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LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT;, UNIT-1: ELEMENTS OF LOGISTICS & SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT, INTRODUCTION OF LOGISTICS & SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT:, There is a great deal of material that is moved in any organization. Organizations collect raw, materials from suppliers and deliver finished goods to the customers. It is logistics that executes, this function. In other words, logistics is the function that moves both tangible materials (e.g. raw, materials) and intangible material (e.g. information) through the operations to the customers (as a, finished product). In continuation to this explanation, we would introduce what a supply chain, means. “A supply chain consists of a series of activities involving many organizations through, which the materials move from initial suppliers to final customers. There may be different supply, chain for each product. The chain of activities and organizations is named differently as per the, situation. If the emphasis is on operations then it is called process; if the emphasis is on, marketing then it is called logistics; if the emphasis is on value-addition then it is called valuechain; if the emphasis is on meeting customer demand then it is called demand chain; if the, emphasis is on movement of material then we use the most general term i.e., supply chain. This, unit will introduce you with the concept of a supply chain., Meaning of logistic:, Logistics refers to the overall process of managing how resources are acquired, stored, and, transported to their final destination. ... The term is now used widely in the business sector,, particularly by companies in the manufacturing sectors, to refer to how resources are handled, and moved along the supply chain., Meaning of supply chain management:, Supply chain management is the handling of the entire production flow of a good or, service — starting from the raw components all the way to delivering the final product to the, consumer.

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POSITIONING OF INFORMATION IN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN, MANAGEMENT:, Inventory positioning refers to the selective location of various items in the product line in plant,, regional, or field warehouses. Inventory positioning has a bearing on facility location decision,, and therefore, must be considered in the logistics strategy., Supply chain management (SCM) is one of the main ways to optimize the budget of enterprises, producing goods and/or services. At the same time, a great role in the supply chains is played by, logistics - the management of physical, informational, and human flows in order to optimize, them and avoid unnecessary waste of resources., Below we will talk about the important role of logistics in supply chain management that, includes many suppliers, transit points, as well as points of departure and destination., WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAINS?, Logistics and supply chain should not be confused. Logistics is a rather narrowly focused, concept (narrower than the SCM), which simply means globalization of resource, management — from every local unit to the entire network of production points., In turn, supply chain management is a more complex category. Supply chain management, involves logistics and thus performs end-to-end optimization - that is, not only within the, enterprise but also when working with counterparties., The purpose of efficient logistics management is to achieve maximum competitiveness and, profitability of the company, as well as the entire network structure of supply chains,, including the end-user. In this regard, the integration and introduction of innovations into, the processes of supply chains, as well as into the processes of logistics, should be aimed at, increasing the overall productivity of all their participants., THE FUNCTIONS OF LOGISTICS WITHIN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT:, If we systematize all areas of logistics that need to be developed for the rational, management of production resources, we can single out the following functions:, , , Warehouse design and management:

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This role of logistics in supply chain management covers several tasks at once: from the, design of storage facilities to the requirements for storage of products and ending with the, introduction of various automation solutions (for example, for machinery intended for, transporting goods within warehouses)., , , The formation of packages:, Packaging, tracking and accounting - all of these tasks allow for end-to-end control of, goods on the way to the customer/distributor;, , , , Transportation of products:, This includes work with cargo carriers and vehicles listed in the company's fleet: planning, their routes, calculating fuel costs, etc., , , , Working with customs:, When an enterprise plans international delivery of goods, it is very important that during, their transportation the goods fully comply with customs requirements and contain all the, necessary documentation;, , , , Working with intermediaries:, Intermediaries in logistics are all third-party, non-company resources that are directly, involved in the implementation of supply chains. In turn, finding intermediaries with the, most acceptable ratio of quality to cost of services, as well as establishing long-term,, reliable relations with them are also included in the list of tasks for efficient logistics, management;, , , , Working with written off and returned goods. There is also such a thing as “reverse, logistics”, which establishes the rules and routes for transporting the returned/discarded, goods, as well as ways to dispose of them., CHALLENGES LOGISTICS HELPS TO OVERCOME IN SUPPLY CHAIN, MANAGEMENT:, Given the above list of tasks that logistics performs in supply chain management, we can, single out a number of advantages provided by its correct implementation:, , , , Minimization of enterprise expenses. The main role of logistics in supply chain, management is primarily to increase the overall value of each delivery, which is identified, by customer satisfaction. This means that the reduction and optimization of labor resources

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must be tied in with keeping up a certain level of quality customer service. This problem is, solved both by reducing the total labor resources (primarily by eliminating unnecessary, chain links), and by introducing automation solutions;, , , Consolidation of traffic volumes. Transportation costs are one of the largest expense, categories in logistics management. In general, transportation costs increase depending on, the distance, batch size, and product exposure to damage. On the other hand, the, transportation cost per unit of weight decreases as the lot size increases on long runs. Thus,, the maximum consolidation of transportation volumes can help reduce transportation costs., Enlargement can be achieved by combining small lots into a single large one, intended for a, long run (i.e., for a longer distance);, , , , Improving the quality of service. With regard to the quality of service, it is largely, influenced by the speed of delivery of the goods to the end-user, as well as its transportation, in proper conditions (for example, many products today are supplied with RFID tags so that, both the manufacturer and the end customer could track whether all storage conditions are, being observed during the transportation of the goods) and within the allowed time limits, (this refers primarily to perishable goods);, , , , Reduction of actual losses and reduction of possible risks. As you know, a business is, profitable if the value it creates exceeds the costs associated with the implementation of, activities. To achieve a competitive advantage, a company must either carry out these, activities at lower costs or carry them out in a way that will lead to differentiation and price, increment. The first thing to be done to effectively solve this problem is reducing the losses, that are associated with the return of goods. It is very important to plan not only the routes, on the way to the distributor or the end-user but also the routes by which the goods are, delivered back to the warehouse or to the establishments for their disposal. The second, factor affecting risk reduction is the correct planning of enterprise resources, which, minimizes the likelihood of damage or loss of goods or manufacturing components on the, way from the extraction of raw materials to delivery of the finished product/service to the, end-user;, , , , Minimization of the need for intermediary services. Intermediary services (transportation,, storage, marketing, recycling, etc.) take up the lion's share of the cost of the implementation

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of supply chains. Experienced logisticians plan routes so as to minimize the need for, involving third-party services for efficient logistics management;, , , Supporting goods with the necessary documentation. Insurance and support of, documentation are two fundamental tasks of logistics, solving which helps to eliminate any, problems associated with legal restrictions in the storage, transportation, and marketing of, goods;, , , , Timely response to changing market demands. Advanced logistics scenarios also help to, quickly adapt to changing market requirements and, thereby, maintain top positions against, the backdrop of competitors and remain in demand for the target audience., VALUES LOGISTICS PROVIDES TO THE SUPPLY CHAIN BUSINESS:, Supply chain management with the help of logistics tools helps to ensure a consistently high, level of customer service with some reduction in the cost of extracting raw materials,, storing, transporting, and selling goods/services to end-users. Thus, the role of logistics in, supply chain management is to carry the following values:, , , , Ensuring the smooth operation of all parts of the supply chain. Continuity of workflow is a, rapid step towards both reducing the expenses and increasing overall customer satisfaction., Usually, this is achieved through proper planning and the formation of a fault-tolerant, scheme of interaction between the individual links in the supply chain;, , , , Release of labor resources. On the other side of fault tolerance is the elimination of, redundant elements (intermediaries), the participation of which entails additional costs., Thus, it is very important to find a balance in which the reduction in labor resources does, not entail forced downtime during the implementation of supply chains;, , , , Coverage of a new target audience. Increasing overall customer satisfaction is a rapid step, toward popularizing your brand by means of word of mouth. An additional advantage is a, fact that such advertising (which is also one of the most effective methods) comes, absolutely free for you;, , , , Net cost reduction. By eliminating a number of intermediary links in the supply chain, you, will be able to reduce the net cost of a product or service, and thus increase their availability, to the end-user.

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LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEM (LIS):, ROLE OF LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEM, Logistics Information System (LIS) is a system of records and reports whether paper-based or, electronic, used to aggregate, analyses, validate and display data from all levels of logistics, system that can be used to make logistics decisions and manage the supply chain. The role of LIS, can be understood from the following:, a) LIS ensures the transformation of logistics functional operations into a process with the goal, of pursuing customer satisfaction at the lowest cost. It facilitates planning and control of logistics, activities related to order fulfillment., b) LIS provides information on goods and tracks the delivery, by giving their status., c) Logistics systems depend on outside information and international standards to comply with, regulations and use laid down ways of sharing logistic information with others., d) The manufacturers and traders monitor the actual products to know whether they will arrive, on time and in proper condition at the delivery places, and to be able to take prompt action in, case of any lapse. e) Transporters focus on the progress and status of the means of transport. In, case of any delays or exigencies, transporters can report these to their customers who can, consider the impact., f) Customs authorities and those responsible for ensuring the safety and security of goods during, transportation are given details about the content of goods and their means of transport., LIS is part of logistics management to manage, control and measure the logistical activities, within the organization and across the supply chain, achieving logistics efficiency and, effectiveness. Within an organization, LIS achieves the following:, a) Customer satisfaction at the lowest total cost., b) Enables planning and control of the logistical activities related to order fulfillment., c) Fosters better tactical and strategic decisions for the benefit of the firm and its customers.

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d) Gives information to customers regarding product availability, order status, and delivery, schedules., e) Enables resource planning thereby reducing the requirements of inventory and human, resources. Logistics Management: Components., f) Provides information to top management to formulate strategic decisions by interface with, marketing, financial, and manufacturing information systems., g) Links the operations of the business, such as manufacturing and distribution, with the, supplier’s operations and the customers., h) Facilitates ‘virtual’ inventory management or electronic inventory management by managing, dispersed inventories through information technology. Inventory management becomes, centralized and decisions on replenishment and other quantities are taken based on a single stock., The benefits of implementing LIS are:, a) Improvement in customer service and satisfaction., b) Establishing communication within the logistics chain., c) Reduction in stock levels and costs particularly of transportation and storage., d) Synchronizing the processes of supply, production, and distribution., e) Handling the problems caused by shortage of materials for production., F) Improvement of delivery schedules and lessening probable orders errors., G) Reduction of documentation required in supply chain management., The main activities of LIS are:, a) Data flow from external sources., b) Processing and storage of information within companies., c) Transmission of data for storage\processing to the decision maker in form of reports.

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d) Communication of decisions to customers and their feedback., LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEM: REQUIREMENTS AND COMPONENTS:, There are three types of information systems that serve different organizational levels. These are, operational level systems, management-level systems, and strategic level systems. Converting, logistics data to information, representing it in a manner useful for decision making and, interfacing the information with decision-assisting methods are at the core of LIS. There are, certain requirements which are:, a) Organization decisions:, It relates to the decisions to be made at each level of organization. While designing, information system, it must be ensured that the concerned person is entitled to get, required information needed for decision making., b) System requirement:, After arriving at the decision on collecting information, next requirement is identification, of source of information, the volume and quality of information. A suitable channel of, communication will have to be designed to satisfy various requirements., c) Control requirements:, Based on guidelines given by the management, Logistics Information System system, should be able to aid in decision making, minimizing delays, and increasing efficiency., Control is required to ensure that no errors are made., d) System input and output data:, To satisfy the demand of a customer, several activities are undertaken by organization, which needs proper coordination. Action reports are made for the purpose of undertaking, activities based on generated information., Key Components of LIS:, LIS is designed to manage the flow of materials and information within and between, organizations and their business environment. Globally information technology is a, critical enabler of the logistics supply chain networks that businesses use to acquire,, produce, and deliver goods and services. The key components include:, a) Logistics Information Portal, b) Logistics Computing and Simulation

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c) Decision Support System, d) Database, e) E-Logistics and E-Commerce, f) Software applications relating to Customer Relations Management (CRM), Enterprise, Resource Planning (ERP), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags, Transport, Management System (TMS), and Warehouse Management System (WMS) Check Your, Progress Ex, , LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEM: CONCEPTS & TECHNOLOGIES:, The effectiveness of LIS is based on real time accurate information enabling a reliable accurate, forecast from the raw material suppliers to the ultimate consumer with a large geographical, spread. Managing this information is possible only with the use of various systems continuously, evolving which need ingenuity for adaption in the LIS.,  Information Network:, The traditional elements of logistics are integrated by a web of IT networks, and integrated, management systems, with virtual and network companies within an information grid. This LIS, incorporates all information relating to plans, implementation, and control, for efficient and, effective flow and storage of goods and services.,  Electronic Data Interchange (EDI):, IT plays an important role in providing real time information for proper forecasting and planning, of manufacture or for supply of finished products to the end users. EDI can link suppliers,, manufacturers, customers, and intermediaries. IT as the key component facilitates speeding up, delivery time by transmitting information to the warehouse directly triggering an order for, immediate shipment. In global context, EDI links exporters with customs, ports, and transporters, for quick processing of customs documents thus speeding up the deliveries.,  Supply Chain Management Software (SCMS):

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These software modules complete supply chain transactions and manage supplier relationships, for controlling the business processes. It can identify the activities that can reduce and eliminate, non-value-added activities. It can deliver and market better quality products and services more, quickly and cost-effectively to gain an advantage over less efficient competitors. Effective, supply chain management systems help businesses to improve the entire supply chain network, by reducing waste and shipping delays. SCMS reduces overhead expenses by enabling effective, demand planning, improving inventory management, and relationships with vendors and, distributors etc.,  Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP):, It encompasses software technologies in supply chain, bringing together the information from, within the firm and from different geographical areas, integrating all businesses of the firm, together for efficient use of resources. It is a process used by a company to manage and integrate, important parts of its business. It refers to the software and systems to plan and manage all the, supply chain, manufacturing, services, financial and other processes of the organization.,  Inventory Management Module:, Inventory management being a key component of logistics, firms should manage their, inventories efficiently as huge cost is involved in the inventories piling up. Therefore, an IT, module for finished goods, semi-finished goods, raw materials, and work in progress inventories, is convenient in ordering, based on suppliers or customers’ demands.,  Just-In-Time (JIT) System:, JIT concept was introduced by Toyota in Japan and Maruti Suzuki in India. Generally, inventory, carrying cost in terms of warehousing is extremely high due to large capital expenditure involved, in building and maintains warehouses. Thus, suppliers are required to supply Logistics, Information System components or raw material when the demand is just placed at 24-hour, notice, saving cost of transportation and warehousing. The required components or raw material, are supplied just-in-time when needed by the factory.,  Transportation Management System:

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Transportation is a key element of logistics being an important dimension as third-party, intermediaries, to link together the suppliers and manufacturers to final consumers. A range of, services are available starting from factory door pick up, custom freight station, rail, transportation using high speed wagons from container depot to ports and further movement if, needed by sea to port of discharge and again hinterland transportation. In these activities,, communication technologies, satellite tracking, bar coding applications, EDI, automated material, handling systems etc., are employed.,  Data Mining:, Data mining is a process used of extracting usable data from a larger set of any raw data by, companies to turn it into useful information through understanding a pattern and determine, customers’ behavior for repeat sale. By using software to look for patterns in large batches of, data, businesses can learn more about their customers to develop effective marketing strategies,, increase sales and decrease costs. It implies analyzing data patterns by using one or more, software. Accordingly, based on the feed-back obtained from dissatisfied customers, services for, such customers can be fine-tuned and customized to meet their requirement.,  Data Warehousing:, A data warehouse is built by integrating data from multiple sources that support analytical, reporting, and decision making. Data warehousing is the process of constructing and using a data, warehouse, being the electronic storage of a large amount of information by a business or, organization. These are solely intended to perform queries and analysis and often contain large, amounts of historical data. It combines information from several sources into one comprehensive, database. For example, in the corporate world, a data warehouse might incorporate customer, information from a company’s sales systems, website, mailing lists etc.,  Customer Relations Management (CRM):, It is a technology used to manage interactions with customers by merging practices, strategies, and technologies used by companies. Data mining and data warehousing are two important, elements of CRM technologies. CRM systems compile customer data across different channels,, or points of contact, between the customer and the company, that include the company’s website,

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telephone, live chat, direct mail, marketing tools and social networks. CRM systems can provide, the staff dealing with the customers, a detailed information on customers’ personal information,, purchase history, buying preferences and concerns. CRM technology creates various value-added, services for customers, making the interaction more accurate, timely, responsive, and reliable., The basic CRM system could be enhanced by automation of marketing, sales force, contact, centre and workflow; location-based services, human resource management, etc.The usage of, CRM depends on a company’s business needs, resources and goals, as each has different costs, associated with it as can be seen by the under mentioned examples:, , COMPONENTS:, a) Contact Centre:, The sales and marketing teams procure data and update the system with information relating to, customers and revise customer history records through service calls and technical support, interactions., b) Social Customer Relations Management:, To add value to customer interactions on social media, businesses use various social CRM tools, that monitor social media conversations, to determine their target audience. Other tools are, designed to analyses social media feedback and address customer queries and issues. They, capture customer sentiments, such as the likelihood of recommending products and overall, customer satisfaction, to develop marketing and service strategies., c) Mobile Customer Relations Management:, Mobile CRM apps take advantage of features that are unique to mobile devices, such as GPS and, voice recognition capabilities, to give sales and marketing employees access to customer, information from anywhere., LOGISTICS INFORMATION SYSTEM: TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS:, The three types of important information in an inventory, which can be source of errors if not, recorded accurately, are

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(i) part description/number, (ii) quantity and (iii) location. Identification systems are for the, codification of packages inside the warehouse by means of codes that can be scanned by, automatic devices and these are of fundamental importance for the computerized management of, the warehouse. Some of the technology applications for LIS are described below., Bar Codes:, Bar codes are the optical conversion of a numerical or alphanumerical code which is used to, identify a package. This optical conversion is represented by means of an alternating sequence of, vertical bars and spaces. Bar codes are read using a laser light, which pick up the reflection from, the bars and spaces on the label and is usually read from a short distance, although in present, times the distance range is improving with new designs., The codes are standardized by industry and usually printed on a paper label or tag. They, generally contain a unique identifier, such as part number, which can be referred to a database, for required information, such as price or description. The automotive industry requires labels, designed to their specifications for layout and the type of code used and include, in addition to, the product code, the manufacturer, date of manufacture, and so forth., Technologically there are two kinds of bar code scanning devices:, A. Optical scanners use a light source that illuminates the surface of the code enabling a, suitable sensor to record the variations of the reflected ray., B. Laser scanners repeatedly explore the encoded surface at each passage, taking a series of, pictures that allow a greater accuracy of scanning. This allows scanning at high intensity, and on moving packages., Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags, Smart tags are automatic identification system based on radiofrequency technology that, works in a way like bar codes. It uses reflected radio waves from a small device or tag to, receive its information. It is activated by means of an electromagnetic field generated by, the scanner (reader), which is the electronic device used for the exchange of information, with the tag itself. The readers can be portable and are used by operators or are installed, on vehicles, integrated with an antenna.

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RFID tags are generally more expensive than printed bar codes, but the price is falling, rapidly, promoting their wider applications. Hence major retailers are using this method, of gathering information., An RFID tag can be active or passive., a) Active tags are provided with an internal battery that powers them and enables large, transmission distance (over 400m in the open for some models). They are equipped with, an overly complicated electric system that allows the application to be customized based, on individual requirements., b) Passive tags are more economical and widespread being made of aluminium or copper, antenna, a memory microchip, and a support for the protection of this chip. They do not, have a battery and require no maintenance., Logistic Labels:, The logistic labels record information, both in legible format (characters, numbers, and graphic, elements) and in the form of a bar code. With the help of the labels, a logistic unit can be traced, throughout the supply chain. For example, a logistic label the SSCC (Serial Shipping Container, Code) facilitates tracing of the physical path of the individual packages together with the, information flow associated with it. The scanning of the SSCC facilitates checking of the, transport documents transmitted in electronic format, the shipping and delivery of the products., The labels contain both human-readable text and scan able symbols giving supplier details,, product description, carton quantity, batch no, etc., , QR Code:, QR (Quick Response) code is a matrix or two-dimensional barcode which is a machine-readable, optical label that contains information about the item to which it is attached. It consists of black, squares arranged in a square grid on a white background containing data for a locator, identifier,, or tracker that points to a website or application. A QR code uses four standardized encoding, modes i.e. numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji (Chinese character) to store data

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efficiently. It has become popular due to its fast readability and greater storage capacity, compared to standard barcodes., , FASTag:, FASTag is an electronic toll collection system in India, operated by the National Highway, Authority of India (NHAI) employing RFID technology for making toll payments directly from, the prepaid or savings account linked to it or directly to the toll owner. It is affixed on the, windscreen of the vehicle and enables to drive through toll plazas without stopping for, transactions. With emphasis on implementing an effective and efficient electronic toll collection, framework, FASTag has become popular enabling an efficient, fast, and cashless payment option, for collection of toll charge. The integration of FASTags with the electronic way billing (E-way, billing) system is an achievement toward a globally approved business and logistics hub., Connecting the electronic way bill (E-way bill) with FASTags can provide better operational, efficiencies, making it simple to track the movements of goods by SMS alert especially at each, toll plaza., What are operational logistics?, Logistics operations refers to the processes of moving finished goods, including from the, manufacturer a distribution center, and then to the end user. The entire logistics process consists, of managing inventory, fulfilling orders, and shipping packages., Logistics operations: 4 key processes:, 1. Suppliers and manufacturers:, Obtaining raw materials is the first part of supply chain management, which is taken care of, by the manufacturer or supplier. A dependable manufacturer is responsible for tracking, the work-in-process inventory phase (i.e., the movement of raw materials being processed, into finished goods) to make sure you get a high-quality, sellable product on time and at the, most affordable price.

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Choosing the right supplier is important; manufacturers that are inconsistent in delivering a, quality product and/or shipping inventory to the seller can slow down operations from the, very start., 2. Distributed fulfillment centers:, Fulfillment centers are warehouses that hold inventory close to the end customer, so each, order is picked, packed, and shipped as soon as it’s placed to ensure the fastest delivery, possible. Many direct-to-consumer (DTC) brands depend on a third-party logistics (3PL), company that performs ecommerce fulfillment services. That way, they don’t have to worry, about fulfilling and shipping orders themselves., Another, , key, , benefit, , of, , partnering, , with, , a, , 3PL, , is, , the, , ability, , to distribute, , inventory across logistics centers. For instance, Ship Bob is a retail fulfillment company that, offers a robust international fulfillment center network that allows merchants to split, inventory across locations to be closer to their customers. This reduces shipping costs and, speeds up delivery., 3. Warehousing:, Warehousing is a key stage in the logistics operations process that involves storing and, managing physical goods before they are sold. There are several key parts to warehouse, management, including the safety and security of stored goods, inventory control processes that, help to optimize inventory storage, and much more., These crucial operational warehouse management systems help to track where items are located,, when they arrived, and how long they have been there., , 4. Shipping:, Orders that are shipped to customers accurately and quickly speaks to how well you run your, logistics operations. Although the execution of shipping orders to their final destination is, ultimately up to the carrier, you can choose which shipping methods to offer your customers

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(e.g., standard via ground, expedited shipping via air, etc) and to which locations (domestic, vs. international shipping)., You also have the option to ship orders in-house, most often which involves standing in line at, the post office. Otherwise, you can outsource fulfillment to a company that has access to, discounted shipping rates from major carriers and can take care of the shipping process (and all, other logistics operations) for you., , 4 LOGISTICS OPERATIONS THAT OPTIMIZE YOUR SUPPLY CHAIN, MANAGEMENT:, 1. Inventory management processes:, Implementing inventory management software can help you better track inventory levels in real, time. Ship Bob’s technology comes with built-in inventory management tools to help, you optimize inventory levels, lower inventory storage costs, set automatic reorder points, and, more., 2. Automated order fulfillment:, Picking, packing, and shipping orders is a huge time commitment and can take you away from, more important, money-making tasks., 3. Warehouse management systems:, A warehouse management system (WMS) can help you manage inventory levels and storage,, improve productivity, and efficiently fulfill orders. This results in significant time savings and, reduces human error by automating time-consuming logistics operations processes., 4. Real-time data and reporting:, It’s hard to find ways to improve logistics operations without access to accurate and real-time, data. Ship Bob provides a free data and analytics reporting tool that provides answers to, questions related to fulfillment performance, shipping data, future demand forecasting, needs, inventory allocation, and more.

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GROWTH OF LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN NATIONAL &, INTERNATIONAL SCENARIOS: