, 72. In which year was the Indian National, Congress formed :, (a) 1901, (b) 1835, (c) 1875, (d) 1885, 73. Bangladesh was created in :, (a) 1973, (b) 1970, (c) 1972, (d) 1971, 74. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the founder of :, (a) Brahmo Samaj, (b) Prathna Samaj, (c) Ram Krishna Mission, (d) Arya Samaj, 75. Pulses are obtained from the family :, (a) Liliaceae, (b) Fungi, (c) Cycadaceae (d) Leguminosae, 76. Who was the Indian women president, of the United Nations General, Assembly ?, (a) Margret Thatcher, (b) Golda Mayer, (c) Sarojini Naidu, (d) Vijya Lakshmi Pandit, 77. The one rupee note bears the, signature of :, (a) Governor, Reserver Bank of India, (b) Finance Minister, (c) Secretary, Ministry of Finance, (d) None of these, 78. What is the currency of Saudi Arabia ?, (a) Riyal, (b) Pound, (c) Lira, (d) Dinar, 79. Reserve Bank of India was nationalised, in :, (a) 1951, (b) 1947, (c) 1935, (d) 1949, 80. Which among the following is a folk, dance of India., (a) Kathakali, (b) Mohiniattam, (c) Manipuri, (d) Garba, 81. NABARD stands for, (a) National business for Accounting, and Reviewing, (b) National Bank for Agriculture and, Rural Development, (c) National Bank for Aeronautics, and Radar Development, (d) National Bureau for Air and Road, Transport, 82. Surplus budget is recommended, during :, (a) Depression (b) Boom, (c) War, (d) Famines, 83. Who was the first Speaker of the Lok, Sabha :, (a) B.R. Ambedkar, (b) G.V. Mavalankar, , 223, , 84., , 85., 86., 87., , 88., 89., , 90., 91., 92., 93., , (c) N. Sanjeev Reddy, (d) Dr S.P. Mukherjee, What is the plural volting system?, (a) All the citizens caste three votes each, (b) Eligible voter exercises one vote, and some voters with specific, qualifications cast more than one, vote., (c) Only the higher officials caste, more than one votes, (d) Candidates themselves caste, more than one vote., Which of the following plant shows, chloroplast dimorphism?, (a) Sugarcane, (b) Sugar beet, (c) Rice, (d) Wheat, Day and Night are equal at the :, (a) Prime Meridian, (b) Poles, (c) Equator, (d) Antarctic, Economic profit or normal profit is, the same as :, (a) accounting profit, (b) optimum profit, (c) net profit, (d) maximum profit, Evergreen type forests are found in :, (a) Mediterranean region, (b) Monsoon climatic area, (c) Desert region, (d) Equatorial region, The gene which exhibits multiple, effects is known as :, (a) Pleiotropic, (b) Pseudogene, (c) Polygene, (d) Complementary, The ash–grey soils of high latitude, coniferous forests are known as :, (a) Grey–Brown soils, (b) Red and Yellow soils, (c) Tundra soils (d) Podsols, Radio activity was discovered by :, (a) Curie, (b) Beequeral, (c) Soddy, (d) Rutherford, Muddy water is treated with alum in, purification process, it is termed as :, (a) absorption, (b) adsorption, (c) coagulation (d) emulsification, An enzyme produced by HIV that, allows the integration of HIV DNA into, the host cell's DNA is :, (a) DNA gyrase (b) Ligase, (c) Integrase, (d) Helicase, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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224, 94. Voting is :, (a) The unit of area who constitute a, unit for electing representative, (b) The process by which voters, exercise their right to vote, (c) The, process, of, selecting, representatives, (d) Universal adult franchise., 95. The two specific heats of gases are, related by :, (a) Cp / Cv = R (b) Cp – Cv = RJ, (c) Cp – Cv = R/J (d) Cp + Cv = RJ, 96. Who initiated the movement to form, the Indian National Congress :, (a) Annie Besant (b) A.O. Hume, (c) W.C. Banerjee (d) Gandhi ji, 97. Best way to conserve our water resources :, (a) All of the options mentioned here., (b) Encouragement, of, natural, regeneration of vegetation, (c) Sustainable water utilization, (d) Rain water harvesting, 98. Constitutional Monarchy means :, (a) The King is elected by the people, (b) The King interprets the constitution, (c) The King writes the constitution, (d) The King exercises power as, granted by constitution, 99. What is popular sovereignty ?, (a) Sovereignty of the legal head, (b) Sovereignty of the head of state, (c) Sovereignty of the people, (d) Sovereignty of peoples, representative, 100.Granite,, quartzite, areas, have, upstanding look because, (a) not easily worn, (b) these rocks are resistant to all, kinds of erosion, (c) these rocks are not easily eroded, (d) mechanically weathered faster, 101. Indus Valley Civilization was, discovered in:, (a) 1911, (b) 1921, (c) 1931, (d) 1941, 102. Who is the most important God in, Rigaveda?, (a) Agni, (b) Indra, (c) Varun, (d) Vishnu, 103. The main reason for the boycott of, Simon Commission in India was, (a) Appointment before time, (b) All the members were Englishman, (c) Chairman was a member of, British Liberal Party, (d) None of these, , MCQs, 104.The earliest epigraphic evidence, mentioning the birth place of, Sakyamuni Buddha is obtained from, (a) Sarnath, (b) Sravasti, (c) Kausambi, (d) Rummindei, 105.Rulers of which of the following, dynasties maintained diplomatic, relations with distant countries like, Syria in the west?, (a) Maurya, (b) Gupta, (c) Pallava, (d) Chola, 106.Who of the following also had the, name Devanama Priyadasi?, (a) Chandragupta Maurya, (b) Ashoka, (c) Bindusara, (d) Harsha, 107.Who of the following had issued gold, coins for the first time?, (a) Kujula Kadphises, (b) Vima Kadphises, (c) Kanishka, (d) Huvishka, 108.Who was the first ruler of Gupta, dynasty to assume the title of, ‘Maharajadhiraja?, (a) Srigupta, (b) Chandragupta I, (c) Samudragupta, (d) Chandragupta II, 109.Who declared the ‘Law of Gravity’, long before the Newton’s law ?, (a) Aryabhatta (b) Prithuyasas, (c) Brahmagupta (d) Varahamihira, 110.Arab was defeated in 738 AD by, (a) Pratiharas, (b) Rashtrakutas, (c) Palas, (d) Chalukyas, 111.Which Sultan of Delhi had established, a separate agriculture department, and had planned the rotation of crops?, (a) Iltutmish, (b) Balban, (c) Alauddin Khilji, (d) Muhammad Bin Tughlaq, 112.Among the following, which Mughal, emperor introduced the policy of, Sulah-i-Kul?, (a) Akbar, (b) Jahangir, (c) Humayun, (d) Aurangzeb, 113.Who among the following Maratha, women led struggles against of Mughal, empire from 1700 AD onwards?, (a) Ahalya Bai, (b) Mukta Bai, (c) Tara Bai, (d) Rukmini Bai, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, 114.Who among the following formulated, and implemented the ‘Doctrine of, Lapse’?, (a) Lord Wellesley, (b) Lord Clive, (c) Lord Hastings, (d) Lord Dalhousie, 115.Subhash Chandra Bose had founded, ‘Forward Block’ in the year, (a) 1936 AD, (b) 1937 AD, (c) 1938 AD, (d) 1939 AD, 116. Name the foreign journalist who, reported Satyagrah at Dharsana salt, work was , (a) Mark Tully (b) Web Miller, (c) Philip Sprat (d) Francis Louis, 117. Who introduced the Indian University, Act?, (a) Lord Curzon (b) Lord Minto, (c) Lord Morelay (d) Lord Rippon, 118. Which one of the following ocean, currents is different from others?, (a) Gulf stream, (b) Kuroshivo, (c) North Atlantic Drift, (d) Labrador, 119. The clockwise movement of winds in, the cyclones of southern hemisphere, is mainly caused by, (a) Centrifugal force, (b) Deflective force, (c) Frictional force, (d) Pressure force, 120. The neighbouring country of India, which has the largest area is, (a) Bangladesh (b) China, (c) Pakistan, (d) Nepal, 121. The river also known as Tsangpo in, Tibet is, (a) Brahmaputra (b) Indus, (c) Sutlej, (d) Teesta, 122. Project Tiger was launched in, (a) 1973, (b) 1980, (c) 1982, (d) 1984, 123. ‘Jhum’ is, (a) A tribe in the North-East of India, (b) The type of cultivation, (c) A Folk dance, (d) The name of a river, 124. Which state of India tops in literacy?, (a) Kerala, (b) Tamil Nadu, (c) Delhi, (d) Uttar Pradesh, 125. The principle of Black hole was, enunciated by, (a) C.V. Raman, (b) H.J. Bhabha, , 225, , 126., 127., 128., , 129., , 130., , 131., 132., , 133., , 134., , (c) S. Chandrashekhar, (d) H. Khurana, Which planet is called “Evening star”?, (a) Mars, (b) Jupiter, (c) Venus, (d) Saturn, Rift valley is formed by, (a) Earthquake (b) Folding, (c) Faulting, (d) All of these, The total population divided by, available arable land area is referred, to as, (a) Population density, (b) Nutritional density, (c) Agricultural density, (d) Industrial density, Which planets are known as the ‘big, four’?, (a) Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and, Mercury, (b) Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and, Uranus, (c) Earth, Venus, Mars and Jupiter, (d) Venus, Mercury, Mars and Saturn, Which of the following statements is, not correct?, (a) The real earth has a needle that, passes through earth’s centre, (b) Axis is an imaginary line, (c) The earth moves around its axis., (d) The north and south end of the, earth’s axis are called north and, south pole respectively., Which soil swells when wet and, develops cracks when dry?, (a) Alluvial, (b) Red, (c) Black, (d) Laterite, The minimum distance between the, sun and the earth occurs on, (a) December 22, (b) June 21, (c) September 22, (d) January 3, Which comet appears every 76, years?, (a) Hailey’s, (b) Holme’s, (c) Donati’s, (d) Alpha Centauri, The most prominent gases in the, atmosphere, in terms of volume, are, (a) nitrogen and methane, (b) nitrogen and oxygen, (c) oxygen and carbon dioxide, (d) hydrogen and nitrogen., , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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226, 135. What is a tornado?, (a) A very high pressure centre, (b) A very low pressure centre, (c) A very high ocean wave, (d) A planetary wind, 136. In the constitution of India, the term, ‘federal’ appears in, (a) The preamble, (b) Part III of the constitution, (c) Article 368, (d) None of the above, 137. Which of the following articles of, the Indian constitution deals with, citizenship in India?, (a) Article 333 to 337, (b) Article 17 to 20, (c) Article 05 to 11, (d) Article 01 to 04, 138. Which term is not used in the, preamble of the Indian constitution?, (a) Republic, (b) Integrity, (c) Federal, (d) Socialist, 139. The Constitution of India vests the, executive powers of the Indian Union, in which of the following ?, (a) The prime minister, (b) The president, (c) The council of ministers, (d) The parliament, 140. Money bill is introduced in, (a) Lok Sabha, (b) Rajya Sabha, (c) Joint sitting of both the Houses, (d) None of the above, 141. Three-tier system of Panchayati Raj, consists of, (a) Gram Panchayat, Panchayat, samiti, Block Samiti, (b) Gram Panchayat, Block samiti,, Zila Parishad, (c) Gram Panchayat, Panchayat, Samiti, Zila Parishad, (d) Gram Panchayat, Zila Parishad,, Block Samiti, 142. Elections in the Panchayati Raj, Institutions in India are conducted, by, (a) State Election commissioner, (b) Election commission of India, (c) State Government, (d) Central Government, 143. What is the main difference between, Fundamental Rights and the, Directive Principles of state policy?, (a) Constitutional Protection, (b) Political Protection, , MCQs, , 144., , 145., 146., , 147., , 148., 149., , 150., 151., , 152., , (c) Judicial Protection, (d) Moral Protection, Which of the following is not, provided for by the constitution of, India?, (a) Election Commission, (b) Finance Commissions, (c) Public Service Commission, (d) Planning Commission, Which Article of the constitution, allows the centre to form new states ?, (a) Article 3, (b) Article 4, (c) Article 5, (d) Article 6, The source of the basic structure, theory of the constitution of India is, (a) the constitution, (b) opinion of jurists, (c) indicial interpretation, (d) parliamentary statutes, When was the first amendment in, the Indian Constitution made?, (a) July 1950, (b) December 1950, (c) June 1951, (d) July 1951, When did the Indian constitution, Assembly meet for the first time?, (a) 26 Jan, 1950 (b) 15Aug, 1947, (c) 9 Dec, 1946 (d) 19 Nov, 1949, The President can be impeached on the, grounds of violating the constitution., (a) The chief justice of India, (b) The vice-president of India, (c) The speaker of the Lok Sabha, (d) The two Houses of Parliament, How many articles are there in the, Indian constitution?, (a) 395, (b) 396, (c) 398, (d) 399, Right to Constitutional Remedies are, available to:, (a) only citizens of India, (b) all persons in case of infringement, of a fundamental right, (c) any person for enforcing a, fundamental rights conferred on, all, (d) an aggrieved individual alone, Enforcement of Directive Principles, depends on :, (a)Courts, (b) Effective opposition in the, Parliament, (c) Resources available to the, Government, (d) Public cooperation, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, 153. The SI unit of current is, (a) kelvin, (b) ampere, (c) newton, (d) volt, 154. When a substance is heated its, density, (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains same(d) none of these, 155. Splitting of Uranium nucleus releases, (a) kinetic energy, (b) potential energy, (c) nuclear energy, (d) chemical energy, 156. Potential energy of your body is, minimum when you –, (a) are standing, (b) are sitting on a chair, (c) are sitting on the ground, (d) lie down on the ground, 157. What is the sign of the work, performed on an object in uniform, circular motion?, (a) Zero, (b) Positive, (c) Negative, (d) Depends on the particular situation, 158. What is the magnitude of the work, done by a force acting on a particle, instantaneously?, (a) Zero, (b) Positive, (c) Negative, (d) None of these, 159. The units of power are defined as, (a) Joules, (b) Newtons, (c) Joules per meter, (d) Watts, 160. The potential energy is always the, same for an object with the same, (a) Velocity, (b) Speed, (c) Acceleration (d) Position, 161. If the weight of a body is more than, the weight of the liquid displaced by, it, then the body may:, (a) float, (b) first floats and then sinks, (c) sinks, (d) neither floats nor sinks, 162. Stationary wave is formed by, (a)a transverse wave superposing a, longitudinal wave, (b) two waves of the same speed, superposing, (c) two waves of same frequency, travelling in the same direction, (d) two waves of same frequency, travelling in the opposite direction, , 227, 163. Ultrasonic waves have frequency –, (a) below 20 Hz, (b) between 20 and 20,000 Hz, (c) only above 20,000 Hz, (d) only above 20,000 MHz, 164. A real, inverted and highly diminished, image is formed by a convex lens, when the object is placed at, (a) the focus, (b) infinity, (c) 2F, (d) none of these, 165. The type of lens used as a magnifying, glass, (a) concave lens, (b) convex lens, (c) concavo-convex lens, (d) convexo-concave lens, 166. The focal length of a concave mirror, depends upon –, (a) The radius of curvature of the, mirror, (b) The object distance from the, mirror, (c) The image distance from the, mirror, (d) Both image and object distance, 167. The radius of curvature of a plane, mirror is (a) zero, (b) infinite, (c) negative, (d) finite, 168. The most appropriate measure of a, country’s economic growth is its:, (a) Gross Domestic Product, (b) Net Domestic Product, (c) Net National Product, (d) Per Capita Real Income, 169. Which of the following committees, examined and suggested financial, sector reforms?, (a) Abid Hussain Committee, (b) Bhagwati Committee, (c) Chelliah Committee, (d) Narasimham Committee, 170. SEBI is a, (a) constitutional body, (b) advisory body, (c) staturory body, (d) non-statutory body, 171. Indian Economy is...............economy., (a) mixed, (b) socialist, (c) free, (d) Gandhian, 172. The ‘Father of Economics’ is:, (a) Max Muller (b) Karl Marx, (c) Adam Smith (d) Paul, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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228, 173. Who among the following was, the first Chairman of the Planning, Commission?, (a) Dr Rajendra Prasad, (b) Pt Jawaharlal Nehru, (c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, (d) JB Kriplani, 174. In which area is the public sector, most dominant in India?, (a) Organized term lending financial, institutions, (b) Transport, (c) Commercial banking, (d) Steel production, 175. Devaluation of currency leads to:, (a) fall in domestic prices, (b) increase in domestic prices, (c) no impact on domestic prices, (d) erratic fluctuations in domestic, prices, 176. MRTP Act was implemented in:, (a) 1967, (b) 1968, (c) 1969, (d) 1970, 177. Finance Commission is constituted, every:, (a) two years, (b) three years, (c) five years, (d) six years, 178. ‘Sarvodaya Plan’ was prepared by:, (a) Jaiprakash Narayan, (b) Mahatma Gandhi, (c) Binoba Bhave, (d) Jawaharlal Nehru, 179. RBI was nationalized in:, (a) 1949, (b) 1935, (c) 1969, (d) 1955, 180. Which of the following institutions, does not provide loans directly to the, farmers?, (a) NABARD, (b) State Bank of India, (c) Regional Rural Bank, (d) Primary Agricultural Credit, Society, 181. Green Revolution in India was, launched in:, (a) 1971-72, (b) 1960-61, (c) 1966-67, (d) 1980-81, 182. Disguised unemployment in India is, prevalent in:, (a) service sector, (b) manufacturing sector, , MCQs, , 183., , 184., , 185., , 186., , 187., , 188., , 189., , 190., , (c) agriculture sector, (d) None of these, The concept of greenhouse gases was, postulated by, (a) C.C. Park, (b) J.N.N. Jaffers, (c) Joseph Fourier, (d) L. Zobler, Eco-Mark is given to the Indian, products that are, (a) Pure and unadulterated, (b) Rich in proteins, (c) Environment-friendly, (d) Economically viable, Chipko movement was basically, against, (a) Water pollution, (b) Noise pollution, (c) Deforestation, (d) Cultural pollution, Acid rain is caused due to air, pollution by, (a) carbon dioxide, (b) carbon monoxide, (c) methane, (d) nitrous oxide and sulphur, dioxide, To meet Euro II emission standards,, what should be the sulphur content, in the ultra low sulphur diesel ?, (a) 0.05 percent or less, (b) 0.10 percent, (c) 0.15 percent, (d) 0.20 percent, The concept of ecological niche was, first introduced by, (a) C.C. Park, (b) E.P. Odum, (c) J. Grinnell, (d) G.E. Hutchinson, Which one of the following is not, related to water pollution ?, (a) Eutrophication, (b) Nitrification, (c) Biological Oxygen Demand, (BOD), (d) Oil slicks, All components and individuals in, an ecosystem are, (a) individualistic, (b) independent, (c) interdependent, (d) dispensable, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, 191. What term denotes the organisms, getting their food from others ?, (a) Heterotrophs, (b) Autotrophs, (c) Producers, (d) Synthesizers, 192. Which, of, the, following, environmentalists first gave the, concept of Biodiversity ‘Hotspots’ ?, (a) Julia Hill, (b) John Muir, (c) Norman Myers, (d) Gaylord Nelson, 193. The loss of biodiversity is due to, (a) the destruction of natural, habitats of organism, (b) environmental pollution, (c) destruction of forests, (d) all the above, 194. As an ecosystem, wetlands are, useful for which of the following?, (a) For nutrient recovery and, cycling, (b) For releasing heavy metals, through absorption by plants, (c) In reducing saltation of rivers, by retaining sediments, (d) All of the above, 195. Vermicompost is a/an, (a) inorganic fertilizer, (b) toxic substance, (c) organic biofertilizer, (d) synthesis fertilizer, 196. Environmental Kuznets curve, (a) a semi-circle curve suggesting, increase in per-capita income, increases the pollution, (b) a U-shaped curve suggesting, the level of development and, carbon emission, (c) suggest, a, U-shaped, relationship between the, carbon emission and Ozone, layer depletion, (d) suggest, a, bell-shaped, relationship between the, concentration, of, certain, pollution emission and percapita real GDP , 197. Who is known as ‘Raffale of East’?, (a) Raja Ravi Verma, (b) Raja Martanda, (c) Raja Keshav Varma, (d) Raja Uday Rao, , 229, 198. The panchatantra was written, during the, (a) Later Vedic period, (b) Mughal period, (c) Maurya period, (d) Post Gupta period, 199. Katputli, the string puppetry, belongs to, (a) Rajasthan, (b) Karnataka, (c) Madhya Pradesh, (d) Uttrakhand, 200. In which year SPIC MACAY was, established?, (a) 1977, (b) 1919, (c) 1954, (d) 1955, 201. Thillana is a format of, (a) Kuchipudi, (b) Odissi, (c) Baharatanatyam, (d) Kathak, 202. Where is the Tagore Centre for the, Study of Culture and Civilization?, (a) Shimla, (b) Kolkata, (c) Chennai, (d) Dehradun, 203. Thumri Singer Girija Devi belongs, to which among the following, Gharanas?, (a) Banaras Gharana, (b) Agra Gharana, (c) Kirana Gharana, (d) Lucknow Gharana, 204. Highest award given to civilian in, India is, (a) Bharat Ratna, (b) Padma Vibhushan, (c) Sharam Award, (d) Padma Bhushan, 205. Sports coaches receive which of the, following awards?, (a) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, (b) Dronacharya Award, (c) Arjuna Award, (d) None of these, 206. Saraswati Samman is given to which, field?, (a) Sanskrit Literature, (b) Science, (c) Literature, (d) Social Harmony, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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230, 207. The, Rajiv, Gandhi, National, Sadbhavana Award conferred in the, field of, (a) Communal harmony and peace, (b) Literature, (c) Medical Science, (d) Sports, 208. Dhyanchand Puraskar conferred in, the field of, (a) Music, (b) Sports, (c) Science, (d) Literature, 209. The prestigious Ramon Magsaysay, Award, was, conferred, upon, Mr.Arvind Kejriwal in which of the, following category?, (a) Emergent Leadership, (b) Literature, (c) Community Welfare, (d) Government Service, 210. Vishwakarma Rashtriya Puraskar is, given by which ministry?, (a) Ministry of Culture, (b) Ministry of Labour, (c) Ministry of Minority, (d) Ministry of Rural Development, 211. Which state gives the Nandi Award?, (a) Kerala, (b) Tamilnadu, (c) Karnataka, (d) Andhra Pradesh, 212. ‘Playing to Win’ is written by, (a) Salman Rushdie, (b) Saina Nehwal, (c) Nadeem Aslam, (d) Harsh Mander, 213. ‘A Voice for Freedom’ is a book, written by, (a) Corazon Aquino, (b) Nayantara Sahgal, (c) Aung San Suu Kyi, (d) Benazir Bhutto, 214. The books Chitrangada, Gitanjali and, Gora were written by, (a) Rabindra Nath Tagore, (b) Kuldip Nayyar, (c) Amrita Pritam, (d) Khushwant Singh, 215. Who wrote Jungle Book?, (a) Mohd. Salim, (b) Rudyard Kipling, (c) Sibhu, (d) R.K. Narayan, , MCQs, 216. Who, wrote,, ‘Towards, Total, Revolution’?, (a) Lenin, (b) Subash Chandra Bose, (c) A.K. Goplan, (d) Jayaprakash Narayan, 217. ‘The Naked Face’, a very popular, book is written by, (a) Dominique Lapierre, (b) Larry Collins, (c) Sidney Sheldon, (d) Juan Benet, 218. ‘A passage to England’ was written by, (a) Nirad C Chaudhury, (b) RK Narayan, (c) Khushwant Singh, (d) Nayantra Sehgal, 219. Who was the first ODI captain for, India?, (a) Ajit Wadekar, (b) Bishan Singh Bedi, (c) Kapil Dev, (d) Vinoo Mankad, 220. Rangaswami Cup is associated with, (a) Wrestling, (b) Football, (c) Hockey, (d) Golf, 221. ‘Ashes’ is the term associated with, which of the following sports?, (a) Cricket, (b) Badminton, (c) Basketball (d) Football, 222. Who was the first Indian to win an, individual medal in Olympics?, (a) PT Usha, (b) Karnam Malleshwari, (c) Deepika Kumari, (d) Sania Nehwal, 223. When did the Wimbledon Grand, Slam Tennis tournament start?, (a) 1857, (b) 1877, (c) 1897, (d) 1898, 224. Which one of the following, countries had hosted the first world, Paralympic Games in 1960?, (a) Rome, Italy, (b) Mumbai, India, (c) Madrid, Spain, (d) Paris, France, 225. What is the number of players in, Polo and Water-polo respectively?, (a) 2 and 5, (b) 7 and 9, (c) 4 and 7, (d) 6 and 5, 226. Duleep Trophy is associated with the, game of, (a) Hockey, (b) Badminton, (c) Football, (d) Cricket, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, 227. The first world cup hockey was, played in, (a) Amsterdom, 1972, (b) Barcelona, 1971, (c) Kualalumpur, 1975, (d) Mumbai, 1976, 228. Who was the first Indian to win the, World Amateur Billiards title?, (a) Geet Sethi, (b) Wilson Jones, (c) Michael Ferreira, (d) Manoj Kothari, 229. Which of the following trophies is, NOT associated with cricket?, (a) Charminar Challenge Cup, (b) Thomas Cup, (c) Rohinton Baria Trophy, (d) Duleep Trophy, 230. Who was the 1st ODI captain for, India?, (a) Bishen Singh Bedi, (b) Ajit Wadekar, (c) Vinoo Mankad, (d) Nawab Pataudi, 231. If you are going to a site you use, often, instead of having to type in, the address every time, you should, ............, (a) save it as a file, \, (b) make a copy of it, (c) bookmark it, (d) delete it, 232. For creating a document, you use ........, command at File Menu., (a) Open, (b) Close, (c) New, (d) Save, 233. A(n) ................. is created by an, application., (a) executable file, (b) software program, (c) document, (d) operating system, 234. To restart the computer ................. key, is used., (a) Del + Ctrl, (b) Backspace + Ctrl, (c) Ctrl + Alt + Del, (d) Reset, 235. A word in a web page that, when, clicked, opens another document, ............. ., (a) anchor, (b) URL, (c) hyperlink, (d) reference, , 231, 236. Which key is used in combination, with another key to perform a, specific task?, (a) Function, (b) Control, (c) Arrow, (d) Space bar, 237. The taskbar is located ............., (a) on the Start menu, (b) at the bottom of the screen, (c) on the Quick Launch toolbar, (d) at the top of the screen, 238. Which of the following refers to the, fastest, biggest and most expensive, computers ?, (a) Personal Computers, (b) Supercomputers, (c) Laptops, (d) Notebooks, 239. A ——— is an electronic device, that process data, converting it into, information., (a) computer, (b) processor, (c) case, (d) stylus, 240. Portable computer, also known as, laptop computer, weighing between, 4 and 10 pounds is called, (a) general-purpose application, (b) Internet, (c) scanner, (d) notebook computer, 241. A personal computer is designed, to meet the computing needs of, a(n), (a) individual, (b) department, (c) company, (d) city, 242. To change selected text to all capital, letters, click the change case button,, then click, (a) Uppercase (b) Upper all, (c) Capslock, (d) Lock Upper, 243. Which part of the computer helps to, store information?, (a) Monitor, (b) Keyboard, (c) Disk drive, (d) Printer, 244. In Excel, __________ contains one or, more worksheets., (a) Template, (b) Workbook, (c) Active cell, (d) Label, 245. What is the package called which, helps create, manipulate and, analyse data arranged in rows and, columns?, (a) Application package, (b) Word processing package, (c) Outlining package, (d) Spreadsheet package, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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232, 246. The three faiths of Hinduism,, Buddhism and Jainism were carved, in, (a) Ellora caves, (b) Elephanta caves, (c) Ajanta caves, (d) Barabar hills, 247. Which of the following is known as, ‘Seven Pagodas’?, (a) Mahabalipuram temple, (b) Karle caves, (c) Chaityas, (d) Elephanta caves, 248. The image of Nataraja (the lord of, dance) is a superb masterpiece of, the period of, (a) Chola, (b) Pandya, (c) Hoyasala, (d) Chalukyas, 249. Who among the following is a famous, santoor player?, (a) Shiv Kumar Sharma, (b) Hari Prasad Chaurasia, (c) Ravi Shankar, (d) Zakir Hussain, 250. Who amongst the following has, directed the film ‘Little Buddha’?, (a) Bernardo Bertolucci, (b) Mani Kaul, (c) Richard Attenburrough, (d) Durosowa, 251. Prof. Milton Friedman was the leader, of, (a) Ohio school, (b) Chicago school, (c) Cambridge school, (d) London school, 252. Which one of the following is not a, qualitative control of credit by the, Central Bank of a country?, (a) Rationing of credit, (b) Regulation of consumer credit, (c) Variation of the reserve ratio, (d) Regulation, of, margin, requirements, 253. The market in whcih loans of money, can be obtained is called, (a) Reserve market, (b) Institutional market, (c) Money market, (d) Exchange market, 254. If the marginal return increases at a, diminishing rate, the total return, (a) increases, (b) decreases, , MCQs, , 255., 256., , 257., 258., 259., , 260., , 261., 262., , 263., , (c) remains constant, (d) becomes zero, The law of Increasing Returns means, (a) increasing cost, (b) decreasing cost, (c) increasing production, (d) increasing income, The most important feature of, Cabinet system of Government is, (a) Individual responsibility, (b) Collective responsibility, (c) Responsibility to none, (d) Non-responsibility, Direct legislation in Switzerland has, (a) a natural growth, (b) a haphazard growth, (c) an artificial growth, (d) None of the above, Who gave the idea of "Cabinet, Dietatorship"?, (a) Muir, (b) Lowell, (c) Marriot, (d) Laski, In which of the following countries, are the judges of the federal court, elected by the two Houses of the, Federal Legislature?, (a) Switzerland (b) Germany, (c) Canada, (d) Both (a) and, (b), The President of the USA appoints, Supreme Court Judges, (a) with Senate's consent, (b) at his discretion, (c) with consent of the House of, Representatives, (d) None of these, Multan was named by the Arabs as, (a) City of beauty (b) City, of, wealth, (c) City of gold (d) Pink city, Which one of the following was the, book written by Amoghvarsha, the, Rashtrakuta King?, (a) Adipurana, (b) Ganitasara Samgraha, (c) Saktayana, (d) Kavirajamarga, Who built the Kailasanatha Temple, at Ellora?, (a) Rajendra I, (b) Mahendra Varman I, (c) Krishna I, (d) Govinda I, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, 264. The land measures of the Second, Pandyan Empire was mentioned in, (a) Thalavaipuram Copper Plates, (b) Uttirameru Inscription, (c) Kudumiyammalai Inscription, (d) Kasakudi Copper Plates, 265. Who was the greatest ruler of the, Satavahanas?, (a) Satkarni I, (b) Gautamiputra Satkarni, (c) Simuka, (d) Hala, 266. Cactus is referred to as, (a) Hydrophyte (b) Mesophyte, (c) Xerophyte (d) Epiphyte, 267. Which of the following is not a, renewable resource?, (a) Thorium, (b) Geothermal heat, (c) Tidal power, (d) Radiant energy, 268. Which of the following statements is, correct?, (a) Mahadeo hills are in the west of, Maikala hills., (b) Mahadeo hills are the part of, Karnataka Plateau., (c) Mahadeo hills are in the east of, Chhotanagpur Plateau., (d) Mahadeo hills are the part of, Aravalli ranges., 269. Which one of the following pairs is, not correctly matched?, (a) Hevea Tree—Brazil, (b) Sumatra Storm—Malaysia, (c) Kajan River—Borneo, (d) Dekke Toba fish—Brazil, 270. Which of the following resources is, renewable one?, (a) Uranium, (b) Coal, (c) Timber, (d) Natural Gas, 271. How many neck canal cells are found, in the archegonium of a fern?, (a) One, (b) Two, (c) Three, (d) Four, 272. Which angiosperm is vesselless?, (a) Hydrilla, (b) Trochodendron, (c) Maize, (d) Wheat, 273. Who was the first child born after, operative procedure?, (a) Caesar, (b) Huxley, (c) William, (d) Pasteur, , 233, 274. Myrmecology is study of, (a) Insects, (b) Ants, (c) Crustaceans (d) Arthropods, 275. NIN (National Institute of Nutrition), Central Office is located at, (a) Hyderabad (b) Mumbai, (c) Bengaluru (d) Kolkata, 276. HIV often changes is shapes due to, the presence of an enzyme called, (a) Reverse Transcriptase, (b) Enterokinase, (c) Nucleotidase, (d) Nucleoditase, 277. Fleming's right hand rule is used to, find the direction of the, (a) Alternate current, (b) Direct current, (c) Induced current, (d) Actual current, 278. The unit of electrical power is, (a) Volt, (b) Watt, (c) Kilowatt hour (d) Ampere, 279. The resistance of the human body, (dry condition) is of the order of, (a) 101 Ohm, (b) 102 Ohm, (c) 103 Ohm, (d) 104 Ohm, 280. Certain substances loose their, electrical resistance completely, at super low temperature. Such, substances are called, (a) super conductors, (b) semi conductors, (c) dielectrics, (d) perfect conductors, 281. The section of the CPU that selects,, interprets and monitors the, execution of program instructions is, (a) Memory, (b) Register unit, (c) Control unit (d) ALU, 282. Who among the following introduced, the world's first laptop computer in, the market?, (a) Hewlett-Packard, (b) Epson, (c) Laplink travelling software Inc, (d) Microsoft, 283. Brass contains, (a) Copper and Zinc, (b) Copper and Tin, (c) Copper and Silver, (d) Copper and Nickel, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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234, 284. Which is the purest commercial form, of iron?, (a) Pig iron, (b) Steel, (c) Stainless steel, (d) Wrought iron, 285. In galvanization, iron is coated with, (a) Copper, (b) Zinc, (c) Tin, (d) Nicked, 286. Which one of the following is also, known as solution?, (a) A compound, (b) A homogeneous mixture, (c) A heterogeneous mixture, (d) A suspension, 287. The cells which are closely associated, and interacting with guard cells are, (a) Transfusion tissue, (b) Complementary cells, (c) Subsidiary cells, (d) Hypodermal cells, 288. Conversion of starch to sugar is, essential for, (a) Stomatal opening, (b) Stomatal closing, (c) Stomatal formation, (d) Stomatal growth, 289. Soil erosion can be prevented by, (a) Increasing bird population, (b) Afforestation, (c) Removal of vegetation, (d) Overgrazing, 290. Natural sources of air pollution are, (a) Forest fires, (b) Volcanic eruptions, (c) Dust storm, (d) Smoke from burning dry leaves, 291. Which of the following Genetically, Modified vegetable is recently being, made available in Indian market?, (a) Carrot, (b) Radish, (c) Brinjal, (d) Potato, 292. "Bull's eye" is used in the game of, (a) Boxing, (b) Basketball, (c) Polo, (d) Shooting, , MCQs, 293. As per newspapers report what, percent of Government stake will be, disinvested in Rashtriya Ispat Nigam, Ltd. (RINL)?, (a) 5%, (b) 50%, (c) 10%, (d) 12%, 294. Pablo Picasso, the famous painter, was, (a) French, (b) Italian, (c) Flemish, (d) Spanish, 295. Which of the following is the, Regulator of the credit rating, agencies in India?, (a) RBI, (b) SBI, (c) SIDBI, (d) SEBI, 296. Which is the first Indian Company to, be listed in NASDAQ?, (a) Reliance, (b) TCS, (c) HCL, (d) Infosys, 297. RRBs are owned by, (a) Central Government, (b) State Government, (c) Sponsor Bank, (d) Jointly by all of the above, 298. The Monetary and Credit Policy, is announced by which of the, following?, (a) Ministry of Finance of Centre, (b) Reserve Bank of India, (c) State Bank of India, (d) Planning Commission of India, 299. Which of the following method is, not used in determining National, Income of a country?, (a) Income Method, (b) Output Method, (c) Input Method, (d) Investment Method, 300. What does the letter 'e' denotes in, the term 'e-banking'?, (a) Essential Banking, (b) Economic Banking, (c) Electronic Banking, (d) Expansion Banking, , www.Nitin-Gupta.com

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MCQs, , 235, , ANSWERS KEY, 1., 8., 15., 22., 29., 36., 43., 50., 57., 64., 71., 78., 85., 92., 99., 106., 113., 120., 127., 134., 141., 148., 155., 162., 169., 176., 183., 190., 197., 204., 211., 218., 225., 232., 239., 246., 253., 260., 267., 274., 281., 288., 295., , (a), (a), (b), (c), (a), (b), (c), (b), (a), (c), (b), (a), (a), (c), (c), (b), (c), (b), (c), (b), (d), (c), (c), (d), (d), (d), (c), (c), (a), (a), (d), (a), (c), (c), (b), (a), (c), (a), (a), (b), (c), (a), (d), , 2., 9., 16., 23., 30., 37., 44., 51., 58., 65., 72., 79., 86., 93., 100., 107., 114., 121., 128., 135., 142., 149., 156., 163., 170., 177., 184., 191., 198., 205., 212., 219., 226., 233., 240., 247., 254., 261., 268., 275., 282., 289., 296., , (b), (c), (c), (b), (d), (c), (a), (c), (d), (d), (d), (d), (c), (c), (a), (b), (d), (a), (a), (b), (a), (d), (d), (c), (c), (c), (c), (a), (c), (b), (b), (a), (d), (d), (d), (a), (a), (c), (a), (a), (b), (a), (d), , 3., 10., 17., 24., 31., 38., 45., 52., 59., 66., 73., 80., 87., 94., 101., 108., 115., 122., 129., 136., 143., 150., 157., 164., 171., 178., 185., 192., 199., 206., 213., 220., 227., 234., 241., 248., 255., 262., 269., 276., 283., 290., 297., , (c), (c), (d), (c), (d), (b), (a), (b), (d), (c), (d), (d), (b), (c), (b), (b), (d), (a), (b), (d), (c), (a), (a), (a), (c), (a), (c), (c), (a), (c), (b), (c), (b), (b), (a), (a), (b), (d), (d), (a), (a), (c), (d), , 4., 11., 18., 25., 32., 39., 46., 53., 60., 67., 74., 81., 88., 95., 102., 109., 116., 123., 130., 137., 144., 151., 158., 165., 172., 179., 186., 193., 200., 207., 214., 221., 228., 235., 242., 249., 256., 263., 270., 277., 284., 291., 298., , (c), (d), (a), (c), (b), (a), (c), (b), (b), (c), (a), (b), (b), (b), (b), (c), (b), (b), (a), (c), (d), (c), (a), (b), (c), (a), (d), (d), (a), (a), (a), (a), (c), (d), (a), (a), (b), (c), (c), (c), (d), (c), (b), , 5., 12., 19., 26., 33., 40., 47., 54., 61., 68., 75., 82., 89., 96., 103., 110., 117., 124., 131., 138., 145., 152., 159., 166., 173., 180., 187., 194., 201., 208., 215., 222., 229., 236., 243., 250., 257., 264., 271., 278., 285., 292., 299., , (c), (d), (c), (d), (d), (c), (a), (d), (b), (d), (d), (b), (a), (b), (b), (a), (a), (a), (c), (d), (d), (c), (d), (a), (b), (a), (a), (c), (c), (b), (b), (b), (b), (d), (c), (a), (a), (a), (a), (b), (b), (d), (d), , 6., 13., 20., 27., 34., 41., 48., 55., 62., 69., 76., 83., 90., 97., 104., 111., 118., 125., 132., 139., 146., 153., 160., 167., 174., 181., 188., 195., 202., 209., 216., 223., 230., 237., 244., 251., 258., 265., 272., 279., 286., 293., 300., , (d), (c), (a), (c), (a), (c), (c), (b), (a), (b), (d), (b), (a), (a), (d), (d), (d), (c), (d), (b), (c), (b), (d), (b), (c), (c), (c), (c), (a), (a), (d), (b), (b), (a), (b), (b), (a), (b), (b), (d), (b), (c), (c), , 7., 14., 21., 28., 35., 42., 49., 56., 63., 70., 77., 84., 91., 98., 105., 112., 119., 126., 133., 140., 147., 154., 161., 168., 175., 182., 189., 196., 203., 210., 217., 224., 231., 238., 245., 252., 259., 266., 273., 280., 287., 294., , (d), (c), (d), (d), (c), (a), (c), (d), (d), (c), (d), (d), (b), (d), (a), (a), (b), (c), (a), (a), (b), (b), (a), (d), (b), (c), (b), (d), (a), (b), (c), (a), (c), (b), (d), (c), (a), (c), (a), (a), (c), (d), , www.Nitin-Gupta.com