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Ancient History, lecture 1
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Stone Age, •, •, •, , Paleolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, Neolithic Age
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Palaeolithic Age, • Timeline(1 lac B.C. 20,000B.C), • Old stone Age, • Human Development – In, Starting > Neanderthal Man, >Homosapiens 60,000 B.C –, Physical Development, • Housing’s – caves (Mobile), • Art and culture – Painting on, caves ( Animals)
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Important Events• Invention of 🔥 Fire (1 lac. B.C) Africa, • Pet animal- 🐕 Dog, Occupation – Hunting, Stone/WeaponsTraditional, Large, Indefinite, ., Hummer, ., Arrow Head, ., Hand axe, ., Chopper, Flakes, Note-This age was restricted to South India near Narmada, Tapti,, Godavari, Bhima and Krishna rivers., • Important locations- Kurnul(A.P.), •, Husky (Karnataka), •, Nasik and Pune(M.H)
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Mesolithic Age, • Timeline-(20,000 B.C. – 10,000 B.C.), • Mid stone Age, • Housing – Caves, • Important Event’s –, • Wheel has introduced,, • Agriculture started here, < First crop – Barley, < Other crop –Wheat, Domestication of Animals –, • Goat, • Sheep, • Chicken, • Ox/cow, • Horses
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•Occupation – Hunting, • Agriculture (12000 B.C.) and, •Animal husbandry, •Stone/ Weapons –, •Small size weapons, •Some- what definite, •Dragger, •Blade, •Knife, •Triangle Axe, •Chisels, •Points
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Neolithic Age, • Timeline – ( 10,000 B.C. – 5000 B.C.), • Important Event – Human brain, development, • Housing –, • caves (less), • Huts, • Stone house, • Pits, • Agriculture – Seed technology started, • Cereal crops• Barley, • Wheat, • Jowar, • Sorgam
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•Pulses- chicken pea/white pea, Green pea, •Art and Culture development1.Definite language, 2.Started living in tribes, 3.Religion and worship- Nature, and Animals, 4.Songs, 5.Pottery innovation – Black and, Gray colour
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Chalcolithic Age, Timeline – (5000 B.C.- 3000, B.C), Copper+ stone Age, Use of metal – First time in, history – Copper- weapons,, Utensils, Jewellery, Housing- Stable ( use of bricks), Customs- Death rituals (, Burried under the house lived)
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Indus valley civilization, •Also known asHarrapan civilization, Bronze age, Urban civilization, Modern civilization, •Excavation1861- A.S.I (Archeological, Survey of India) by Alexander, Cunningham and the then, viceroy-Lord cunning
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1921- John Marshall ( Director, of A.S.I), Discovery of Harrapa townDayaram Shani ( Railway track), New sites- 1500 approx., Largest site of I.V.C- MohenjoDaro ( Punjab of Pakistan), Largest site of IndiaRakhigarhi ( Haryana), Timeline – (2300 B.C – 1750, B.C) BY Dharampal Agarwal
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I.V.C Seals•MaterialSteatite – Soft stone ( river banks), Terracotta – Used more ( Baked clay/ Mud), ( Baked earthenware), •Shape –, Rectangular, Square, •Uses –, Initially – used as pass for special areas/ location, or service., Later as Money for trade
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Pictures on seals –, •Pasupati ( Diety of Animals), •Humped ox, •Dancing girl, •One horned animal, •Plant from a womb ( Mother, Earth)
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•Important sites of I.V.C –, •Harrapa –, First site to be discovered., Located on the bank of Ravi River., Discovered by Dayaram Shani., Important discoveries –, •Sustik Sign, •6 great granaries, •1 horned animal on seal, •Stetite( Dice)
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•Mohenjo-Daro –, Largest site live, Also known as ‘Mound of the death’, Located on Indus River ( Pakistan), Discovered by R.D Banerjee in 1922, Discoveries –, •Great grainery, •Bronze dancing girl, •Great bath, •Teracota seal of Pashupatinath( Rhino,Tiger,, Elephant, Buffalo and deer)
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•Lothal –, •Located on Bhogava river in Gujarat, •Discovered by Rangnath Rao in 1954, •Discoveries Traces of Dockyard ( International, trade), Double burial system, A pictographic pottery with the, picture description of clever fox from, panchtantra
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•Chanhundaro –, •Located on Indus river (, Pakistan), •Known as Industrial site of, I.V.C, •Discoveries –, •Beadly/ jewellery making, factory, •Lipstick and bangles factory (, black bangles), •Ink pot
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I.V.C social structure, Administrative class, Upper class, , Trader class ( Max. People), Middle class, Labour class, , Lower class, , •I.V.C social, structure –, 3 tier structure, Governance Democracy but, later monarchy, Priest Administrator (, elected by people), Head of family –, oldest female of, family ( matriarchy
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I.V.C Economic Life, Industries –, 1.Brick making, 2.Artitecture, 3.Pottery making, 4.Beads making, 5.Jewelry making, 6.Metallurgy –, • Copper, • Bronze, • Gold, • Silver, 7., Textile ( cotton)
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• Agriculture –, 1.Produce –, • Barley, • Wheat, • Oil seeds, • Pulses, • Rice( minimum), 2.Tools, • Plough, • Sickle, • Hummer, 3.Commercial crop – Cotton
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•Extinction/ Downfall of I.V.C, •By John Marshall – Flood( Movie), •By Mortimer wheeler – Aryan, Invasion, •By Amlanad Ghosh – Climatology, change, •Others reason –, •Epidemic Disease ( Malaria), •Anarchy, Aryans – Barbaric tribes of central Asia
