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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION,  Herodotus called Egypt as ‘Gift of Nile’.,  Fertile soil in Nile valley and its transportation facilities helped to grew, up a civilization in Egypt.,  It’s a part of ‘Fertile Crescent’.,  History of Egyptian civilization divided into different periods as follows,  1.Pre Dynastic Period (5000 to 3100B.C),  Around 3400B.C two separate kingdoms established near Fertile, Crescent 1. Red Land in north 2. White Land in south. King Menes, unified both north southern areas and established first dynasty.,  2.Archaic Period (3100 to 2686 B.C),  Menes established his capital at White Walls (later called as Memphis).,  Hieroglyphics writing system developed during this period.,  3.Old Kingdom (2686 to 2181B.C),  Old kingdom began with third dynasty of pharaohs.,  Third dynasty king Djoser asked Imhotep (architect and priest) to design, a funerary monument for him, the result was world’s first stone, building, the step Pyramid at Saqqara.,  Great pyramid at Giza build for Khufu.,  4.First Intermediate Period (2181 to 2055B.C),  In this period two rival kingdoms emerged: one line based in, Heracleopolis and second line based in Thebes.,  Theban prince Mentuhotep re united Egypt.,  5.Middle Kingdom (2055 to 1786 B.C),  Founder of this dynasty Amenemhet first. Its capital It-Towy.

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 Great ruler Amenemhet third.,  Last ruler Sobek Neferu (first confirmed female ruler of Egypt).,  6.Second Intermediary period (1786 to 1567 B.C),  Hyksos, ruled 15th dynasty. Hyksos driven out by Thebans.,  New Kingdom (1567 to 1085 B.C),  First king Ahmose first.,  Hatshepsut, daughter of Thuthmose- first, acted as regent of Thuthmose, third. She was the first female ruler to attain full power.,  Amenhotep fourth, re named as Akhenaton build new capital at, Amarna.,  Third Intermediate Period (1085 to 664 B.C),  From Late Period to Alexander’s Conquest (664 to 332 B.C),  Egypt became part of Persian empire after the battle of Pelusium.,  Alexander great of Macedonia annexed Egypt later.,  Successors of Alexander-Ptolemy and Cleopatra.,  Last Macedonian ruler Cleopatra seventh surrendered Egypt to, Octavian, through battle of Actium in 31 B.C.and Egypt became part of, Roman Empire., , .