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Indian Foreign Policy, • Foreign Policy defined as “a set of principles, decisions and means, followed by a nation, for securing national interest in international relations.” Its purpose is to attain the national, interest., • Policy: a plan of action in internal (Domestic) and external (International) What, constitutes FP, 1., 2., 3., 4., , Principles of Foreign policy, Determinants of foreign Policy, National interests and objectives (by Policy makers), Means of Foreign Policy, , Means of FP are:1., , National Power (it means the amount of power of a nation like Major Power, Regional, Power, , 2., , Diplomacy (method or a systematic way to implement the PF of a nation) World Order, Classified as, 1. Multilateral World order (many sovereign states, from 1648 to 1945, (Treaty of, Westphalia in 1648, led to foundation of the modern nation state system or sovereign, states. ), 2. Bilateral World order-under two powerful actors (the U.S, and USSR), despite there, was NAM (1945 to 1991, the end of the Cold War., 3. Unilateral World order-Single Power ( The US) (since 1992, 4. Multilateral world (in preset, emerging new powers like China Russia, Japan) In, Globalization period, no nation can exists in an isolated one. Mode of Relations:1. Bilateral Relations, 2. Trilateral Relations, 3. Multilateral Relations, , These such relations have been established by the states each to protect their different national, interests., , Basic Principles of India’s Foreign Policy, The Constitutional Principle, , 1

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Article 51 of the Indian Constitution Lays down some Directive Principles of, State Policy on Promotion of International Peace and Security. The state shall, endeavour to• Promote international peace and security., • Maintain just and honourable relations between nations., • Foster respect for international law and Treaty obligations in the dealings, of organised people with one another,, • Encourage settlement of international disputes by negotiation, 1. Non-Alignment, ( founder and supporter of NAM) :Non-alignment has been an important feature of India’s foreign policy. The aim, of Non-alignment was to maintain national independence in foreign affairs., Nonalignment was neither neutrality nor non-involvement nor isolationism. It, was a dynamic concept., 2. Faith in International Co-operation,, The peaceful settlement of international disputes is one of the core elements of, India’s foreign policy., This principle has been included in the Constitution of India, under the Directive, Principles of State Policy as well as in the Charter of the UN., India has played a leading role in the resolution of the Korean conflict and, supported negotiated settlement of Palestine issue, border problems with, neighboring countries, and other such disputes and problems., India is always against foreign military intervention for resolving international, problems. This principle continues to be the cornerstone of India’s policy., At present, India is in favour of the resolution of peaceful settlement of Iranian, nuclear issues, the problem of the democratic upsurge in the Middle East, and so, on., 3., , Faith in United Nations Organisation-UNO 1945 (member state), , India has played a key role in preserving world peace by helping through active, participation in UN peacekeeping activities., , 2

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India has supported the cause of disarmament followed by the UN. In 1988, India, proposed a very ambitious programme of nuclear disarmament before the UN., 4., , Help in the freedom of slave Countries 5., , 5., , Opposition to military Alliances, , 6., , Faith in Panch sheel: (i) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity, and sovereignty (ii) Non-Aggression (iii) Non-interference in the internal, affairs of other states, (iv) Equality and mutual co-operation (v) To adopt, the policy of Peaceful co-existence., , 7., , Use of Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes ( Atom Bomb Doctrine, not, first in use) 8. To develop friendly relations with neighbouring Countries, , 9. Membership of the Commonwealth of Nations, Founded: 11 December 1931., There are 54 countries in the Commonwealth, in Africa, Asia, the Americas,, Europe and the Pacific. Commonwealth countries are diverse – they are amongst, the world’s biggest, smallest, richest and poorest countries., 10. Opposition to Imperialism and Colonialism, • India has been a victim of colonialism and imperialism and considers these, as a threat to international peace and security., • India has always opposed colonialism and imperialism., • Due to India’s consistent efforts through NAM and other international, forums, 14 African countries were liberated from the oppression of, colonialism in 1964., • India supported Indonesia’s fighting against the Dutch colonialism in 1947,, • Against South Africa’s illegal occupation of Namibia, 11. Opposition to Racialism, , 3

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• It firmly believes in the equality of all human beings. Its policy is aimed at, opposition to all forms of racial discrimination. It always opposed to it in, any form., • India was the first to bring the issue of Apartheid in the UN in 1946., • Not only India had cut off diplomatic relations with South Africa in 1949, but also used her influence in the application of comprehensive sanctions, against the white minority racist Regime of South Africa., , 12. Respect for Human Rights, • India was a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights., • The Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enshrined in the Universal, Declaration of Human Rights and also in the Covenant on Economic,, Social and Cultural Rights are included in Part IV of the Indian Constitution, and are known as the Directive Principle of State Policy., 13. New International Economic Order-NIEO, • In 1975, the United Nations General Assembly made a declaration to, establish a New International Economic Order (NIEO)., • It is regarded as “a turning-point in the evolution of the international, community.”, • NIEO is to be based on “equity, sovereign equality, common interest and, co-operation among all States, irrespective of their social and economic, systems, • It shall correct inequalities and redress existing injustices, • To eliminate the widening gap between the developed and the developing, countries, 14. Protection of Environment, • In the Directive Principles of State Policy, Article 48 says "the state shall, endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the, forests and wildlife of the country";, • Article 51-A states that "it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to, protect and improve the natural environment, , 4

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15. Opposition of Terrorism, Global Terrorism Index 2020: List of 10 worst-affected countries; India ranks, 8th., 16. Solidarity and co-operation with Asian and African Countries., DETERMINANTS OF INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY, A. Geography: it includes Country’s size, location, topography, natural resources, etc., Nehru said that ‘India as the pivotal centre of South, South-East, and Western Asia. Northern, borders-Himalayas, sea coast on three sides., India's coastline is vital for its foreign policy. Indian Ocean was used by the French, British,, Dutch and the Portuguese to enter India. The IOC is the trade route of India. The IOC is India, centric., Connected its security., B. History and Political Tradition., India’s foreign policy was influenced by its history and tradition. Nehru said that ‘the Indian, foreign policy emerged from its recent past’., •, , Palmer and Perkins said that ‘the roots of Indian foreign policy can be found in its, civilization, British policies, the independence movement and the influence of, Gandhian Philosophy-- non-violence., , e. Economic Development; Country’s economic dependency, India’s development is not, possible without the financial and technical assistance from others. Steel plants like, Rourkela(German Collaboration), Bokharo (with Soviet assistance) etc. with the help of other, countries., •, , Since 1990, India follows Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization for the, development., , f. Ideological Factors: The impact of western Liberalism, Socialism and Gandhism is clearly, visible on India’s Foreign Policy., g. Personal Factors: India’s foreign Policy is also influenced by the big personalities of India, such as Jawaharlal Nehru (Arc) Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, and Aurobindo, Ghosh., h. Constitutional Factors: the foreign policy is defined in Article-51 of the Part IV of the, Constitution., i. National interest. It means interest of a nation want to protect and promote while interacting, with other nations., , 5

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H. J. Morgenthau stated that any foreign policy which operates under the standard of the national, interest., i. International order: India adopted nonalignment (for overcoming the cold war scenario)., , IR, , FACTORS, 1. Influence of International Situation: No nation can save itself from the threat of international, situation., 2. Influence of World Order like Multipolar- Bipolar-Unipolar-Multipolar., India joined with Brazil, Russia, China with South Africa and in 2011 and they formed BRICS, was founded with the purpose to establish just, democratic and multi-polar international order., 3. Expansion of friendly relations with neighboring countries:, 4. Relations with Commonwealth of Nations. After independence India decided to remain with, Commonwealth., 5. Faith in United Nations- India is one of the founder member of the United, Nations and has firms faith in the purposes and principles of the United Nations., , Diplomacy (IV), Diplomacy means:, •, •, •, •, •, •, , It is a means or method of conducting the foreign policy of a nation., It is the process of formulation and conduct of foreign policy of a nation., Helps to bargaining for a nation’s interest, It helps to secure the maximum advantage for a nation by means of negotiation, and compromise., It is the management of international relations by negotiation or the method., No scope for diplomacy in extreme cooperation and extreme nonengagement. Definition of Diplomacy, , 1. Sir Ernest Satow writes, “Diplomacy is the application of intelligence and tact, to the conduct of official relations between the governments of independent, states., 2. Hans J Morgenthau says that “diplomacy is the promotion of the national, interests by peaceful means”., 3. The Oxford English Dictionary defines diplomacy as “The management of, international relations by negotiation”., , 6

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ORIGIN OF DIPLOMACY, •, •, , The art of diplomacy is as old as the existence of human communities., The Greek city states Sending of emissaries to open negotiation was a, common practice., The treaty of Westphalia of 1648 established a new order of relationship in, Europe and that led to the emergence of classical diplomacy in Europe., the classical diplomacy was conducted by the members of the ruling class, After the First World War, demand grew for open diplomacy that will be, accessible to public scrutiny., , •, •, •, , FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMAT (CY), General Functions, 1., 2., 3., 4., , Protection of his nationals,, Exchange of roles on matters of mutual interest,, Political and parliamentary negotiations,, And most importantly, preservation and projection of the national interests of, his country generally., , The functions of diplomatic missions are spelt out in the Vienna convention of, 1961. Article 3 of the convention states as follows:, 1. Representing the sending state in the receiving state., 2. Protecting in the receiving state the interest of the sending state and its, national within the limits as permitted in the international law., 3. Negotiating with the government of receiving state., 4. Promoting friendly relations between the receiving and sending states and, developing cultural, social and technological relations, Four basic functions of Diplomacy, 1. Representation:, • A diplomat is a formal representative of his country in a foreign state. He is, the normal agent of communication between his own foreign office and the, receiving state., • In the course of representing his country a diplomat equally provides necessary, information and advice to foreign policy decision-makers which will help to, shape the direction of foreign policy adopted., 2. Negotiation:, • Diplomats are by definition negotiators. As such, they have including “the, drafting of a wide variety of bilateral and multilateral arrangements., , 7

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• Most agreements between states are still bilateral and are concluded through, negotiation between the foreign offices by the use of ordinary diplomatic, channels., 3 .Reporting:, •, , Reports from diplomats in the field are the raw materials of foreign policy., These reports cover nearly every subject related with the foreign affairs., , 4 Protection of Interests:, •, •, , •, , •, , A diplomat tries to meet the interest of his own country., His duty is to look after the interest of his country as interpreted by, policymakers in accordance with treaties, other international agreements, and, principles of international law., He also has the more specific duty of attempting to assist and protect, businessmen, seamen and all other nationals of his own country who are living, or traveling in the country in which he is stationed., He seeks to prevent or correct practices which might discriminate against his, country or its citizens., , What is Secret Diplomacy?, •, , The term Secret Diplomacy is used to designate the diplomatic practice, of conducting secret negotiations and making secret pacts, decisions,, alliances and treaties., , •, , In Secret Diplomacy no attempt is made to take the people into, confidence, and little information about diplomatic activity is provided, to the public. Secrecy is considered vital for the success of diplomacy., , What is Open Diplomacy?, •, , Open Diplomacy is the opposite of Secret Diplomacy., , •, , In the age of democracy, it is argued that the people have the right and duty to know and, to participate in foreign policy decision-making., , 8

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•, , It is expected to inform the public about the nature and progress of all diplomatic, negotiations as well as about the final agreement or disagreement resulting from such, negotiations., , •, , Diplomacy must be accountable and for this it is essential that people must know as to what, diplomacy is doing and what are its achievements and failures., , •, , People and their groups should have the opportunity to influence the working of, diplomacy., , (1) Arguments in favour of Open Diplomacy or Arguments against Secret, Diplomacy:, 1. It is the natural right of the people to know everything about the affairs of their government., 2. It is the right of the people to keep the government responsible for its acts., 3. It is the duty of the people to keep Diplomacy under check and prevent it from leading the nation, into an environment of tensions, strains and war., 4. Open Diplomacy is the best way of involving the people in the process of securing national, interests and making them politically conscious., , (2) Arguments against Open Diplomacy or Arguments in favour of Secret, Diplomacy:, 1. Secrecy in the interest of nation is an absolutely necessary condition for the success of, diplomacy., 2. Secret negotiations help the diplomats to be free and frank in expressing their views., 3. Open Diplomacy can be misleading in practice, because the need for securing public sympathy., 4. General public has neither the ability nor the time to participate fruitfully in diplomatic debate., Kinds of Diplomacy, 1. Summit or Personal Diplomacy, •, , When the foreign ministers, prime ministers or heads of the states directly participate in, diplomatic negotiations this is called as personal or summit diplomacy., , •, , In personal diplomacy the representatives are assisted by a number of experts of different, branches., , 9

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•, , During World War II this diplomatic style came to frequent use among the allied and axis, powers., , •, , There were many personal meetings between Churchill and Roosevelt., , •, , The Atlantic charter (1941) was the result of the personal diplomacy., , •, , The Afro- Asian conference at Bandung (1955) is one of the most successful milestones of, personal diplomacy., , •, , Some of the examples of summit meetings are Bhutto- Indira Gandhi meeting at Simla in, 1972. Rajiv Gandhi- Gorbachev meeting at New Delhi in 1986, , Personal diplomacy also suffered from some defects:, •, , The failure of personal diplomacy leaves no alternative to resume negotiations., , •, , If the negotiations fail, public may cause embarrassment to the government. Whereas the, presence of diplomats in foreign capital is a normal thing and the failure of negotiations, remains usually unnoticed., , CONFERENCE DIPLOMACY, •, , In conference diplomacy opposite camps can be brought around a table and open, discussion can be conducted to dissolve the differences among nations., , •, , It is open and parliamentary in character and the procedure is flexible and there are very, many possibilities for the representatives to establish personal friendship., , •, , In conference diplomacy the normal channels of diplomacy like diplomatic and consular, establishments are bypassed and the conferences are made as an important diplomatic, channel., , •, , The treaty of Westphalia (1648) is one of the most glaring examples of conference by, diplomacy and the League of Nations, , •, , The United Nations Organization also attached much importance to such diplomacy., , •, , But there are some defects for the diplomacy by conference. The representatives who, participate in a conference are the representatives of their sovereign government., , •, , So the conference is merely show because the members are strictly controlled by the heads, of the government., , PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY, •, , Preventive Diplomacy is a major development in modern period., , 10

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•, , Preventive diplomacy refers to diplomatic action taken, at the earliest possible stage, “to, prevent disputes from arising between parties, to prevent existing disputes from escalating, into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter when they occur”., , •, , The United Nations Organization is the prime forum for preventive diplomacy. According, to Articles 10 and 11 of the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly has broad, authority to consider conflict prevention in all its aspects, , •, , Or call the attention of the Security Council to situations that are likely to endanger, international peace and security., , Track II diplomacy, •, , Track II diplomacy is a specific kind of informal diplomacy, in which non-officials engage, in dialogue, with the aim of conflict resolution, or confidence-building., , •, , Track II diplomacy has been used for centuries to communicate between powers., , Disarmament and Arms Control, •, , Arms control and disarmament are major efforts to preserve international, peace and security in the 21st century., , •, , Both purpose is to limit the number of weapons., , 11

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WMD (Weapons of Mass Destruction), it means that the maximum loss of human, being by the use of quality weapons, •, , It includes the sophisticated weapons like the nuclear, biological and, chemical weapons., , Difference between Disarmament and Arms Control, 1. Arms Control:It aims to limit the number of weapons and to regulate their use by bilateral, and multilateral agreements or arrangements., , It is not a permanent ways, , to limit the arms race, 2. Disarmament., •, , Disarmament aims at the reduction and limitation of arms., , •, , Total elimination of Weapons of Mass Destruction-WMD, such as……?, , •, , Disarmament under UN articles 11, 26 and 47 deals peace and, disarmament., , Disarmament commission:, •, , In 1952, the General Assembly, by its resolution 502 (VI) of January 1952,, created the United Nations Disarmament Commission (UNDC) under the, Security Council with a mandate to prepare proposals for a treaty for the, regulation, limitation and balanced reduction of all armed forces and all, armaments., , •, , In 1958, all the members of UN were included as its members. The, Commission was requested to prepare a draft treaty for the regulation of, conventional as well as atomic armaments., , •, , (The Commission took up a number of issues concerning arms and their, reduction but failed to make much progress because of the divergence of, views among the super powers.), , Atomic Energy Commission: formed in 1945,, Objectives:-, , 12

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•, , To make specific proposals for the control of atomic energy for peaceful, purpose and for bringing about the total prohibition of atomic weapons and, other weapons of mass destruction., , •, , Its Roles:- Investigate and recommendation and submit report to UNSC., , Atoms for Peace Plan in 1953., •, , President Eisenhower of USA came out with a plan for peaceful use of atoms., , •, , It suggested the establishment of an international pool of fissionable material, to be used for peaceful purposes., , •, , This plan popularly known as atoms for peace plan appealed to all those powers, that possessed atomic energy material to contribute the same to the Atomic, energy Commission under the United Nations., , Non- Proliferation Treaty-NPT (1968), •, , Its objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons, technology,, , •, , To foster the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to promote the goal of, disarmament., , •, , The treaty of Non- Proliferation was signed in 1968 and came into force in 1970., , •, , 190 countries have joined the Treaty, including the five States recognized under, the Treaty as possessing nuclear weapons., , •, , The five nuclear states under the treaty are; China, France, the Russia, the, United Kingdom and the United States., , •, , States Parties meet every five years to assess the implementation of the Treaty., , The NPT has three “pillars” or main areas:, 1., , Non-proliferation (stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and related, , technology),, 2., , Disarmament (getting rid of existing nuclear arsenals)., , 3., , The right to peacefully use nuclear energy (including access to nuclear, , technology, which is the right of all States Parties to the NPT)., , 13

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The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), •, , It prohibits “any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion”, anywhere in the world., , •, , The treaty was opened for signature in September 1996, and has been signed by, 185 nations and ratified by 170., , •, , It is not ratified by China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, Iran, Egypt, and, the United States., , Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), •, , NSG is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute to the nonproliferation, , of, , nuclear, , weapons through the, , implementation of, , guidelines for nuclear exports and nuclear-related exports., •, , The NSG was set up as a response to India’s nuclear tests conducted in 1974., , •, , The aim of the NSG is to ensure that nuclear trade for peaceful purposes does, not contribute to the proliferation of nuclear weapons., , •, , Since 2008, India has sought membership in the NSG., , •, , The same year, the NSG granted India a "clean waiver" from its existing rules,, which forbids nuclear trade with a country which has not signed the Nuclear, Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), , •, , The waiver paved the way for India to engage in nuclear trade and led to the, Indo-US Civil Nuclear Deal., , •, , India has since signed civilian nuclear cooperation agreements with the U.S.,, U.K., France, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,, Namibia, and South Korea., , Biological Weapons Convention, •, , An effort to check the use of bacteriological and chemical weapons was, made in 1972 by signing the “convention on the prohibition of the, development, production and Toxin weapons and on their destruction”., The convention was signed in 1972 and came into force in 1975., , 14

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•, , The convention impressed the need of achieving effective progress towards, general and complete disarmament, including the prohibition elimination of, all types of weapons of mass destruction., , Critical points:, Basic architecture of the disarmament machinery, which remained sound, but from, political malaise, States had deep divergences, consensus., , India’s outlook, * To alleviate the fears of a world community, India formulated a comprehensive, nuclear doctrine. The major tenets of this doctrine are:, Maintenance of a credible minimum nuclear deterrence., Professes no first use policy., Commitment to global veritable and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to, a nuclear weapons free world., INTERNATIONAL POLITICS (IP), IPO1 (2) CO1: International Politics and Organisation: Introduction and Concepts., In this semester, the meaning, nature, scope and importance of international politics will, be covered. The students will also be introduced to the major theories, approaches and, to main concepts in the area of international politics., The State?, , , State is a politically organised institution., , , , The state is a responsible institution to uphold some basic social values like, security, freedom, law, justice, and welfare of the citizens., , Meaning and Nature of International politics., , , The central focus of International Politics is the study of the interactions between, nations and these relations are generally determined by the political, diplomatic,, military and strategic terms., , , , The International Politics is primarily a process of interactions among nations., , 15

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, , International Politics is concerned primarily with the study of power relations among, nations., , , , H.J. Morgenthau says that the “International Politics is struggle for and use of power, among nations”., , , , Each nation tires to accumulate and expand the power for gaining their national, interest., , , , In fact, the state come into the central positions in the study of IP., , , , It deals with conflicts and cooperation among nations essentially at political level., , , , At the present time, there are almost 200 independent states and they interact with, each other’s in different ways., , , , Every Nations try to achieve more power and resources. Thus they continuously, engaged in the process of interactions., , , , This makes international politics a continuing phenomenon of interactions., , , , The behaviour of each state in international relations is always directed and, controlled by its foreign policy., , , , Every nations actively engage in economic and trade relations with other nations., , , , It also deals the international institutions and organizations like the UNO, NATO,, OAS, OAU, OPEC, ASEAN, ECO, EU, SAARC and so on., , , , It also deals the non-state international or supra-national or trans-national actors like, NGOs, Human Rights Organizations, Peace Movements and other such actors in the, international environment., , , , The relations among nations mostly take the form of interactions among the foreign, policies of the nations., , , , Since national interest is the objective that each nation tries to secure during the, course of relations with other nations, it becomes imperative for International Politics, to study national interests of various nations., , , , The concept of national power is the core concept in the study of International, Politics., , , , Nations are actors but these always act on the basis of their national powers., , As a Discipline, , 16

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, , The birth of International Politics as a distinctive branch of study can be traced in the, outcome of World War I (1914–18)., , , , The establishment of the chair for International Politics at the university college of, Wales in 1919 is a land mark in the development of the study as an academic, discipline., , , , The following years, the London School of Economics in 1923, the University of, Southern California, and the University of Oxford in 1930 has started the Department, for the study of International Politics., , , , Thus International Politics became a popular subject across the world. It has been, achieved a separate identity like other social science subject., , The subject matter of the IP is:, , The study of contemporary issues and problems around the world., , , , It is a study of conflict and conflict-resolution among nations., , Scope of the study of International Politics.,  Study of state systems and relations among states.,  Study of National Interests and National Power.,  Study of International Law and International Organizations.,  Study of Foreign Policy and geopolitics.,  Study of Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution.,  Study of War, Peace, and Disarmament.,  Study of Ideologies, Nationalism, Colonialism and Imperialism.,  Study of issues related to Environmental protection.,  Study of issues related to Human Rights.,  Study of role of Economic factors.,  Study of demographic factors., , 17

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 Study of problem of fundamentalism and terrorism., MODULE. I., (a) Meaning, nature, scope and importance of international politics, (b) Approaches to the study of International Politics, - Political Relaism –, Kaplan’s System theory – Liberalism – Neo-Realism and Neo-Liberalism –, MODULE.II State System: Evolution – Development – Corollaries of State System, – Nature of Contemporary State System., MODULE.III a) Concept of Power – National Power – Elements of National Power,, significance of National Power. b) Limitation of National Power. Balance of Power:, meaning and forms – methods of maintaining balance of power –Balance of terror., Collective Security: Meaning and safeguards – enforcement under UNO., , Concept of Power in International Politics, , , The concept of Power is a significant theme in every field of study., , , , In IP, Power is one of the most important concept., , , , Harrold D Lasswell and Mortan Kaplan explain politics is the study of the shaping, and sharing of power., , , , Hans J Morgenthau explain that politics is the struggle for power., , , , Thus, power has significant role in the study of IP., , , , In International Politics, the state is a central actor., , , , Each nation engages in the process of acquiring, maintaining, increasing and, using power., , , , In fact, power is both the means as well as an end in IP., , , , Nations always use power for securing the goals of their national interests., , , , Traditionally, the power of the state is determined by natural resources, social, factors, and ideology., , , , In which, the military power is the most important form of power in international, politics, as it serves as both a means and an end in itself., , 18

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, , Therefore, every nations tries to increase the strength of military power in IP., , , , The status of state in the International Politics is determined t by its physical force., , , , Every state tries to become a powerful one., , , , International interactions are efforts to maximize national power by respective states., , , , Power also becomes a vital part of national interest., , , , Thus international politics can be viewed as a game of and game for power., , What is NATIONAL POWER?, , , National Power is the ability or capability of a nation to secure the goals and, objectives of its national interests in relation with other nations., , , , It involves the capacity to use force or threat of use of force or influence over others, for securing the goals of national interest., , , , Morgenthau, “Power is the power of man on others” and as a “man’s control over the, minds and actions of other men.” —, , ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL POWER, There are various elements of national power., , , These elements are also called determinants of national power., , , , The elements of national power can be broadly divided into I. Natural, II. Social and, II. Ideational elements., , , , I. Natural elements are 1. Geography 2. Resources 3. population, , , , II. Social elements are 1. Economic development 2. Technological achievements 3., Military strength 4. Political structure 5. National culture and 6. Morale., , , , III. Ideational elements are 1. Intelligence and 2. Leadership., , I. Natural elements are, 1. Geography, •, , Geography has always been a determining factor in deciding the national power, of a state., , •, , It is the most stable and constant factor since physical characteristics of a nation, do not change normally., , •, , Geography as an element of national power has the following sub elements., , 19

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a. Size:, , , The size of a state, whether small or great, is an important element of national power., , , , A nation controlling larger area can command more resources including natural, resources., , , , Russia and China provides best example for this., , b, Topography:, , , Topography provides the geographical setting of a nation., , , , Topographical features determine natural boundaries between nations and set limits, to their expansion., , , , The rivers may provide ports, harbours and advantageous transport system., , , , The hills and deserts may provide for natural defense against an attack., , , , At the same time they may create obstacles in nation’s development., , , , At present the role of topography has been much reduced with the advancement of, science and technology., , c, Climate, * Extreme heat and cold are unfavorable for strength., d. Location:, •, , Diplomacy and war strategy has its impact on location., , •, , Nearness to sea will provide for good harbours and it will increase chance of, trade., , •, , Insular or covered position has its impact on its diplomacy., , •, , Great obstacles in the form of mountains etc. will decrease the chance of trade, , 2. Resources, •, , Natural raw materials are relatively stable factors that contribute to National, power., , •, , Natural resources are gift of nature and can be of direct utility. Ex:- Fertile soil,, rivers, forests, oil, natural gas etc., , •, , Raw materials are important both for industrial production and war., , •, , Petroleum, an important mineral has created ‘Oil Diplomacy’ in the Middle East., , 20

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•, , Middle East occupies a strategic position in global politics because of its oil, resources., , •, , Some of the African countries are rich with Uranium deposit and hence they are, getting special attention from international actors., , 3. Population:•, , People are the most precious element of a state., , •, , Only a populous state can become a first class power in the international system., , •, , The best example is China which became a major power due to its vast human, resources., , •, , Population also contributes to national power in the field of economic production., , •, , Strong, healthy, disciplined, employed, literate and skilled population facilitates, development of the country and its national power., , •, , A large labour force and large number of consumers make a nation rich and, powerful., , II Social Elements, 1. Economic Development, , , The level of economic development also determines the national power., , , , It is a means of building military power and welfare and prosperity of people., , , , A developed, healthy, prosperous and growing nation creates an impact at world level., , , , It is able to influence economic instruments like aid, loan, rewards, trade, and grants, for achieving its goals at international level., , 2. Technology, , , In fact the level of technological advancement determines the power-status of a, nation., , , , A nation backed by highly developed and advanced technology alone can be, recognized as a developed nation., , , , The USA and other developed countries are technologically advanced nations and this, fact has been a major source of their power., , , , Now nuclear technology has emerged as an important source of power and influence, in international relations., , 21

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3. Military Power, , , Military power is not national power. However, it is an important part of national power, which contributes to its strength and effectiveness., , , , The superpowers and other major powers of our times have been big military powers., , , , Military preparedness is not an independent determinant of national power as it is, dependent on economic power of a country, technology, strategic factors, industrial, capacity and policies of government., , Political structure, , , The mere possession of material and human resources cannot lead to national power, if there is no government with well organised, efficient and effective., , , , It is the business of government to coordinate direct, control men and material, resources for securing power for fulfilling goals of national interest., , National morale (Confidence), , , National morale refers to ‘the degree of determination with which a nation supports the, foreign policy of its government in peace and war., , , , It support all activities of a nation, its agriculture and industrial productions as well as, its military establishments and diplomatic service., , , , Indian morale became quite low after severe reverses in Sino- Indian War of 1962., , , , The success in 1965, 1971 and 1999 wars, the successful green revolution and the, entry into nuclear club through a peaceful nuclear explosion in 1974 and 1998 and, nuclear explosions gave vital strength and reinvigorated Indian national morale., , , , A high and healthy national morale can be a big source of power which can lead to, successful use of power for securing the national interest., , III. Ideology, , , Ideas and ideologies are elements of the power of a state., , , , Ideology helps a nation to influence the exercise of its power., , , , It serves as a source of unity and strength both at home and abroad., , , , The adoption of the ideology of democratic socialism helped India to establish friendly, and cooperative relations with the democratic west and the socialist east., , , , It also acted as a source of popular support for the Government of India., , 22

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1. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/national-power-meaning-nature-dimensionsand-methods/48477, , Approaches to the Study of International Politics., The study of international relations takes a wide range of theoretical approaches. Some theories, emerge from within the discipline itself; others have been imported from disciplines such as, economics or sociology., , 23

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Some of the major approaches are Realism, Idealism, System Theory, Game Theory, Communication, Theory, and Decision making Theory, Integration Theory and Dependency Theory. This chapter is intended, to discuss about these approaches., Another classification divides the approaches into two broad categories i.e, traditional and behavioural., The idealism and realism are grouped under traditional approaches., the later theoriests were considered as behaviouralists., , 24