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Indus Valley Civilization, (2500-1750 BC)

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Indus Valley Civilization

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Indus Valley Civilization, , , Introduction –, o The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley, , Civilization (IVC), also known as Harrappan Civilization., o It flourished around 2500 BC, in the western part of South, Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India., o The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient, urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China., o In 1920s, the Archaeological Dept of India carried out, excavations in the Indus valley where in the ruins of the rwo, old cities, viz. Mohenjodaro and Harrappa were unearthed., o In 1924, John Marshall, Director General of the ASI,, announced the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus, valley to the world.

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Harappa, , , Excavated by Daya Ram Sahni in 1921.,  Located on river bank of Ravi in Punjab Pakistan., o Cemetery H & R37., o Coffin Burial., , o Granary outside the fort (6 each in 2 row)., o Phallus worship., o Graveyard., , o Mother Goddess., o Evidence of direct trade interaction with Mesopotemia.

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Mohenjodaro, , , Excavated by R D Banerjee in 1922.,  Located on the river bank of Indus sindh Pakistan., o Prepared Garments., o Temple like Palace., , o Pashupati seal., o Statue of a dancing girl., o Ivory weight balance., , o The Great Bath., o The Great Granary., o Priest king statue., o Superficial evidence of horses.

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Kalibangan, , , Excavated by Dr B B Lal and B K Thapar in 1953.,  Located on the river bank of ghaggar ganganagar, Rajasthan., o Lower fortified town., , o Fire alter., o Wooden drainage., o Copper ox., , o Evidence of earthquake., o Wooden plough., o Camel’s Bone., o It is known as Black Bangles.

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Lothal, , , , Excavated by S R Rao 1957., Located on the river bank of bhogwa and Sabarmati, Ahmedabad., o, o, o, o, o, o, o, , Port town., Evidence of Rice., Fire alter., Graveyard., Ivory weight balance., Copper dog., Houses with entrance, On the main street., o Double Burial.

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Other Sites, , , Rangpur –, o Excavated by M S vats and S R Rao., o Madra river., , o Evidence of Rice., , , , Surkotada –, o J P Joshi., o Horse Bone., , o Stone Covered Grave., , , , Malavans –, o Canals.

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Banwali, , , R S Bisht,  Rangoi,  Oval shape settlement,  The only city with radial, street.,  Toy plough,  The largest no of Barley, grains.

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Dholavira, , , J P Joshi 1990,  Only site devided into 3 parts,  Giant water reservoir.,  Unique water harnessing, system.,  Dams,  Embankment,  A Stadium,  Rock-cut Architecture

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Other Important Facts, , , Pictography Script,  Boustrophedon Method,  Mesopotemia called Indus civilization Meluha and, Hajipakshi.,  Not use metal coins.,  Well known for town planning.

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Religious Life, , , Main object if worship was the Mother Goddess, but, the upper classes preferred a god, nude with two horns,, much.,  Represented on the seal is a figure with three hornes, heads in yogic posture, he is surrounded by an, elephant, a tiger and a rhinoceros, and below his throne, is a buffalo, near his feet are two deer similar to, Pashupati Siva.,  Many trees (pipal), animals (bull), birds (dove, pigeon),  No temple has been found.

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Thank you