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1, , CHAPTER, , CONCEPT OF FOOD AND NUTRITION, DEFINITION, FUNCTIONS, CLASSIFICATIONS,, NUTRIENTS, NUTRITION, CONCEPT OF FOOD AND, , AND HEALTH, , NUTRITIONN, , Introduction, Food and nutrition are the modes, of getting fuel, which, for our bodies. We need a, provides energy, good, basis. Food gives us essential supply of nutrients for our bodies on an everyday, nutrients to live and helps in the, of the body. Water is a, healthy functioning, very vital component of, nutrition., are all, Fats,, carbohydrates, required in large quantities. The effective proteins, and, of food consumption and, nutrition both lead: to good health., management, Food is made up of, macronutrients such as protein,, fat. This, in, , component of diet provides calories for, , maintaining, , carbohydrates,, , and, , energy and has a definite role, health. Food also contains, micronutrients, minerals., like vitamins and, not only give calories but, Phytochemicals, also, serve, important functions so that body, a, variety of, in, , operates, , the, , optimum way., MEANING AND DEFINITION OF, FOOD, Food-The primary need of human life is, explained in the Chambers dictionary as 'what one food. The meaning of food is, feeds on; what when, nourishes the body'. Food is what drives, digested,, Knowledge, we can define food as-All thosegrowth. On the basis of the, above, substances, that, and, can be, digested, the, by, absorbed, body and which are, of a, in the, helpful, , growth and development, called food., According to Sudha Narayanan, Food is that, which is necessary for survival,, substance (solid or liquid), of health,, elations with family and society, maintenance, maintaining, cordial, emotional gratification,, to, eeling of security and love. Food for, is, the, strengthen, also, ental and, necessary for balancing the, emotional, person's body, , is, , physical,, capabilities of a man., to Shubhangini, According, nost people enjoy eating foods that Joshi,, "Food is the basic necessity of life, nourish their body., uhe, n Chamber's Twenty-First Century, substance, food means, taken in by a living organism, Dictionary, or, it with, that, provides, growth,, energy and materials, ntenance and repair of tissues., 3., According, De, According to Sumati Mudambi and, ourish, Rao, "Food is that, shes the bodv, Only those substances Shalini, which, which when eaten, en or drunk, rbed by the body, oduce energy,, and, promote growth, repair tissues and, egulate these processesprod, are considered as food.

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SBPD Publishing House, All solid and, , 5889, liquid food whietch, , def+ned as, Therefore, food can also be, when eaten or drunk by us, are easily digested by the body, gives energy and, , heat, promotes growth, repairs, , tissues and nourishes, , our, , body., , NUTRITION, , by which an organism, Nutrition is the biochemical and Physiological process, life. It includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, on,, uses food to support its, , and, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism, , excretion., , social, psychological and biological aspects, , as, , Nutrition is the relationship between man and food and includes physical, well., , The micro-chemical processes by which the food is used by the body after, , digestion,, , nutrition and storage, it is called 'nutrition', , Definitions, 1. According to D.F. Turner, "Nutrition is the combination of processes, the materials necessary for, by which the living organism receives and utilizes, the maintenance of its functions, growth and renewal of its component.", 2. According to Robbins WID, "Nutrition is the science in which the, nutritional elements of food and other substances present in them, their actions,, , interactions and mutual balance àre related to the conditions of health and, disease. Apart from this, nutrition is also related to food according to social,, economic, cultural and psychological needs., , 3. According to S. Mudambi and Shalini Rao, "The study of various, nutrients, their function, food sources and their effect on human well-being is, called Nutrition'.", , NUTRITIONAL STATUS, Nutritional status is the condition of the body which is influenced by the, diet, the levels of nutrients in the body and the ability of those levels to maintain, normal metabolic integrity., For adults, general adequacy is assessed by measuring weight and height;, the result is commonly expressed as the body mass index, the ratio of weight, , (kg) to height (m). Body fat may also be estimated by measuring skinfold, thickness and muscle diameter., , Weight and height for age are compared with standard data for adequately, , nourished children. The increase in the circumference of the head and the, development of bones may also be measured., , Status with respect to individual vitamins and minerals is normally, , determined by laboratory tests, either measuring the blood and urine, concentrations of the nutrients and their metabolites or by testing for specific, , metabolic responses., Nutritional surveillance involves the routine collection which inform us, about the nature and causes of nutritionally related disease. Initially, these, were diseases arising from nutritional deficiencies e.g. anaemia, rickets, and, osteoporosis but they now include a whole range of conditions e.g. obesity,, , hypertension, cancers, coronary heart disease, and dental caries, Diet, The amount of food that a person consumes in a day is called the diet of, that person for a day.

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Concept of Food and Nutrition.Health, Balanced Diet, , family there may be infants, young children,, all, living under one roof. It is always a big, elderly, In, , a, , adolescents, adults, and, , challenge to provide a good, nutritious diet for each of the members, particularly, when their needs,, eferences vary. So what should be the guiding factor to ensure, balanced meals, hat meet the needs of all members? Is there a, would serve as a goal for Good Nutrition?, , the, , Standard, , or a, , Reference that, , The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) are the, levels of intake of, essential nutrients that on the basis of scientific knowledge, are, , judged to, be adequate or sufficient to meet the nutrient, of nearly all (97 to, requirement, 98 percent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and, gender group., Please note further that RDA's do not apply to, who, are, people, suffering, from disease which influence the nutrient intake., They, to, only, apply, Deople. RDA's help us plan balanced diets which include a variety of foods healthy, derived, from diverse food groups which help meet the nutrient, requirements., Fat/Oil, Salt and Sugar, , Meat, Fish, Egg, , Milk and Alternatives, , Vegetables, , and Alternatives, , Fruits, , Grains, , Healthy Eating Food Pyramid, Eat Most Grains, , Eat More -Vegetables and fruits, Eat Moderately-Meat, fish, egg and alternatives, (including dry beans), , and milk and alternatives, Eat Less-Fat/oil, salt and sugar, , Drink adequate amount of fluid (including water, tea, clear soup, etc), every day, , NUTRIENTS, , Food contains many complex chemical substances, which are necessary, for, the growth of the body, repair of tissue wear and tear, protection from, Seases and to regulate body temperature. These chemical substances are, eSSary in proper quantity to manage various types of activities in the body

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SBPD Publiahing House, and to maintain health. Most food, contains nmore than, has protein, fat ete. These are called nutrients., , one, , Those Chemical Substances which are, , easential for, bodyand maintain health are called nutrients", Nutrients are divided into the following 6 parta, , nutrient, , e.g, , milk, , different artivitiea ot, , (1) CarbohydratesMostly energy providing nutrients, (2) Fats-Provideenergy, , (3) Proteins Body buildingfoods, (4) Mineral Salts-Proper growth of body, (5) Vitamins--Protect body, against disease, (6) Water, (7) Fiber, Water does not contain any nutrition, but water, , is, necessary for all, functions of the body. Each nutrient, performs, specific, functions, keep the body healthy. All nutrients work together to contribute to good healthta, Diseases that occur due to lack of nutrients over a long period of time are, called, , biological, , deficiency diseases., , SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS, Nutrent, , Complex carbohydrate & Fibre, , Protein, Fat, , Sources, Wholemeal bread, Wholegrain cereals, Baked beans,, , Pasta, Potatoes, Peas, Other starchy vegetables, Lean meat, Chicken, Fish, Cheese, Milk, Eggs. Bread,, Nuts, Legumes, Oils, Butter, Margarine, Cream, Meat, Cheese, Pastry, Biscuits, Nuts, , Preformed Vitamin A, Beta-carotene (converts to, Vitamin A), Vitamin D, , Butter margarine, Cream, Cheese, Eggs, Meat, Carrots, Spinach, Pumpkin, Broccoli, Tomatoes,, Apricots, Fatty/canned fish, Butter, Margarine, Cream, Cheese, Eggs, , Vitamin E, , Polyunsaturated oils, Polyunsaturated margarine,, Nuts, Olive oil, Fatty fish and small amounts in, , Vitamin K, , Thiamin, Riboflavin, , Niacin, , Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6, Folic acid, , Vitamin B12, Biotin, Vitamin C, , Calcium, , wholegrain cereals and Green vegetables, Green vegetables, Cheese, Butter, Pork, Eggs., Wholegrain cereals, Pork, Bread, Nuts, Peas, , Meat, Eggs, Cheese, Wholegrain, Cereals, Nuts,, Milk,, Mushrooms, Fish, Meat, Peanuts, Wholegrain cereals, Nuts,, Mushrooms, Eggs, Wholegrain cereals, Peanuts, Fish, Meat,, , Vegetables, Wholegrain cereals, Meat, Fish, Peanuts, Bananas, Green vegetables, Wholegrain cereals, Wholemeal, , bread, Nuts, , Meat, Fish, Eggs, Cheese, Milk, Oysters, Fggs, Cheese, Milk, Fish, Wholegrain Cereals, Oranges, Tomatoes, Potatoes, Broccoli, Cabbage,, , Brussels Sprouts, Struwberries, Cheese, Milk, Yoghurt, Canned fish, Nuts, Sesame, Seeds (tahini), Dried fruit

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Concept ofFood and Nutrition.., Phesphorus, , Health, , Meat, Fish, Poultry, Eggs, Milk. Cheese, Nuta,, , Cereals bread, , Meat, Poultry. Wholegrain cereals, Wholemeal bread., , Iron, , Eggs, Sodium, Potassium, , Table salt, Meat, milk, Cheese, Seafood, Spinneh,, Celery, Potatoes, Bananas, Oranges, Apricots, Other fruit, , and Vegetables, Meat, Fish, Nuts, lodine, , Seafoods, Milk and Cereals amd Vegetables from, , areas with high iodine content in the soil, Todised, , table salt, Oysters, Meat, Fish., cereals, Peanuts, , inc, , Poultry, Eggs, Wholegrain, , CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD, Our body is always in need ofnutrient rich food items. Fond items are, the things which we eat in the form of food. For example, different types all, of, cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, ghee, milk etc. in all these food items,, each nutritious element is in different quantity Therefore, a single food item, , cannot be a balanced diet for anyone. For a balanced diet, many food items, have to be taken together, then the food is balanced., , In order to organize a balanced diet for human beings thousands of food, items have been divided into different food groups. Each type of food provides, one or more nutrients. There are many food items included in each category., , The classification of food has been done on the following basis:, , (1)CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD ON THE BASIS OF NUTRIENTSs, Food performs the three main functions in the body Body-building providing, , energy and providing protection. Almost every food item contains some or the, other specific nutrients which are helpful in completing the above functions., , The following five components, , are, , necessary for the, , functioning and health of the body, , growth, development,, , (1) Carbohydrates, (2) Fats, (3) Proteins, (4) Vitamins, (5) Mineral salts., On the basis of the above nutrients, the food items are divided into the, , following categories, LFoods containing carbs-There are two nutrients under carbs (i) sugar,, u)starch Sugary food items include sugar, jaggery, honey, sweets, marmalade, and jam-jelly etc. and starchy foods include rice, sago, wheat, maize, jowar,, , Dillet, rye, potato, yam, sweet potato etc., , 2. Fat-rich food items Ghee, fat, butter, eream, vegetable oil, groundnut., nlseeds, dry fruits etc. come under the food items containing fat., , 3. Protein-rich foods-We get proteins from animals and plants. Protein-, , iech food is found in all types of meat, fish, liver, eggs, milk, milk produets,, pulses, soybeans, nuts, groundnuts, etc., 4.Foods containing mineral salts, , Meat, fish, eggs, liver, milk are, ound in all cereals, pulses, green leafy vegetables, ete., under the category of, ood items, containing mineral salts, 5. Vitamin-rich foods-Almost all green vegetables and other foods have, , Ome or the other vitamin. But milk and its products, meat, fish, liver, egg., Sreen vegetables, etc., contain vitamins are found in a very large quantity

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SBPD Publishing House, , (2) CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONNs, classified, The types of food has been, , as, , follows, , CA) Body building food elements The food elementsthat work to build, , the body are called the body building elements., Protein is the main component, , of the body building food. Protein helps us to erow and repair our wear and, , tear. Every organ such as bones, muscles, teeth,skin, hair, blood is made up of, proteins., , Minerais are the second building block after protein. Among these elements, , calcium,phosphorus,iron and iodine are prominent. Calcium and phosphorus, , arehelpful in the formation of teeth and bones. Iodine also produces thyroid, a, major giand of the body, , Water element plays an important role in the formation of the body. Various, intracellular fuids and extracellular fluids are formed from water. There is, , also a large amount of water in the blood, B)Energizing or energy-providing substances+Energy is essential, for the body. Different bodily functions require different amounts of energy, Carbobydrate is the main fod providing energy in the body. Sugar and, , starch are the two forms of carbohydrates available in the body., Carbohydrate-It gives energy to the body. One gram of carbohydrate, prondes 4.2 calories ofenergy Carbs are available in two forms, (a) Sugars-Sugar, Honey, Jaggery etc., b) Starch-Various grains such as wheat flour, semolina, maida, maize,, bariey, millet etc. Apart from this, starch content is found in sweet potato,, potate, raw fruit and banana, , Fat-1 gram offat provides 9 calories of energy. We can get fat from other, , food items +ke oil, ghee, butter, nutsand cream etc. Hard working people, should take more amount of fat in their diet., , ProteinMost of the energy is supplied from carbs as it is found in more, food, , items, , and, , is, , digestible., , Protein also, , serves as a source of, , energyour, , CRiories, ofenergy are obtainedin one gram of protein. Main function of protein, s repair and regulation of body's tissues. Carbohydrates and fats also help in, , protein utiization and metabolism. This allows the protein to perform its main, , function properBy, We get protein from milk, curd,cheese, meat, fish, eggs, pulses, soybeans,, dry fruits and peanuts etc., , CRegulatory or protective food elements-Along with energy giving, building elements, our body also needs protective elements. We, are comstantiy getting energy from the energy giving food elements The, elements and, , oogical activities of our body are controlled by the protective elenents so, , thatthe organs funetion properly. Protective elements are necessary to increase, the immunity, , power of the, , body, Vitamin8, minerals, water and proteins are the main protectiveelements, Vitamins Tegulate various body functions and keep argans heaithy. Vitamin A, pecally keeps the skin and eyes healthy. Vitamins keep the nervous, system,, gve system, skin and gums healthy Due to lack of vitamins, the growth, ot, body, i affected and various types of diseases such as, and anemia ete can, beriberi, scurvy, rickets, be, , developed., ineral saits maintain the acid-base and water, balance in the body. 1The, fonctio of salt is to control the activities of blood, transport, heartbeat, aD elotting of biood Water also controls the fluids of the, eneretion, body and helps in

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Conceptof Food and Nutrition., , Health, , TRACE ELEMENTS, Trace elements (or trace metals) are minerals present in living tissues in, small amounts. Trace elements refer to any chemical element that is present, , inthe human body in very small amounts, usually less than 0.1% by volume., Some ofthem are known to be nutritionally essential, others might not be very, , essential. All trace elements can be toxic ifconsumed at sufficiently high levels, for long enough periods. Nutritionally essential trace elements include iron,, , copper, cobalt, zinc, selenium, chromium, iodine, and molybdenum. Iron plays, an important role in transporting oxygen throughout the body through the, , blood., tritionally essential trace elements are required for an individual's, , nutrition. These elements contribute to vital bodily functions, including metabolic, , fanetion, tissue repair, growth, and development. Because the human body, cannotnaturally synthesize these elements, it is essential that people consume, them through their diet or by using supplements. Excessive consumption of, , these elements can have potentially toxie effects., Functions of food, , Physiological, , Psychological, , Social, , Energy giving, , Body building, (protein), , Protective and, , (carbohydrate,, protein and fat), , Regulatory, (vitamins and minerals), , Fig 2. Functions of food, , CONCEPTOF HEALTH, Health literally means, "that state of the body and mind in which it can, perform all funetions properly." According to the World Heaith Organization, (WHO), health is the simple protection of the body from diseases". Health is not, , merely the absence of diseese and infirmity, but refers to being healthy in a, complete physical, mental and social state., , Types of Health, Although, there are many types of health, these three types of health are, Bmong the ones approved by WHO, 1. Physical health-It means all the, organs and, , functioning according, , to their, , eells of the body are, expected capacity keeping in perfect harmony, , with the body., 2. Mental health-The correct harmony of man with the urban world, i.e., the condition in which, man ean maintain harmony with himself and with the, , people and environment around him., 3. Social health--To place oneself in, society, to recogmize society, arger form of one's family and to create such an environment, for, , as a, , living likeApart from these three main types, there are other types of health, (Spiritual aspect, (2) Emotional aspect., Relation of Food and Health, Health depends a lot on nutrition and food is an, important factor in, maintaining good health. Our body is formed by the food we consume, so to

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SBPD Publishing House, clarify the relationship between food and health, it is true that health and, fd, , are two sides of the, on food., , same, , coin. Health depends, , on, , nutrition and nutrition, depend, , To understand this statement, it is necessary to know the effect of, food, , different dimensions of health, which are as follows:, , n, , Physical health-Nutrients perform certain functions in the bod, for the growth of the body and to keep it physically active, which are, the, 1., , following, , )Building the body-The body is made up of small cells aid each cell ia, made upof proteins, mineral salts, water and other substances. These elementa, build and grow the body. From infancy to adolescence, food items are neededin, large quantities, because at this stage there is a lot ofconstructive work in the, , body. Only a fully developed body is called a healthy body., , ii) Providing energy-Energy is produced in the body through food and, this energy helps in carrying out physical activities., , (iii) To keep the functional organs of the body functioning, smoothly-The repair of body parts is done by nutritious elements, as well as, the functioning of the organs is also maintained by nutritious elements like, (a) Control of heartbeat., , (b) Helping in contraction and expansion of muscles., (c) Control of body temperature., (d) Control over the removal of bodily toxins., ()Control over the balance of water, , Balance of body pH., , (g) Control over coagulation of blood., In this way, nutritious elements are helpful in keeping the person healthy, , by performing the above, , mentioned tasks., , 2. Mental health-A balanced diet fulfills the physical needs. Sometimes, emotional satisfaction is also found by consuming food. When a person takes, food in a new environment, he does not feel complete satisfaction and comfort, due to the new environment and taste may also change. These toods provide, physical nourishment to the body but not mental nourishment. Unless a person, is satisfied and happy, he will not be able to show signs of good mental health., , 3. Social health-Man is a social animal and in order to maintain good, harmonyi n the society, it is necessary that he should exchange his desires, , with the people in the society. Food is the medium for expressing desires,, , feelings, love, cooperation, friendship etc. On some social festivals for example,, on the occasion of marriage, birthday ete. the person exhibits feelings of, , happiness, love and cooperation etc. through food. Through these social activities,, a person gets a special place in the society, due to which the person remans, , socially healthy., It is clear from the above description that food is important in making a, , person physically, mentally and socially healthy, but it is also necessary to, keep in mind that if there is a mentally disturbed, anxious person, then he does, , not take food properly. In this way it is clear that henlth has a very close, relationship with nutrition and nutrition with food.