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The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4, Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on, 30.01.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-21., , INFORMATION, TECHNOLOGY, STANDARD - TWELVE, (Commerce), , Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and, Curriculum Research, Pune., , The digital textbook can be obtained through, DIKSHA App on smart phone by using the Q.R., Code given on title page of the textbook and useful, audio-visual teaching-learning material of the, relevant lesson.

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NATIONAL ANTHEM

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Foreword, Dear Students,, Congratulations to all of you for the successful completion of Std XI and welcome to, the second year of Higher Secondary Education. The syllabus of Information Technology, (Commerce) at Higher Secondary Level has been revised and implemented in view of, the fact that computer is used currently as a tool for various applications, especially, in the field of e-Banking, e-Commerce, e-Governance, etc. Higher studies and, placements, at present, greatly demand human resources with adequate knowledge, in computer applications and information technology., The Information Technology aims to equip students the knowledge, skills and, attitudes to become productive employees in the area of Computer science and, technology. In this course, you all will gain a perspective to become a successful, entrepreneur in Information Technology and allied sectors. Scope of this textbook, also provides you all with the foundation for higher studies. Information technology, is one of the most significant growth catalysts for the Indian economy. I am sure, after completion of HSC with IT, you will acquire skills and competency to enter, in the upcoming job market., In Class XI, the syllabus focused on the fundamentals of computer, computer, network, basics of website designing and some knowledge of database. Emphasis is, also given to put a strong foundation to develop problem solving skills and create, computer programs using JavaScript as a scripting language. You all are also familiar, with web page designing and database concepts., The syllabus of Class XII Information Technology (Commerce) is a continuation, to that of Class XI. Hence the textbook designed in accordance with the syllabus,, begins with some advanced features of HTML5. Since we are in the age of Internet, and most of us are users of web applications, concept of digital marketing is being, introduced to become Digital Marketing expert. The concept of database and facilities, of information retrieval are included with Libre Office (Base). A chapter is dedicated, to present a brief idea about Enterprise Resource Planning., This book will surely meet all the requirements for stepping to levels of higher, education and pave the way to the peak of success. Each unit comprises of simple, activities and demonstrations which can be done by you on your own., , Pune, Date : 21 February, 2020, Bharatiya Saur : 2 Phalguna 1941, , (Vivek Gosavi), Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Texbook, Production and Curriculum Research, Pune

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For Teachers, Dear Teacher,, The subject Information Technology (Commerce) is an optional subject of the, Higher Secondary Education. The content is developed in view of the fact that it, should be useful to the students for their higher studies and they should be able to, use computer as a tool in accounting and other commercial applications. Besides,, if somebody wishes a shift towards the IT field in higher education, the syllabus, can cater to their needs. Although the field of IT continues to expand rapidly, it, is not feasible to expand the size of the curriculum proportionately. As a result,, the syllabus has been designed in such a manner to inculcate the current technical, knowledge among the students., The textbook on Information Technology (Commerce) is developed as per the, approaches and methods used in recent era of internet and web. As the curriculum, is activity-based, process-oriented and based on constructivism, it demands higher, level proficiency and dedication from the part of the teachers for effective teaching., This textbook takes two aspects into consideration - knowledge domain and, process domain. The knowledge area of the curriculum of Class XII is a continuation, to that of Class XI. The programming aspects to solve complex problems and, handle complex data are introduced. Since we are in an era of Internet, a wide, coverage is given to the contents required for designing web pages and developing, web applications. It also enhances the knowledge of web hosting. The knowledge, domain also initiates brief idea about Enterprise Resource Planning with its various, aspects. The new concept of digital marketing is presented in this textbook in the, dialogue format. This type of format may make students to understand the concept, quickly and permanently. The concepts such as E commerce and E Governance, will make student aware about the digitalization process. The knowledge about the, same is must for today’s generation., The process domain gives importance to gain the scientific and logical method, and develop interest for deeper investigation. The accounting software package, topic gives freedom to use any accounting software. We prefer FOSS policy. The, conceptual idea behind this topic is that, the process of computerised accounting, should be understood by the students. While transacting the concepts through, activities, it should be ensured that the students are attaining the skills along with, learning outcomes., The Textbook IT (Commerce) is prepared by a team of practicing teachers under, the guidance of a panel of subject experts. All possible efforts have been taken to, make the book learner-friendly and interesting. There is no denying the fact that, our teachers are resourceful and committed, and hence directions towards the right, path can make the transaction of the curriculum most effective and productive., Constructive criticism and creative suggestions for improvement of the book are, most welcome., Information Technology, Subject Committee and Study Group, Textbook Bureau, Pune

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Competency Statements For Information Technology, , Standard - XII (All Streams), Competency, Theory, 1. To create awareness and acquire knowledge about new technology., 2. To acquire in-depth knowledge about technologies related to AI, IOT, 3D Printing,, 5G., 3. To enable the student to think and create interest in emerging technology from career, point of view., 4. To make students aware about concept of E-commerce., 5. To acquire knowledge about scope of E-commerce., 6., , To create awareness about different E-commerce websites and discuss its features., , 7. To develop higher order logical skills based on basic knowledge acquired in 11th, standard., 8. To make students aware about HTML5’s advanced tags while developing web page., 9. To make students competent in scripting language to create dynamic web page., 10. To acquire knowledge about concept of object., Skill Oriented Practicals (SOP), 1. To inculcate web designing skills using advance tags., 2. To make students confident to create website., 3. To develop skills for programming using DOM., 4. To develop ability to create dynamic web pages using advance features., 5. To develop ability to program for server side scripting., 6. To develop skill to create simple PHP Program., 7. To make student aware about connectivity with database., 8. To develop skill in handling accounting package with advance feature., 9. To make student competent to display and print different accounting report., 10. To acquire skills in recording and manipulating audios., 11. To make student skillful to mix audio., 12. To acquire skills to record, create and manipulate video., 13. To enhance the creative ability by mixing and fusion of the different media.

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, STANDARD - TWELVE, (Commerce), , INDEX, No., , Title of the Chapter, , Page No, , 1 , , Advanced Web Designing, , 1, , 2 , , Digital Marketing, , 27, , 3, , Computerised Accounting with GST, , 42, , 4, , E-Commerce and E-Governance, , 71, , 5, , Database Concepts using Libre Office Base, , 82, , 6, , Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), , 99, , Skill Oriented Practicals (SOP), 1., , Advanced Web Designing, , 110, , 2., , Digital Marketing, , 113, , 3., , Computerised Accounting with GST, , 115, , 4. , , Database Concepts using Libre Office Base, , 118

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1, , Advanced Web Designing, Let us learn, ,  Student can design the layout of web, pages using CSS., ,  Students can learn to design the, website., ,  Student can design the web form, with validations., ,  Students can learn concept of image, map and Iframe (inline frame)., ,  The aim is to give the skills to create, HTML WebPages, using HTML5, and CSS., 1.1 Advanced Web Designing, We have been introduced to basic, terminologies related to creation of web, pages. The Hypertext Mark-up Language, (HTML) is an evolving language, with, , 1, , different versions supporting different, features. HTML5 is currently used, because it supports mobile technology., The major browsers are Google Chrome,, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Safari,, Opera and Apple support the features of, HTML5., 1.2 Forms in HTML5, In eleventh standard we have studied, different controls related to form like text,, radio, checkbox, submit, reset, select and, textarea., These controls are used to collect, different kinds of user inputs, such as, contact details like name, address, single, or multiple options from group of options,, as well as clearing and submitting data, etc., HTML5 has introduced additional, form controls which can also be used for, validation purpose., , HTML5 advanced <input> elements, HTML5 introduces a number of new input types., Input type, <input type="color">, <input type="number">, <input type="url">, <input type="image">, <input type="date">, <input type="email">, , Description, Defines a color picker, Defines a field for entering a number, Defines a field for entering a URL., Defines an image as a submit button., Defines a date picker with the year, month and day, Defines a field for an e-mail address, , 1

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Input type, <input type="month">, <input type="range">, <input type="datetime-local">, <input type="time">, <input type="week">, <input type="search">, <input type="file">, <input type="tel">, , Description, Defines a month and year control in format is, "YYYY-MM", Define a range control. Default range is 0 to 100., Defines a date picker that includes the year, month,, day and time., Defines a control for entering a time., Defines a week and year control., Defines a text field for entering a search string like, a site search or Google search., Defines a file-select field and a "Browse" button for, file uploads., Used to define input fields that should contain a, telephone number., , Input Restrictions, A list of some common input restrictions is given below, few of which can be used, for validation purpose., Attribute, , Description, , disabled, , Specifies that an input field should be disabled., , max, , Specifies the maximum value for an input field., , min, , Specifies the minimum value for an input field., , pattern, read only, placeholder, required, , Specifies a regular expression to check the input values., Specifies that an input field is read only (cannot be changed)., This acts as a temporary label showing the purpose of a text field, without requiring a label tag., Specifies that an input field is required (must be filled out)., , autocomplete, , Specifies whether a form or input field should have autocomplete On, or Off., , autofocus, , Specifies that the input field should automatically get focus when the, page loads., , height and, width, multiple, , 2, , Specifies the height and width of an <input type="image">, Specifies that the user is allowed to enter more than one value in the, <input> element. This works with input types like email and file.

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Some other useful attributes used with <input> are1. id : This is used to identify the html element uniquely through the document object, model., 2. class: It is used to apply CSS style to the individual input element., Examples :, <!DOCTYPE html> <html>, <head>, <title>Forms in html 5 </title></head>, <body>, <form> Name: <input type="text"autocomplete><br><br>, E-mail:<input type="email" name="email"><br><br>, Date of Inception: <input type="date" name="bday"><br><br>, Office time: <input type="time" name="usr_time"><br><br>, Number of years completed(between 1 and 100): <input type="number" min="1", max="100"><br><br>, Office phone number: <input type="tel" name="phone" pattern="[0-9]{2}-[0-9], {10}" required><br><br>, Add your homepage:, <input type="url" name="homepage"><br><br>, <input type="image" src="E:/submitbutton.png" alt="click here to submit" >, </form>, </body>, </html>, The output is as follows, Do it Yourself, 1. Use multiple attribute in <input>, 2. Use pattern attribute in <input>, and see the Output., 1.3 <meta> tag, The meta tag is a tag in html that, describes some aspects of contents of a, webpage. The HTML <meta> tag is used, by search engines to search information, 3

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that is provided with the webpage. This is empty tag (singular tag) which carries, information within its attributes. The <meta> tag is placed between the <head>and, </head> tags. Metadata will not be displayed on the webpage., Attribute of <meta> tag, Attribute, , Values, , Description, , Name, , The value of the name attribute, Specifies the Name of the metacan be related to any of the, data like the author, keywords or, following- i) Author ii) Description description., iii) Keywords iv) copyright, e.g. <meta name = "author" >, , Content, , It can have any textual matter, related to the name as in eg., i. <meta name = "author" content, = "Balbharti">, ii. <meta name = "description", content = "Advance web designing">, iii. <meta name = "keywords", content = "html5, learn html5,, list in html 5">, , Charset, , UTF-8, Big5, e.g, <meta charset="UTF-8">, <meta charset="Big5">, , http-equiv refresh , set-cookie, content-type,, expires,, e.g. <meta httpequiv="refresh"content="5">, <meta http-equiv="set-cookies">, <meta http-equiv="contenttype"content="text/, html"charset="Big5">, <meta http-equiv="expires", content="userid=pqr;, expires=Wednesday, 8-feb-2018, 23:59:59 GMT;">, 4, , Here content of author is, balbharati., Here the value for content attribute, specifies name of the topic, advance web designing., Here the values for content, attribute are given as keywords, like html5 , learn html5 etc., Specifies the character encoding, used by the document, This is, called a character encoding, declaration., UTF-8 For Indian characters, Big5 – for Chinese characters, Used for http response message, headers., Here the page will get refresh after, every 5 seconds., The browser sends the cookies, back to the server., Specifies the character encoding, for the document, Here page session will get expire at, specified date and time.

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Example:, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <head>, , <title>meta tag, examples</title>, , <meta name = "authors", content = "Balbharti">, <meta name = "description" content =, "Advance web designing">, <meta name = "keywords" content =, "html5, learn html5, list in html5">, <meta name="copyright" content, = "copyright Balbharti All right, Reserve">, </head>, <body>, , <p> Welcome to HTML5, </p>, </body>, </html>, 1.4 Cascading Style Sheets in HTML5, CSS stands for Cascading Style, Sheets. CSS describes how HTML, elements are to be displayed on screen,, paper, or in other media. CSS saves a, lot of work. It can control the layout, of multiple web pages all at once. CSS, allows you to control the look and feel, of several pages by changing a single, source., CSS Syntax,  A CSS rule set contains,  a selector and,  a declaration block., , Selector : Selector indicates the HTML, element you want to style. It could be, any tag like <h1>, <body> etc., Declaration Block : The declaration, block can contain one or more, declarations separated by a semicolon., For the above example, there are two, declarations:, 1. color : yellow;, 2. font-size :11 px;, Each declaration contains a property, name and value, separated by a colon., Property : A Property is a type of, attribute of HTML element. It could be, color, border etc., Value : Values are assigned to CSS, properties. In the above example, value, "yellow" is assigned to color property., Selector{Property1: value1; Property2:, value2}, , Types of CSS, There are three methods of, implementing styling information to an, HTML document., 1. Inline CSS, 2. Embedded stylesheet or Internal, CSS, 3. External CSS, 1. Inline stylesheet : It uses the style, attribute in the HTML start tag., 5

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Inline CSS is used to apply CSS on a, single line or element., For example :, <p style="color:blue">Hello CSS</p>, 2. Embedded stylesheet or internal, CSS : This is used to apply CSS on, a single document or page. It can, affect all the elements of the page. It, is written inside the style tag within, head section of html., , </style></head>, <body>, <h1>The internal style sheet is applied, on this heading.</h1>, <p>This paragraph will not be affected., </p>, </body>, </html>, The output of above program is as, follows-, , For example :, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <head>, <style>, h1{color: Red;}, CSS Properties, Property, , Use, , Value, , Example, , Color, , Changes the color of the text Color name, , h1{color: maroon}, , Background-color, , To set the background color, in your webpage, , Color name, , body{backgroundcolor:yellow}, , Font-weight, , Used to bold text, , bold or 100,, 200…900, , p{font-weight:300}, , Font-style, , Used to italicize text, , Italic, oblique or p{font-style:italic}, normal, , Text-decoration, , This property is used to add, 1. strike-through marks, 2. underline, 3. overstrike, 4. to remove underlines from, links, , 1. line-through, 2. underline, 3. overline, 4. none, , p{text-decoration:, underline}, a{text-decoration:, none}, , Text-align, , This property is use to, left, right, center h1{textcontrol the horizontal, or justify, align:center}, alignment of any block-level, text that are paragraphs,, tables and other elements, , Font-family, , This is used to control the, fonts, , 6, , Font name, , p{fontfamily:arial}

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Property, , Use, , Value, , Example, , Font-size, , This property allows you to, control the size of the font, , px, in, mm, cm,, pt, , p{font-size:10px}, , Letter-spacing, , This helps in controlling the, horizontal spacing between, characters of text, , px, in, mm, cm,, pt, , h1{letter-spacing:, 5pt}, , Padding, , This property is used when, you want to add padding, (blank spaces) around the, content of an element., , Pixel, , h1{padding:30px}, , Border, , This property adds a border, to a webpage element, , Solid, double,, h1{border:green}, groove, ridge,, inset, outset,, dotted or dashed, , To set an image as the url(''X''), background of your webpage where X is the, Background-image, path of image, file, , body{backgroundimage:, url('background., jpg')}, , Margin-Left, , h1{marginleft;10px}, , Sets margin area on the left px,pt,cm etc., side of the element., , 3. External stylesheet : The external, style sheet is generally used when you, want to make changes on multiple, pages. It facilitates to change the look, of the entire web site by changing, just one file. It uses the <link> tag on, every page and the <link> tag should, be put inside the head section., , An external style sheet can be written, in any text editor, and must be saved, with a .css extension. The external css, file should not contain any HTML tags., , For example :, , h1{color:navy;margin-left:20px}, , <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <head>, <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css", href="style.css">, </head>, <body>, <h1>This is a heading</h1>, </body></html>, , Here is how the "style.css" file looks, like:, Style.css, , The output is as follows, , 7

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CSS Id Selector, The Id selector selects the id, attribute of an HTML element to, select a specific element. An id is, always unique within the page so it is, unique element. It is written with the, hash character(#), followed by the id, name., <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <head>, <style>, #para1{text-align: center; color: blue}, </style>, </head>, <body>, <p id="para1">Hello Students</p>, <p>This paragraph will not be, affected.</p>, </body>, </html>, See the output as follows, , The class name should not start, with number., Let's take an example with a class "intro"., <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <head>, <style>, .intro{text-align:center;color:blue}, </style></head>, <body>, <h1 class="intro">This heading is blue, and center-aligned.</h1>, <p class="intro">This paragraph is, blue and center-aligned.</p>, </body>, </html>, The above code results as, , Class Selector for specific element, To specify only one specific HTML, element should be affected then you, should use the element name with class, selector., Let's see an example :, , CSS Class Selector, The class selector selects HTML, elements with a specific class attribute., It is used with a period character '.', (full stop symbol) followed by the class, name. The Class selector is used when, you want to change a group of elements, within your HTML page. , 8, , <!DOCTYPE html>, <html><head><style>, p.intro {text-align: center;color: blue}, </style></head>, <body>, <h1 class="intro">This heading is not, affected</h1>, <p class="intro">This paragraph is, blue and center-aligned.</p>, </body></html>

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The output is as follows, , h1{ text-align:center;color:blue}, h2{ text-align:center;color:blue}, p {text-align:center;color:blue}, , Universal Selector, The universal selector is used as, a wildcard character. It selects all the, elements on the Webpages., <!DOCTYPE html>, <html><head><style>, * { color: green; font-size: 20px;}, </style></head>, <body>, This css style will be applied on Entire, page.It does not check tag or plain, text<br>, <h2>This css is applied to heading, </h2>, <p id="para1">it is applied to first, paragaraph</p>, <p>Also to second paragraph !</p>, </body>, </html>, Output :, , Group Selector, The grouping selector is used to select, all the elements with the same style, definitions. It is used to minimize the, code. Commas are used to separate each, selector in grouping., Let's see the CSS code without group, selector., , As you can see, you need to define, CSS properties for all the elements. It, can be grouped ash1,h2,p{ text-align:center;color:blue}, Let`s see full code as follows :, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <head>, <style>, h1,h2,p{text-align: center; color: blue}, </style>, </head>, <body>, <h1>Hello Heading 1</h1>, <h2>Hello Heading 2 (In smaller, font)</h2>, <p>This is a paragraph.</p>, </body>, </html>, Output :, , Positioning in CSS, CSS helps to position the HTML, elements. The position property is used, to set position for an element. The, element can be positioned using the top,, bottom, left and right properties., 9

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Syntax :, , Output :, , Selector{position:value;top:value;, left:value:bottom:value;right:value}, Where values in positions are fixed,, absolute, relative and values of top,, bottom, left, right are in pixels, There are four types of positioning in, CSS, 1. Static Positioning : This is a bydefault position for HTML elements., It is not affected by the top, bottom,, left and right properties., 2. Fixed Positioning : This property, helps to put the text fixed on the, browser. The FIXED property forces, an element into a fixed position, relative to the browser window. The, fixed element will not move, even, when the page is scrolled., Let`s see the example :, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html><head><style>, p.fixed{position: fixed; top: 50px; right:, 5px; color: blue}, </style></head>, <body>, <p>This is paragraph 1</p>, <p>This is paragraph 2</p>, <p>This is paragraph 3</p>, <p class="fixed">This is the fix, positioned text.</p>, </body>, </html>, , 10, , 3. Relative Positioning : The relative, positioning property is used to set the, element relative to its normal position., 4. Absolute Positioning : This property, sets an element in a specific location, and it is not affected by the flow of, the page. This property positions the, element at the specified coordinates, relative to your screen top-left corner., For example :, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html><head><style>, .first{position: relative;top: -10px;, right: -10px;}, h2{position: absolute;, left:100px;top:150px}, </style><body>, <h1 class="first">This is heading 1, </h1>, <h2>This is heading 2</h2>, </body></html>, Output :

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In above output the Level 1 headings, with class=“first"have a relative position, 10 pixels above and 10 pixels to the right, of it’s original position., All level 2 headings will be positioned, 100 pixels from the left of the browser, window and 150 pixels from the top of, the browser window., , <h2 class="float-right">Balbharati, </h2>, <p>This text rearranges itself to flow, around the element that is floated, right. </p>, </body></html>, Output, , Float Property, Float is a CSS property written in CSS, file or directly in the style of an element., The float property defines the flow of, content., Following are the types of floating, properties :, 1. float : left : This keeps the element, float on left side of the container, 2. float : right : This keeps the element, float on right side of container, 3. float : none : This is default property, i.e. this shows the element as it is., For example :, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html><head>, <title>Float Example</title></head>, <style>, .float-left{float:left;fontsize:20px;background-color:gold}, .float-right{float: right;, font-size:20px;background-color:gold}, </style>, <h2 class="float-left">Balbharati, </h2><p>This text rearranges itself to, flow around the element that is floated, left., </p>, , Display property, The Display property in CSS defines, how the components (div, hyperlink,, heading, etc) are going to be placed on, the web page. It specifies how the element, is displayed. As the name suggests, this, property is used to define the display of, different parts of a web page., Syntax :, Display : value;, Where values are :, Inline : It is used to display an element as, an inline element., Block : It is used to display an element, as an block element. It starts on a new, line, and takes up the whole width of the, browser window., Block-inline : This value is very similar, to inline element but the difference is that, you are able to set the width and height., None : The element is completely, removed., , 11

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Let's see an example, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <head>, <style>, p{, display: inline;, }, </style>, </head>, <body>, <p>welcome to balbharti</p>, <p>Javascript</p>, <p>HTML5</p>, <p>CSS</p></body></html>, Output :, , Example 2 :, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html lang="en">, <head>, <title>Example of CSS display</title>, <style type="text/css">, a{, display : block;, background-color:orange;, }, </style>, </head>, <body>, <p>, <a href="https://www.ebalbharti.in" >, Visit balbharti</a>, <br>, </p></body>, </html>, 12, , Output :, , Based on the CSS properties studied, so far, the representation of semantic tags, displayed in 11th standard textbook can, be coded as follows., Example 1 :, Use of semantic tags and CSS., <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <head>, <style>, header{background-color:pink;width:1, 00%;height:20%}, nav{backgroundcolor:skyblue;width:100%;height:20%}, aside{background-color:grey;width:40, %;height:42%;float:right}, section{background-color:lightyellow;, width:60%;height:10%;float:left}, article{background-color:violet;width:, 60%;height:40%}, footer{background-color:orange;width, :100%;height:10%}, </style>, </head>, <body>, <header>, <h1>HTML5 includes new, semantics</h1>, <p>It includes semantic tags like, header, footer, nav, <h1>Example of complete HTML5, Basics</h1>, <h2>The markup of the future under

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development.</h2></p></header>, <nav>The nav element represents a section of, navigation links. It is suitable for either site, navigation or a table of contents.<br>, <a href="/">http://www.w3schools.com</a><br>, <a href="http://www.ebalbharati.in">Balbharti, website</a><br></nav>, <aside>, <h1>Other education based websites of State</h1>, <a href="http://mahahsscboard.ac.in">State, Board website</a><br>, <a href="http://unipune.ac.in">Pune university, website</a><br>, </aside>, <section>, <h1>Impressive Web Designing</h1>, <p>The aside element is for content, that is tangentially related to the content around, it, and is typically useful for marking up, sidebars.</p>, </section>, <section>, <h1>Articles on:Article tag</h1>, </section>, <article>, <p>The article element represents an, independent section of a document, page or site., It is suitable for content like news or blog articles,, , forum posts or individual comments.</p>, </article>, <footer>© 2018 Balbharti.</footer>, </body></html>, , 1.5 Ordered list or numbered list, The <ol> tag defines an ordered, list. An ordered list can be numerical or, alphabetical., Attributes of <ol> tagAttribute Values, , Description, , Type, , "1", 1 is default value and, /"a"/"I"/"i" other values specify, the numbering type for, the used items., , Reversed, , Reversed, , This attribute specifies, that the items of the, list are specified in the, reverse order., , Start, , Number, , Specifies the starting, number of the first, item in an ordered list., , 13

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Attributes of <ul> tag, Attribute, Type = disc/, circle/square, (use style (css), instead of type, attribute in, HTML5., Type attribute is, supported by, previous, versions of, HTML), , Values, style="list-style-type:disc", e.g, <ul style="list-style-type:disc;">, style="list-style-type:circle", e.g, <ul style="list-style-type:circle">, style="list-style-type:square", e.g, <ul style="list-style-type:square">, style="list-style-type:none", e.g, <ul style="list-style-type:none;">, , Note : HTML5 does not support bullets,, circle and square value of type attribute, instead you use CSS style., 1.7 Definition list, To define a definition list <dl> tag is, used. You can create items in definition, list with the <dt> and <dd> tags. The <dt>, tag is used to define the term whereas, the <dd>tag is used to define the term’s, definition., Type the following code, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <head>, <title>definition List</title>, </head>, , Description, Sets the list item marker to a, bullet (default), , Sets the list item marker to a, circle, Sets the list item marker to a, square, The list items will not be, marked, , <body>, <h3>Example of HTML definition, List</h3>, <dl>, <dt><b>Web</b></dt>, <dd>The part of the Internet that, contains websites and web pages</dd>, <dt><b>HTML</b></dt>, <dd>A markup language for creating, web pages</dd>, <dt><b>CSS</b></dt>, <dd>A technology to make HTML look, better</dd>, </dl>, </body>, </html>, , 15

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1.8 Inserting audio and video in, HTML 5, HTML5 new specifications enables, users to have a far more control over, audio on webpages., HTML5 features include native audio, and video support without the need for, Flash. HTML5 includes special elements, (tags) allowing to include video and, audio and to define controls., , Attributes of <audio> tag, Attribute, Autoplay, , Controls, , Values, , Description, , -, , The audio will, start playing as, soon as it is, ready, , -, , The audio, controls should, be displayed, (i.e. play/pause, button etc.), , Value, , The audio will, start over, again, every, time it is, finished, , -, , This Specifies, that the audio, output should, be muted, , URL, , Specifies the, URL of the, audio file, , Common Audio Formats :, mp3 : An audio format from, MPEG(Moving / Motion Pictures Experts, Group)., , loop, , aac : Advanced Audio Coding, standard, format on Iphone, YouTube etc., ogg : An Open container and free audio, format., <Audio >Tag, The <audio> element enables you to, embed(or add) audio files on Webpages., Declare the audio tag, and specify, the source attribute with the Audio file, location., Syntax :, <audio src="sample.mp3" type="audio/, mpeg" controls>, </audio>, Note: Autoplay, controls, muted are, without any values. The browser, supported by HTML audio autoplay, attribute are Google Chrome 4.0,, Internet Explorer 9.0, Firefox 3.5,, Opera 10.5, etc., , muted, , src, Example :, , <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <body>, <p>Audio Sample</p>, <audio controls>, <source src="test.mp3" type="audio/, mp3">, </audio>, </body></html>, Output :, , 17

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In previous code, , <video>Tag, , The controls attribute is used to add, audio controls such as play, pause, and, volume., The"source"element is used to specify, the audio files which the browser may, use., , The HTML <video> tag is used to, embed video into your web page, it has, several video sources., , Adding audio with multiple sources :, , Syntax :, <video src="URL" controls></video>, , Multiple sources of audios are, specified so that if the browser is unable, to play the first source then it will, automatically jump to the second source., <source> tag, The <source> tag is used to specify, multiple media resources for media, elements., Example :, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <body>, <p>Audio Sample</p>, <audio controls autoplay>, , <source src="test.mp3", type="audio/mp3">, , <source src="test.ogg", type="audio/ogg">, , <source src="test.opus", type="audio/ogg">, </audio>, </body>, </html>, , There are three different formats that, are commonly supported by web browsers, – .mp4, .Ogg and .WebM., , Attributes of <video> tag :, Attribute, , Values, , Src, , URL, , Defines link to, video file, , -, , Specifies that, the video will, start playing as, soon as it is, ready, , -, , Specifies that, video controls, should be, displayed (such, as a play/pause, button etc)., , Pixels, , Sets the height, of the video, player, , Value, , Specifies that, the video will, start over again,, every time it is, finished, , -, , Specifies that, the audio output, of the video, should be muted, , autoplay, , controls, , height, , loop, , Output :, muted, , 18, , Description

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Attribute, , poster, , Values, , Description, , URL, , Specifies an, image to be, shown while the, video is, downloading, or, until the user, hits the play, button, , 1. auto, preload, , width, , 2. metadata, , 3. none, , Pixels, , Specifies if and, how the author, thinks the video, should be, loaded when the, webpage loads, Sets the width, of the video, player, , The <source> tag is used to specify, multiple media resources for video as, well as audio media elements., Example :, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <body>, <video width="320" height="240", controls>, <source src="movie.mp4", type="video/mp4">, <source src="movie.ogg" type="video/, ogg">, Your browser does not support the, video tag., </video></body></html>, , Output :, , 1.9 Image map in HTML 5, An image with multiple hyperlinks is, called an image map., Image map is used to connect links, to different regions on the webpage. An, Image map is created by marking certain, regions on an image clickable. These, clickable regions are called as hotspots., Image Maps are of two types; Client, Side and Server Side. We will confine, only to Client Side image map. The tags, used to define client side image map are, 1. <Img> : It is used to insert an image, on a web page. To create a client side, image map usemap attribute of <img>, is used with value which is preceded, with a # symbol. The usemap attribute, acts as a pointer which indicates that, the image is a client side image map., 2. <map> : It has only one attribute, name. It specifies name of the image, used for client side image map. The, value of the name attribute is the, value specified in usemap attribute of, <img>., 19

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3) <area> - It defines specific clickable, regions. A given <map> element can, contain multiple <area> element, within it.<area> is singular tag and, <map> is paired., Attributes of <area>:, Attribute, , Description, , Href, , Defines the URL to which, the clickable region, within the image-map, navigates., , Shape, , It can value rect, circle or, poly., , coords, , Specifies co-ordinates of, the clickable regions on, the image-map., Rect- specifies, rectangular area with, four co-ordinates., Circle-Defines a circular, region. It requires three, co-ordinates., Poly-Defines a polygon, region with co-ordinates, specifying each point on, the polygon. It requires, four co-ordinates., Default-Region covers, the entire image. No, co-ordinates are required, , alt, , 20, , Specifies extra, information about, clickable area. It is the, alternative text to the, clickable region., , Example : Image Map with element, <map> and <area>, <!DOCTYPE HTML>, <html>, <head><title>image map</title>, </head>, <body>, <h1>An example of Image Map, </h1>, <img src="Tulips.jpg", usemap="#imagemap" alt="Image of, Tulip">, <map name="imagemap">, <area href="http://www.google.com", shape="rect" coords="0,0,93,65", alt="google site"/>, <area href=" great_wall_china.html", shape="circle" coords="118,140 ,40", alt=" great wall of china"/>, <area href="http://mahahsscboard., in" shape="poly"coords, ="145,187,198,215,245,280,305", alt="maharashtra stateboard site"/>, </map>, </body></html>, (In the above program great_wall_, china.html is a local file created on the, machine.), 1.10 Inline Frame in HTML5, The <iframe> element creates an, inline frame. Inline frames are often used, in online advertising, where the contents, of the <iframe> is an advertisement, from an external party. HTML5 allows, the incorporation to be seamless (no, scrollbars, borders, margins etc).

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Attributes of <iframe> :, Attribute Values, , Src, , URL, , Height, , Pixel, , Width, , Pixels, , Name, srcdoc, , Text, , Description, Specifies the, address of the, document to, embed in the, <iframe>, Specifies the, height of an, <iframe>, Specifies the, width of an, <iframe>, Specifies name of, an <iframe>, , Specifies the, HTML_ HTML content of, code the page to show, in the <iframe>, , For example :, <!DOCTYPE html>, <html>, <body>, <h2>HTML Iframes</h2>, <p>This is the example of iframes.</p>, <iframe src="xyz.html" height="200", width="300"></iframe>, </body>, </html>, Output :, , 1.11 Website Hosting, In this chapter we have seen how to, create a website. But just creating of a, website is not sufficient. One has to make, the website available on the Internet., These web pages are to be stored in the, web servers that are connected to the, Internet, to be made available to others., What is web hosting?, Web hosting is the service of providing, storage space. The website is made, available on the Internet with the help of, web hosting., What is Web Host?, The companies that provides web, hosting services are called web hosts., Web hosts own and manage web servers., These web servers offer uninterrupted, Internet connectivity., Types of Web hosting :, Types of web hosting are, 1. Shared hosting : It is cost effective. It, gives domain name to your website., 2. Free hosting : There are some hosting, websites which provide you free, hosting of the website for limited, period of time., 3. Dedicated hosting : These are paid, hosting servers for large websites., Note : You can buy your own web server, space, but it is the most expensive way, to publish your website. Though it is, very expensive, but it gives you a lot of, control over your website., 21

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For information purpose only, Prerequisites for Free Web Hosting :, 1. Three to Four pages website having, first or Home Page named as index., html., 2. Computer with internet connection., 3. Gmail id with password., 4. Need to toggle between two websites, https://www.000webhost.com/ and, http://my.freenom.com, 5. Have to acquire free web space from, web server named 000webhost.com., 6. Have to acquire domain name for, your website from my.freenom.com., 7. Park the website domain address with, free server website i.e. with 000webhost.com., Redirect the domain free server name, to the domain website i.e. with my., freenom.com., Steps to Acquire free webspace :, 1. Open the website https://, www.000webhost.com/, 2. Click on free signup Login with your, email id and password, 3. verification email will be send to your, email, 4. open your email and click on "verify, email", 5. Click on "Get Started", 6. From My Website page click on, "+Create New site" button, 7. Type your website name and any, password, 8. e.g. website name as :- it-xi-textbook, 9. From File Manager box select "Upload" option to upload your web pages. Home page of the website must be, named as "index.html" (Select all, 22, , webpages including image, audio, files etc) and click on "Logout", 10. Your website is ready with the sub, domain as 000webhostapp.com, e.g.it-xi-textbook.000webhostapp., com, Acquire Domain Name :, 1. Open the website https://my.freenom., com, 2. From Use social sign in Click on, "sign in" Login with your gmail id, and give password, 3. Click on "Services" --> Register a, New Domain, 4. Type your website name and click on, "check availability" button, 5. Choose any domain(e.g. .tk,.ml.cg, etc) and click on "Get it now" if available click on "CheckOut" button, 6. Set the free period to host the website,, click on "Continue" button, 7. From Review &Checkout page if the, Total Due is $0.00 then only select, terms and conditions, 8. Click on "Complete Order" button e.g., it-xi-textbook.tk, 9. From Order Confirmation Screen, click on "Click here to go to Client, Area" button, Park the website domain :, Go to http://www.000webhost.com, website perform the following steps first, 1. Select "MyWebsite"--> "Manage, Website" -->dashboard-->Tools-->, Set Web Address, 2. Click on "+Add domain" button then, select radio button Park domain and, then click on "Next" button

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3. Type the site URL acquired by you, from Freenom.com e.g. it-xi-textbook., tk. (Remember don’t give http or / or, any special character), 4. Then click on "Park domain" button., 5. You may see domain status as, "pending" for sometime. Once it is, through from the 000webhost side you, can see the domain status as "parked"., 6. Configure your domain's DNS, provider to point to the, ns01.000webhost.com and, ns02.000webhost.com as your, nameservers., Redirect the domain to free server :, Now follow the final steps given, below through my.freenom.com website, 1. Sign in to my.freenom.com click on, "Services"-->, , 2. "My Domains"-->"Manage Domain", 3. From Domain details screen click on, "Management Tools" -->, "Nameservers", 4. Change the radio button to "Use, custom nameservers (enter below)", and type the NameServer1 as, "NS01.000WEBHOST.COM"and, NameServer2 as, "NS02.000WEBHOST.COM", 5. Click on "Change Nameservers", button, 6. Logout from the my.freenom.com, 7. Type the website address in the, browser's address bar to view your, website, 8. The website can also be seen from, your mobile. Hosting is done., , Summary, ,  Html5 has introduced new types in <Input> like number, date, Tel, email, search,, , , , , , , , , , , URL, range, month, week, color., Few attributes of <Input> can be used for validation purpose., <meta> is used by search engines to search information that is provided with the, webpage. It is inserted in the <head>, CSS- Cascading Style Sheet describes how HTML elements are to be displayed, on screen, paper, or in other media., CSS syntax Selector{Property1: value1; Property2: value2}, The <ol> tag defines an ordered list. An ordered list can be numerical or, alphabetical., An unordered list created using the <ul> tag, and each list item starts with the <li>, tag. The list items in unordered lists are marked with bullets (small black circles),, by default., To insert Audio and Video in a web page, <audio> and <video> are used which, specifies the source with the file location., An image with multiple hyperlinks is called an image map. The usemap attribute, acts as a pointer which indicates that the image is a client side image map., The <iframe> element creates an inline frame., 23

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Exercise, Q 1. Fill in the blanks., 1. The………………element is a, staring element in an HTML, it, indicates that document type, definition being used by the, document., 2. The……………. is a tag in html, that describe some aspects of, contents of a webpage., , 1. HTML is an Object Oriented, Programming Language., 2. Charset is used for character, encoding declaration., 3. An unordered list can, numerical or alphabetical., , be, , defines, , 4. Multilevel list can be created in, HTML 5., , 4. An unordered list created using, the…………….. tag, , 5. Srccode specifies the HTML, content of the page to show in the, <iframe>, , 3. The, <ol>, tag, an………………, , 5. T h e … … … … … … … e l e m e n t, creates an inline frame., , 6. The ‘controls’ attribute is not, used to add play, pause, and, volume., , 6. …………….tag is used to specify, video on an HTML document., , 7. .cs is the extension of CSS file, , 7. If a web developer wants to add, the description to an image he, must use ……… attribute of, <img> tag., 8. The……………… property is, used to set position for an element., 9. The float property defines, the………………..of content., 10., , 24, , Q2. State whether the following, statement is True or False, , ………………is used with, elements that overlap with each, other., , Q.3. Choose Single correct answer, from the given options., 1. ………………….element, to create a linking image, , used, , a) <img>, , b) <td>, , c) <map>, , d) <usemap>, , 2. The ……………tag is used to, embed audio files on Webpages., , , a) <sound>, , c) <video>, , b) <audio>, d) <embeded>

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3. A programmer wants to define, range for age between 18 to 50,, he will use a form with following, appropriate control., , 4. Client-side image map can be, created using two elements, …………… and………..., a) <area>, , b) <image>, d) <map>, , a) number, , b) compare, , c) <usemap>, , c) range , , d) Textboxes, , e) <server>, , 4. ……….character, create id in CSS., , is, , a) %, , b) $, , c) @, , d) #, , used, , to, , Q 4. Choose Two correct answers from, the given options., 1. List, within, another, list, either………list or………list is, called nested list., a) multilevel, , b) order, , c) unordered, , d) general, , e) cascading, , 1. Attributes of <area>, is…………………….., , tag, , a) href, , b) src, , , , d) data, , c) coords, , e) alt, , f) usemap, , 2. Attributes used with, are……………….., , iframe, , a) srcdoc, , b) name, , c) att, , d) src, , e) href, , f) loop, , 3. Following are the Form, , 2. Image maps are of two types, ……...........and ………….........., a) Network side, b) Client Side, c) Computer side, , controls……………, a) email, c) label, , b) search , d) video, , e) tel, , f) audio, , 4. Attributes used with <audio>, tag………………………….., , d) Server Side, e) n-computing, 3. A CSS rule set contains……….., and……………………..............., a) Set, , Q.5. Choose Three correct answers, from the given options., , b) selector, , a) autoplay, , b) href, , c) controls, , d) cntrl, , e) loop, , f) bgsound, , c) post, d) declaration, , e) block, 25

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5. CSS types are …………………,, ………...... and…………………, , , a) internal, , b) external, , c) control, , d) inline, , e) loop, , f) style, , 6. Positioning types in, are……………………, , CSS, , b) fixed, , , , d)position, , e) dynamic, , f) nested, , 7. Types of floating properties, are………,…………, ………….., , , a) left, , b) zero, , c) right, , d) all, , e) none, , f) dock, , Q. 6. Match the pair, A, , 2) usemap, , B, a) Client side, image map, b) CSS Property, , 3) color, , c) bulleted list, , 1) <ul>, , 4) <Img>, , 2. The text colour of the, company name should be red., 3. The heading should be large, with font ''comic sans ms'', , a) Static, c) absolute, , 1. The background colour of the, company name should be in, green., , d) Image as a, submit, button, , 5) <Input type =image> e) inserts an, image, , 4. The description of the, company should be displayed, in blue color in a paragraph., 2) Write Html5 code with CSS as, follows 1. To create form to accept, name,age, email address,, from the user., 2. Create a submit button to, send the data., 3. The heading of the form, should have a background, colour and a different font, style., 3) Write Html5 code with CSS as, follows , , 1. Create ordered list with names, of tourist Cities., , 2. Create unordered list with, tourist places of those cities., 3. Divide the list into two, sections left and right by, using CSS., , Q.7. Programs., 1) Write a program using html with, following CSS specification-, , 26, , 

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2, , Digital Marketing, Let us learn, ,  Meaning of Marketing.,  Concept of Digital Marketing.,  Channels in Digital marketing.,  Concept of Search Engine.,  Organic and paid search.,  Categories of SEO Black Hat SEO, and White Hat SEO.,  Different SEO strategies., , Mr. Suhas : "Good morning sir !" I want, to understand new method of marketing, in the web technology and how it defers, from traditional marketing?, Dr Ajay : Marketing has always been, about connecting with your audience, in the right place and at the right time., In today’s era of technology it simply, means you need to meet them where they, are spending more time and that is on the, internet., ,  Long tail and short tail keywords.,  Actual working with SEO.,  Concept of Google Analytics., Dr. Ajay is Senior Vice President, marketing at "Click and Boost India, Private Ltd". He is a digital marketing, expert and social media specialist. He, has over 10 years experience in the digital, marketing., Mr. Suhas has floated a small, company which manufactures springs, and bearings required for machines . He, is facing a problem to market his product, through website. He appointed Dr. Ajay, as consultant for Digital marketing., Given below is the conversation, between Dr. Ajay and Suhas. The idea, behind this dialogue lesson is to make, students understand the different aspects, of digital marketing., , Fig. 2.1 : Traditional Marketing Vs, Digital Marketing, Traditional Marketing examples, might include tangible items such as, business cards, print ads in newspapers, or magazines. It can also include posters,, commercials on TV and radio, billboards, and brochures., The world of digital marketing, continues to evolve as long as technology, continues to advance. Examples of digital, marketing include things like websites,, social media mentions, YouTube videos,, and banner ads. Specifically, digital, 27

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marketing is similar to traditional, advertising, but using digital devices., Mr. Suhas : Sir, You mean to say, that online advertising means digital, marketing?, Dr Ajay : Well, you are partially correct, but not fully, let me explain. Digital, marketing is not new. It's been around, since the Internet started. Now digital, marketing is becoming popular due to the, increase in internet users, mobile phone, users and digital content consumption., Think about the last important, purchase you made on Internet. Before, buying, you probably would have, searched the internet to learn about the, , product you wanted and your ultimate, buying decision would have been based, on the customer reviews, features, and, pricing you researched., Purchasing decisions begin online, today. Hence, an online presence is, absolutely necessary regardless of what, you sell., Mr. Suhas : Ok Sir, How digital, marketing will help me to promote my, business online? Is there any tactic or, method or channel to sell my product, online?, Dr. Ajay : Yes Sir! Understand some, Channels in Digital Marketing., , Fig. 2.2 : Channels in Digital Marketing., 28

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1. Search Engine Optimization : SEO, is the process of boosting content and, technical set-up of the website so that, it appear at the top of a search engine, result for specific keywords. SEO is to, attract visitors to your website when, they search for products or services, related to your business., 2. Mobile Marketing : From SMS and, MMS to in-app marketing, there are, many ways to go through with mobile, marketing., 3. Email Marketing : Companies, communicate with their audience, through email marketing. Emails are, used to promote content, events, and, discounts, and also to direct people, toward the business’s website., 4. Paid Search : Paid search or payper-click (PPC) advertising refers to, the "sponsored result" on the search, engine results pages (SERP). PPC ads, are visible, flexible, and effective for, many different types of organizations., With paid search, you only pay when, your ad is clicked. You can tailor your, ads to appear when specific search, phrases are entered, targeting them to, a particular audience., 5. Content Marketing : Have you heard, the saying, "Content is king?" Quality, content is the fuel that drives your, Digital Marketing strategies. Content, Marketing denotes the creation, and promotion of content assets in, order to generate brand awareness,, lead generation, traffic growth, and, , customers. The channels that play a, part in your content marketing include, video, blogs, e-books etc., 6. Social Media Marketing : Social, media marketing is the use of social, media platforms and websites to, promote a product or service. Social, media marketing is the use of social, media platforms to connect with your, audience to build your brand, increase, sales, and drive website traffic., The major social media platforms, are Facebook, InstaGram, Twitter,, LinkedIn, Pinterest, YouTube, and, Snapchat., Mr. Suhas : Ok sir. So I need to use, any one of the above channel to increase, sale of my product over the internet? But, what is Search Engine? And how shall, my website rank high on search engine?, Dr. Ajay : Ok! We will see the terms one, by one, Search Engine : A web search engine or, Internet search engine is a software system, that is designed to carry out web search, (Internet search), which means to search, the World Wide Web in a systematic way, for particular information specified in a, textual web search query., The search results are generally, presented in a line of results often referred, to as Search Engine Results Pages, (SERPs)., The information may be a mix of, links to web pages, images, videos, info, graphics, articles, research papers, and, other types of files., 29

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Do it yourself, Make a list of Search Engines, Browsers you know., Dr. Ajay : To understand this see the comparison of Search Result of Yahoo and, Google for same product. (Fig. 2.3 and 2.4), , Fig. 2.3 : Result of Yahoo Search Engine to buy a new car., , Fig. 2.4 : Result of Google Search Engine to buy a new car., 30

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Now you can easily differentiate, the result shown by two search engines, i.e. Yahoo and Google. It is showing, different websites having information for, buying new car. The entire SEO works, on keywords. If those keywords are being, used in the content of the website then, that website may rank in top ten or twenty, search results., Mr. Suhas : oh yes! It is crystal clear, now how search engine plays important, role in ranking the website. Please tell, me shall I pay and rank my website or is, there any other way which is economical, which I can use to rank without paying., Dr. Ajay : There are two ways to rank, website one can pay and rank and other, is without payment one can rank website, doing SEO process. i.e. Organic Search., , Now I will tell you the difference, between Organic Search and Paid, search. Look at these two figures fig., 2.5(a)(b) and you will understand, that you can pay Google or any Search, Engine and rank your website on top of, search. The keyword Ad marked here, fig 2.5(a) shows that this site has paid, Google search engine to rank him at top., Fig.2.5(b) shows the keyword Sponsored, which is also paid site to rank the images, and information at top. In fig 2.6 the, searched web site is so popular that many, users must have visited it. Therefore it, has become popular and it is ranked by, search engine on its first page . Why we, must opt for first five pages because as, we go on higher number customer does, not search those pages or there are very, less visitors as page number grows., , Fig. 2.5 (a) : Links with advertisements are called as "Paid Search", , 31

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Fig. 2.5 (b) : Links with advertisements are called as "Paid Search", , Fig. 2.6 : Links with Organic Search, , 32

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Dr. Ajay : Let me explain you how we, can rank our website with the help of, SEO. Techniques and strategies used to, get higher search rankings, and breaking, search engine rules are, 1. Black Hat SEO, 2. White Hat SEO, Mr. Suhas : What do You Mean by Black, Hat and White Hat SEO?, Dr. Ajay :, i) White hat SEO involves looking for, ways to improve user experience, ethically and genuinely. It ensures, that web page content should have, been created for the users and not just, for the search engines., ii) Black hat SEO relies on manipulating, Google's algorithm to improve, rankings. By creating a copy of a, popular website which shows contents, similar to the original web site. The, Google crawler reads the content and, thinks the website is original one and it, ranks the page. Crawler is a program, used by search engines to collect data, from the website., Note : REMEMBER - Always follow, a White Hat SEO tactic and don't try, to fool your site visitors. Be honest and, definitely you will get proper rank. Now, Google’s search algorithm has become, intelligent as it finds you are fooling to, rank your website, It ranks you down, and black list you and your business go, down in open market., , Do it yourself, Distinguish between Black Hat SEO, and White Hat SEO., Mr. Suhas : I heard something about On, Page SEO and Off Page SEO; can you, please tell me something about it?, Dr. Ajay : Search engines don’t look, at a page the way a person looks at it., They can only read the source code of the, page. If you right-click on any webpage,, you’ll likely to see an option for viewing, that page’s source code (HTML code)., If you’re not familiar with HTML code, it will look like a jumbled mess. There, are number of ways to approach SEO, to generate traffic to your website. Those, are On-page SEO, Off-page SEO and, Technical SEO., 1. On-Page SEO : Anything within, < > is HTML code. Anything between, two sets of tags is something that, could get put on the page for a person, to read. The text inside the < > tells, browsers and search engines how to, render the information between the, tags. The reason it is called on-page, SEO is that these changes are visible, to readers. It is a balance between, giving the right information to search, engines without compromising the, information that your customers are, reading on the page., 2. Off-Page SEO : Off-page SEO is, about everything that doesn’t happen, directly on your website. Off-page, SEO is about, among other things,, 33

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link building, social media, and local, SEO. It allows generating traffic to, your site., 3. Technical SEO : Technical SEO, is a very important step in the whole, SEO process. If there are problems, with your technical SEO then it is, likely that your SEO efforts will, not generate the expected results. A, simple example of technical SEO is, site speed. People do not like to wait, for slow websites. If your pages load, slowly, you will be ranked lower, than a comparable site that has faster, pages. Another example is mobile, friendliness. If your site looks bad on, a mobile device, search engines can, detect that and lower its rankings on, mobile-specific search engines., Mr. Suhas : Oh yes sir! Now I understand, I must put relevant content on my website., But then how do I decide whether my, content is relevant or not?, Dr. Ajay : Your company is manufacturer, of springs and bearings. While developing, the website a website designer must take, care to add keywords such as Compression, Springs, Extension Springs, Drawbar, Springs etc. If such keywords are used in, the <meta> tag while creating a website, that means topic or aim of the website is, same and its contents are relevant. The, content must be designed using HTML5, or HTML tags i.e. use <b> <i> <u> <h1>, <h2> etc Tags. Even the alt attribute of, images must be used with keywords so, crawlers cannot read image but they read, description and classify the content., 34, , Mr. Suhas : Sir, What are keywords?, Dr Ajay : To rank your website you must, follow the tactic of Long Tail and Short, Tail keyword concept., Dr. Ajay : A long tail is a long keyword, and short tail is a short keyword. You can, use your intelligence to rank your website, using small keywords or long keywords,, let me give you an example. If I want to, search shoes and I type keyword ‘shoes’, on search engine. It is a small keyword, used by millions of people. Here your, search result shows only popular websites, on the first few pages. Someone with new, born website about 'shoes' can't expect his, website to be shown on top. But now if, he uses a keyword in the <meta> “Brown, Soft Comfortable Running shoes” then, such a long keyword may be used by less, websites. This may result in ranking the, website at higher position., Mr. Suhas : Now suggest me a tool which, can work and tell me what is short fall in, my website so I can successfully evaluate, my website optimization., Dr Ajay : Now I will tell you very, important things about SEO Audit and, how SEO optimises the website. An SEO, Audit helps to find out what could be, done to improve ranking on search, engines, so that consumers could find, the, website, with, greater ease., SEOptimer is a free SEO Audit Tool that, will perform a detailed SEO Analysis., Note : There are many SEO Audit tools, available on internet such as woorank., com, varvy.com, seositecheckup.com,, etc.

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It provides clear and, actionable, recommendations that can be taken to, improve your online presence. Some of, the ways to optimize the webpage for, SEO are:1) HTML Header :, i) <!doctype html> : Webpages having, HTML code should start with, <!doctype html>., ii) <Title> tag : A title tag is an HTML, element that specifies the title of a, web page. Title tags are displayed on, search engine results pages (SERPs), as the clickable headline for a given, result therefor it is recommended to, use <title> tag., iii) <Meta>tag : Meta tags are snippets, of code that tell search engines, important information about your, web page, is also essential to boost, your On-Page SEO., 2) Body Content :, i) Heading Tags : Heading tags are, necessary for both usability, and SEO, of your web page. Search engines, primarily take keywords from content,, heading tags, and titles to develop, the context of a web page. Therefor, the webpage should include proper, heading tags from <h1> to <h6>, wherever required., ii) <img>tag with alt attribute : By, adding an alt text, you provide users, of screen readers and search engines, with a textual description of what's on, that image. This improves accessibility, and your chance of ranking high in, image search., iii) Keyword Consistency - Keyword, consistency means having the, , keywords or sets of keywords those, will rank your site in search engine., 3) Links :, i) Number of Backlinks : Backlinks, are links that are directed towards, your website. Backlinks are important, for SEO because some search engines,, especially Google, will give more, credit to websites that have a good, number of quality backlinks, and, consider those websites more relevant, than others in their results pages for a, search query., ii) Broken Links : Broken links are links, that send a message to its visitors that, the webpage no longer exists,, triggering a 404 error page., iii) Friendly URLs : SEO friendly URLs, are URLs that are designed to meet, the needs of users and searchers., Specifically, URLs optimized for, SEO tend to be short and keywordrich. You give links to Big Banner, Website and they give you link back, to your website. This will create, friendly website support to your, website., 4) Indexing : Indexing is the process of, adding web pages into Google search. It, is very important in SEO to increase the, ranking of the webpages., 5) Googlebot : Googlebot is the Google’s, spider . i.e. the robot that pass over the, Web and indexes pages for inclusion in, Google’s database. Googlebot collects, documents from the web to build Google's, search index., 6) Others Factors :, i) Robot.txt : Robots.txt file is what, tells the search engines which pages, 35

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to access and index on your website, and which not. For example, if you, specify in your Robots.txt file that, you don’t want the search engines to, be able to access your thank you page,, that page won’t be able to show up in, the search results and web users won’t, be able to find it. Your Robots.txt file, instructs these programs not to search, your thank you page on your site, which you designate using a, “disallow” command as follows :, User-agent: *, Disallow: /thankyou.html, ii) Device Rendering : This check, visually demonstrates how your page, renders on different devices. It is, important that your page is optimized, for mobile and tablet devices as today, the majority of web traffic comes, from these sources., iii) Flash : Flash is an interactive media, technology that makes sites more, interesting. At the same time, Flash, can kill your search rankings because, search engines can’t index Flash, content directly., iv) iFrames : Similarly to Flash, frames, are a burden in terms of SEO. When, you use frames on a page, you, confuses search engines which may, rank down your website., v) Favicon : Means favourite icon also, known as a shortcut icon, website icon,, , Fig 2.7 Favicons of popular websites, 36, , tab icon URL icon, or bookmark icon., A favicon is a visual representation of, your website and business, so users, will identify with your brand based on, the favicon you use., vi) Legible Font Sizes : It means that a, font size declared as bigger, smaller,, or the same size as should be easily, readable (legible) when a user is, viewing the page on mobile or smaller, screens., vii)Tap Target Sizing : A tap target is, any element on a web page that a user, interacts with. These include action, buttons, links, ads, etc. that a user taps, on when accessing a web page using, a touchscreen. Therefor the size of, such taps/touch elements should be, relevant, neither too small nor too, big., 7) Performance Results :, i) Number of Resources : This check, displays the total number of files that, need to be retrieved from web servers, to load your page. As a general rule,, having more files to retrieve increases, the number of server requests and can, subsequently increase page load time., It is a good to remove unnecessary, files or consolidate files like styles, and scripts which are less required., ii) Page Speed Info : Page speed does, affect SEO as it is a direct ranking, factor. While creating a website,, attention is given on the design,, content and as many visuals as, possible. This can slow down the, website and obstruct usability.

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iii) Page Size Info : The term page size in, the SEO world refers to the, downloaded file size of a given web, page., 8) SEO Social Media Optimisation :, It deals with enhancing the website's, ranking, using Interactive Communities, like Facebook, twitter, blogs, forums etc., When these communities have links to, , the created website it builds familiarity, and trust about the website., 9) SEO Security Checks : Security is, important to ensure your website protects, user data, doesn't become compromised, or experience downtime or data loss. It, includes SSL Enabled yes or no whether, it follows HTTPS, Malware Check, Email, Privacy., , Fig. 2.8 : SEO Audit & Reporting Tool Screen, Being a free Website Audit Tool SEOptimer will not allow you to audit more than one or two, websites per day. In that case you can try with the other Audit Tool mentioned on page number 34., , Mr. Suhas : Sir, I am also facing this, problem. Many people visit my website, but they do not purchase or place order to, buy my product. This is very depressing., Sir please tell me what to do?, Why Digital Analytics?, • Acquisition, Acquisition, Behavior, Conversion, , • Knowing about your website, • Developing an interest, , • Behavior, • Watching a video on your site, • Clicking on a product description, , • Conversion, Purchasing Funnel, , • User becomes a customer, , Fig. 2.9 : Purchasing Funnel, , Dr Ajay : Yes! I will tell you why this, is happening please don’t be depressed., Take a look at funnel drawn below., You must try to understand that, many users may come to your website, but conversion will be little because the, customer is having more choice and the, market has become consumer oriented., Understand that market behaves in, 3 stages Acquisition, behavior and, conversion, Note : SEO for sample website refer, appendix - I., 37

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Acquisition : Means creating interest, in the mind of customer about your, product . He must know that this, product is essential for him without, this product he cannot satisfy his need., , •, , Users : how many visitors came to, your website (in the past 7 days), , •, , Behavior : Once he knows about the, product . He may feel of buying or, may not feel to buy the product. You, must put such information on your, website he must feel he should buy., , Sessions : how many interactions a, visitor makes with your website in a, time frame (usually 30 minutes) like, viewing a page, clicking a link, or, purchasing a product, , •, , Bounce Rate : how many visitors, hit the back button or closed your, website without performing a single, interaction (it’s calculated through a, formula), , •, , Session Duration : how much average, time a visitor spends on the website, , Mr. Suhas : Sir I heard that Google, Analytics helps in ranking your website, at top. How?, , •, , Active Users right now : how many, active users are currently active on, your website., , Dr. Ajay : Google Analytics is a web, analytics service offered by Google that, tracks and reports website traffic, number, of visitors, time spent on the website by, the visitors etc. The Google Analytics was, not the product developed by Google it, was acquired by Google from a company, Urchin in 2005., , All these metrics are really useful to, learn about the users and improve the, marketing strategies, SEO, and to boost, the growth and development., , •, , •, , Conversion : When he is convinced, and no other competitor gives him, better offer then youhe buys the, product clicking buy option so now he, becomes your ultimate customer this, process is called filtration of funnel., , •, , Mr. Suhas : Thank you sir, now my, complex is somewhat reduce. But tell me, how I can use this tool with my website?, Dr. Ajay : For performing Google, Analytics, one has to be ready with the, hosted website., Note : Steps for analytics refer, appendix - II., , 38, , The Google Analytics Report contains:, , Mr. Suhas : Thank you sir you have, given me a positive thought now I will, work on the strategy explained by you, in this above explanation and improve, my digital marketing even I will work on, content and social media marketing too., Dr Ajay : Thank you I wish you success, in your task. Bye! Have a nice day.

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Summary, ,  Marketing has always been about connecting with your audience in the right, place and at the right time., ,  Digital marketing is the use of the internet, mobile devices, social media,, search engines, and other channels to reach consumers., ,  Digital marketing is similar to traditional advertising, but using digital devices.,  Important Key factors of digital marketing include: Search engine optimization, (SEO) , Marketing Analytics, Pay-per-click advertising (PPC) , Web design,, Content marketing, Social media marketing, Email marketing., ,  SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization, which is the practice of increasing, the quantity and quality of traffic to your website through organic search, engine results, ,  Organic search, also known as natural search, refers to unpaid search results,  Crawler is a program used by search engines to collect data from the website.,  Techniques and strategies used to get higher search rankings, and breaking, search engine rules are White Hat SEO and Black Hat SEO., ,  SEO strategies to generate traffic: on-page SEO, off-page SEO and Technical, SEO., ,  A long tail is long keyword and short tail is short keyword used by the user, while searching any information., ,  SEO can be perform with the free website https://www.seoptimer.com/.,  Google Analytics was acquired by Google from a company Urchin in 2005.,  Google analytics is used to track website activity such as session duration,, pages per session, bounce rate etc. of individuals visiting the website, , 39

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Exercise, Q. 1 Fill in the blanks., , a) Red Hat, , 1. Unpaid search is nothing but, _____search., , b) White Hat, , 2. Program used by search engines, to collect data from the website is, called as____, , d) Black Hat, , 3. Manipulating Google's algorithm, to improve website rankings is, ___hat SEO., 4. Web analytics service offered by, Google to tracks and reports, website traffic is ____, Q. 2 State true or false., 1. Digital, Marketing, physical market., , requires, , 2. To analyze the traffic coming to, the Website ________ tool is, used., a) SEO optimer, b) Google analytics, c) Go daddy, d. Amazon, 3. If the speed of displaying the, website is slow then _____, ranking method is used, , 2. E commerce deals are carried out, in physical market., , a) technical, , 3. Digital marketing is carried out, with the help of Portal., , c) off page, , 4. In Digital marketing SEO means, Special Executive Operations., 5. The paid advertisement on, Google can be identified with, ‘paid’ keyword., 6. To make the Traffic analysis, SEO Technique is used., Q. 3 Multiple Choice Questions one, Correct Answer., 1. ______________SEO relies on, manipulating Google's algorithm, to improve rankings., 40, , c) Green Hat, , b) on page, d) load page, Q.4 Multiple Choice Question 2 correct, answer., 1. _____ and ____techniques and, strategies used to get higher, search rankings on search engine., a) White Hat, b) Red Hat, c) Black Hat, d) Green Hat, e) Blue Hat

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2. The product of Google analytics, was originally developed by ___, company in year ___, , Q.5 Multiple Choice Question 3 correct, answer., 1. Marketing Channels in Digital, Marketing are, , a) Urchin, b) 2005, , a) Email marketing, , c) Google, , b) Content marketing, , d) 2008, , c) Valid marketing, , e) Microsoft, , d) Mobile marketing, , 3. Valid two types of keywords are, _____ and _____, , e) on page marketing, f) off page marketing, , a) long tail, , 2. Valid approaches SEO to, generate traffic to your website, are ___, ___ and ____., , b) short tail, c) small tail, d) big tail, , a) on-page SEO, , e) lengthy tail, , b) all-page SEO, c) off-page SEO, d) technical SEO, e) with-page SEO, f) online-page SEO, , , 41

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3, , Computerised Accounting with GST, Let us learn, , , , , , , Introduction., Process of Accounting Software., Different Accounting Packages., Practical application of Accounting, Software.,  Important Concepts under GST.,  GST calculation using different, accounting packages.,  GST on Goods with example and, GST on Services with example., 3.1 Introduction, Now a days it is often seen that even, small shops or business entities use, Computer Software to maintain their, Books of Accounts. A Computerised, Accounting System is an Accounting, Information System that processes the, financial transactions and events as per, Generally, Accepted, Accounting, Principles (GAAP) to produce reports as, per, user, requirements., Modern, , Computerised Accounting Systems are, based on the concept of database. A, database is implemented using a database, management system, which is define by a, set of computer programs (or software), that manage and organise data effectively, and provide access to the stored data by, the, application, programs., The, Computerised Accounting the transaction, data is stored in well-organised database., The user operates on such database using, the required and desired interface and, also takes the desired reports by suitable, transformations of stored data into, information., Accounting Software describes a type, of application software that records and, processes accounting transactions within, functional modules such as accounts, payable, accounts receivable, Journal,, General Ledger, Payroll, and Trial, Balance. It functions as an Accounting, Information System., , Working of Accounting Software :, Input (Data), Masters, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Ledger, Group, Voucher, Stock Item, Unit of Measure, Godown, , Processing, Entries, • Accounting, Voucher, • Inventory, Voucher, • Invoice, , Output, Reports, •, •, •, •, •, , Profit &Loss A/c, Balance Sheet, DayBook, Trial Balance, GST summary, , Fig. 3.1 : Working of accounting software, 42

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3.2 Process of Accounting Software, , 7, , 1, , Printing of Reports, , 6, Reports such as, Balance Sheet,, Income &, Expenditure,, Cash/Bank Flow, statement etc, Generated, automatically, , Creation of, Company/Organisation, , 2, Accounting, , Creation of Ledger, giving appropriate, groups, , Software, Process, , 3, , 5, Posting of transaction, into the, Accounting/inventory, Voucher, , Selection of correct, Voucher, , 4, GST Calculation, , Fig. 3.2 : Process of Accounting Software, 3.2.1 Creation Company/ Organisation, Creating a Company/organisation, involves providing basic information, about the company whose books of, accounts are to be maintained. While, creating a company fields like name of, the company, Email id, Address of the, company, financial year begins from,, Books Beginning from etc with admin, password has to be entered. In some, accounting packages password security, measures can be applied to keep the data, safe and secure., 3.2.2 Creation of Ledgers :, The modern way of managing, accounts called ‘Single Ledger’ concept, of accounting is being followed. All, , financial entries are made using Ledgers, or account heads. Ledger accounts are, created to identify transactions. Groups, in Accounting Software classify and, identify account heads according to their, nature. This helps in presenting, summarised information., We have seen the concept of Group,, Sub Group followed by their respective, Ledger accounts in Std. XI., Do it yourself, Make a table of the Ledger accounts, alphabetically and write their, respective groups and subgroups., Refer Std XI IT textbook., 43

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3.2.3 Selection of Correct Voucher :, A voucher is a pre-numbered accounting document used for recording daily, transactions. Every voucher maintains its debit and credit record. There are, pre-defined voucher types for every type of transaction. Care must be taken to select, appropriate Voucher Type otherwise there might be an error in Gross/Net Profit/Loss., List of pre-defined Accounting voucher types is as below, Voucher Type, , Used for Recording, , Receipt, , Amounts received by way of cash., , Payment, , Payments made by cash., , Sales, , Cash and Credit sale of goods and services., , Purchase, , Cash and credit purchase of raw materials, semi-finished goods, and finished goods and services., , Contra, , Deposits or withdrawals of cash from bank or transfer of funds, from one bank to another transfer of cash to Pretty Cash., , Journal, , Rectifying entries or transfer or adjustment entries purchase of, fixed assets on credit., , Sales Return /, Credit Note, , Return of goods by a customer. It is issued when there is reduction, in the price charged to a customer., , Purchase Return Return of goods to a supplier. It is issued when there is reduction, / Debit Note, in the price given by a supplier, The above table of voucher types can be understood more clearly with the help of, following transactions., Transaction, 1) Paid salary to, staff in cash, , Voucher Entry, Salary A/c….Dr, To Cash A/c, , Ledger with group, Salary – Indirect Exp, Cash – Cash in hand, , 2) Received cash, from Mr. Raj, 3) i) Sold goods, for cash, ii) Sold goods, to Mr. Ram, on credit, , Cash A/c….Dr, To Mr.Raj A/c, Cash A/c…Dr, To Sales A/c, , Cash – Cash in hand, Receipt, Mr.Raj – Sundry Debtor, Cash – Cash in hand, Sales, Sales – Sales, , Mr.Ram A/c…Dr, To Sales A/c, , Mr.Ram – Sundry, Debtor Sales – Sales, , Sales, , 4) i) Purchased, Purchase A/c...Dr, goods for, To Cash A/c, cash, ii) Purchased, Purchase A/c...Dr, goods from, To Mr. Sham, Mr. Sham on, credit, , Purchase - Purchase, Cash – Cash in hand, , Purchase, , Purchase - Purchase, Mr.Sham–, Sundry Creditor, , Purchase, , 44, , Voucher type, Payment

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Transaction, , Voucher Entry, , 5) Cash deposited, in Bank of, India., OR, Cash withdrawn, from Bank of, India, , Bank of India, A/c…Dr, To Cash A/c, , Bank of India A/c – Bank, Cash – Cash in Hand, Contra, , To Bank of India A/c, , 3.2.4 GST Calculation :, GST stands for Goods and Service, Tax. GST is an Indirect Tax which has, replaced many Indirect Taxes in India., The Act came into effect on 1st July 2017., GST is one nation, one tax. We will study, about GST calculation in this chapter., of, , Voucher type, , Cash A/c…..Dr, , Depreciation A/c.., Dr, 6) Depreciation on, To Machinery A/c, machinery., , 3.2.5 Posting, Voucher :, , Ledger with group, , transaction, , into, , Posting a transaction through voucher, is called voucher entry. While recording, a transaction through the voucher, the, account to be debited and credited along, with the amount. We can type narration, which is optional. We can add any, number of debits and credits in a voucher, entry depending upon the transaction., Steps (procedure for voucher entry) :, 1. Creation of Ledger with appropriate, group or sub group., , Depreciation A/c –, Indirect Expenses, Machinery A/c –, Fixed Asset, , Journal, , 4. Select the debit account name from, the list (which you have created) and, enter the amount., 5. Select the credit account name from, the list (which you have created) and, enter the amount., 6. Enter narration and save.(optional), , Points to be remembered while, recording the voucher entry 1. While recording transaction in, voucher entry mode, correct Ledger, Account can be selected from the list, of Ledger accounts., 2. Appropriate voucher type should be, selected according to the transaction., 3. Once the recording is done, it is, possible to alter the contents in the, voucher or even to delete the voucher., , 2. Select the appropriate voucher type, from voucher menu., 3. Enter voucher date., 45

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3.2.6 Displaying various Reports :, , 3.2.7 Printing various Reports :, , Display of information is designed to, allow a user get the maximum benefit of, the data that is entered. A user gets a, holistic picture of the data and is also, able to present information using different, options. In Computerised Accounting, various financial, inventory reports can, be generated after finishing the recording, of transactions or even at timely intervals., Reports such as :, , Printing of the financial and inventory, reports is advisable for future reference., It is also useful for accounting audit., Reports and documents generated through, Accounting Software can also be printed., , 1) Trial Balance : provides you a report, with debit and credit balance of all, Ledger Accounts., 2) Profit and Loss Account : This report, gives the final working result of the, business with Net profit/Net Loss., 3) Balance Sheet : It is a statement, showing Assets and Liabilities of the, business concern., 4) The Day Book : contains all vouchers, for the day, including inventory, vouchers. Its purpose is to show you a, day’s transactions, though you can, display a report for any period using, Change period option., 5) GST Reports : The GST report prints, a summary of the GST received and, paid by you, broken down by the, various tax codes, and is used to, calculate your GST payment or, refund., , 46, , 3.3 Different Accounting Packages :, 1) Tally with GST package, Tally is one of the most widely used, financial accounting software. Various, types of trade and industries use it. It is a, comprehensive business accounting and, inventory management software that, provides various facilities like multilingual operations, online functions,, legally supported reports, etc., In 2009, Tally Solutions introduced, the software Tally.ERP 9. The software, offers, comprehensive, business, management solution. It maintains all, books of accounts. Different types of, vouchers such as vouchers for receipt,, payment, sales, purchases, etc., can be, used for recording transactions. In Tally, for deleting any ledger, group, voucher or, even company alt+d key combination is, used. It follows the principle of double, entry system of book keeping. In 2017, it, was updated to comply with the Indian, Goods and Services Tax (GST), requirements.

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Fig. 3.3 : Tally Flash Screen, When Tally started, choose the mode of operation as per the options listed on the, screen. If license is available, choose ‘Activate Your License’. Otherwise, choose, ‘Work in Education Mode’., 2) GNU Khata :, In Std XI textbook we have seen how to create an organisation and ledger accounts, using GNUKhata software. GNUKhata is one of the tools developed by KK’s, foundation. Like some other fairly innovative Indian FOSS products, GNUKhata, probably hasn’t been sufficiently noticed in the land it was born in. But it is making, impressive progress now. From cash flow statements to profit and loss and balance, sheets, GNUKhata can do it all. This software helps you keep track of your inventory., , Fig. 3.4 GNUKhata Flash Screen, 47

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3) LedgerSMB :, A powerful yet simple open source accounting solution. It has been tailored to, small and medium sized businesses. Starting from managing invoices to inventory –, you also get the ability to translate (up to 45 languages supported)., , Fig. 3.5 LedgerSMB Flash Screen, , 48

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4) GNUCash :, GnuCash is personal and small-business financial-accounting software, freely, licensed under the GNU GPL and available for GNU/Linux, BSD, Solaris, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows. It is designed to be easy to use, yet powerful and flexible., GnuCash allows you to track bank accounts, stocks, income and expenses. As quick, and instinctive to use as a checkbook register, it is based on professional accounting, principles to ensure balanced books and accurate reports., , Fig. 3.6 GNUCash Flash Screen, , 49

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5) Akaunting :, Akaunting is an interesting online accounting software that’s available for free., Ranging from invoicing to managing deposits and transfers it has a whole lot of, features. It’s fit for both personal and enterprise needs., , Fig. 3.7 Akaunting Flash Screen, , Do it Yourself, There are many other free accounting software available on Internet. Try to search,, install and explore., Let us understand the above concepts with the help of example / case study, Note, i) With the help of above mentioned list of software use any Accounting Software, (open source/ free version or proper license version)., ii) Every software will have different navigational menus., iii) Practical Examination should be conducted on the software which is used for, regular teaching session., , 50

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3.4 Case Study/ PROBLEM :, 1.Practical application of Accounting Software, Use following details to create a M/s Saraswati Trading Company for the year 2020, COMPANY DETAILS, Company Name: , , M/s Saraswati Trading Company, , Address: , , 512,Shaniwar Peth, Navkar Building, Pune30, , State: , , Maharashtra, , Website: , , www.saraswatitrading.com, , E-mail Id: , , info@saraswati.com, , Maintain: , , Accounts Only, , Financial Year From: , , 01-04-2019, , Books Begin From : , , 01-04-2019, , With the help of Any Accounting Software pass the following transactions in, appropriate vouchers to print reports such as Trial Balance, Profit & Loss A/c, Balance, Sheet, Day Book., , Jan 2020, , Particulars, , Amount, (Rs), , 1, , Mrs. Saroj started business with cash, , 1,57,000, , 1, , Cash deposited into Canara Bank, , 50,000, , 1, , Paid office rent by cheque, , 15,000, , 2, , Purchased goods from Sumit Steel works on, credit, , 10,000, , 2, , Sold goods to Ritu on cash, , 12,500, , 2, , Purchased Furniture for office use, , 25,000, , 2, , Depreciation on Furniture, , 2,500, , 51

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Solution :, Company Info > Create Company, i) Create a new company in the name of M/s Saraswati Trading Company with the, given details, financial year begins on 1/04/2019., ii) After creation of a company, it is necessary to set up features. The features are set, of capabilities, provided as options, that enable maintenance of financial records, as per the requirements of the users. Go to Features -> Company Features ->, Accounting Features-> Maintain Accounts only >> Type Yes, STEP II : Creation Of Ledger, To record any transaction, the transaction has to be identified with the related Ledger, Accounts. The user has to create various other ledgers based on their requirements., To create given Ledgers –, Masters --> Account Info ---> Ledgers-->Single Ledger --> Create, While creating a ledger, name of the ledger along with appropriate group should, be selected from the list of groups., Ledger, , Under Group, , Capital A/c, , Capital Account, , Canara Bank A/c, , Bank Account, , Office Rent A/c, , Indirect Expenses, , Purchase A/c, , Purchase Accounts, , Sumit Steel Works A/c, , Sundry Creditors, , Sales A/c, , Sales Accounts, , Furniture A/c, , Fixed Asset, , Depriciation A/c, , Indirect Expenses, , Table 3.1 : Ledger and its appropriate group, Do you Know, In some accounting software it is not necessary to create all the Ledger Accounts, at the beginning. From Voucher Entry screen it allows you to create new Ledger, Account., To view the list of created ledger : Accounts Info> Ledger>Single Ledger> Display, 52

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Step III : Voucher Entries, All Accounting Software has a set of predefined vouchers such as Purchase, Sales,, Payment, Receipt and Contra. To view the list of voucher types: Masters > Accounts, Info > Voucher Types > Display., To enter transactions through vouchers Transactions > Accounting Vouchers., Note: In Accounting Voucher Entry, there is “Single Entry Mode” for Contra, Receipt, , and Payment voucher and sets default To/By during voucher entry., To convert it into double entry, one has to change the configuration as folllows –, 1) “Use single entry mode for payment/receipt/contra vouchers” to No., 2) “Use Cr/Dr instead of To/By during entry” to Yes., Analysis of Transactions :, Date 2020 Voucher Type Particular, , Debit Amt. Credit Amt., , 1 Jan, , 1,57,000, , Receipt, , Dr. Cash, Cr. Capital A/c, , 1 Jan, , Contra, , Dr. Canara Bank A/c, , 1,57,000, 50,000, , Cr. Cash A/c, 1 Jan, , Payment, , Dr. Office Rent A/c, , 50,000, 15,000, , Cr. Canara Bank A/c, 2 Jan, , Purchases, , Dr. Purchases A/c, , 15,000, 10,000, , Cr. Sumit Steel Works A/c, 2 Jan, , Sales, , Dr. Cash A/c, , 10,000, 12,500, , Cr. Sales A/c, 2 Jan, , Purchases, , Dr. Furniture A/c, , 12,500, 25,000, , Cr. Cash A/c, 2 Jan, , Journal, , Dr. Depreciation A/c, Cr. Furniture A/c, , 25,000, 2,500, 2,500, 53

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Step IV: To view various Reports :, (i) To view Trial Balance  Display > Trial Balance > Detailed Trial Balance, (ii) To view Profit and Loss A/c  Reports > Profit & Loss A/c, (iii) To view Balance Sheet  Reports > Balance Sheet > Detailed, (v) To view Day Book  Display > Day Book > Detailed (Alt + F1), 3.5 Important Concepts under GST :, 3.5.1 GST : GST stands for Goods and Services Tax. France was the first country to, implement the GST in 1954, and since then an estimated 160 countries have adopted, this tax system. GST is an Indirect Tax which has replaced many Indirect Taxes in, India. In India the GST Act came into effect on 1st July 2017. The GST replaced, existing multiple taxes levied by the central and state governments. GST is one nation,, one tax, one market.,  Goods: Means every kind of movable property other than money and securities.,  Services: These are the activities provided by other people, who include doctors,, lawn care workers, dentists, barbers, waiters, online servers, consultants, chartered, accountants.,  Tax: A compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government., Do it Yourself, Find the names of the countries where Goods and Services Tax is applicable., 3.5.2 GSTIN :, Goods and Services Tax Identification Number (GSTIN) is the registration number, allotted to every registered dealer under GST Act. The GSTIN is a 15 digit PAN based, registration number. You may register multiple businesses under the same PAN, registration, provided they are all within the same state. Structure of GSTIN is as under-, , Fig. 3.8 Structure of GSTIN, , 54

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Do it Yourself, Find out the State code of GST for different states of India. Make a list of it., 3.5.3 HSN Code :, HSN stands for Harmonized System of Nomenclature, is an internationally accepted, coding system developed by World Customs Organisation (WCO) with the vision of, classifying goods all over the world in a systematic and logical manner., 3.5.4 SAC :, SAC stands for Services Accounting Code, which is issued by CBEC(Central Board, of Excise and Customs) to uniformly classify each service under GST. Each service, has a unique SAC., 3.5.5 Taxes Under GST, , GST, Inter-State, (with other, state), , Intra-State, (Within the, state), , Central GST, (CGST), , Integrated, GST (IGST), , State GST, (SGST), , Fig. 3.9 Taxes under GST, , To understand more on GST let us see the following table :, Tax name, , Imposed on, , CGST(Central Goods Intra-state supply of, and Services Tax), goods or services, SGST (State Goods, and Services Tax), , Intra-state supply of, goods or services, , IGST(Integrated, Goods and Service, Tax), , Interstate supply or, import of goods or, services, , Collected by Example, Central, Mumbai to Pune i.e., Government Maharashtra to, Maharashtra, State, Satara to Nasik i.e., Government Maharashtra to, Maharashtra, Central, Solapur to Humpy i.e., Government Maharashtra to, Karnataka (Between, two States), 55

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3.5.6 GST Rates :, The government has proposed a 4-tier, tax structure for all goods and services, under the slabs- 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%., There is zero % tax imposed on items, such as, milk, sugar, salt, eggs, bread, butter milk, curd, natural honey, fresh, fruits and vegetables, jute, fresh meat,, fish, chicken, stamps, judicial papers,, printed books, newspapers, bangles,, handloom. etc., Do it Yourself, Find out the GST rates prescribed by, government for different types of, goods and services. Make a list of it., Refer GST Council decision for latest, GST rates., 3.5.7 Input Tax and Output Tax :,  GST on Inward Supply of goods and, services is known as Input Tax. Input, tax shall be specifically named as, Input IGST or Input CGST or Input, SGST.,  GST on Outward Supply of goods and, services is known as Output Tax. The, output tax may be specifically named, as Output IGST/Output CGST/Output, SGST, Do it Yourself, Try to collect a bill having GST, applied on cost, observe the GSTIN, and rate of GST. Also observe which, types of GST are applied on that bill., 56, , 3.5.8 Ledgers pertaining to GST for, Supply of Goods - The Ledgers that are, affected GST are :,  Sales Ledger - Separate sales Ledgers, can be created for Local, Interstate, and Non-taxable sales,  Purchases Ledger - Separate, purchases Ledgers can be created for, Local Purchases, Interstate purchases, and Non- taxable purchases,  Party Ledger, ,  SGST Ledger, ,  CGST Ledger, ,  IGST Ledger, , 3.5.9 Ledgers pertaining to GST for, Supply of Services - The Ledgers that, are affected GST are:,  Sales of Service Ledger or Income, Ledger - Give the name of the Service, (If the dealer is only a service provider,, Service rendered is treated as sale of, service e.g. Advertisement Charges, received, consulting charges received,, Commission received etc.),  Purchase of Service Ledger or, Expense Ledger - Give the name of, the Service., (If the dealer deals only a service, provider, Service received is treated, as Purchase of service e.g. website, development/IT service charges paid,, advertisement, charges, paid,, Consulting charges paid, Courier, Charges paid, etc. ),  Party Ledger, ,  SGST Ledger, ,  CGST Ledger, ,  IGST Ledger

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Points to be remembered for GST calculation while using Accounting Software, 1. Use GST compliant Accounting Software., 2. Make sure that company will be in accounts with inventory mode for GST, calculation of goods and accounts only mode for GST calculations of services., 3. Creation of stock item with GST rates and units of measure with UQC is a must, for GST accounting., 4. Service Ledgers must be created with the GST rates separately for local and, interstate supply., 5. Input tax and output tax Ledgers at different rates are not required., 6. CGST, SGST and IGST Ledgers are common for goods and services., 7. CGST,SGST and IGST Ledgers will be created under sub group Duties and, Taxes and main group Current Liabilities., 8. Voucher entry for supply of goods should be in item invoice mode and for, supply of services should be in accounting mode., 3.6 Let us see different examples of GST calculation using different accounting, packages., I) GST on Goods :, Example 1 :, With the help of any open source or free education version Accounting Software, create a company named Shree Ganesha Trading Company, Shahupuri Estate,, Kolhapur, Maharashtra Pin Code 416004, with GSTIN 27ABCDE2345F1Z4. Enter, the following transactions in appropriate vouchers by applying GST. Prepare Sales/, Tax Invoice and GST Reports., 1) On 01/04/2019 Purchased 50 Units CCTV @ Rs.10000 per Unit, GST 28% from, Shiva Enterprises, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, Pin code 416001., 2) On 02/04/2019 Sold 30 Units of CCTV @Rs.12000 per unit, GST 28%, to Angels, Public School, Satara, Maharashtra, Pin code 415001., Solution :, The above transactions clearly indicate that the purchase and sale both are within, Maharashtra State., Therefore 28% GST is applicable as 14% SGST and 14% CGST, 57

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Step 1 : Create new company i) Create a new company in the name of Shree Ganesha Trading Company with the, given address and pin code, financial year begins on 1/04/2019., ii) Enable GST features by selecting  Features  Statutory and Taxation , Enable Goods and Service Tax(GST)  yes, Set/alter GST details  Yes., Type State  Maharashtra, GSTIN 27, , ABCDE2345F1Z4, , Step2. Create the following Ledger Accounts., Accounts Info> Leger> Single>Create, Ledger, Group, Details to be filled, Purchases CCTV A/c P u r c h a s e s Is GST Applicable – ‘Applicable’, Set/Alter, Accounts, GST Details – ‘Yes’, Nature of transaction, – ‘Purchase Taxable’, (from configuration, make yes to ‘Show all GST tax types’) typeIntegrated tax as ‘28%’ then Central Tax and, State Tax will automatically reflects as ‘14%’, and ‘14%’ respectively; Type of supply –, ‘Goods’), After Set/Alter GST Details – ‘Yes’, GST Details Screen will appear select Nature, of transaction – ‘Purchase Taxable’, GST Details-> Nature of Transaction->Purchase Taxable, Show all GST tax types -> Yes, Tax type - Integrated Tax - 28%; then Central Tax and State Tax will automatically, reflect as ‘14%’ and ‘14%’ respectively. Cess 0% and then press Enter Key, Ledger, Group, Details to be filled, Sales CCTV A/c Sales, Is GST Applicable – ‘Applicable’, Set/Alter GST, Account, Details – ‘Yes’ Nature of transaction – ‘Sales, Taxable’ (from configuration make yes to ‘Show, all GST tax types’) type- Integrated tax as ‘28%’, then Central Tax and State Tax will automatically, reflects as ‘14%’ and ‘14%’ respectively; Type of, supply – ‘Goods’, Same Steps to be followed for creating Sales CCTV Ledger A/c, SGST A/c, Duties and Type of Duty/Tax - ‘GST’, Tax Type – ‘State, Taxes, Tax’, Percentage of Calculation – ‘0%’, 58

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CGST A/c, Angel Public, School A/c, Shiva, Enterprises A/c, , Duties and, Taxes, Sundry, Debtors, Sundry, Creditors, , (Type of Duty/Tax - ‘GST’, Tax Type – ‘Central, Tax’, Percentage of Calculation – ‘0%’, Fill the details with PIN code, Fill the details with PIN code, , Step.3. Create Inventory details :, (a) Create Units of Measure – Unit/Ut, (b) Create Stock groups or Category as ‘Camera’, (c) Create Stock Item/Product as ‘CCTV’ with GST rate 28%, NOTE: GST rates applicable for each commodity are given at the time of creation, of stock items/products. For the creation of inventory items/products, following are, the steps:, Step 3.1 Create Unit of Measure: Inventory/Inventory Info> Unit of Measure/, Measurement >>Give unit name/symbol as Ut> Formal Name/description as Units, >Select applicable Unit Quantity Code (UQC) from the pop up list(optional).>, Accept/Save the details., Step 3.2 Create Stock groups or Category: Inventory/Inventory Info>Stock groups or, Category as Camera>Accept/Save the details without changing any field., Step 3.3 Create Stock Items/Product: Inventory /Inventory Info>Stock Items/, Product> Type the name of the item/product CCTV>Select the Under Group/Category, as Camera>Select Unit of Measurement/ Measure as Ut > Set / Alter GST Details :, Yes (then give all the GST details for that Stock Item like HSN, Taxability, IGST %,, CGST%, SGST%, etc.)Type of supply – ‘Goods’ Accept/Save the details., Step 4. Create Purchase and Sales Vouchers :, 1) Purchase Voucher: >Accounting Vouchers > (Purchase Voucher) > Type Voucher, Date as 1/04/2019>Supplier Invoice No. >Party’s name field : > Enter Shiva, Enterprises > Purchase Ledger field > Select Purchase CCTV A/c > Select Name, of the item/product as CCTV>Enter Quantity as 50 and Rate Rs.10000>Select, ‘SGST’> Select ‘CGST’>Save/Accept., 2) Sales Voucher : Accounting Vouchers > Select Sales Voucher > Enter Voucher, Date> Party’s name field : Angel Public School> Sales Ledger field – Select Sales, CCTV > Select Name of the item/product as CCTV>Enter Quantity 30 units and, 59

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Rate Rs.12000>Select ‘SGST’> Select ‘CGST’ > Save/Accept, Step 5. Display Reports :, 1) Tax Invoice i.e. Sales Invoice –, Reports ->Display ->Day Book ->Sales Voucher, , 60

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Example 2 :, With the help of any open source or free education version Accounting Software, Enter the following transactions in appropriate vouchers of Balaji Enterprises, College, Road, Nashik, Maharashtra 422005 with GSTIN 27PQRST1234T2Z1, Dealers of, House hold Articles. Prepare various reports with GST calculations., 1) On 01/08/2018 Purchased from M/s. Bangalore Kitchen suppliers, Sudhama, Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560002 with GSTIN 29ABCDE1235R2Z4, (a) 100 Nos. of LPG Stoves @ Rs.8500/- per Stove, GST 18%, (b) 50 Nos. of Wash Basin @Rs.7000/- per basin, GST 28%, 2) On 02/08/2018 Sold 40 Nos. of LPG Stoves @Rs.10000/- per Stove with GST18%, to Anandh Multi Agencies, Kuppam Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600033, (GSTIN-33STUVW1345S2Z6 ), Solution:, The above transactions clearly indicate that the purchase and sale both are out, of Maharashtra State. Therefore only IGST is applicable i.e. Integrated GST, Step 1., i) Create a new company in the name of Balaji Enterprises, College Road, Nashik,, Maharashtra, Pin code – 422005, financial year begins on 1/04/2018., ii) Enabling GST, Features>Statutory & Taxation > Enable Goods and Services Tax (GST) – Yes, Set/alter GST details – Yes, iii) Fill State and GSTIN details, Step 2 : Create following Ledger accounts. Account Info > Ledgers > Single >, Create, Ledger, Inter-State Purchase, , Under Group, , M/s. Bangalore Kitchen Suppliers, , Sundry Creditor, , 62, , Purchase Accounts, Is GST Applicable – Applicable, Set/Alter GST Details – No, Type of supply – Goods

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Inter-State Sales, , Sales Accounts, Is GST Applicable – Applicable, Set/Alter GST Details – No, Type of supply – Goods, , Anandh Multi Agencies, IGST, , Sundry Debtor, Duties and Taxes, Type of Duty/Tax – GST, Tax Type – Integrated Tax, Percentage of Calculation – ‘0%’, , Step.3 Create Inventory details:, (a) Create Units of Measure – Nos., (b) Create Stock group/category - Households, (c) Create Stock Items/products:, (i) LPG Stoves - Type GST Rate 18% in the field ‘Integrated Tax’.., (ii) Wash Basin - Type GST Rate 28% in the field ‘Integrated Tax’, NOTE: GST rates applicable for each commodity are given at the time of, creation of stock items/products. For the creation of inventory items/products,, steps to be followed are :, Step.3.1. Create Units of Measure: Inventory/Inventory Info> Units of Measure/, Measurement >Give unit name/symbol as Nos> Formal Name/description, as Number >Select applicable Unit Quantity Code (UQC) from the pop up, list NOS-Numbers> Accept/Save the details, Step.3.2. Create Stock groups or Category: Inventory/Inventory Info>Stock groups or, Category as Households>Accept/Save the details without changing any, field, Step.3.3. Create Stock Items/Product: Inventory /Inventory Info>Stock Items/Product>, Type the Item/Product name LPG Stoves >Select the Under Group/Category, as Household>Select Unit of Measurement/ Measure as Nos > Type GST, Rate18% in the field ‘Integrated Tax’>Accept/Save the details, 63

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Step.3.4. Create Stock Items/Product: Inventory /Inventory Info>Stock Items/Product>, Type the Item/Product name Wash Basin >Select the Under Group/Category, as Household>Select Unit of Measurement/ Measure as Nos > Type GST, Rate 28% in the field ‘Integrated Tax’>Accept/Save the details, Step 4. Create Purchase and Sales Vouchers, 1) Purchase Voucher: Accounting Vouchers > Select Purchase Voucher>Type, Voucher Date>Supplier Invoice No. >Party’s name field : M/s. Bangalore Kitchen, suppliers > Purchase Ledger field – Select Inter-state Purchase > Select Stock Item/, Product LPG Stoves > Enter Quantity as 100Nos and Rate Rs.8500> Select second, Stock Item/Product Wash Basin>Enter Quantity as 50Nos and Rate Rs.7000>Select, ‘IGST’> Save/Accept., 2) Sales Voucher : Accounting Vouchers > Select Sales Voucher > Enter Voucher, Date>Party’s name field : Anandh Multi Agencies > Sales Ledger field – Select, Inter-state Sale > Select Name of the item/product LPG Stoves >Enter Quantity 40, Nos and Rate Rs.10000>Select ‘IGST’ > Save/Accept., Step 5: Display GST Reports:, i) Display > Statutory Reports > GST >GSTR-2, ii) Display > Statutory Reports > GST >GST Annual Computation, II) GST on Services –, While calculating GST on Services all the services purchased can be recorded in, Purchase Voucher. For example paid advertisement charges, consultancy charges,, professional charges, maintenance charges, transportation charges, IT charges etc. to, be considered as services purchased for the company and hence to be recorded in, Purchase Voucher., Similarly, while calculating GST on Services all the services sold can be recorded, in Sales Voucher. For example received advertisement charges, consultancy charges,, professional charges, maintenance charges, transportation charges, IT charges etc. to, be considered as services sold by the company and hence to be recorded in Sales, Voucher., E.g. Digisoft India Ltd Company is a company which develops websites. They, have developed a website for Enhance Learning Institute for Rs 50,000/- as design, charges. Entry for the same will be, 64

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Voucher Entry, Group Name, Enhance Learning Institute A/c ….Dr 50000 Sundry Debtor, To Design charges A/c, 50000, Sales, , Voucher Type, Sales Voucher, , Note : While calculation GST for the company rendering only services Accounting, Features should change to “Maintain Accounts Only” as YES option, Let us understand this with the help of following example :, M/s. Freelance Technical Consultancy Company from Shraddhanand Peth,, Ambazari Rd, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010 (GSTIN 27HIJKL1234M5Z6) is a, freelancing company which tackle problems and provide IT solutions to the big, organisation. The company renders services like website designing, Digital Marketing, consultation, etc. Following transactions has taken place in the month of October, 2017. With the help of any open source or free education version Accounting, Software enter the following transactions in appropriate vouchers of M/s. Freelance, Technical Consultancy Company with GST calculations., (a) 1-10-2017 Received Design charges from M/s Mehta Construction Group,, Amravati, Rs.50,000/- by cheque, (SBI Ch. No.579678) GST-18%, (b) 2-10-2017 Received Consultancy charges from M/s Perfect Engineers Ltd,, Wardha, Rs.10,000/-, GST 5%, (c) 2/10/2017 Paid Advertisement charges Rs.40,000/-, GST-18% to M/s. Online, Digital Marketing Ltd, Mumbai., (d) 02/10/2017 Paid Web hosting charges to M/s. Popular Web hoster, Bangalore,, Karnataka by Cheque Rs.30,000/-, (SBI Ch.No.325647) IGST-18%, Print GST Reports GSTR-2 and GST Annual Computation., Solution:, In the above transactions we have to consider SGST, CGST, IGST, Step1., , Create a new company : M/s. Freelance Technical Consultancy Company, from Shraddhanand Peth, Ambazari Rd, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010,, financial year begins on 1/04/2017. Enable GST by filling GSTIN, 27HIJKL1234M5Z6., , Note : Don’t forget to change the company features if the company renders, ‘Service Only’ as Feature -> Accounting Features -> Maintain Accounts Only, ‘Yes’, 65

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Step2. Create the following Ledger Accounts, Ledger, Design Charges, , Under Group and details to be filled, Sales Account, (Is GST Applicable – ‘Applicable’, Set/Alter, GST Details – ‘Yes’, Nature of Transaction –, Sales Taxable, Type GST Rate in the field, Integrated Tax, Type of supply – ‘Service’), , M/s Mehta Construction Group, , Sundry Debtors, , SBI A/c, , Bank Account, , SGST, , Duties and Taxes, (Type of Duty/Tax - ‘GST’, Tax Type – ‘State, Tax’, Percentage of Calculation – ‘0%’,, Rounding method – ‘Not applicable’), , CGST, , Duties and Taxes, (Type of Duty/Tax - ‘GST’, Tax Type – ‘Central Tax’, Percentage of Calculation – ‘0%’,, Rounding method – ‘Not applicable’), , Consultancy Charges, , Sales Account, (Is GST Applicable – ‘Applicable’, Set/Alter, GST Details – ‘Yes’, Nature of Transaction –, Sales Taxable, Type GST Rate in the field, Integrated Tax, Type of supply – ‘Service’), , M/s Perfect Engineers Ltd, , Sundry Debtors, , Advertisement Charges, , Purchase Account, (Is GST Applicable – ‘Applicable’, Set/Alter, GST Details – ‘Yes’, Nature of Transaction –, Purchase Taxable, Type GST Rate in the field, Integrated Tax, Type of supply – ‘Service’), M/s Online Digital Marketing Ltd Sundry Creditors, M/s. Popular Web hoster, , Sundry Creditors, , IGST, , Duties and Taxes, (Type of Duty/Tax - ‘GST’, Tax Type – ‘Integrated Tax’, Percentage of Calculation – ‘0%’,, Rounding method – ‘Not applicable’), Purchase Account, (Is GST Applicable – ‘Applicable’, Set/Alter, GST Details – ‘Yes’, Nature of Transaction, – Inter-State Purchase Taxable, Type GST Rate, in the field Integrated Tax, Type of supply –, ‘Service’), , Web Hosting Charges, , 66

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Step.3. Accounting Vouchers:, Transaction, , Voucher Type Procedure, , 1, (Due Entry), , Sale, , 1, (Receipt entry), 2, (Due Entry), , Receipt, , 2, (Receipt entry), 3, (Due Entry), , Receipt, , Sale, , Purchase, , 3, Payment, (Payment entry), 4, (Due Entry), , Purchase, , 4, Payment, (Payment entry), , Debit – M/s Mehta Construction group, Credit- Design charges, Credit- CGST, Credit- SGST (Recommended that Entry to pass, in Invoice Mode – Accounting Invoice and not, in Voucher Mode – Dr / Cr mode. So that GST, amount should be auto calculated.), Debit - SBI, Credit- M/s Mehta Construction group, Debit – M/s Perfect Engineers Ltd, Credit- Consultancy charges, Credit- CGST, Credit- SGST (Recommended that Entry to pass, in Invoice Mode – Accounting Invoice and not, in Voucher Mode – Dr / Cr mode. So that GST, amount should be auto calculated.), Debit - Cash, Credit- M/s Perfect Engineers Ltd, Debit – Advertisement Charge, Debit- CGST, Debit – SGST, Credit- M/s. Online Digital marketing Ltd, (Recommended that Entry to pass in Invoice, Mode – Accounting Invoice and not in Voucher, Mode – Dr / Cr mode. So that GST amount, should be auto calculated.), Debit - M/s. Online Digital marketing Ltd, Credit – Cash, Debit – Web Hosting Charges, Debit- IGST, Credit- M/s. Popular Web hoster, (Recommended that Entry to pass in Invoice, Mode – Accounting Invoice and not in Voucher, Mode – Dr / Cr mode. So that GST amount, should be auto calculated.), Debit - M/s. Popular Web hoster, Credit – Cash, 67

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Step 4. Display GST Reports:, (a) GSTR-2, (b) GST Annual Computation, Summary, •, , Accounting Software is application software used to record accounting, transactions., , •, , Process of Computerised Accounting starts with creation of company or, organisation., , •, , Automated accounting system is an approach to maintain up-to-date accounting, records with the aid of Accounting Software., , •, , In Computerised Accounting every Ledger account should be given proper group., , •, , Accounting group is a collection of Ledger accounts of same nature., , •, , Voucher is pre-numbered accounting document., , •, , In computerised accounting every voucher maintains its debit and credit record., , •, , Receipt, Payment, Sales, Purchase, Contra, Journal are the commonly used, voucher types., , •, , Selection of Vouchers depends upon nature of transaction., , •, , GST stands for Goods and service tax., , •, , GST is an Indirect tax implied in India from 1st July 2017., , •, , Posting a transaction through voucher is called voucher entry., , •, , In Computerised Accounting various financial and inventory reports can be, generated after finishing the recording., , •, , Accounting Software are available such as Tally, GNUKhata, GNUCAsh,, Ledger SMB, Akaunting etc. for maintaining computerised accounting., , •, , GSTIN is a 15 digit PAN based Registration Number., , •, , First two digits of GSTIN indicate state code., , •, , For Maharashtra GSTIN code is 27., , •, , HSN and SAC are the codes given to goods and services under GST., , •, , There are three types of GST- CGST,SGST,IGST, , •, , GST rates are different for different commodities/products., , •, , For calculating GST on Goods, accounts with inventory mode and GST on, Services accounts only mode should be selected while creating company., , 68

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Exercise, Q.1 Fill in the blanks., 1) A pre-numbered accounting, document used for posting daily, transactions is called as________, 2) When cash is going out of the, business _____ type of voucher is, used., 3) Return of goods to a supplier, comes under ____ type of, voucher., 4) ______was the first country to, implement the GST in 1954., 5) GSTIN stands for ___________., , 6) Goods sold from Solapur to Hubli, is an example of SGST., 7) GST is focus on one nation one, tax., 8) GSTIN is PAN based registration, number., 9) CGST, SGST and IGST Ledgers, are common for goods and, services, Q.3 Choose Single correct answer, from the given options., 1) Contra Voucher is used for, _____, , 6) GST came into force in India, with effect from ________., , a) Master Entry , , 7) Rectifying entries or transfers or, adjustment entries comes under, ____ voucher type., , c) Reports , , Q.2 State whether the statement is, TRUE or FALSE., 1) Creation of company is the first, step in Computerized Accounting, process., 2) All Ledger accounts have same, groups, in, Computerized, Accounting., 3) Receipt voucher is used when the, cash is accepted., 4) Cash deposited into bank comes, under bank voucher., 5) Recording a transaction through, voucher is called as voucher, entry., , b) Withdrawal of cash from bank, d) Credit Purchase, 2) Salary account comes under, which of the following head ___, a) Indirect Income, b) Indirect Expenses, c) Direct Income, d)Direct Expenses, 3) In India the GST Act came into, effect on _____, a) 1st July 2018, b) 1st July 2017, c) 1st June 2018, d)1st June 2017, 69

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4) Sale or purchase out of state, involves ____in invoice., , , , , , a) OutGST, b) IGST, c) WithGST, d) NoGST, , 5) GSTIN is _____ digit, alphanumeric number., a) 13, b)10 , c) 15 , d)1, 6) In GSTIN first two digits, represents ______code., , , , , 7), , a) State, b) Central, c) Company , d) General, GST is ______ type of tax., , 2. Valid types of vouchers are ___, and ____, a) contra, b) sales, c) income, d) expenditure, e) liability, 3. _____ and ____are ledger, accounts can be created under, Group Indirect Expenses., a) Insurance, b) Sale, c) Rent, d) Bank Loan, e) Octroi, 4. Codes given to Goods and, Servies under GST are _____, and ______., , a) Regular, b) Indirect , c) Direct, d) Irregular, , a) HSN, , Q.4 Choose Two correct answers, from the given options., , e) HNS, , 1. Every voucher maintained its, _____ and ______ record., , b) HSC, c) SSC, d) SAC, , Q.5 Activity, Find out the GST exemption list, for various goods and services., , a) debit, b) in, c) out, d) credit, e) open, 70, , 

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4, , E-Commerce and E-Governance, Let us learn, ,  E-Commerce – concept, advantages,, , , , , , , , disadvantages and types., E-Commerce Trade cycle., Various Payment modes., Common forms of E-Commerce., Electronic Data Interchange., E-Governance-concept, advantages, and types., Various security measures., , 4.1 Introduction, E-Commerce stands for Electronic, Commerce. Before moving to the concept, of E-Commerce, let’s first, understand, what is commerce?, Commerce is an important part of a, business. In simple words, commerce is, nothing but buying and selling of goods., That means when we buy a product or, service from others or sell a product or, , service to others then it is called as, commerce., One of the most popular activity on, the Web is shopping. E-Commerce, became possible in 1991 when the Internet, was opened to commercial use. Since that, date thousands of businesses have taken, up residence at websites. History of, e-commerce is a history of a new, virtual, world which is evolving according to the, customer advantage., 4.2 Definition of E-Commerce, “E-Commerce can be broadly defined, as the process of buying and selling of, goods or services using an electronic, medium such as Internet.”, E-commerce is also referred as a, paperless, exchange, of, business, information using EDI, E-mail, Electronic, fund transfer etc., , 71

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4.3 Difference between Traditional Commerce and E-Commerce :, Traditional Commerce, Traditional commerce focuses on the exchange of products and services through, personal interactions so it is manual., Traditional commerce is limited to business hours, mostly during the day., As far as consumer interactions are concerned, traditional commerce provides, face to face interaction., Traditional commerce is limited to a, particular geographical location., Modes of payment in traditional, commerce include cash, cheques and, credit cards., Goods and delivery of services is instant, with traditional commerce., Traditional Commerce’s scope is local., 4.4 Advantages of E-Commerce :, ,  Global scope : E-commerce provides, the sellers with a global reach. Now, sellers and buyers can meet in the, virtual world, without barrier of place, (geography)., ,  Electronic transaction : E-commerce, reduces the paper work and, significantly lower the transaction, cost. E-Commerce enables the use of, credit cards, debit cards, smart cards,, electronic fund transfer via bank's, website and other modes of electronic, payment., ,  Cost Saving : E-commerce application, provides users with more options, to compare and select the cheaper, and better option. It helps in reducing, 72, , E-commerce, E-commerce trading activities are online, via the internet and can be considered, automatic., E-commerce is 24X7, it can be done, anytime day and night., E-commerce can be termed as screen to, face interaction., E-commerce is global and has no physical, limitation., In E-commerce modes of payments are, bank transfer, credit card, e-wallet, mobile, payment and many more., In E-commerce delivery of goods or, services takes some time., E-commerce’s scope is global., the cost of searching a product., E-commerce has enabled rural, areas to access services and products,, which are otherwise not available, to them., ,  Anytime shopping : One other great, advantage is the convenience. A, customer can shop 24×7. The website, is functional at all times, it does not, have working hours like a shop., ,  No, , intermediaries : Electronic, commerce also allows the customer, and the business to be in touch directly,, without any intermediaries. This, allows for quick communication and, transactions., ,  Public services : E-commerce helps, the government to deliver public

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services such as healthcare, education,, social services at a reduced cost and, in an improved manner., 4.5 Disadvantages of E-Commerce :, ,  Setup Cost : The setup of the hardware, , notification, to, the, business, organization via email and the, organization will dispatch the product/, goods to the customer. These B2C, businesses are online retailers., Example : Amazon, Flipkart etc., , and the software, the training cost of, employees, the constant maintenance, and upkeep are all quite expensive., ,  Physical presence : This lack of a, personal touch can be a disadvantage, for many types of services and, products like interior designing or the, jewellery business., ,  Security : Security is another area of, concern. Credit card theft, identity, theft etc. remain big concerns with the, customers., ,  Goods Delivery : There may arrive, some problem with fulfilment of, order. Even after the order is placed, there can be problems with shipping,, delivery, mix-ups etc. This leaves the, customers unhappy and dissatisfied., ,  Business - to - Business (B2B) : In, B2B model, business sells it’s products, to an intermediate buyer who then, sells the product to the final customer., As an example, a wholesaler places, an order from a company's website, and after receiving the consignment,, sells the product to the final customer, who comes to buy the product at one, of its retail outlets. Example : Tata, communications (network provider)., , 4.6 Types of E-Commerce :, The most common participants in, e-Commerce are business, administration,, government and consumer. The primary, e-Commerce types are as follows:, ,  Business - to - Consumer (B2C) :, In B2C model, business sells it’s, products directly to a customer. A, customer can view the products shown, on the website. The customer can, choose a product and order the same., The website will then send a, ,  Consumer - to - Consumer (C2C) :, In C2C model, consumer helps, 73

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consumer to sell their assets like, residential property, cars, motorcycles, etc., or rent a room by publishing their, information on the website. Website, may or may not charge the consumer, for its services. Example OLX, Quikr,, online auction., , 4.7 E-Commerce Trade Cycle, A trade cycle is the series of exchanges,, between a customer and supplier that, take place when a commercial exchange, is executed. A general trade cycle consists, of following phases:, ,  Pre-Sales : It consist of two steps like, Search and Negotiate. Customer, search for required website for product, to be purchased. In Negotiate step, customer find a supplier who offers, good quality product at cheaper price, and then customer agrees the terms, forwarded by supplier., ,  Consumer - to - Business (C2B) : In, ,  Execution : This phase consist of, , this model, consumers have products, or services of value that can be, consumed by businesses. For example,, the comparison of interest rates of, personal loan/car loan provided by, various banks via websites. A business, organization who fulfills the, consumer's requirement within the, specified budget, approaches the, customer and provides its services., For e.g. - A blog can be written by an, author for a business to improve sale, of products, ebay., , Order and Delivery. Customer sends, an order for the selected product and, after processing the order, customer, receives delivery of the product., , 74, ,  Settlement : This phase consist of, Invoice (if any) and Payment. Invoice, means customer will receive a bill for, purchased, product, and, after, confirmation of received product,, customer will pay for the same., ,  After-Sales : This phase consists of, warranty and After Sale Services. In, warranty period, customer will get all, maintenance services for free or at, minimum cost. After sale services, means customer will do complaints, (if any) about the performance of, product and get maintenance service, from the supplier.

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money from bank account is usually, fast and safer than withdrawing and, paying in cash because every, transaction will be authenticated, by checking customer’s banking, credentials. Example : NEFT, IMPS, etc., , Trade Cycle, 4.8 Modes of Payment, , 1. Credit Cards : Credit cards are the, most common way for customers to, pay online. Merchants can reach out, to an international market with credit, cards, by integrating a payment gateway into their business., 2. Mobile Payments : Mobile payments, offer a quick solution for customers to, purchase on e-commerce websites., Mobile payments are also commonly, used on donation portals, browser, games and social media networks, such as dating sites where customer, can pay by scanning a barcode on an, app on mobile. Examples are apps, like BHIM, UPI, Paytm, Google Pay,, Paypal,..etc., 3. Bank Transfers : Bank transfer is, used when money is sent from one, bank account to another. Transferring, , 4. E-wallets : E-wallet is a type of, electronic card which is used for, transactions made online through a, computer or a smartphone. E-wallet, is a type of pre-paid account in which, a user can store money for any future, online transaction. An E-wallet is, protected with a password. Examples, are State Bank Buddy, Paytm, Wallets..., Do it yourself, Find out some more payment modes, used in E-Commerce., 4.9 Forms of E-Commerce, Some common forms of E-Commerce, are as follows., ,  M-commerce (Mobile commerce) :, M-Commerce is the buying and, selling of goods and services through, wireless handheld devices such as, smartphones and tablets. As a form of, e-commerce, m-commerce enables, users to access online shopping, platforms without needing to use a, desktop computer. Some of application, of M-Commerce are mobile banking,, ticket booking, E-bill payment, online, auctions, stock market trading., , 75

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technologies such as mobile commerce,, electronic funds transfer, supply chain, management, Internet marketing, online, transaction processing, electronic data, interchange (EDI), inventory management, systems and automated data collection, systems. Let’s see one of the common, E-commerce technology i.e EDI., ,  Social Commerce : Social commerce, is a form of electronic commerce that, involves social media, online media, that supports social interaction. It, enable shoppers to get advice from, trusted individuals, find goods and, services and then purchase them. The, social networks that spread this advice, have been found to increase the, customer's trust in one retailer over, another. Social commerce is the use, of networking websites such as, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter as, vehicles to promote and sell products, and services. The success of a social, commerce campaign is measured by, the degree to which consumers interact, with the company's marketing through, retweets, likes and shares., , Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) :, EDI is the electronic interchange of, business information using a standardized, format; a process which allows one, company to send information to another, company electronically rather than on, paper. Business entities conducting, business electronically are called trading, partners. Many business documents can, be exchanged using EDI, two most, common documents are purchase orders, and invoices. It is computer-to-computer, interchange of strictly formatted, documents via telecommunications or, physically transported on electronic, storage media., , 4.11 E-Governance, , 4.10 E-Commerce Technology, Electronic, 76, , commerce, , draws, , on, , It signifies the implementation, of information technology in the, government processes and functions so, as to cause simple, moral, accountable, and transparent governance. The basic, purpose of e-governance is to simplify

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processes for all, i.e. government,, citizens, businesses etc. at National, State, and local levels. Hence, E-governance, delivers SMART government. (S- Simple,, M-Moral, A-Accessible, R-Responsive,, T-Transparent Government), 4.11.1 Advantages of E-governance :,  Reduced corruption,  High transparency,  Increased convenience,  Direct participation of constituents,  Reduction in overall cost.,  Expanded reach of government, 4.11.2 Types of E-Governance :, E-Governance is of 4 types depending on, the specific types of services., , access to the services anytime from, anywhere., Furthermore,, Many, services like license renewals and, paying tax are essential in G2C., It also focuses on geographic land, barriers., 2. Government-to-Business (G2B), The Government to business, is the exchange of services, between Government and Business, organizations. G2B provides access, to relevant forms needed to comply., The G2B also consists of many, services exchanged between business, sectors and government. It aims at, eliminating paper work, saving time,, cost and establish transparency in, the business environment, while, interacting with government., 3. Government-to-Government (G2G), , 1. Government-to-Citizen (G2C), The Government-to-citizen refers to, the government services which enable, citizens to get access to wide variety, of public services. Most of the, government services fall under, G2C. It helps the ordinary people to, reduce the time and cost to conduct, a transaction. A citizen can have, , The, Government-to-Government, refers to the interaction between, different government departments,, organizations and agencies. In G2G,, government agencies can share the, same, database, using, online, communication. The government, departments can work together. In, conclusion, G2G services can be at, the local level or the international, level. Likewise, it provides safe and, secure inter-relationship between, domestic or foreign government., 4. Government-to-Employee (G2E), The Government-to-Employee is the, internal part of G2G sector., Furthermore, G2E aims to bring, employees together and improvise, 77

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knowledge sharing. Similarly, G2E, provides online facilities to the, employees like applying for leave,, reviewing salary payment record and, checking the balance of holiday. The, G2E sector provides human resource, training and development. So, G2E is, also the relationship between, employees, government institutions, and their management., Some effective examples of successful, implementation of, E-Governance, projects are e-Mitra project (Rajasthan),, e-Seva project (Andhra Pradesh), CET, (Common Entrance Test) ., Do you know?, Digital India is a campaign launched, by the Government of India in order to, make Government's services available, to citizens electronically. Digital India, was launched by the Prime Minister of, India Narendra Modi on 1 July 2015, with an objective of connecting rural, areas with high-speed Internet networks, and improving digital literacy., Some of the facilities provided, through this initiative are Bharat net,, digital locker, e-education, e-health,, e-sign, e-shopping and national, scholarship portal., UMANG (Unified Mobile Application, for New-age Governance) Mobile App:, It is a Government’s all-in-one single, unified secure multi-platform, multilingual, multi-service freeware mobile, app for accessing over 1,200 central, and state government services through, smart phones, feature phones, tablets, 78, , and desktops. It include services like, AADHAAR card, DigiLocker, Bharat, Bill Payment System, PAN, EPFO, services, PMKVY services, AICTE,, CBSE. It also provides utilities like bills, payments, education, job search, tax,, business, health, agriculture, travel,, Indian railway tickets bookings, birth, certificates, e-District, e-Panchayat,, police clearance, passport, other utility, services from private companies and, much more., 4.12 Security Measures in E-Commerce, E-Commerce security refers to the, principles which guide safe electronic, transactions, allowing the buying and, selling of goods and services through the, Internet., A) Encryption : Encryption is widely, used on the internet to protect user, information being sent between a, browser and a server. This includes, passwords, payment information and, other personal information that should, be considered private. The process, consists of two processes as encryption, and decryption. Encryption converts, Plain text ( readable form of data ), into Cipher Text (coded form of data), means non-readable form of data., Decryption is exactly opposite process, of encryption. It converts Cipher text, into Plain text., Encryption is of two types1. Symmetric, (Private-Key Encryption ), 2. Asymmetric, (Public-Key Encryption )

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Encryption , , Decryption, , Plain text , , cipher text , , Plain text, , (readable form of data) , , (coded form of data), , (readable form of data), , B) Digital Signature : A digital signature, is also known as an electronic, signature. A digital signature, guarantees the authenticity of an, electronic document or message in, digital communication and uses, encryption technique ( asymmetric, cryptography) to provide proof of, original, and, unmodified, documentation. Digital signatures are, used in e-commerce, software, distribution, financial transactions., This is the direct transfer of, information between two partners., , C) Digital Certificate : A Digital, Certificate is an electronic "password", that allows a person, organization to, exchange data securely over the, Internet using the public key, infrastructure, (PKI)., Digital, Certificate is also known as a public, key certificate or identity certificate., In this information is transferred, between two authorized partners who, have digital certificates issued by, some supreme authority., , Do it yourself, Visit Maharashtra Government website, view various Government Resolutions (GR), and observe the digital signature of various authorities., 79

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Summary, ,  Buying and selling of goods or services on internet is called as E-Commerce.,  Common types of E-Commerce are B2C, B2B, C2C and C2B.,  When any business transaction takes place, it completes one trade cycle. Trade, cycle consist of phases like presale, execution, settlement and after sale etc., ,  In E-Commerce commonly used payment modes are credit card, mobile payment,, bank transfer, e-wallet etc., ,  Some common forms of E-Commerce are M-Commerce, social commerce.,  Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is one of the most important technology for, paperless exchange of information., ,  E-Governance is the implementation of information technology in the government, processes and functions., ,  Types of E-Governance are G2C, G2B, G2G and G2E.,  In E-Commerce confidential information can be protected by using encryption,, digital signature and digital certificate., , Exercise, Q.1 Fill in the blanks., 1. E-Commerce’s, ……………, , scope, , is, , 2. A customer can do shopping, …………..online using type of, E-Commerce., 3. The…………… phase consist of, Order and Delivery., 4. E-wallet is a type of …………, account in which a user can store, his/her money for any future, online transaction., 5. EDI is ………………………, exchange of information., 80, , 6. The ……. type of e-governance, refers to the government services, which enable citizens to get, access to wide variety of public, services., 7. The e-governance which provides, safe and secure inter-relationship, between domestic or foreign, government is ……….., Q.2 State True/False., 1. C2C type of E-commerce deals, with Business and Customer., 2. The lack of a personal touch can, be a disadvantage for many types, of services and products in, E-commerce.

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3. Checking the balance of holiday, is an example of G2C., , Q.5 1) Match the following., , 4. E-commerce provides more, options to compare and select the, cheaper and better options., , 1. M-commerce , , a) Coded form of, data, , 2. Cipher Text , , b) B2B, , 5. M-commerce can be used through, desktop computer., , 3. EDI , , c) E-bill payment, , 4. Wholesaler-to , Retailer, , d) Paperless, exchange of, information, , 5. License renewal, , e) G2G, , Q.3 Multiple Choice Question., (1 correct answer), 1. Invoice and payment are included, in ……………phase of trade, cycle., a) Presale, b) execution, c) settlement, d) After sale, 2. License renewal is an example of, ………….. e-governance., a) G2C, , b) G2B, , c) G2G, , d) G2E, , A, , B, , services, 6. Online facility, , f) G2C, , to employees, like leave, 7. Government , agencies share, same database, , g) G2E, , Q.6 Answer in brief., , Q.4 Multiple Choice Question., (2 correct answer), , 1. Explain phases of trade cycle., , 1. Encryption consist of two, processes..………………..and, ……………..................., , 2. Explain M-Commerce., 3. Describe process of encryption., , a) encryption, , b) signature, , 4. What is E-governance., , c) decryption, e) security, , d) digitization, , 5. List out advantages of, E-commerce., , 2. Social commerce is a subset of, electronic, commerce, that, involves social media like, … … … … … … &, …………………….., a) Facebook, c) gmail, e) software, , b) Instagram, d) whatsapp, , 6. Which are the different types of, e-governance?, 7. State two examples of G2E, services., 8. Write any four advantages of, e-governance., , , , 81

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5, , Database concepts using LibreOffice Base, Let us learn, ,  DBMS concepts.,  Various table operations.,  Query and form creation.,  Report generation.,  Introduction to relational data model, Base is an open source database, management system software. and, designed to allow users to easily create,, access, modify and view database., 5.1 DBMS concepts, Data means all kinds of facts, figures, and details related to people, places,, things or events. Data may be in any, form. It may be written, oral, computerised, or non-computerised. Data in it’s original, form may not be of much use. Data must, be processed in a proper way to generate, the useful and meaning information., Information is the required result, obtained from processing of the data., Information is the output generated, through processing of raw data., Information is important because it forms, the foundation for decision making., Database is a collection of related, data items stored in an organised manner, A Database consist of different objects, like table, query, form and report. Table, is a collection of related data. Query is, 82, , used to retrieve information from, database. Form is used to collect the, information from user. Report is used to, represent the data in printed form., Database Management System, Software (DBMS) :, A database management system is a, software designed to define, manipulate,, retrieve and manage data in a database., It provides various functions that allow, entry, storage and retrieval of large, quantities of information and provide, ways to manage that information. It also, defines rules to validate and manipulate, the data., 5.2 Introduction to Base, Base is a Relational Database, Management Software(RDBMS). A, DBMS that is based on relational data, model is called as RDBMS. A data model, is the internal structure of database which, describes way of storing and retrieving of, data. Relational data model is one of the, most popular data model because it is, very simple to understand and to, manipulate. In RDBMS data is stored in, the most simple and versatile structure i.e, table. Base is collection of related data, objects known as Tables, Forms, Queries, and Reports., To start base, Install Libreoffice from, it's official website and click on start 

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Start  All programs  Libreoffice , Libreoffice Base. A database wizard will, be started. To create new database user, have to select 'Create a new Database, and click on 'Next' button. In 'Save and, Proceed' step click on 'Finish'. A 'Save, , As' window will appear on the screen,, select location to save the database, Type name for database in 'File Name', box then click on 'Save' button. By default, extension of Base file is '.odb'., LibreOffice Base Screen :, , Fig. 5.1 : Database, Screen of Base consist of following, parts :, A) Title Bar : It is the topmost bar present, on the screen of Base. It displays icon, of the application, name of the file, and name of the application. By, default it displays 'Filename.odb –, Libre Office Base'. It consist of three, buttons on right corner as minimize,, maximize/ restore and close., B) Menu Bar : It is present below Title, bar. It displays names of different, menus as File, Edit, View, Insert,, , Tools, Windows, Help etc. Each, menu consist of a drop-down list, (Pop-up) of various options related to, that particular menu., C) Standard Tool Bar : Standard tool, bar consist of different icons which, are used for standard operations, (regularly repeating operations) like, opening a new document, saving a, document, printing a document, cut,, copy, paste, undo, redo and many, more., D) Working Area : Rest of the part, 83

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below standard tool bar is called as, working area. It is divided into two, panes- Left pane and right pane. Left, pane displays name of database, objects like tables, queries, forms and, reports. Right pane displays activities, related to that particular object., 5.3 Table, Table is a basic unit for storing data, in database.Tables are organised in the, , form of columns and rows. Before, creating a table user should first decide, the entity. Entity is any real world object, about which data is to be stored. Each, entity has collection of attributes, associated with it. For example student is, an entity which has attributes like roll, number, name, address, standard, date of, birth etc. Attributes of an entity are stored, in the form of columns. The information, stored under each column forms a row, which is called as record/tuple., , Fields, , Roll Number Name, Address, Std Date of Birth, 1701, Vinay Naik Shubh-Labh Appartment XII 12-10-2003, 1702, Shlok Pawar AB Street, XII 4-8-2003, , Records, , Data types in Base :, Data types available in Base can be divided into three categories as alphanumeric,, numeric, calender (date and time) and binary type., Data Type Name, , Description, , Tiny Integer, [TINYINT], , Stores small Integer., , BigInt[BIGINT], , Stores Big Integer(hopping whole number),, rarely used, , Image[LONGVARBINARY], , Stores Image., , Binary[VARBINARY], , Stores binary information of variable, length., , Binary(fix)[BINARY], , Stores binary data of fixed length., , Memo[LONGVARCHAR], , Stores descriptive type of information i.e, large block of text like article text., , Text(fix)[CHAR], , Stores fix sized text., , 84

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Data Type Name, Number[NUMERIC], , Decimal[DECIMAL], , Description, Stores a number with or without decimal, point. Base will, display datatype’s original length and allow, to set decimal, places after decimal point in design view of, table. it is used when accuracy is required., , Integer[INTEGER], , Stores Integer most commonly used data, type., , Small Integer[SMALLINT], , Stores integer, , Float[FLOAT], , Stores a number with decimal point., , Real[REAL], Double[DOUBLE], , Stores a number with or without decimal, point. It is used when approximate result, required, , Text[VARCHAR], , Stores variable sized text., , Text[VARCHAR_IGNORECASE], , A case insensitive version., , Yes/No [BOOLEAN], , Stores boolean type of data., , Date[DATE], , Stores date in mm/dd/yy format., , Time[TIME], , Stores time in hh:mm:ss format, , Date/Time, [TIMESTAMP], Other[OTHER], , Stores date as well as time., Stores any other object., , Note : When it is confirmed that number will be accepted as a input for a field and, not used in any kind of calculations, then it is better to have that field’s data type as, text. For example pincode, mobile number are numeric but not used in any calculation, so it can have text data type., Do it Yourself,  Find the rules for naming field names, in Libreoffice Base., 5.3.1 Creating a table :, Steps are as follows :, , 1. Open a database and from left pane, click on 'Tables' icon, 2. From right pane click on 'Create table, in Design View', 3. A window will appear on the screen,, type 'Field Name', 85

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4. Select 'Field type' ( field type means, type of data to be stored in that field, e.g. 'Name' Field should have 'Text', as a Field Type), 5. In next column type the description, about the field., 6. In the bottom section in 'Field, Properties' select 'Yes' for 'Entry, required' property., 7. You can set default value and for, numeric field types you can set, , decimal places also. In this way create, all fields., 8. Right click on the small button present, on the left side of the field name which, is decided as primary key and select, 'primary key' option., 9. Click on 'Save' icon to save the table,, type name for the table, Clic kon 'ok'., Following fig.5.2 displays creation of a, table with it's required fields and, datatypes., , Fig. 5.2 : Table Creation, , 86

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B) Inserting records in the table :, Steps are as follows :, , complete one record, in this way add, some records., , 1. Open a database , from left pane click, on 'Tables' icon., , icon to make, 4. Click on 'Edit Data', edit mode off, a window will appear., , 2. In the right pane from bottom part, double click on the name of Table in, which data is to be inserted., , 5. Click on 'Yes' icon and click on, 'close' button., , 3. A window will appear on the screen,, type data under each field and, , For inserting a new record 'Edit Data', must be on., Following figure displays records are, inserted into the table., , Fig. 5.3 : Record insertion, Editing a record in the table :, Steps are as follows :, , Deleting a record from the table :, , 1. Double click on the required table., , 1. Double click on the table , click on the, record which is to be deleted, , 2. Click on the required record for, editing., 3. Do necessary changes., 4. Click on 'Edit Data' icon to make edit, mode off, Click on 'Yes' and click on, close button., , Steps are as follows :, , 2. Click on 'Edit' menu, select 'Delete, Record' option, 3. Click on 'Yes' button to delete it, permanently., 87

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Do it Yourself,  Create a table - Product with fieldspid, pnm, pdesc, pmonth, pwt, prate, etc.,  Create a table- Event with appropriate, fields., 5.4 Query Creation, A Query is a question asked within, the database environment. For example, how many students are in XII standard., Query displays subset of data contained, in various tables of database Query is, used to retrieve records from the table., Steps to create query by using wizaid :, 1. Open a database , from left pane click, on 'Queries' objects., 2. From right pane click on 'Use Wizard, to Create Query' (Wizard means step, by step instructions provided by the, computer to complete a task. ), 3. Select name of 'Table' and shift fields, from 'Available fields' list to 'Fields in, , the query' list by clicking on arrow, button and click on 'Next' button., 4. Select a field for sorting the records,, select the order ascending/ descending, then click on 'Next' button., 5. In next step the user has to select, search condition (more than one, search conditions can also be selected), select the field, select the condition,, type value for condition then click on, 'Next' button., 6. If you want to replace original field, names with some new field names in, the output of the query, then type, aliases for each field and click on, 'Next' button, 7. Type name for the query and Click on, 'Finish' button., Following fig. displays output by, executing a Query [a query is written for, displaying list of records where City=, 'Pune']\, , Fig. 5.4 : Output of a query, 88

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Steps to create query in design view :, 1. Open any saved database, click on, 'Queries' object and in right pane click, on 'Create Query in Design View', option., 2. From Add Table window select table, and click on add button. Take two, tables which have at least one common, field. Drag the common field from, first table to second table. A line we, be displayed as a link between these, two tables as they have one common, field for joining. Close the add table, window by clicking on close button., 3. In bottom section click inside first, , column of 'Field' row, select one by, one field to be displayed in query, output, set each field's Visible property, 'On'. We can type alias for each field., 4. To calculate total of marks, in field, name column, type formula for, addition of subjects, for example, phy+chem+math. Then in next, column, to calculate Percentage type, formula as (phy+chem+math)/3., 5. To execute query click on 'Run Query', icon or press F5 function key. The, output will be displayed in same, window in above portion. This output, can be saved for further use., , Fig. 5.5 : Query creation in Design View, 89

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Do it Yourself, Create queries for following on product, table., 1. To display product list which are, manufactured in the month of, December., 2. To display product list whose rate is, greater than 100., , 8. Type Name for the form , click on, ‘Finish’ button, 9. To add new record click on ‘New, Record’, icon present on form, navigation tool bar(present at bottom, side), fill up the record and click on, ‘Save record’ icon. Click on ‘Close’, button to close the form window, Following figure displays a form :, , 5.5 Form Creation, Form is an object which allows, entering the data and editing or deleting, existing data in the table. It consists of, format, style and widgets like radio, button, list boxes that provides easy and, systematic way to insert records in the, table Form is used to collect the data from, the user. Steps to create a form are as, follows :, 1. Open a database, from left pane click, on 'Forms' objects., , Fig. 5.6 : Form, , 2. From right pane click on 'Use Wizard, to Create Form'., , 5.6 Report Generation, The presentation of information in an, organised and readable format as per the, user's requirement is known as report., Various complex reports can be generated, that can help in taking decisions by the, management. Report is the representation, of data in printed form. Steps to create a, report are as follows :, , 3. Select name of 'Table' and shift fields, from 'Available fields' list to 'Fields in, the form' list by clicking on arrow, button then click on 'Next' button, 4. Click on 'Next' button., 5. Select any one arrangement for main, form for placing the controls, (Ex-columnar labels left) and click, on ‘Next’ button., 6. Click on ‘Next’ button., 7. Select style for the form , click on, ‘Next’ button, 90, , 1. Open a database, from left pane click, on 'Reports' objects, 2. From right pane click on 'Use Wizard, to Create Report', 3. Select name of 'Table' and shift fields

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from 'Available fields' list to 'Fields in, Report' list by clicking on arrow, button, click on 'Next' button, 4. Labels for the fields can be changed, with new labels to display in report, and click on 'Next' button, 5. If you want to see the records, group-wise, (Ex-citywise) add a, grouping level click on a field, click, on arrow button and click on 'Next', button, , 6. Select a field to sort the data, click on, 'Next' button, 7. Choose Layout and Orientation, click, on 'Next' button, 8. Type 'Title for the Report', click on, 'Finish' button, 9. Report will be displayed in read-only, mode in the form of 'LibreOffice, Writer' file. Click on 'Close' button to, close the report window. After Report, generation, screen will be displayed, as follows :, , Fig. 5.7 : Report, Steps to create report in design view :, 1. Open any saved database, click on, 'Reports' object and in right pane click, on 'Create report in design View', option., 2. From right side, setting window(can, be made on/off by clicking setting, , button from tool bar) of the window,, click on 'Data' tab and for 'Content', select table name or any saved query, name., 3. A small window will appear, click on, field name and click on 'Insert' button,, close that window. Here we have, 91

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selected 'Marks' table and rno, phy,, math, chem fields from the same, table., 4. Now to calculate total of marks draw, a lable and a textbox below all fields., Change lable property of lable as, 'Total'. Click on textbox and from, setting window click on 'Data' tab., Set 'Data Field Type' value as 'Field, or Formula'. For 'Data Field' click on, small button present aside of that, field, a function wizard will start,, select 'Sum' function, click on 'Next', button. Select field name to be used, for addition by clicking on icon, present on right side of the textbox, (one field in each textbox to be, selected) and click on 'Ok' button., , 5. We can give some title for the report, in 'Page Header' section by using, 'Label' control and changing it's label, property to required Title., 6. To see output, click on 'Execute, Report' button on standard tool bar., 7. Output will be displayed in 'Libre, Office Writer' window in 'Read-Only, Mode' but if we want to edit it then we, can click on 'Edit Document' button,, that will appear in the blue ribbon at, the top of the report and save it. It will, be saved as a Writer file. Report can, be saved for further use or can be, printed to make hard copy., , Fig. 5.8 : Function Wizard, 92

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Fig. 5.9 : Design View of a Report, , Fig. 5.10 : Print View of the Report, Do it Yourself, Generate monthly manufactured product's report., 93

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5.7 Introduction to Data Model, Data model defines how the logical, structure of a database is modeled. Data, model defines how data is connected to, each other and how they are processed, and stored inside the system. Different, types of DBMS are available and their, classification is done based on the, underlying data model. There are many, types of data models such as relational, data model, network data model,, hierarchical data model, object-oriented, data model, entity-relationship data, model etc. In this book we are introducing, Relational Data Model., , table can have multiple columns, where each column name should be, unique. Each row in the table, represents a related set of values. Let, us now understand the commonly, used terminologies in relational data, model:, i. Attribute : Characteristic or, parameters for which data are to, be stored in a relation. The columns, of a relation are the attributes, which are also referred as fields., ii. Tuple : Each row of data in a, relation (table) is called a tuple. In, a table with n columns, a tuple is a, relationship between the n related, Relational Data Model : The most, values., commonly used data model is, iii. Domain : It is a set of values from, Relational Data Model. The DBMS, which an attribute can take a value, following relational data model is, in each row. Usually, a data type is, called as relational database, used to specify domain for an, management system(RDBMS). It is, attribute. Every attribute has some, specifically designed for relational, pre-defined value scope, known as, databases. A relational database, attribute domain For example, in, refers to a database that stores data in, Student relation, the attribute, a structured format, using rows and, Roll_Number takes integer values, columns. This makes it easy to locate, and hence its domain is a set of, and access specific values within the, integer values., database. It is "relational" because, iv. Degree : The number of attributes, the values within each table are, in a relation is called the Degree of, related to each other. Tables may also, the relation., be related to other tables. In relational, v. Cardinality : The number of tuples, model, tables are called relations that, in a relation is called the Cardinality, store data for different columns. Each, of the relation., • Relation : Student, , •, , Table is called as Relation, , Primary Key, , RollNumber, 101, 102, 103, , Name, Amey, Shweta, Avdhut, , City, Solapur, Ahmednagar, Pune, , Column or Attribute, Degree=5 (Total # of Columns), , 94, , Domain=number(expected value), , BranchCode MoNumber, CS, ELE, MECH, , Row or Tuple, Cardinality=3, (Total # of rows), , Foreign Key(references (Branch relation))

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• Relation : Branch, Primary Key, , BranchCode, IT, ELE, MECH, , •, , BranchName, Information Technology, Electronics, Mechanical, , Keys in a Relational Database : The, tuples within a relation must be, unique. It means no two tuples in a, relation should have same value for, all attributes. That is, there should, be at least one attribute in which data, is unique and not NULL. So, we, can uniquely identify each tuple of a, relation. So, relational data model, imposes some restrictions (constraints), on the values of the attributes and, how the contents of one relation, be referred from another relation., These restrictions are specified at, the time of defining the database, through different types of keys as, given below :, 1. Candidate Key : A relation can, have one or more attributes that, takes unique values. Any of these, attributes can be used to uniquely, identify the tuples in the relation., Such attributes are called candidate, keys as each of them are candidates, for the primary key., In above example the relation, student has five attributes out of, which Roll_Number and Mo_, Number always take unique, values. No two students will have, same roll number or same mobile, , number. Hence, these two attributes, are the candidate keys as they both, are candidates for primary key., 2. Primary Key : Out of one or more, candidate keys, the attribute used, to uniquely identify the tuples in a, relation is called the primary key, of that relation., 3. Composite Primary Key : If no, single attribute in a relation is able, to uniquely distinguish the tuples,, then more than one attribute are, taken together as primary key., Such primary key consisting of, more than one attribute is called, Composite Primary key., 4. Foreign Key : A foreign key is, used to represent the relationship, between two relations. A foreign, key is an attribute whose value is, derived from the primary key of, another relation. This means that, any attribute of a relation, (referencing), which is used to, refer contents from another, (referenced) relation, becomes, foreign key if it refers to the, primary key of referenced relation., The referencing relation is called, Foreign Relation., In above example Branch_Code is, foreign key in Student relation whereas it, act as a primary key in Branch relation., Student relation is called as referenced, relation and Branch relation is called as, foreign relation., There are 3 types of relationships in, relational database design. They are as, follows:, 95

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1. One-to-One (1:1) :, A row in table A can have only one, matching row in table B, and vice versa., This is not a common relationship type,, as the data stored in table B could just, have easily been stored in table A., However, there are some valid reasons, for using this relationship type. A one-toone relationship can be used for security, purposes, to divide a large table, and, various other specific purposes., Employee, Empid, FirstName, LastName, Payid, , Pay, Payid, HourlyRate, , In the above example, we could put, an HourlyRate field straight into the, Employee table and not bothered with the, Pay table. However, hourly rate could be, sensitive data that only certain database, users should see. So, by putting the hourly, rate into a separate table, we can provide, extra security around the Pay table so, that only certain users can access the data, in that table., 2. One-to-Many (or Many-to-One), (1:M) :, This is the most common relationship, type. In this type of relationship, a row in, table can have one or many matching, rows in table B, but a row in table B can, have only one matching row in table A., One-to-Many relationships can also be, viewed as Many-to-One relationships,, depending on which way we look at it., 96, , Customer, Order, , Cusid, Ordid, CName, Cusid, City, , Mobile, , , In the above example, the Order, relation is the "many" and the Customer, relation is the "one". Each Order can only, be assigned one customer where as one, customer can be assigned to many orders., 3. Many-to-Many (M:M) :, In a many-to-many relationship, a, row in table A can have many matching, rows in table B, and vice versa. A manyto-many relationship could be thought of, as two one-to-many relationships, linked, by an intermediary table. The intermediary, table is typically referred to as a "junction, table" (also as a "cross-reference table")., This table is used to link the other two, tables together. It does this by having two, fields that reference the primary key of, each of the other two tables., For example list of books, and a list of, authors. Each book may have one or, more authors, and each author may have, written multiple books. In this case, you, have many books related to many authors., Author, Book, BookDetail, , Aid, BookId, BookId, FirstName, Aid, BookNm, LastName, PubDt, Birthdt

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Steps to develop relationship between, relations in LibreOffice Base :, 1. Create relations (tables) with one field, common which must be a primary key, of first table and the same key is, referenced in another relation and, called as foreign key in that table., 2. Click on 'Tools' menu and select, 'Relationships' option., 3. A small window will appear, select, table name and click on 'Add' button., , Place both table on the screen, now, drag the common field from first table, to second table. A line connecting two, tables will be displayed this is called, as relationship. To delete relationship, just right click on line and select, 'Delete'. To set some more settings, about relation, right click on line and, select 'Edit' option. A window will, appear where we can set various, update and delete options for the, relationship., , Fig. 5.11 : Relationship, Do it Yourself, Find out databases with different relations and relationships., , 97

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Summary, ,  Data means all kinds of facts, figures & details related to people, places, things or, , , , , , , , , events., Information is the result obtained from processing of data., Database is a collection of related data items stored in an organised manner., Table is a collection of rows and columns. User can insert, edit and delete records, from table., User can create a query to retrieve/display records from table., Report is a printed form of data., Data model defines logical structure of a database., Types of relationships are 1:1, 1:M, M:M etc., , Exercise, 2. File extension of Base is ……….., , Q.1 Fill in the blanks., 1. ……….. is a collection of related, data., , a) .odt, , b) .ods , , c) .odb, , d) .odp, , 2. Queries are used to …………….., information from database., , Q.4 Answer in brief., 1. Define database., , 3. The representation of data in, printed form is called as, ……………., , 2. What is a query?, 3. Define report., 4. Explain working area of Base., , Q.2 State True/False., 1. Form is used to collect the data, from the user., 2. Menu bar is present below Title, bar., 3. Columns are called as records., , Q.5 Match the following., , A, B, a) Collect, information, 1. Query, from user., 2. Report, 3. Form, , Q.3 Multiple Choice Question., (1 Correct Answer), , 4. Table, , 1. Rows in Base are called as, ………………., a) records, , b) fields, , c) table, , d) database, , , 98, , b) Collection of related, data., c) Retrieve data, database., , from, , d) printed form of data.

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6, , Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Let us learn, ,  Introduction,  Concept of Enterprise, Resource,, Planning.,  Functional units of ERP,  ERP and related Technologies.,  ERP solution providers/ERP, packages,  ERP and Internet,  Benefits of ERP,  Limitations in ERP implementation,  Future of ERP, 6.1 Introduction, , etc. Only the organization that makes the, best possible use of this information can, succeed. In this age of information, explosion, it is very difficult to manage, this huge information by people alone., Information technology and its related, technologies can be used for planning, and organizing resources and information, of an enterprise. Hence most of the, organizations are moving to Enterprise, Resource Planning (ERP) packages as a, solution to their information management, problem., 6.2 What is an Enterprise?, "An enterprise is a group of people and, other resources working together for a, common goal"., An enterprise acts as a single entity, and an organisation is divided into, different units based on the operations, performed in it., , In today's competitive world, one has, to manage the future of an enterprise, more cleverly. Managing the future, means managing the information. A large, enterprise may generate huge amount of, data such as financial data, customer, details, purchase details, employee data, , An enterprise may consist of, different sections such as manufacturing, or production, planning, sales, purchase,, finance, distribution etc. Each department, will have their own duties and, responsibilities and they are working, to achieve the objective which is set for, the enterprise., 99

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PEOPLE, , RESOURCES, , GOALS AND OBJECTIVES, , payables, stock control systems, order, monitoring systems and customer, databases into one system., PRODUCTION, PLANNING, , FINANCE, , MARKETING, , HR, , PRODUCTION, , SALES &, DISTRIBUTION, , Fig. 6.1 : An Enterprise, 6.3 What is Resource?, There are different types of resources, in an enterprise like men, material, money, and machine. Information system can be, designed for various departments of an, enterprise so that accurate and timely, data can be provided to the concerned, persons., , Fig. 6.2 : An enterprise with no or little, Communication between departments, , PRODUCTION, PLANNING, , 6.5 Concept of Enterprise Resource, Planning, In some enterprises, different, departments function independently. So, the information that is produced by each, department may be available only to the, top management of the department and it, is not available to the other departments., In Fig.6.2 there is no communication, between different sections of an enterprise., The ERP system often integrates accounts, 100, , MARKETING, , CENTRAL, DATABASE, , 6.4 What is Planning?, Planning helps managers to improve, future performance, by establishing, objectives and selecting a course of, action, for the benefit of the organisation., , FINANCE, , HR, , PRODUCTION, , SALES &, DISTRIBUTION, , Fig. 6.3 : An enterprise with Central, Database, For better benefit and efficiency, each, department must know what the other, departments are doing. An enterprise, can be considered as a system and all, its departments as its sub systems., Information about the entire enterprise, can be stored in a centralized database, and it is made available to all departments, as can be seen in fig.6.3

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Conceptually, ERP replaces the old, stand alone computer systems in each, area of an enterprise such as finance,, human resource, manufacturing, sales,, etc. With a single software program that, facilitates various functional modules., Thus, employees in any department get, the required information related to the, activities of the respective department. In, addition to this, the information will be, available across the departments., , 1. Financial module : This module is, the core of many ERP software, packages. It can collect financial data, from various functional departments, and generate valuable financial, reports. Financial reports include, balance sheets, general ledger, trial, balance, financial statements, etc., This module also includes financial, accounting, investment management,, enterprise controlling and treasury., , For example, Finance department can, use ERP to see if any sales order has been, shipped from the warehouse so as to, make further payments., , 2. Manufacturing, module, :, Manufacturing module contains, necessary business rules to manage, the entire production process. This, module of ERP enables an enterprise, to combine technology and business, processes to get integrated solutions., It also provides freedom to change, manufacturing and planning methods, as and when required., , 6.6 Functional Units of ERP, The resources available in an, enterprise must be utilized effectively., So it is the responsibility of the, management to plan the resources. The, ERP system helps the management in, making the planning process more, productive and efficient. The entire ERP, package contains many modules or sub, units., HR, , Production, Planning, , Plant, Maintenance, , Financial, Management, , Manufacturing, , Sales &, Distribution, Materials, Quality Management, Management, , 3. Production planning module : This, module is used for optimising the, utilisation of available resources and, helps the organisation to plan their, production. This module identifies the, materials required, allocates optimal, resources using data and sales, forecasting with the sales data., 4. HR module : HR stands for Human, Resource. HR module maintains an, updated and complete employee, database, including, personal, information,, salary, details,, attendance, performance, promotion,, etc. of all employees in an enterprise., , Fig. 6.4 : Functional units of ERP, 101

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5. Inventory control module : This, module, covers, processes, of, maintaining the appropriate level of, stock in the warehouse. It is, responsible for identifying the, inventory requirements and setting, the target of the stock items required., 6. Purchasing module : Purchase, Module helps for generating purchase, order evaluating the supplier, and, billing. It is closely connected with, the inventory, finance and production, planning module., 7. Marketing module : Marketing, module is used for monitoring and, tracking customer orders, increasing, customer satisfaction and for, eliminating credit risks., 8. Sales and distribution module : This, module helps for tracking enquiries,, order placement, order scheduling,, dispatching and invoicing. This, module is closely integrated with the, e-commerce, website, of, the, organization., 9. Quality management module : This, module is used for managing the, quality of the product. The quality, management module fulfills the, following functions-Quality planning,, Quality inspection and Quality, control., 6.7 ERP and related technologies, An ERP system integrates separate, business functions - material management,, product planning, sales, distribution,, financial and others - into single, 102, , applications. If some other technologies, which are going to be discussed in this, section are used along with stand alone, ERP package, the performance of the, enterprise will be increased significantly., Let us discuss some of the related, technologies used along with ERP, packages., 1. Product Life Cycle Management, (PLM) : Product Life Cycle, Management is the process of, managing the entire life cycle of a, product. Product life cycle is used for, determining the lifespan of a product., As shown in the fig.6.5 the general, schematic diagram of four stage, product life cycle which consists of, development and introduction of a, new product, then its growth in the, market, its maturity and at last its, decline if it cannot compete with, similar products of other companies., Product Life Cycle, , Decline, , Maturity, , Introduction, , Growth, , Fig. 6.5 : General schematic diagram, of four stage product life cycle, The information gathered from, product life cycle will help an, enterprise to understand the state/, status of a product in the existing, market.

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2. Management Information System, (MIS) : In MIS there are three, components those are Management,, Information and System. Management, is the end user of the data that is, decision maker, information is the, processed data and system is the, integration and holistic view of the, enterprise. An enterprise may contain, different categories of employees like, clerks, assistants, officers, executives,, managers etc. All of them are the, users of MIS. MIS will collect relevant, data from inside and outside an, enterprise. This data is processed and, stored in a centralized database and is, made available to its users whenever, it is needed. MIS has the capability to, generate reports as and when the user, demands it., 3. Supply Chain Management (SCM):, The supply chain consists of all the, activities associated with moving, goods from the supplier to the, customer. It begins with collecting, raw materials and ends with receiving, the goods by the consumer. It is very, important for companies to move, , product to their customers quickly., Faster product delivery or availability, will increase the sale and satisfaction, of customers. So it is very important, to manage the activities in supply, chain. Software packages are, available in the market for managing, the same., 4. Customer Relationship, Management(CRM) :, CRM is a term applied to processes, implemented by a company to handle, its contact with its customers. CRM, covers methods and technologies used, by companies to manage their, relationships with clients. It is not, only the responsibility of customer, service group or IT team. It touches, all major part of an enterprise. Fig 6.7, shows the processes involved in CRM., It includes the capture, storage and, analysis of customer information. The, data gathered as a part of CRM must, consider customer privacy and data, security. Customers want the, assurance that their data is not shared, with third parties without their consent, , Supplier, Raw Materials, , Consumer, , Manufacturing, , Customer, , Distribution, , Fig. 6.6 : Activities involved in SCM, Supply Chain Management, , Fig. 6.7 : Process in CRM, 103

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and not accessed illegally by third, parties. Customers also want their, data used by companies to provide a, benefit to them., The technology requirement of, customer relationship management, consists of a database to store entire, information about the customer and a, software for interacting, analyzing and, supporting customers., 5. Decision Support System (DSS) :, Decision Support Systems are, interactive, computer-based systems, that aid users in judgment and choice, activities. It is a computer program, application that analyses business, data and presents it so that users can, make business decisions more easily., DSS focuses on providing help in, analysing situations rather than, providing right information in the, form of various types of reports. DSS, needs a strong database management, system to provide the support in, decision making., DSS, Input, Data, , Decisions, Database, , Fig. 6.8 : Function of DSS, 6.8 ERP, solution, packages, , providers/ERP, , Selection of ERP package is very, crucial in the implementation of an ERP, system. If an ERP package is chosen, correctly, implemented judiciously and, used efficiently, the productivity of the, enterprise will be increased. ERP package, 104, , vendors are investing huge amount of, time, money and effort in the research, and development of packaged solutions., There are so many ERP vendors in the, world. Some of the popular ERP packages, are Oracle, SAP, Odoo, Bitrix24 etc., Microsoft Dynamics, and Tally., 1. Oracle : Oracle was originally known, for its database system rather than its, ERP system. The ERP310 package, from Oracle provides strong finance, and accounting module. It also, provides good customer and supplier, interaction, effective production, analysis, efficient human resource, management and better pricing, module., 2. SAP : SAP stands for Systems,, Applications and Products for data, processing. SAP developed Customer, Relationship Management (CRM),, Supply Chain Management (SCM),, and Product Life cycle Management, (PLM) software., 3. Odoo : Odoo is an open source ERP, tool that offers capabilities such as, CRM, HR, accounting, sales,, document management, inventory, management, invoicing, project, management, The software is, available in both cloud-based and onpremise options., 4. Bitrix24 : Bitrix24 is a free online, ERP solution that works for businesses, of all sizes. It includes apps for, customer relationship management, (CRM), project management, task, management, employee management,, document management, and human, resource (HR) management.

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5. Microsoft Dynamics : Microsoft, Dynamics is part of Microsoft, business solutions. It provides a group, of enterprise resource planning, products primarily aimed at midsized, enterprises. This package can be, installed and used easily and it, provides good user interface. It also, provides, customer, relationship, management (CRM) software, , secure, and can make it easier to scale as, your business grows. For companies that, cannot have or do not want their data in, the cloud, on-premise ERP can run on a, company's data center. Alternatively, a, company can have a hybrid ERP that, runs some of their systems in the cloud, and other systems on premise., , 6. Tally ERP : Tally solutions Pvt Ltd is, an Indian Software Company. Tally, ERP is a business accounting software, for accounting, inventory and payroll, system., , There are so many advantages on, implementing an ERP system in an, enterprise. Some of the major benefits are, briefly explained :, , In the near future, new ERP vendor, may introduce new ERP packages and, existing ERPs may get more facilities, and capabilities, Selecting an ERP, solution is a serious exercise and has to, be executed with great care., 6.9 ERP and Internet, New trend in ERP development and, use involves vendors making the software, available to client companies on the, internet. The communication between the, server where an ERP system is installed, and many clients(End-User Pc’s) is done, through the internet. Implementation of, Web based ERP gives the end user cost, effective solution tool for ERP, management. Today, many ERP systems, (ERP suites) run in the cloud as a, SaaS(Software as a Service). A cloud, ERP makes it easier and more secure for, businesses to manage their information., These systems can be maintained by a, company who specializes in upkeep on, servers and databases, keeping them, , 6.10 Benefits of ERP, , 1. Improved resource utilization : An, enterprise can plan and manage its, resources effectively by installing, ERP software. So the wastage or loss, of all types of resources can be, reduced, and improved resource, utilization can be ensured., 2. Better customer satisfaction :, Customer satisfaction means meeting, maximum customers' requirements, for a product or service. Using an ERP, system, a customer will get more, attention and service of an enterprise, without spending more money and, time., 3. Provides accurate information : In, today's competitive world, an, enterprise has to plan and manage the, future cleverly. To achieve this an, enterprise needs high quality, relevant,, updated and accurate information., 4. Decision making capability :, Accurate and relevant information, given to decision makers will help, 105

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them to take better decisions for, running a system more smoothly., Better decision from an enterprise will, help them to go a step ahead of its, competitors., , alone cannot guarantee the success of, an enterprise. In addition, the, contribution of skilled and trained, persons in using ERP system is very, important., , 5. Increased flexibility : An ERP system, allows organizations to be more, flexible so that they can more easily, adapt and capitalize on new business, opportunities., , 3. Operational and maintenance, issues : Implementation of an ERP, needs major changes in the current, process of an enterprise. Sometimes,, it will be difficult to adjust with these, changes, by, employees, and, management of an enterprise, as it is, human nature to resist changes., , 6. Information integrity : The most, important advantage of ERP is in its, promotion of integration of various, departments and hence we will get an, integrated form of information about, the enterprise. The entire information, about an enterprise is stored in a, centralized database, so that complete, visibility into all the important, processes across various departments, of an organisation can be achieved., 6.11 Limitations in ERP implementation, Some of the problems and limitations, of using an ERP package in an enterprise, are as follows 1. High cost, The cost of ERP software configuration, and implementation is very high. The, high price of the package, associated, license fees and other charges are the, main problems of ERP installation., 2. Requirement of additional trained, staff : To run an ERP system, trained, and experienced employees are to be, appointed in the enterprise. The, correct selection of an ERP package, 106, , 4. Security Control : Implementation, of an ERP needs to follow security, measures on each and every stage., This includes access controlled, restrictions based on hierarchy in an, organisation. The system has to take, care of unauthorized access at each, level in an organisation., Future of ERP, 1. Artificial Intelligence services are, impacting every facet of business, operations., 2. The concept of machine learning is, going to revolutionize ERP. It will, help businesses to achieve high levels, of automation., 3. Embedded business intelligence,, analytics and data management, features built into ERP will be the, next future ERP., 4. There will be more ERP transactions, triggered by sensors and external, systems or devices.

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Summary, , , , , , , , , , , , An enterprise is a group of people and other resources working together for a common goal., Different types of resources in an enterprise are men, material, money and machine., Planning helps to improve future performance of an organisation., ERP is a computer systems consist of various functional modules so that authorised employee, of any department in an organisation can access information of other department whenever, needed., Financial , Manufacturing , Production planning , HR ,Inventory control , Purchasing ,, Marketing , Sales and distribution , Quality management etc are functional modules of, ERP, There are many technologies used in ERP, some of them are - Business Process Reengineering, Data Warehouse, Product Life Cycle Management (PLM), Management, Information System (MIS), Customer Relationship Management (CRM) etc., There are so many ERP vendors in the world. Some of the popular ERP packages are, Oracle, SAP, Odoo, Microsoft Dynamics, and Tally., There are lots of benefits of implementing ERP in an orgazization., There are some areas where the an oraganisation may face some problems for implementing, ERP., , 107

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Exercise, 3. To run an ERP system, trained, and experienced employees are, needed., , Q.1 Fill in the blanks., 1. "An ………... is a group of people, and other resources working, together for a common goal"., 2. Different types of resources in an, enterprise are men, …………..,, money and machine., 3. The …………….. module can, collect financial data from, various functional departments, and generate valuable financial, reports., 4. A ………………….is a source of, an organization’s electronically, stored data., Q.2 State True or False., , 4. Better decision from an enterprise, will help them to go a step ahead, of its competitors., Q.3 Match the following., Group 'A', 1. Trained Staff a), 2. Information b), integrity, 3. Odoo, c), 4. MIS, d), , Group 'B', ERP Package, Problem in, ERP Implementation, ERP Technology, Benefits of ERP, , Q.4. Write short answers., , 1. Planning helps to improve future, performance of an organisation., 2. MIS is implemented by a, company to handle its contact, with its customers, , 1. Give any four benefits of ERP, system., 2. List down different modules of, ERP system., 3. Describe any 2 problem areas in, ERP implementation., , , , Do it Yourself, List out few more ERP solutions providers / packages., , 108

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SKILL ORIENTED PRACTICALS, (SOP), , Note :, Students should file minimum 12 Skill Sets from the SOP's, as follows •, , Advanced Web Designing , , - Any 05, , •, , Digital Marketing , , - Any 02, , •, , Computerised Accounting with GST , , - Any 03, , •, , Database concepts using LibreOffice Base , , - Any 02, , 109

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1. Advanced Web Designing, SOP 1 : Creation of website using HTML5, Create a website using html5 and CSS using any 4 css properties . Write a, code for 2 separate pages having different file name such first page as index.html, 2nd page as page2.html as form.html. Use any theme such as college profile or company profile etc. Every page must contain proper Meta, information and design webpage as follows1) The index page must contain a heading which is highest among other, text on pages and must be at center of the page. There must be a paragraph which introduces general information about the theme chosen, must have at least 3 physical style tags and one image with alternate, text. This page must be connected to other two pages with proper navigational links., 2) The 2nd page must contain the feedback or enrollment form related with, theme chosen with feature of html5. The form must contain text element, and email address of the company or person .Include the submit button., SOP 2 : Create a webpage using HTML and CSS code to design a web page as, the layout displayed below., The top section will display the heading ,’Tourist places’ in header. The, section on the left has list of cities. The right hand side display tourist places in any one of the city ., Use Inline style sheet in the top section to display background colour for the, text ‘Tourist places’. Use internal stylesheet for the left and right section, with background colours and font styles., , Tourist places, City, 1. Pune, 2. Banglore, 3. Hyderabad, 4. Delhi, , 110, , Tourist places in Pune, • Shaniwarwada, • Kelkar Museum, • Sinhgad fort

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SOP 3 : Create a website using HTML and CSS code to design a web pages as, follows The first webpage will accept the name of the traveller, Date of travel,, telephone number . It also has submit button as an image ., The second webpage has information about the name of transporter, time ,, seat no and destination displayed one below the other in the form of unordered list as, Name of transporter – Air Asia, Seat no – B39, Destination - Delhi, Both pages should be interlinked. Create external stylesheet with relevant, tags., SOP 4 : Creation of website using HTML 5 and CSS., Create a webpage as given layout use <nav>,<header>,<footer>,<aside>,, <article> with CSS., , SOP 5 : Use of Audio on web pages using html5., Create a webpage named audio.html to set an audio file in web page with, controls such that it uses html 5 elements. The audio file must play as soon, as the webpage loads in browser and it will start over again, every time, when it is completed., Create another webpage named audio1.html which provides multiple source, file formats for the same audio file that plays a sound automatically with, controls. The browser should display the message with appropriate attribute, when audio file is not supported by browser. The code must incorporate the, list of sound files formats (like wav, MP3 or ogg etc)., 111

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SOP 6 : Use of video on web pages using html5., Create a webpage named video.html to display a video file on web page and, plays automatically with controls. The dimension of video area should be, 150* 150 pixels., Create another webpage which provide multiple source file formats for the, same audio file that plays a sound automatically with controls.The dimension of video area should be 100* 100 pixels. The browser should display, the message with appropriate attribute when audio file is not supported by, browser. The code must incorporate the list of video files formats (like, webM, MP4 or ogg etc)., SOP 7 : Navigation on an image using Client side image Mapping in web page, using html 5.,  Create a webpage named imagemap. html with an inserted image having, jpeg, png or gif extension. Create 3 different shapes (like rectangle,, circle and polygon) which do not overlap. Note the co-ordinates, making use of Ms-Paint/GIMP/IrfanView/Pinta. Each shape should, be mapped or navigate with a different URL that should, navigate to a local webpage., , , , 112

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2. Digital Marketing, SOP 1:, , With the help of SEO tool which is freely available optimize the website, and write down the following findings. Ask the teacher/examiner to, provide URL of the website to be optimized., 1) Name of the website you are optimizing., 2) Whether the site has Title Tag?, 3) Whether the site has Header Tags? If yes, which tags are there?, 4) Whether the Images used has Alt Attributes?, 5) What is the comment about usability?, , SOP 2:, , Assume that you are appointed as a Digital Marketing Expert for a, company name as XYZ Marketing Private Ltd. They have a website, hosted on a web server. Suggest your client changes needed in the website, to improve the speed of website and also make him aware about following, 1) Total numbers of recommended improvements are?, 2) Mention grades given for the following points, i) SEO, ii) Usability, iii) Performance, iv) Security, 3) Check for broken links and images., 4) Whether the website has links with the social media? If yes ,Give name, of the social media ., (Take the name of the website from your teacher/examiner and get a report, for Search Engine Optimization with tool freely available.), , SOP 3:, , By using the Audit tool available on https://varvy.com/ optimize the, website given by the teacher/examiner and write down the following, findings., 1) What is the name of the Website, 2) Whether all CSS and javascript files seem visible to Googlebot?, 3) Whether the webpage seems to display well on mobile devices?, 4) Check whether the webpage is secured with HTTPS?, 5) Check whether the website has robot.txt file or not., 113

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SOP 4:, , With the help of SEO tool which is freely available (e.g. https://www., seoptimer.com/) optimize that website and write down the following, findings. (URL of the website is being provided by the examiner /teacher.), 1) Write the name of the website you are optimizing., 2) Check for broken links and images., 3) Check and review back links are present or not, 4) Whether the website flagged as safe by popular malware scanners? Name, any two malware scanners., 5) Check the following list and say Yes or No, i) Mobile Viewports used?, ii) iframes used?, iii) Legible Font Sizes used?, iv) Tap Target Sizing on a touchscreen?, (Note : you can use any Search Engine Optimization Tool which is freely, available over the internet, such as https://www.seoptimer.com, https://, www.woorank.com, https://varvy.com, https://seositecheckup.com etc.), , , 114

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3. Computerised Accounting with GST, SOP 1 : Mr. Ravindrakumar started business by the name M/s Bitwise Trading, Company in the year 2019, COMPANY DETAILS, Company Name: , , M/s Bitwise Trading Company, , Address: , , 102 M.G. Road, Bhavana Nagar, Latur - 413512, , State: Maharashtra, Website: www.bitwisetrading.com, E-mail Id: , , info@bitwise.com, , Maintain: , , Account with Inventory, , Financial Year From:, , 01-04-2019, , Books Begin From : , , 01-04-2019, , With the help of any open source or free education version accounting software pass, the following transactions in appropriate vouchers to display and print various reports, such as Trial Balance, Profit & Loss A/c, Balance Sheet and Day Book., Date, , Particulars, , Amount (Rs), , 1/04/2019, , Mr. Ravindrakumar started business with cash, , 5,00,000, , 1/4/2019, , Purchased goods from Sharada Steel works on credit, , 20,000, , 2/5/2019, , Paid salary to staff, , 5,000, , 1/6/2019, , Cash deposited into Bank of India, , 50,000, , 2/6/2019, , Sold goods to Rakesh Enterprises on cash, , 25,500, , 2/7/2019, , Purchased Machinery, , 10,000, , 2/12/2019, , Received Interest on cash deposited in Bank of India, , 2,000, , 115

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SOP 2 : With the help of any open source or free education version accounting, software create a company using following details :, Company Name : , , M/s Bags and Baggage Traders, , Company Address : , , J. M. Ratna Road, Near Maruti Mandir,, , , , Ratnagiri, Maharashtra Pin Code 415612, , Website : , , www.bagsandbaggagetraders.com, , Email id : , , contact_us@ bagsandbaggagetraders.com, , GSTIN : , , 27STUVW1234C2Z1, , Books Beginning: , , 01/04/2019, , Enter the following transactions in appropriate vouchers using by applying GST. Print, GST computation Report and Tax Invoice, 1) On 01/08/2019 purchased 150 pieces of Leather Handbags @ Rs.2500 per piece,, with GST 28% from Genuine Leather Bags, Sai Baba Nagar, D.P.Road, Navi, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Pin code 400039 with GSTIN 27LMNOP5678V2Z2., 2) On 02/09/2019 Sold 80 pieces of them @Rs.3500 per piece, GST 28%, to M/s, Shoppers Stock ,Pari Industrial Estate, Chiplun, Maharashtra, Pin code 415605, with GSTIN 27JKLMN4321C1Z2, Print GSTR-2 and Sales Tax Invoice, SOP 3 : With the help of any open source or free education version accounting, software enter the following transactions in appropriate vouchers by, creating a company. Company details are as below., Company Name : , , M/s Swastik Garment Suppliers, , Company Address : , , M. G. Road, Industrial Estate,, , , , Aurangabad, Maharashtra Pin Code 431001, , Website : , , www.swastikgarments.com, , Email id : , , info@ swastikgarments.com, , GSTIN : , , 27KLMNA4321V1Z2, , Books Beginning : , , 01/04/2017, , 1) On 01/07/2017 Purchased 150 pieces of T-shirts @Rs. 450 per piece with GST, 12% from M/s. Jalaram Textiles, 1/05 Sector B, Gandhi Nagar, Ahmadabad,, Gujarat Pin code 382010., 116

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2) On 02/07/2017 Sold 100 T-shirts @Rs.600 per piece with GST 12% to M/s Dress, Align Garments, Shirdi. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra – 423107., Print GST computation Report and Sales Tax Invoice, SOP 4 : Happy World Tours and Travels Company from J.M. Road, Deccan, Gymkhana, Pune, Maharashtra 411004 (GSTIN 27STUVW1212T1Z2 ), is a tourism company that provides travel and tourism related services, to the general public. The company renders services like air ticket, booking, railway ticket booking, group tour booking, vehicle on rent etc., Following transactions has taken place in the month of November 2019., With the help of any open source or free education version accounting, software enter the following transactions in appropriate vouchers of, Happy World Tours and Travels Company with GST calculations., Sr, , Date, , Transaction, , 1, , 1/11/2019, , Received Commission Rs50000 with 18% GST from M/s Success, Business Agency, Pune Maharashtra on group tour booking, , 2, , 2/11/2019, , A Motor Cab Rented to the regular client Mr. Ajay Singh Gupta,, Aundh, Pune on a cost of Rs15000 with 5% GST., , 3, , 2/11/2019, , Paid Rs. 20000 for Website Development charges to M/s Soft, Corner India Limited, Karnataka with GST 18% GST, , Print GST Reports GSTR-2 and GST Annual Computation., , , 117

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4. Database concepts using LibreOffice Base, SOP 1 :, , , Create a table student with fieldnames- rollno, studname, class, div, city,, dob etc., , , , Insert minimum 8 records., , , , Create a form based on employee table., , SOP 2 :, , , Create a table employee with fields names- empid, empname, empdept,, empqual, empjoindate, empsal etc. Insert minimum 8 records., , , , Create queries to display records from the employee table., 1. where employee qualification is “MBA”, 2. where employee department is “Accounts”., 3. where employee salary >70000, 4. where employee name is “Mr. Suhas Kale”, , SOP 3 :, , , Create table Product with fieldnames prodid, prodname, qty, rate, modelyear with appropriate data type. Insert minimum 8 records., 1., , Generate report to display records in ascending order of prodname., , 2., , Generate report to display records in descending order of product, rate., , 3., , Generate report to display modelyear wise product list, , 4., , Build a query to display amount (qty*rate)., , 5., , Generate a bill report with appropriate titles and calculate amount, for each record., , , 118

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For information purpose only, , Appendix - I, , SEO Report for one sample website, , Your Agency Limited, 555 9999, enquiries@youragency.com, youragency.com, , Website Report for test.com, This report grades your website on the strength of a range of important factors such as, on-page SEO optimization, off-page backlinks, social, performance, security and, more. The overall grade is on a A+ to F- scale, with most major industry leading, websites in the A range. Improving a website's grade is recommended to ensure a, better website experience for your users and improved ranking and visibility by search, engines., , 119

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BODY CONTENT, Header Tags, Your page is not making effective use of header tags., HTML header tags are an important way of signaling to search engines the important, content topics of your page, and subsequently the keywords it should rank for., Header, Tag, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, , Frequency, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, , Keyword Consistency, Your page's main keywords are not distributed well across the important HTML tags., Your page content should be focused around particular keywords you would like to, rank for. Ideally these keywords should also be distributed across tags such as the title,, meta and header tags., Keyword, , Title, , browser, site, requires, javascript, , , , , , , 120, , Meta Description, Tag, , , , , , Headings, Tags, , , , , , Page, Frequency, 2, 1, 1, 1

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Keyword, , Title, , cookies, enabled, please, change, settings, upgrade, , , , , , , , , Meta Description, Tag, , , , , , , , Headings, Tags, , , , , , , , Page, Frequency, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, , Amount of Content, Your page has a low volume of text content which search engines can interpret as 'thin, content'. It has been well researched that higher text content volumes are related to, better ranking ability in general., Word Count: 18, Image Alt Attributes, You do not have any images missing ALT attributes on your page., , 121

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XML Sitemaps, We have not detected or been able to retrieve a XML sitemaps file successfully., A sitemap includes a list of your pages that are available for crawling,, as well as other useful, information for search engines such as last update times and priority of pages. Sitemaps, are recommended to ensure that search engines can intelligently crawl all of your, pages., Analytics, We could not detect an analytics tool installed on your page., Website analytics tools like Google Analytics assist you in measuring, analyzing and, ultimately improving traffic to your page., , 122

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Use of Mobile Viewports, Your page specifies a viewport matching the device's size, allowing it to render, appropriately across devices., Flash Used?, No Flash content has been identified on your page., iFrames Used?, There are no iFrames detected on your page., Favicon, Your page has specified a favicon., Legible Font Sizes, The text on your page appears to be legible across devices., Tap Target Sizing, The links and buttons on your page appear to be appropriately sized for a user to easily, tap on a touchscreen., , 123

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JavaScript Errors, Your page is not reporting any JavaScript errors., GZIP Compression, Your website is using GZIP compression., Optimize Images, Your page appears to include images which are poorly optimized. Properly formatting, and compressing images can have a significant impact on page load performance., Minification, All your JavaScript and CSS files appear to be minified., W3C Validity, Your page does not appear to be W3C compliant. W3C compliance ensures the use of, modern standards and improves the likelihood of your page rendering appropriately in, future browser versions., Errors: 5, Warnings: 3, 124

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Deprecated HTML, No deprecated HTML tags have been found within your page., Inline Styles, No inline styles have been found within your page's HTML tags., , 125

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For information purpose only, , Appendix - II, Steps for google analytics are as follows :, 1. Open the website https://analytics.google.com., 2. Login with your Gmail Id and password., 3. Click on ‘Start Measuring’ button., 4. From Account setup type Account name (Required) relevant to your website e.g., here the website is hsc board practical, so it is mentioned in Account name. Click, on Next button., , Fig. 2.10 : Account Setup Screen, , 129

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5. Select any one option from 'What do you want to measure'? Web/Apps/Apps &, Web and click on 'Next' button., , Fig. 2.11 : What do you want to measure Screen, 6. In 'Property setup' option type Website name, Website URL, Industry Category,, Reporting Time Zone and click on 'Create' button, , Fig. 2.12 : Property setup Screen, 130

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7. Choose country as India and Accept the terms by selecting 'I Accept' checkbox and, then click on 'I Accept' button, 8. You will come across Tracking Id page along with website tracking JavaScript, code., , Fig. 2.12 : JavaScript Code Screen, <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics -->, <scriptasync src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/, js?id=UA-158034982-1"></script>, <script>, window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];, functiongtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}, gtag('js', new Date());, gtag('config', 'UA-158034982-1'); </script>, Fig. 2.13 : JS Code to be copy, 9. Copy the above generated JavaScript code and paste it in the header section of all, the web pages of your website., 10. Upload those web pages again and refresh the analytics page to view the reports., 131

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For information purpose only, , Appendix - III, Overall Google Analytics Report, , Organic / Non organic Search Report, , 132

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Active Users and Retained users report, , Users Access Times / Locations / Devices, , 133

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Real Time Users Report, , 134

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For information purpose only, , Appendix - IV, Accounting Voucher Display, , 135

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Career Opportunities, Cloud Computing Engineers, Basic Requirements :, Cloud engineers typically have at, least a bachelor's degree in computer, science or information technology. Those, in the field often have years of software, development experience, working with a, variety of programming languages such, as Java, Angular JS, C++, and Python., Cloud computing engineers define,, design, build, and maintain systems and, solutions leveraging systems and, infrastructure managed by cloud, providers such as Amazon Web Services, (AWS) and Microsoft Azure. Following, are some of job roles in the cloud, computing domain.,  Cloud Architect,  Cloud Consultant,  Cloud Product and Project Manager,  Cloud Services Developer,  Cloud Software and Network Engineer,  Cloud System Administrator,  Cloud System Engineer, Computer Network Specialists, Basic Requirements :, Computer network specialists and, analysts define, design, build, and, maintain a variety of data communication, networks and systems. They typically, have a bachelor’s degree in computer, science or a related field. Some also have, a master’s degree in business, administration (MBA), with a focus on, information systems. Network related, jobs and projects. The job profiles are as138, ,  Computer and Information Research, Scientist,  Computer and Information Systems, Manager,  Computer Network Architect,  Computer Systems Analyst,  Computer Systems Manager,  IT Analyst,  IT Coordinator,  Network Administrator,  Network Architect,  Network and Computer Systems, Administrator,  Network Engineer,  Network Systems Administrator,  Senior Network Architect,  Senior Network Engineer,  Senior Network System Administrator,  Telecommunications Specialist, Computer Support Specialist, Basic Requirements :, The computer user support specialist, must be knowledgeable about the, functioning of a computer system. Some, of the employers appoint the technicians, on the basis of an associate's degree or, postsecondary classes, while others prefer, the applicants to have a bachelor degree., Computer support specialists and, network administrators help computer, users and organizations. Some of these, workers support computer networks by, testing and evaluating network systems, and ensuring that the day-to-day, operations work. Others provide customer, service by helping people with their, computer problems. Some require a

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bachelor’s degree, while others need an, associate degree or post-secondary, classes. They work as Customer Support Administrator,  Customer Support Specialist,  Desktop Support Manager,  Desktop Support Specialist,  Help Desk Specialist,  Help Desk Technician,  IT Support Manager,  IT Support Specialist,  IT Systems Administrator,  Senior Support Specialist,  Senior System Administrator,  Support Specialist,  Systems Administrator,  Technical Specialist,  Technical Support Engineer,  Technical Support Specialist, Database Administrator, Basic Requirements :, Many employers prefer database, administrators with at least a bachelor's, degree in computer science or a related, field. In some cases, a master's degree is, required for higher-level positions. A, bachelor's degree program is a 4-year, program and is a prerequisite to a 2-year, master's degree program., Database administrators help store, and organize data or companies and/or, customers. They protect the data from, unauthorized users. Some work for, companies that provide computer design, services. Others work for organizations, with large database systems, such as, educational institutions, financial firms, and more. They can be employed as Data Center Support Specialist,  Data Quality Manager,  Database Administrator, ,  Senior Database Administrator, Information Technology Leadership, Basic Requirements :, Obtain a bachelor's degree in computer, science or information technology., Develop IT and leadership experience in, a variety of IT roles, from entry-level, support positions to IT manager. Most IT, director positions require 10 years of, experience. Earn your master's degree., Leadership in IT draws from, candidates with strong technology, backgrounds and superior management, skills. They have experience in creating, and implementing policies and systems, to meet IT objectives, and the ability to, budget the time and funds necessary.,  Chief Information Officer (CIO),  Chief Technology Officer (CTO),  Director of Technology,  IT Director,  IT Manager,  Management Information Systems, Director,  Technical Operations Officer, Information Security Specialist, Basic Requirements :, Hiring managers for IT security, specialist positions generally require at, least an undergraduate degree (associate, or bachelor) in information security,, computer information systems, network, security, computer science or a related, field of study., The increased incidence of security, breaches and the associated danger of, identity theft has enhanced the importance, of protecting data on commercial and, governmental sites. Information securities, analysts help defend an organization’s, computer network and computer systems., 139

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The job roles offered to them are Information Security,  Security Specialist,  Senior Security Specialist, Software/Application Developer, Basic Requirements :, Most computer software development, jobs require bachelor's degrees in, computer science or software engineering., These programs have significant math, requirements that include a sequence in, calculus, differential equations, and, linear algebra. A sequence in physics is, also required., Software developers design, run, and, test various computer programs and, applications. Application Developers, create new applications and code, solutions. They usually have a bachelor’s, degree in computer science or a related, field. They also have strong programming, skills, so can be employed as Application Developer,  Applications Engineer,  Associate Developer,  Computer Programmer,  Developer,  Java Developer,  Junior Software Engineer,  .NET Developer,  Programmer,  Programmer Analyst,  Senior Applications Engineer,  Senior Programmer,  Senior Programmer Analyst,  Senior Software Engineer,  Senior System Architect,  Senior System Designer,  Senior Systems Software Engineer,  Software Architect,  Software Developer, 140, ,  Software Engineer,  Software Quality Assurance Analyst,  System Architect,  Systems Software Engineer,  Mobile Application Developer, Web Developer, Basic Requirements :, Many employers prefer prospective, Web developers to hold a bachelor's, degree in computer science or a related, field. Coursework often includes, programming, database management,, mathematics, Web design and networking., Web developers design, create, and, modify websites. They are responsible, for maintaining a user-friendly, stable, website that offers the necessary, functionality for their client’s needs., Some jobs require a bachelor’s degree,, while others need an associate degree,, including classes in HTML, JavaScript,, or SQL. This education can help to get, employment as Front End Developer,  Senior Web Administrator,  Senior Web Developer,  Web Administrator,  Web Developer,  Webmaster,  UX Designer, Professional certificate courses like, RHCE, ORACLE, Software Testing, etc. can be done to enhance the career, opportunities.