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A user interface, also sometimes called a humancomputer interface, comprises both hardware, and software components. It handles the, interaction between the user and the system.,  There are different ways of interacting with, computer systems which have evolved over the, years. There are five main types of user interface:, 1. command line, 2. graphical user interface, 3. menu driven, 4. form based

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, , Graphical user interfaces (GUI) are sometimes also referred, to as WIMP because they, use Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointers. Operators use a, pointing device (such as a mouse, touchpad or trackball), to control a pointer on the screen which then interacts, with other on-screen elements. It allows the user to, interact with devices through graphical icons and visual, indicators such as secondary notations. The term was, created in the 1970s to distinguish graphical interfaces, from text-based ones, such as command-line interfaces., However, today nearly all digital interfaces are GUIs. The, first commercially available GUI, called "PARC," was, developed by Xerox. It was used by the Xerox 8010, Information System, which was released in 1981.

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DOS (Disk Operating System) is an oldest type of Operating, System. Disk Operating System is abbreviated as DOS. DOS, is a CUI type of Operating System., In computer science, a generic term describing any operating, system is system software which is loaded from disk devices, when the system is started or rebooted., DOS is a single-tasking, single-user operating system with a, command-line interface., DOS acts on commands. Because DOS is ready to perform, when given proper command hence, it is also known as, Command Prompt., Commands are certain words of English language or short, form of English words. The meaning of these word or short, form is already known to DOS. Since, DOS recognized these, words and hence acts accordingly. These words and short, forms of the English words are better known as commands.

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, , , , , , Internal Command:-Those commands which, are already stored in the “Command.Com” file, of DOS are known as internal commands. For, example, CLS, VOL, TIME, DATE, COPY etc, External Command:-Those commands which, are not included in the command.com file of, DOS rather included in other files of DOS are, known as external commands. It is formatted, according to programme., For example, TREE, FORMAT, MODE etc

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, , , , , , , , , , , Following are the significant, features of DOS −, It is a single user system., It controls program., It is machine independence., It manages (computer) files., It manages input and, output system., It manages (computer), memory., It provides command, processing facilities., It operates with Assembler

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, , , , , The operating system window is the, extension of the disk operating system., It is the most popular and simplest operating, system; it can be used by any person who can, read and understand basic English, as it does, not require any special training., However, the Windows Operating System, requires DOS to run the various application, programs initially. Because of this reason,, DOS should be installed into the memory and, then window can be executed.

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Elements of Windows OS, Following are the significant, element, of Windows Operating System, (WOS) −, Graphical User Interface, Icons (pictures, documents,, application, program icons,, etc.), Taskbar, Start button, Windows explorer, Mouse button, Hardware compatibility, Software compatibility, Help, etc.

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, , Linux is one of popular version of UNIX, operating System. It is open source as its, source code is freely available. It is free to, use. Linux was designed considering UNIX, compatibility. Its functionality list is quite, similar to that of UNIX.

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Linux Operating System has primarily three components,  Kernel − Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible, for all major activities of this operating system. It consists, of various modules and it interacts directly with the, underlying hardware. Kernel provides the required, abstraction to hide low level hardware details to system or, application programs.,  System Library − System libraries are special functions or, programs using which application programs or system, utilities accesses Kernel's features. These libraries, implement most of the functionalities of the operating, system and do not requires kernel module's code access, rights.,  System Utility − System Utility programs are responsible to, do specialized, individual level tasks.

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Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating, System.,  Portable − Portability means software can works on different types, of hardware in same way. Linux kernel and application programs, supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.,  Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it is, community based development project. Multiple teams work in, collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system, and it is continuously evolving.,  Multi-User − Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can, access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs, at same time.,  Multiprogramming − Linux is a multiprogramming system means, multiple applications can run at same time.,  Hierarchical File System − Linux provides a standard file structure in, which system files/ user files are arranged.,  Shell − Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be, used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used, to do various types of operations, call application programs. etc.,  Security − Linux provides user security using authentication, features like password protection/ controlled access to specific, files/ encryption of data.

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, , , , Mac OS is considered the, pioneer of GUI based, operating systems, as it, was launched when MSDOS was the industry, standard. Mac OS is a, completely capable OS that, provides functionality and, services similar to Windows, or Linux OS. Some of the, code base and features of, Lisa OS have been, incorporated in Mac OS., Mac OS is designed to, operate on Apple, manufactured PCs and by, default, does not support, x86 architecture.

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, , , , , , , , Full Screen Apps : The Apple user can run multiple, full screen apps and switch between them., Mission control: It merges the expose and space, functions. Expose means managing the open window, and space means groups the application windows, together., Multi touch gestures : It allow Switch between, multiple full screen apps., Auto Save : This can save our work automatically., New mail app : This includes search tokens and, conversation views ., Resume : It give information about what we were, doing and where we are, at the time of launch an app, in Lion.

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, , Solaris is a Unix based operating system that, was developed by Sun Microsystems and after, its acquisition by Oracle, it is known as Oracle, Solaris. It is known for its scalability and its, innovative features such as DTrace, ZFS, Time, Slider etc. Solaris is a microkernel design and, it is not possible to create a monolithic, Solaris kernel.

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, , , , , , , , , , , Hardware, This includes the physical components of the computer system, such as monitor, keyboard, data storage etc., I/O Buffer, I/O devices are very important in the computer systems. They, provide users with the means of interacting with the system. The, I/O buffer handles the buffers for the I/O devices and makes, sure that they work correctly., Device Drivers, Most of the device drivers are part of the operating system such, as keyboard and screen console drivers, floppy and hard-disk, drivers, printer port driver, serial port driver etc., Scheduler, The schedulers schedule the processes in such a way that the, system resources are divided between the processes according, to their need., Contin…

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Process Management, This is responsible for managing the processes i.e assigning the processor to a process at a, time. This is known as process scheduling., The different algorithms used for process scheduling are FCFS (First Come First Serve), SJF, (Shortest Job First), Priority Scheduling, Round-Robin Scheduling etc., Memory Management, Memory management deals with memory and the moving of processes from disk to primary, memory for execution and back again., File System, The different methods used by the operating system to keep track of the files on a disk, constitutes the file system. It also includes the method in which the files are organized on the, disk., I/O Services, The I/O services provided by the Solaris operating system include the communication services, between the computer system input and output devices and the outside world., System API, The system application programming interface (API) contains software building tools,, subroutine definitions as well as communication protocols that facilitate interaction between, systems., User Processes, The user processes are the applications run by the users in the Solaris operating system., These processes carry out the designated tasks in the operating system.

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, , , , , , , Solaris protects the user data by encrypting, everything as required at any time., Solaris uses hardware-based encryption to, secure the virtual machines and live migrations., It provides limited control to prevent credentials, misuse. This is done by giving only necessary, access., There is a limit to the system privileges that can, be provided to employees, contractors etc., Solaris secures cloud deployments by locking the, virtual machines and using compliance, standards.