Page 1 :
ay;, CHANG, , , , NGE, , NARRATION, , VA, , (el, AS, , , , , , , , Speech : Speech means a conversation betwee!, , Read these sentences : :, } Vivek said to Shruti, ‘Don't you have to submit, the assignment tomorrow? :, Vivek asked Shruti if she had to submit the, assignment the next day., msl ards to meet my private tutor,’ said Molly., ® Molly said that she was going to meet her, private tutor., The two sets of sentences above reveal that, there are two ways of reporting what people, say or think. :, One way of reporting what someone has said, is to repeat the actual words of the speaker, as, has been done in the first sentence, in each, of the pairs of sentences above, that is, Vivek, said to Shruti, ‘Don’t you have to submit the, assignment tomorrow?’, A sentence like this is said to be in direct, speech., Direct speech contains the actual words of the, , n two people., , speaker, like ‘I am going to meet my Priy, Tutor,’ said Molly. Here, the words y; |, quotes are the actual words of the speaker, Instead of quoting the actual words spoken, Vivek, we can also say, Vivek asked Shruti, had to submit the assignment the next day,, Such a sentence is known as indirect Speech, or reported speech., , Indirect speech gives the substance of, speaker's words and not the actual, spoken by him or her like Molly said that she, was going to meet her private tutor., , The main verb of the sentence, that is, ‘said’, known as the reporting verb., , In ordinary conversation, we use indireg, speech more often than direct speech. This, is because we usually do not know or cannot, remember the exact words of the speaker., Direct speech is usually used in novels, shot, stories and especially in plays., , Crs i res nina, , @ Look at these sentences :, , ® ‘Itis pouring !’ said Payel., , ® Payel exclaimed that it was pouring., , ® Mother said, ‘You must clean your room before, the invitees arrive.”, , ® Mother told me to clean my room before the, invitees arrived., , ® Shoaib said, ‘My mother is writing a film script.’, , ® Shoaib said that his mother was writing a film, script., , » ‘Hurrah! We won!’ screamed the players., , ® The players joyfully screamed that they had, won., , @ The following point should be remembered, , when using direct speech :, Direct speech is always placed within inverted, commas. For example—, , ® ‘It is pouring!’ exclaimed Payel,, The reported speech is separated from the rest of, the sentence by using a comma. For example—, , ® Shoaib said, ‘My mother is writing a film script.’, The first letter of the first word of a direct speech, begins with a capital letter. For example—, , , , Mother said, ‘You must clean your room before, the invitees arrive.’, , In direct speech, we may use any kind of, sentence and any tense required by the sense, conveyed by the sentence, as we can see in, the case of the exclamatory sentence given, below., , » ‘Hurrah! We won!’ screamed the players., , @ We should remember the following rules, when using indirect speech :, Inverted commas are removed when we convet, from direct to indirect speech. For example—, » Payel exclaimed that it was pouring., The comma separating the reporting verb from, , the direct speech is omitted in indirect speech., For example—, , » Mother told me to clean my room before the, invitees arrived,, The reported speech is introduced bY, Conjunctions such as that, if, what, why. Fo!, example—, , Shoaib said that his mother was writing a film, script., The reporting verb changes according to, Sense conveyed by the sentence. Fore’, , » The players joyfully screamed that they had wo", , 252
Page 2 :
|, , pules for the change of tenses, , the verb introducing direct speech is in the, resent or future tense, the tense of the verb, , in the reported speech does not change. For, , example—, , p» swami says, ‘My grandpa is affectionate.’, (direct), , » Swami says that his grandpa is affectionate., , (indirect), , ifthe reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb, , in the reported speech must be changed into, , the corresponding past tense. For example—, , (, , | » Vatsal said, ‘I am hungry’. (direct), | » Vatsal said that he was hungry. (indirect), , As we can see in the above example, the, simple present tense is converted into the, simple past tense., » Soha said, ‘Mummy is decorating her room.’, (direct), » Soha said that mummy was decorating her, room. (indirect), In the above example, the present continuous, tense changes into the past continuous tense., » Julie said, ‘I have forgotten to turn off the radio.”, (direct), » Julie said that she had forgotten to turn off the, radio. (indirect), The above example shows us that the present, perfect becomes past perfect., » The farmer said, ‘The cow died in the morning.’, (direct), » The farmer said that the cow had died in the, morning. (indirect), ifthe direct speech is in the simple past tense,, then it is usually converted into past perfect, tense in indirect speech., The tense may not change if the statement is, still relevant or if it is a universal truth. We can, choose whether to keep the original tense or, change it. For example—, » Karan said, ‘My sister is allergic to prawns.’, (direct), » Karan said that his sister is allergic to, Prawns. (indirect), ® Abhik said, ‘The sun rises in the east.’ (direct), } Abhik said that the sun rises In the east., | (indirect), The Past Indefinite Tense and the Past, , , , , , Change of Narration, , Continuous Tense are not changed in the, following cases :, , , , ® My father said, “Myanmar got freedom in, 1948." ‘, , » My father said that Myanmar got freedom in, 1948., , » “The Battle of Plassey took place in 1757,” he, said., , » He said that the Battle of Plassey took place in, 1757., , ® My teacher said, “Akbar built the Buland, Darwaza.”, , My teacher said that Akbar built the Buland, Darwaza., , , , 4, , {, , » “If Sam were a film star, | would have asked his, autograph,” said to my friend., , » | told my friend that if Sam were a film star, |, would have asked his autograph., , » “If you were my teacher, | would have certainly, passed,” Amrita said to Olivia., , » Amrita told Olivia if she were her teacher she, would have certainly passed., , » “If | had money, | could lend you,” Rahim said, to me., , » Rahim told me if he had money, he could lend, me., , »® “Hindus worshipped nature as God,” our, teacher said to us., » Our teacher told us that Hindus worshipped, , nature as God., » “Il always waited for trams,” Sova said to, , me., » Sova told me that she always waited for trams., , » “When | went there, Mithu was playing with her, toys,” Mohan said to his friend., , »® Mohan told his friend that when he went there,, Mithu was playing with her toys., , ® “When | was washing the utensils, the tailor, knocked at the door,” Palak said to me., , ® Palak told me that when she was washing the, utensils, the tailor knocked at the door., , » "She had left the apartment before | went there,”, Saheli said to him., Saheli told him that she had left the apartment, before he went there.
Page 3 :
, a” English Companion 10, ee GED “vv, , the tense of verbs. Study th, , a Let us recapitulate the rules for changing, , [7 Direct speech, is / am, are, has / have, @ Mihir said, ‘lam drinking coconut water.’, @ ‘How are you?’ said Ravi to the tenants., @ Cathy said, ‘Has anyone seen my housekeys?", , Simple present, Sahil asked Navin, What do you do fora living?’, , Present continuous, , @ Doyel said to her younger brother, ‘lam speaking, to you.’, , Present perfect, , @ Nazhat asked Lubna ‘Has mother finished, cooking lunch?’, , Present perfect continuous, , ¢ Jojo said, ‘I am tired. ! have been jogging for a, long time.’, , Simple past, , @ Bumba said, ‘I was shocked when Bunty told, me about the mishap.’, , Past continuous, , Daniel said, ‘We were celebrating Christmas, last night.”, , will / shall, , @ Kailash said, ‘I will visit my nephew next, weekend.’, , may /can, Pritha said, ‘May | be excused?’, , she, her, her, her, her, herself, , him, , his, , him, , his, himself, , , , Pronouns of the first person in direct speech, , WH, , e table given below,, , ieee indirect speech, , was, were, had as, @ Mihir said that he was drinking coconut water., , @ Ravi asked the tenants how they were., , Cathy asked if anyone had seen her housekeys,, , Simple past, , @ Sahil asked Navin what he did for a living., , Past continuous, , @ Doyel told her younger brother that she was, speaking to him., , Past perfect, , @ Nazhat asked Lubna if mother had finisheg, cooking lunch., , Past perfect continuous, , @ Jojo said that he was tired because he had been., jogging for a long time. i, Past perfect, , ¢@ Bumba said that he was shocked when Bunty had, told him about the mishap. i, , Past perfect continuous Fy, ¢@ Daniel said that they had been celebrating, Christmas the night before.” . !, , would / should ., @ Kailash said that he would visit his nephew, following weekend., , might / could f A, ¢ Pritha asked if she might be excused., , are changed into the person of the subject ol, the reporting verb. For example —, » | said to the Principal, ‘| am unwell.’ (direct), } | told the Principal that I was unwell. (indirec!), ) Surveen said, ‘I am staying in Paris for a week, (direct), » Surveen said that she was staying in Paris fo", a week. (indirect), )» They said, ‘We tried our best to help the victims, of the bridge collapse.’ (direct), They said that they had tried their best to he?, the victims of the bridge collapse. (indirect), Pronouns of the second person in, speech are changed into the pronouns of, object of the reporting verb. For example—, » | explained to him, ‘You will have to study hat, for another year.’ (direct), | explained to him that he would have t0 suit, , te, , , , , ’, , , , hard for another year. (indirect)
Page 4 :
: 4, Va, , e said to them, ‘You will sit in the terrace, rden.’ (direct), told them that they would sit in, , , ae Sueen the terrace, , » she said to me, ‘You have not finished your, studies.’, , » she told me that I had not finished my studies,, Pronouns of the third person undergo no, change. For example—, , bi said, ‘She cannot control her tears of joy.’, (direct), , > | said that she could not control her tears of, joy. (indirect), , » Smita said to me, ‘They will “carry their own, juggage.’ (direct), , > Smita told me that they would carry their own, luggage. (indirect), , le, (/ Words Denoting Time and Position, , When the reporting verb is in the past tense,, certain words denoting nearness of time, and place are changed into words denoting, distance., , It is treated necessary to change the words, denoting nearness to words denoting distance, because, when we report the words of a person, to somebody, the place and time of the reporting, is changed., , So, the reported speech must be in line with the, modified time and place., , Indirect speech, then, go, there, that, 7 those, ) that day, that night, the next day / the, : aj following day, ‘ on the day before the, ___ previous day, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ie, , Change of Navvatio 4 A, , ina Ol, , , , , , SNOTE: The verb ‘come’ sometimes remainsé,, unchanged. |, Direct : He said to me, “You may come to |, Kolkata next week.”, Indirect ; He told me that | might come to, , S, , a Kolkata the following week,, , @ Study the following sentences to understand, how these words are used in sentences :, , » He said, ‘lam not going to school today.’ (direct), He said that he was not going to school that, day. (indirect), , » Brother will return from Sydney next week.’, said Kripa. (direct), , » Kripa said that her brother would return from, Sydney the following week. (indirect), , » | met your father three years ago,’ said Seema, to me. (direct), , » Seema told me that she had met my father, three years earlier. (direct), , » The teacher said to the students, ‘Now | shall, tell you another story.’ (direct), , The teacher told the students that she would, , then tell them another story. (indirect), Exceptions :, , Words showing nearness do not undergo any, , change if the speech is reported at the same, , time or at the same place. For example—, , » The chief guest said, ‘| am honoured to be here, on this joyous occasion.’ (direct), , The chief guest said that she is honoured to be, here on this joyous occasion. (indirect), , » Sara says, ‘I am glad to see you here this, evening.’ (direct), , )» Sara says that she is glad to see me here this, evening. (indirect), , NOTE: Words showing remoteness do not change, into words showing nearness. For example—, , > Sheetal said to Shagun, ‘Could you pass the, books which are lying on that table?’ (direct), , > Sheetal requested Shagun to pass the books, , __Which were lying on that table. (indirect) __/s, , re, @ Reporting Statements and Thoughts, , @ From direct speech into indirect speech, Given below are some guidelines for converting, direct speech into indirect speech :, , The reporting verb generally changes into tell,, but in order to clarify the tone or meaning,, we may use expressions like answer, reply,, inform, remark instead of say or tell., , » The reported speech is introduced by the, conjunction that., , » Inverted commas and the comma after the, reporting verb are removed in indirect speech.
Page 5 :
eer, , (Coser chi, We usually place the reported speech after the, conjunction that in order to make it clear that, we are reporting and not speaking directly. For, example—, , » Pradip said, ‘You have directed me to the wrong, building.’ (direct), » Pradip that | had directed him to the wrong, building. (indirect), )» | said to Kaveri, ‘I want to be left alone.’ (direct), ) | told Kaveri that | wanted to be left alone., (indirect), ) Mr Prasad announced, ‘The show is about to, begin.’ (direct), ) Mr Prasad announced that the show was about, to begin. (indirect), The conjunction that is never used to introduce, reported speech when interrogative sentences, are converted into indirect speech. For example—, } Mili said to Sarah, ‘Did you enjoy your holiday, in Egypt?’ (direct), } Mili asked Sarah if she had enjoyed her holiday, in Egypt. (indirect), @ Here is a list of some of the reporting verbs, which can be used to report direct speech :, , , , > admit > declare 4 acknowledge, ® demand > advise > deny, > agree > describe argue, discuss > assure > dispute, > beg > explain > boat, > enquire > call > forbid, claim > inform command, > insist comment ¢ invite, confess maintain 4 continue, mumble > convince 4 note, cry > notify > object, > state > order > stipulate, > persuade > suppose 4 plead, > suggest > predict > swear, > proclaim > teach > propose, > threaten > recall > thunder, > recite > urge > recommend, > vow > refuse > wail, > remark > warn > remind, whisper > repeat > write, > request > worry > sense, , > yell, , In informal speech and writing, the conjunction, that, is often omitted. That is sometimes, omitted when the reporting verb simply refers, to the act of saying or thinking. For example—, , GNELD Srylish Companion 10, , , , , , » She said, ‘I have to see a lawyer first,’ (dir, , » She said (that) she had to see a lawyer fr, (indirect) ‘ S,, , > Virat said, ‘I want to meet Biplab in the even;, (direct) m, , > Virat said (that) he wanted to meet Biplab ;, the evening. (indirect) i, We usually include words such as complain, explain along with that after a verb which Ge,, us additional information. For example— i, , ) The teacher said, ‘Kabeer is not attentive ;, class.’ (direct) n, , ) The teacher complained that Kabeer was neh, attentive in class. (indirect), , ) The doctor said, ‘She will have to stay in bedi, another week.’ (direct), , ) The doctor explained that she would have jy, stay in bed for another week. (indirect), , (Crevoring Questions , There are some rules that you should keep, in mind when converting questions in direc, speech into indirect speech., The verb said is replaced by words such as, ask, inquire or demand. For example—, , » | said to her, ‘Will you lend me your hat?’ (direct), , | asked her if she would lend me her hat, (indirect), We do not use a conjunction to introduce, the reported speech if the question begins, with an interrogative word, like who, whose,, whom, which,where, why, when or how. For, example—, , )» Shilpa said, ‘Who are you conversing with?, (direct), , )» Shilpa asked me who | was conversing with., (indirect), If or whether is used to introduce the reported, speech if the question begins with a helping, verb, like is, are, am, was, were, has, have,, does, do, did, shall, will, can, could, should,, would, may, might or must. For example—, , » Arohi said, ‘Are you coming to the parlour i, me?’ (direct), , » Arohi asked me whether | was going to tte, parlour with her. (indirect), Questions become statements ending in tul, stop. For example—, , » The teacher said, ‘Anil, why are you %, unmindful today?’ (direct), The teacher asked Anil why he was ©, unmindful that day. (indirect), , When we report orders, requests, advice ©, intentions, the verb is changed according ®
