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1, , The Summer of the, Beautiful White Horse, W illiam Saroyan, , ., , ONE day back there in the good old days when I was nine and the, world was full of every imaginable kind of magnificence, and life, was still a delightful and mysterious dream, my cousin Mourad,, who was considered crazy by everybody who knew him except, me, came to my house at four in the morning and woke me up, tapping on the window of my room., Aram, he said., I jumped out of bed and looked out of the window., I couldn’t believe what I saw., It wasn’t morning yet, but it was summer and with daybreak, not many minutes around the corner of the world it was light, enough for me to know I wasn’t dreaming., My cousin Mourad was sitting on a beautiful white horse., I stuck my head out of the window and rubbed my eyes., Yes, he said in Armenian. It’s a horse. You’re not dreaming., Make it quick if you want to ride.

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2, , I knew my cousin Mourad enjoyed being alive more than, anybody else who had ever fallen into the world by mistake, but, this was more than even I could believe., In the first place, my earliest memories had been memories, of horses and my first longings had been longings to ride., This was the wonderful part., In the second place, we were poor., This was the part that wouldn’t permit me to believe what I saw., We were poor. We had no money. Our whole tribe was povertystricken. Every branch of the Garoghlanian1 family was living in, the most amazing and comical poverty in the world. Nobody, could understand where we ever got money enough to keep us, with food in our bellies, not even the old men of the family. Most, important of all, though, we were famous for our honesty. We, had been famous for our honesty for something like eleven, centuries, even when we had been the wealthiest family in what, we liked to think was the world. We were proud first, honest, next, and after that we believed in right and wrong. None of us, would take advantage of anybody in the world, let alone steal., Consequently, even though I could see the horse, so, magnificent; even though I could smell it, so lovely; even though, I could hear it breathing, so exciting; I couldn’t believe the horse, had anything to do with my cousin Mourad or with me or with, any of the other members of our family, asleep or awake, because, I knew my cousin Mourad couldn’t have bought the horse, and, if he couldn’t have bought it he must have stolen it, and I refused, to believe he had stolen it., No member of the Garoghlanian family could be a thief., I stared first at my cousin and then at the horse. There was, a pious stillness and humour in each of them which on the one, hand delighted me and on the other frightened me., Mourad, I said, where did you steal this horse?, Leap out of the window, he said, if you want to ride., It was true, then. He had stolen the horse. There was no, question about it. He had come to invite me to ride or not, as, I chose., Well, it seemed to me stealing a horse for a ride was not the, same thing as stealing something else, such as money. For all I, knew, maybe it wasn’t stealing at all. If you were crazy about, 1, , an Armenian tribe

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3, , horses the way my cousin Mourad and I were, it wasn’t stealing., It wouldn’t become stealing until we offered to sell the horse,, which of course, I knew we would never do., Let me put on some clothes, I said., All right, he said, but hurry., I leaped into my clothes., I jumped down to the yard from the window and leaped up, onto the horse behind my cousin Mourad., That year we lived at the edge of town, on Walnut Avenue., Behind our house was the country: vineyards, orchards,, irrigation ditches, and country roads. In less than three minutes, we were on Olive Avenue, and then the horse began to trot. The, air was new and lovely to breathe. The feel of the horse running, was wonderful. My cousin Mourad who was considered one of, the craziest members of our family began to sing. I mean, he, began to roar., Every family has a crazy streak in it somewhere, and my, cousin Mourad was considered the natural descendant of the, crazy streak in our tribe. Before him was our uncle Khosrove,, an enormous man with a powerful head of black hair and the, largest moustache in the San Joaquin Valley2, a man so furious, in temper, so irritable, so impatient that he stopped anyone from, talking by roaring, It is no harm; pay no attention to it., That was all, no matter what anybody happened to be talking, about. Once it was his own son Arak running eight blocks to, the barber’s shop where his father was having his moustache, trimmed to tell him their house was on fire. This man Khosrove, sat up in the chair and roared, It is no harm; pay no attention to, it. The barber said, But the boy says your house is on fire. So, Khosrove roared, Enough, it is no harm, I say., My cousin Mourad was considered the natural descendant, of this man, although Mourad’s father was Zorab, who was, practical and nothing else. That’s how it was in our tribe. A, man could be the father of his son’s flesh, but that did not, mean that he was also the father of his spirit. The distribution, of the various kinds of spirit of our tribe had been from the, beginning capricious and vagrant., We rode and my cousin Mourad sang. For all anybody knew, we were still in the old country where, at least according to, 2, , one of the long interior valleys of California

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4, , some of our neighbours, we belonged. We let the horse run as, long as it felt like running., At last my cousin Mourad said, Get down. I want to ride, alone., Will you let me ride alone? I asked., That is up to the horse, my cousin said. Get down., The horse will let me ride, I said., We shall see, he said. Don’t forget that I have a way, with a horse., Well, I said, any way you have with a horse, I have also., For the sake of your safety, he said, let us hope so. Get down., All right, I said, but remember you’ve got to let me try to, ride alone., I got down and my cousin Mourad kicked his heels into the, horse and shouted, Vazire, run. The horse stood on its hind, legs, snorted, and burst into a fury of speed that was the loveliest

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5, , thing I had ever seen. My cousin Mourad raced the horse across, a field of dry grass to an irrigation ditch, crossed the ditch on, the horse, and five minutes later returned, dripping wet., The sun was coming up., Now it’s my turn to ride, I said., My cousin Mourad got off the horse., Ride, he said., I leaped to the back of the horse and for a moment knew the, most awful fear imaginable. The horse did not move., Kick into his muscles, my cousin Mourad said. What are, you waiting for? We’ve got to take him back before everybody in, the world is up and about., I kicked into the muscles of the horse. Once again it reared, and snorted. Then it began to run. I didn’t know what to do., Instead of running across the field to the irrigation ditch the, horse ran down the road to the vineyard of Dikran Halabian, where it began to leap over vines. The horse leaped over seven, vines before I fell. Then it continued running., My cousin Mourad came running down the road., I’m not worried about you, he shouted. We’ve got to get that, horse. You go this way and I’ll go this way. If you come upon, him, be kindly. I’ll be near., I continued down the road and my cousin, Mourad went, across the field toward the irrigation ditch., It took him half an hour to find the horse and bring, him back., All right, he said, jump on. The whole world is awake now., What will we do? I said., Well, he said, we’ll either take him back or hide him until, tomorrow morning., He didn’t sound worried and I knew he’d hide him and not, take him back. Not for a while, at any rate., Where will we hide him? I said., I know a place, he said., How long ago did you steal this horse? I said., It suddenly dawned on me that he had been taking these, early morning rides for some time and had come for me this, morning only because he knew how much I longed to ride., Who said anything about stealing a horse? he said., Anyhow, I said, how long ago did you begin riding, every mor ning?

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6, , Not until this morning, he said., Are you telling the truth? I said., Of course not, he said, but if we are found out, that’s what, you’re to say. I don’t want both of us to be liars. All you know is, that we started riding this morning., All right, I said., He walked the horse quietly to the barn of a deserted vineyard, which at one time had been the pride of a farmer named, Fetvajian. There were some oats and dry alfalfa in the barn., We began walking home., It wasn’t easy, he said, to get the horse to behave so nicely., At first it wanted to run wild, but, as I’ve told you, I have a way, with a horse. I can get it to want to do anything I want it to do., Horses understand me., How do you do it? I said., I have an understanding with a horse, he said., Yes, but what sort of an understanding? I said., A simple and honest one, he said., Well, I said, I wish I knew how to reach an understanding, like that with a horse., You’re still a small boy, he said. When you get to be thirteen, you’ll know how to do it., I went home and ate a hearty breakfast., That afternoon my uncle Khosrove came to our house for, coffee and cigarettes. He sat in the parlour, sipping and smoking, and remembering the old country. Then another visitor arrived,, a farmer named John Byro, an Assyrian who, out of loneliness,, had learned to speak Armenian. My mother brought the lonely, visitor coffee and tobacco and he rolled a cigarette and sipped, and smoked, and then at last, sighing sadly, he said, My white, horse which was stolen last month is still gone — I cannot, understand it., My uncle Khosrove became very irritated and shouted, It’s, no harm. What is the loss of a horse? Haven’t we all lost the, homeland? What is this crying over a horse?, That may be all right for you, a city dweller, to say, John, Byro said, but what of my surrey? What good is a surrey without, a horse?, Pay no attention to it, my uncle Khosrove roared., I walked ten miles to get here, John Byro said., You have legs, my uncle Khosrove shouted.

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7, , My left leg pains me, the farmer said., Pay no attention to it, my uncle Khosrove roared., That horse cost me sixty dollars, the farmer said., I spit on money, my uncle Khosrove said., He got up and stalked out of the house, slamming the, screen door., My mother explained., He has a gentle heart, she said. It is simply that he is, homesick and such a large man., The farmer went away and I ran over to my cousin, Mourad’s house., He was sitting under a peach tree, trying to repair the, hurt wing of a young robin which could not fly. He was talking, to the bird., What is it? he said., The farmer, John Byro, I said. He visited our house. He wants, his horse. You’ve had it a month. I want you to promise not to, take it back until I learn to ride., It will take you a year to learn to ride, my cousin Mourad said., We could keep the horse a year, I said., My cousin Mourad leaped to his feet., What? he roared. Are you inviting a member of the, Garoghlanian family to steal? The horse must go back to its, true owner., When? I said., In six months at the latest, he said., He threw the bird into the air. The bird tried hard, almost, fell twice, but at last flew away, high and straight., Early every morning for two weeks my cousin Mourad and I, took the horse out of the barn of the deserted vineyard where, we were hiding it and rode it, and every morning the horse,, when it was my turn to ride alone, leaped over grape vines and, small trees and threw me and ran away. Nevertheless, I hoped, in time to learn to ride the way my cousin Mourad rode., One morning on the way to Fetvajian’s deserted vineyard we ran, into the farmer John Byro who was on his way to town., Let me do the talking, my cousin Mourad said. I have a way, with farmers., Good morning, John Byro, my cousin Mourad said to, the farmer., The farmer studied the horse eagerly.

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8, , Good morning, son of my friends, he said. What is the name, of your horse?, My Heart, my cousin Mourad said in Armenian., A lovely name, John Byro said, for a lovely horse. I could, swear it is the horse that was stolen from me many weeks ago., May I look into his mouth?, Of course, Mourad said., The farmer looked into the mouth of the horse., Tooth for tooth, he said. I would swear it is my horse if I, didn’t know your parents. The fame of your family for honesty is, well known to me. Yet the horse is the twin of my horse. A, suspicious man would believe his eyes instead of his heart. Good, day, my young friends., Good day, John Byro, my cousin Mourad said., Early the following morning we took the horse to John Byro’s, vineyard and put it in the barn. The dogs followed us around, without making a sound., The dogs, I whispered to my cousin Mourad. I thought they, would bark., They would at somebody else, he said. I have a way with dogs., My cousin Mourad put his arms around the horse, pressed, his nose into the horse’s nose, patted it, and then we went away., That afternoon John Byro came to our house in his surrey and, showed my mother the horse that had been stolen and returned., I do not know what to think, he said. The horse is stronger, than ever. Better-tempered, too. I thank God. My uncle Khosrove,, who was in the parlour, became irritated and shouted, Quiet,, man, quiet. Your horse has been returned. Pay no attention to it., , 1. You will probably agree that this story does not have, breathless adventure and exciting action. Then what, in your opinion makes it interesting?, 2. Did the boys return the horse because they were, conscience-stricken or because they were afraid?, 3. “One day back there in the good old days when I was, nine and the world was full of every imaginable kind, of magnificence, and life was still a delightful and, mysterious dream...” The story begins in a mood of

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9, nostalgia. Can you narrate some incident from your childhood that, might make an interesting story?, 4. The story revolves around characters who belong to a tribe in, Armenia. Mourad and Aram are members of the Garoghlanian, family. Now locate Armenia and Assyria on the atlas and prepare a, write-up on the Garoghlanian tribes. You may write about people,, their names, traits, geographical and economic features as, suggested in the story., TRY THIS OUT, “The horse stood on its hind legs, snorted, and burst into a fury of, speed that was the loveliest thing I had ever seen.” These lines could be, an artist’s delight. Try to draw a picture as depicted in the above lines.

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Snapshots, , 10, , 2, , The Address, Marga Minco, This short story is a poignant account of a daughter who goes in search of, her mother’s belongings after the War, in Holland. When she finds them,, the objects evoke memories of her earlier life. However, she decides to leave, them all behind and resolves to move on., , ‘DO you still know me?’ I asked., The woman looked at me searchingly. She had opened the, door a chink. I came closer and stood on the step., ‘No, I don’t know you.’, ‘I’m Mrs S’s daughter.’, She held her hand on the door as though she wanted to, prevent it opening any further. Her face gave absolutely no sign, of recognition. She kept staring at me in silence., Perhaps I was mistaken, I thought, perhaps it isn’t her. I, had seen her only once, fleetingly, and that was years ago. It, was most probable that I had rung the wrong bell. The woman, let go of the door and stepped to the side. She was wearing my, mother’s green knitted cardigan. The wooden buttons were rather, pale from washing. She saw that I was looking at the cardigan, and half hid herself again behind the door. But I knew now that, I was right., ‘Well, you knew my mother?’ I asked., ‘Have you come back?’ said the woman. ‘I thought that no, one had come back.’, ‘Only me.’

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The Address, A door opened and closed in the passage behind her. A musty, smell emerged., ‘I regret I cannot do anything for you.’, ‘I’ve come here specially on the train. I wanted to talk to you, for a moment.’, ‘It is not convenient for me now,’ said the woman. ‘I can’t see, you. Another time.’, She nodded and cautiously closed the door as though no, one inside the house should be disturbed., I stood where I was on the step. The curtain in front of the, bay window moved. Someone stared at me and would then have, asked what I wanted. ‘Oh, nothing,’ the woman would have said., ‘It was nothing.’, I looked at the name-plate again. Dorling it said, in black, letters on white enamel. And on the jamb, a bit higher, the, number. Number 46., As I walked slowly back to the station I thought about my, mother, who had given me the address years ago. It had been in, the first half of the War. I was home for a few days and it struck, me immediately that something or other about the rooms had, changed. I missed various things. My mother was surprised I, should have noticed so quickly. Then she told me about Mrs, Dorling. I had never heard of her but apparently she was an old, acquaintance of my mother, whom she hadn’t seen for years., She had suddenly turned up and renewed their contact. Since, then she had come regularly., ‘Every time she leaves here she takes something home with, her,’ said my mother. ‘She took all the table silver in one go. And, then the antique plates that hung there. She had trouble lugging, those large vases, and I’m worried she got a crick in her back, from the crockery.’ My mother shook her head pityingly. ‘I would, never have dared ask her. She suggested it to me herself. She, even insisted. She wanted to save all my nice things. If we have, to leave here we shall lose everything, she says.’, ‘Have you agreed with her that she should keep everything?’, I asked., ‘As if that’s necessary,’ my mother cried. ‘It would simply, be an insult to talk like that. And think about the risk she’s, running, each time she goes out of our door with a full suitcase, or bag.’, , 11

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12, , Snapshots, My mother seemed to notice that I was not entirely convinced., She looked at me reprovingly and after that we spoke no more, about it., Meanwhile I had arrived at the station without having paid, much attention to things on the way. I was walking in familiar, places again for the first time since the War, but I did not want, to go further than was necessary. I didn’t want to upset myself, with the sight of streets and houses full of memories from a, precious time., In the train back I saw Mrs Dorling in front of me again as I, had the first time I met her. It was the morning after the day my, mother had told me about her. I had got up late and, coming, downstairs, I saw my mother about to see someone out. A woman, with a broad back., ‘There is my daughter,’ said my mother. She beckoned to me., The woman nodded and picked up the suitcase under the, coat-rack. She wore a brown coat and a shapeless hat., ‘Does she live far away?’ I asked, seeing the difficulty she, had going out of the house with the heavy case., ‘In Marconi Street,’ said my mother. ‘Number 46. Remember that.’, I had remembered it. But I had waited a long time to go there., Initially after the Liberation I was absolutely not interested in, all that stored stuff, and naturally I was also rather afraid of it., Afraid of being confronted with things that had belonged to a, connection that no longer existed; which were hidden away in, cupboards and boxes and waiting in vain until they were put, back in their place again; which had endured all those years, because they were ‘things.’, But gradually everything became more normal again. Bread, was getting to be a lighter colour, there was a bed you could, sleep in unthreatened, a room with a view you were more used, to glancing at each day. And one day I noticed I was curious, about all the possessions that must still be at that address. I, wanted to see them, touch, remember., After my first visit in vain to Mrs Dorling’s house I decided to, try a second time. Now a girl of about fifteen opened the door to, me. I asked her if her mother was at home., ‘No’ she said, ‘my mother’s doing an errand.’, ‘No matter,’ I said, ‘I’ll wait for her.’

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The Address, I followed the girl along the passage. An old-fashioned iron, Hanukkah1 candle-holder hung next to a mirror. We never used, it because it was much more cumbersome than a single, candlestick., ‘Won’t you sit down?’ asked the girl. She held open the door, of the living-room and I went inside past her. I stopped,, horrified. I was in a room I knew and did not know. I found, myself in the midst of things I did want to see again but which, oppressed me in the strange atmosphere. Or because of the, tasteless way everything was arranged, because of the ugly, furniture or the muggy smell that hung there, I don’t know;, but I scarcely dared to look around me. The girl moved a chair., I sat down and stared at the woollen table-cloth. I rubbed it., My fingers grew warm from rubbing. I followed the lines of the, pattern. Somewhere on the edge there should be a burn mark, that had never been repaired., ‘My mother’ll be back soon,’ said the girl. ‘I’ve already made, tea for her. Will you have a cup?’, ‘Thank you.’, I looked up. The girl put cups ready on the tea-table. She, had a broad back. Just like her mother. She poured tea from a, white pot. All it had was a gold border on the lid, I remembered., She opened a box and took some spoons out., ‘That’s a nice box.’ I heard my own voice. It was a strange, voice. As though each sound was different in this room., ‘Oh, you know about them?’ She had turned round and, brought me my tea. She laughed. ‘My mother says it is antique., We’ve got lots more.’ She pointed round the room. ‘See for, yourself.’, I had no need to follow her hand. I knew which things she, meant. I just looked at the still life over the tea-table. As a child, I had always fancied the apple on the pewter plate., ‘We use it for everything,’ she said. ‘Once we even ate off the, plates hanging there on the wall. I wanted to so much. But it, wasn’t anything special.’, I had found the burn mark on the table-cloth. The girl looked, questioningly at me., ‘Yes,’ I said, ‘you get so used to touching all these lovely, things in the house, you hardly look at them any more. You only, 1, , the Feast of Lights, a Hebrew festival in December, , 13

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14, , Snapshots, notice when something is missing, because it has to be repaired, or because you have lent it, for example.’, Again I heard the unnatural sound of my voice and I went, on: ‘I remember my mother once asked me if I would help her, polish the silver. It was a very long time ago and I was probably, bored that day or perhaps I had to stay at home because I was, ill, as she had never asked me before. I asked her which silver, she meant and she replied, surprised, that it was the spoons,, forks and knives, of course. And that was the strange thing, I, didn’t know the cutlery we ate off every day was silver.’, The girl laughed again., ‘I bet you don’t know it is either.’ I looked intently at her., ‘What we eat with?’ she asked., ‘Well, do you know?’, She hesitated. She walked to the sideboard and wanted to, open a drawer. ‘I’ll look. It’s in here.’, I jumped up. ‘I was forgetting the time. I must catch my, train.’, She had her hand on the drawer. ‘Don’t you want to wait for, my mother?’, ‘No, I must go.’ I walked to the door. The girl pulled the drawer, open. ‘I can find my own way.’, As I walked down the passage I heard the jingling of spoons, and forks., At the corner of the road I looked up at the name-plate. Marconi, Street, it said. I had been at Number 46. The address was correct., But now I didn’t want to remember it any more. I wouldn’t go, back there because the objects that are linked in your memory, with the familiar life of former times instantly lose their value, when, severed from them, you see them again in strange, surroundings. And what should I have done with them in a, small rented room where the shreds of black-out paper still hung, along the windows and no more than a handful of cutlery fitted, in the narrow table drawer?, I resolved to forget the address. Of all the things I had to, forget, that would be the easiest.

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The Address, , 15, , 1. ‘Have you come back?’ said the woman. ‘I thought, that no one had come back.’ Does this statement, give some clue about the story? If yes, what is it?, 2. The story is divided into pre-War and post-War times., What hardships do you think the girl underwent, during these times?, 3. Why did the narrator of the story want to forget the, address?, 4. ‘The Address’ is a story of human predicament, that follows war. Comment.

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Snapshots, , 16, , 3, , Ranga’s Marriage, Masti V, enkatesha Iyengar, Venkatesha, Ranga, the accountant’s son, is one of the rare breed among the village, folk who has been to the city to pursue his studies. When he returns to his, village from the city of Bangalore, the crowds mill around his house to see, whether he has changed or not. His ideas about marriage are now quite, different—or are they?, , WHEN you see this title, some of you may ask, “Ranga’s Marriage?”, Why not “Ranganatha Vivaha” or “Ranganatha Vijaya?” Well,, yes. I know I could have used some other mouth-filling one like, “Jagannatha Vijaya” or “Girija Kalyana.” But then, this is not, about Jagannatha’s victory or Girija’s wedding. It’s about our, own Ranga’s marriage and hence no fancy title. Hosahalli is our, village. You must have heard of it. No? What a pity! But it is not, your fault. There is no mention of it in any geography book., Those sahibs in England, writing in English, probably do not, know that such a place exists, and so make no mention of it., Our own people too forget about it. You know how it is — they, are like a flock of sheep. One sheep walks into a pit, the rest, blindly follow it. When both, the sahibs in England and our own, geographers, have not referred to it, you can not expect the poor, cartographer to remember to put it on the map, can you? And, so there is not even the shadow of our village on any map., Sorry, I started somewhere and then went off in another, direction. If the state of Mysore is to Bharatavarsha what the

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Ranga’s, riage, Mar, Marriage, anga’s Marriage, R, sweet karigadabu1 is to a festive meal, then Hosahalli is to Mysore, State what the filling is to the karigadabu. What I have said is, absolutely true, believe me. I will not object to your questioning, it but I will stick to my opinion. I am not the only one who, speaks glowingly of Hosahalli. We have a doctor in our place., His name is Gundabhatta. He agrees with me. He has been to, quite a few places. No, not England. If anyone asks him whether, he has been there, he says, “No, annayya2, I have left that to, you. Running around like a flea-pestered dog, is not for me. I, have seen a few places in my time, though.” As a matter of fact,, he has seen many., We have some mango trees in our village. Come visit us, and, I will give you a raw mango from one of them. Do not eat it. Just, take a bite. The sourness is sure to go straight to your, brahmarandhra3. I once took one such fruit home and a chutney, was made out of it. All of us ate it. The cough we suffered from,, after that! It was when I went for the cough medicine, that the, doctor told me about the special quality of the fruit., Just as the mango is special, so is everything else around our, village. We have a creeper growing in the ever-so-fine water of the, village pond. Its flowers are a feast to behold. Get two leaves from, the creeper when you go to the pond for your bath, and you will, not have to worry about not having leaves on which to serve the, afternoon meal. You will say I am rambling. It is always like that, when the subject of our village comes up. But enough. If any one, of you would like to visit us, drop me a line. I will let you know, where Hosahalli is and what things are like here. The best way of, getting to know a place is to visit it, don’t you agree?, What I am going to tell you is something that happened ten years, ago. We did not have many people who knew English, then. Our, village accountant was the first one who had enough courage to, send his son to Bangalore to study. It is different now. There are, many who know English. During the holidays, you come across, them on every street, talking in English. Those days, we did not, speak in English, nor did we bring in English words while talking, 1, , a South Indian fried sweet filled with coconut and sugar, , 2, , (in Kannada) a respectful term for an elder, , 3, , (in Kannada) the soft part in a child’s head where skull bones join later., Here, used as an idiomatic expression to convey the extreme potency of, sourness., , 17, , 17

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Snapshots, , 18, , in Kannada. What has happened is disgraceful, believe me. The, other day, I was in Rama Rao’s house when they bought a bundle, of firewood. Rama Rao’s son came out to pay for it. He asked the, woman, “How much should I give you?” “Four pice,” she said., The boy told her he did not have any “change”, and asked her to, come the next morning. The poor woman did not understand the, English word “change” and went away muttering to herself. I too, did not know. Later, when I went to Ranga’s house and asked, him, I understood what it meant., This priceless commodity, the English language, was not so, widespread in our village a decade ago. That was why Ranga’s, homecoming was a great event. People rushed to his doorstep, announcing, “The accountant’s son has come,” “The boy who, had gone to Bangalore for his studies is here, it seems,” and, “Come, Ranga is here. Let’s go and have a look.”, Attracted by the crowd, I too went and stood in the courtyard, and asked, “Why have all these people come? There’s no, performing monkey here.”, A boy, a fellow without any brains, said, loud enough for, everyone to hear, “What are you doing here, then?” A youngster,, immature and without any manners. Thinking that all these, things were now of the past, I kept quiet., Seeing so many people there, Ranga came out with a smile, on his face. Had we all gone inside, the place would have turned, into what people call the Black Hole of Calcutta. Thank God it, did not. Everyone was surprised to see that Ranga was the, same as he had been six months ago, when he had first left, our village. An old lady who was near him, ran her hand over, his chest, looked into his eyes and said, “The janewara4 is still, there. He hasn’t lost his caste.” She went away soon after that., Ranga laughed., Once they realised that Ranga still had the same hands,, legs, eyes and nose, the crowd melted away, like a lump of sugar, in a child’s mouth. I continued to stand there. After everyone, had gone, I asked, “How are you, Rangappa? Is everything well, with you?” It was only then that Ranga noticed me. He came, near me and did a namaskara respectfully, saying, “I am all, right, with your blessings.”, I must draw your attention to this aspect of Ranga’s character., He knew when it would be to his advantage to talk to someone, 4, , (in Kannada) the sacred thread worn by Brahmins

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Ranga’s, riage, Mar, Marriage, anga’s Marriage, R, and rightly assessed people’s worth. As for his namaskara to, me, he did not do it like any present-day boy — with his head up, towards the sun, standing stiff like a pole without joints, jerking, his body as if it was either a wand or a walking stick. Nor did he, merely fold his hands. He bent low to touch my feet. “May you, get married soon,” I said, blessing him. After exchanging a few, pleasantries, I left., That afternoon, when I was resting, Ranga came to my house, with a couple of oranges in his hand. A generous, considerate, fellow. It would be a fine thing to have him marry, settle down, and be of service to society, I thought., For a while we talked about this and that. Then I came to, the point. “Rangappa, when do you plan to get married?”, “I am not going to get married now,” he said., “Why not?”, “I need to find the right girl. I know an officer who got married, only six months ago. He is about thirty and his wife is twentyfive, I am told. They will be able to talk lovingly to each other., Let’s say I married a very young girl. She may take my words, spoken in love as words spoken in anger. Recently, a troupe in, Bangalore staged the play Shakuntala. There is no question of, Dushyantha falling in love with Shakuntala if she were young,, like the present-day brides, is there? What would have happened, to Kalidasa’s play? If one gets married, it should be to a girl who, is mature. Otherwise, one should remain a bachelor. That’s why, I am not marrying now.”, “Is there any other reason?”, “A man should marry a girl he admires. What we have now, are arranged marriages. How can one admire a girl with milk, stains on one side of her face and wetness on the other, or so, young that she doesn’t even know how to bite her fingers?”, “One a neem fruit, the other, a bittergourd.”, “Exactly!” Ranga said, laughing., I was distressed that the boy who I thought would make a, good husband, had decided to remain a bachelor. After chatting, for a little longer, Ranga left. I made up my mind right then, that, I would get him married., Rama Rao’s niece, a pretty girl of eleven, had come to stay with, him. She was from a big town, so she knew how to play the, veena and the harmonium. She also had a sweet voice. Both, , 19, , 19

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20, , Snapshots, her parents had died, and her uncle had brought her home., Ranga was just the boy for her, and she, the most suitable bride, for him., Since I was a frequent visitor to Rama Rao’s place, the girl, was quite free with me. I completely forgot to mention her name!, Ratna, it was. The very next morning I went to their house and, told Rama Rao’s wife, “I’ll send some buttermilk for you. Ask, Ratna to fetch it.”, Ratna came. It was a Friday, so she was wearing a grand, saree. I told her to sit in my room and requested her to sing a, song. I sent for Ranga. While she was singing the song —, Krishnamurthy, in front of my eyes — Ranga reached the door., He stopped at the threshold. He did not want the singing to, stop, but was curious to see the singer. Carefully, he peeped in., The light coming into the room was blocked. Ratna looked up, and seeing a stranger there, abruptly stopped., Suppose you buy the best quality mango. You eat it slowly,, savouring its peel, before biting into the juicy flesh. You do not, want to waste any part of it. Before you take another bite, the, fruit slips out of your hand and falls to the ground. How do you, feel? Ranga’s face showed the same disappointment when the, singing stopped., “You sent for me?” he asked as he came in and sat on a, chair., Ratna stood at a distance, her head lowered. Ranga, repeatedly glanced at her. Once, our eyes met, and he looked, very embarrassed. No one spoke for a long while., “It was my coming in that stopped the singing. Let me leave.”, Words, mere words! The fellow said he would leave but did, not make a move. How can one expect words to match actions, in these days of Kaliyuga?, Ratna ran inside, overcome by shyness., After a while, Ranga asked, “Who is that girl, swami?”, “Who’s that inside?” the lion wanted to know. The he-goat, who had taken shelter in the temple replied, “Does it matter, who I am? I am a poor animal who has already eaten nine lions., I have vowed to eat one more. Tell me, are you male or female?”, The lion fled the place in fear, it seems., Like the he-goat, I said, “What does it matter to either of us, who she is? I’m already married and you aren’t the marrying kind.”

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Ranga’s, riage, Mar, Marriage, anga’s Marriage, R, , Very hopefully, he asked, “She isn’t married, then?” His voice, did not betray his excitement but I knew it was there., “She was married a year ago.”, His face shrivelled like a roasted brinjal. After a while, Ranga, left, saying, “I must go, I have work at home.”, I went to our Shastri the next morning and told him, “Keep, everything ready to read the stars. I’ll come later.” I tutored him, in all that I wanted him to say., I found no change in Ranga when I met him that afternoon., “What’s the matter? You seem to be lost in thought,” I said., “Nothing, nothing’s wrong, believe me.”, “Headache? Come, let’s go and see a doctor.”, , 21, , 21

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22, , Snapshots, “I have no headache. I’m my usual self.”, “I went through the same thing when the process of choosing, a girl for me was going on. But I don’t think that that could be a, reason for your present condition.”, Ranga stared at me., “Come, let’s go and see Shastri,” I suggested. “We will find, out whether Guru and Shani are favourable for you or not.”, Ranga accompanied me without any protest. As soon as, Shastri saw me, he exclaimed, “What a surprise, Shyama!, Haven’t seen you for a long time.”, Shyama is none other than your servant, the narrator of, this tale., I got angry and shouted, “What? Only this morning...” Shastri, completed my sentence, “You finished all your work and are, now free to visit me.” Had he not done so, I would have ruined, our plan by bursting like grains that are kept in the sun to dry., I was extremely careful of what I said afterwards., Shastri turned to Ranga. “When did the young son of our, accountant clerk come home? What can I do for him? It’s very, rarely that he visits us.”, “Take out your paraphernalia. Our Rangappa seems to have, something on his mind. Can you tell us what’s worrying him?, Shall we put your science of astrology to the test?”, There was authority in my voice as I spoke to Shastri. He, took out two sheets of paper, some cowries and a book of palmyra, leaves, saying, “Ours is an ancient science, ayya. There’s a story, to it... But I won’t tell you that story now. This is not a harikatha, which allows you to tell a story within a story... You may get, bored. I’ll tell it to you some other time.”, Shastri moved his lips fast as he counted on his fingers and, then asked, “What’s your star?” Ranga didn’t know. “Never mind,”, Shastri indicated with a shake of his head. He did some more, calculations before saying in a serious tone, “It’s about a girl.”, I had been controlling my laughter all this while. But now I, burst out laughing. I turned to Ranga. “Exactly what I had said.”, “Who is the girl?” It was your humble servant who asked, the question., Shastri thought for a while before replying, “She probably, has the name of something found in the ocean.”, “Kamala?”, “Maybe.”

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Ranga’s, riage, Mar, Marriage, anga’s Marriage, R, “Could it be Pachchi, moss?”, “Must it be moss if it’s not Kamala? Why not pearl or ratna,, the precious stone?”, “Ratna? The girl in Rama Rao’s house is Ratna. Tell me, is, there any chance of our negotiations bearing fruit?”, “Definitely,” he said, after thinking for some time., There was surprise on Ranga’s face. And some happiness. I, noticed it., “But that girl is married...” I said. Then I turned to him. His, face had fallen., “I don’t know all that. There may be some other girl who, is suitable. I only told you what our shastra indicated,”, Shastri said., We left the place. On the way, we passed by Rama Rao’s, house. Ratna was standing at the door. I went in alone and, came out a minute later., “Surprising. This girl isn’t married, it seems. Someone told, me the other day that she was. What Shastri told us has turned, out to be true after all! But Rangappa, I can’t believe that you, have been thinking of her. Swear on the name of Madhavacharya5, and tell me, is it true what Shastri said?”, I do not know whether anyone else would have been direct., Ranga admitted, “There’s greater truth in that shastra than we, imagine. What he said is absolutely true.”, Shastri was at the well when I went there that evening. I, said, “So Shastrigale, you repeated everything I had taught you, without giving rise to any suspicion. What a marvellous shastra, yours is!” He didn’t like it at all., “What are you saying? What you said to me was what I could, have found out myself from the shastras. Don’t forget, I developed, on the hints you had given me.”, Tell me, is this what a decent man says?, Rangappa had come the other day to invite me for dinner. “What’s, the occasion?” I asked., “It’s Shyama’s birthday. He is three.”, “It’s not a nice name — Shyama,” I said. “I’m like a dark piece, of oil-cake. Why did you have to give that golden child of yours, such a name? What a childish couple you are, Ratna and you! I, 5, , an exponent of Vedantic philosophy from South India, , 23, , 23

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24, , Snapshots, know, I know, it is the English custom of naming the child after, someone you like... Your wife is eight months pregnant now., Who’s there to help your mother to cook?”, “My sister has come with her.”, I went there for dinner. Shyama rushed to me when I walked, in and put his arms round my legs. I kissed him on his cheek, and placed a ring on his tiny little finger., Allow me to take leave of you, reader. I am always here, ready, to serve you., You were not bored, I hope?, , 1. Comment on the influence of English — the language, and the way of life — on Indian life as reflected in the, story. What is the narrator’s attitude to English?, 2. Astrologers’ perceptions are based more on hearsay, and conjecture than what they learn from the study, of the stars. Comment with reference to the story., 3. Indian society has moved a long way from the way, the marriage is arranged in the story. Discuss., 4. What kind of a person do you think the narrator is?

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4, , Albert Einstein at School, P atrick Pringle, Albert Einstein (1879–1955) is regarded as the greatest physicist since, Newton. In the following extract from The Young Einstein, the well-known, biographer, Patrick Pringle, describes the circumstances which led to Albert, Einstein’s expulsion from a German school., , “IN what year, Einstein,” asked the history teacher, “did the, Prussians defeat the French at Waterloo?”, “I don’t know, sir,”, “Why don’t you know? You’ve been told it often enough.”, “I must have forgotten.”, “Did you ever try to learn?” asked Mr Braun., “No, sir,” Albert replied with his usual unthinking honesty., “Why not?”, “I can’t see any point in learning dates. One can always look, them up in a book.”, Mr Braun was speechless for a few moments., “You amaze me, Einstein,” he said at last. “Don’t you realise, that one can always look most things up in books? That applies, to all the facts you learn at school.”, “Yes, sir.”, “Then I suppose you don’t see any point in learning facts.”, “Frankly, sir, I don’t,” said Albert., “Then you don’t believe in education at all?”, “Oh, yes, sir, I do. I don’t think learning facts is education.”

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26, , Snapshots, “In that case,” said the history teacher with heavy sarcasm,, “perhaps you will be so kind as to tell the class the Einstein, theory of education.”, Albert flushed., “I think it’s not facts that matter, but ideas,” he said. “I don’t, see the point in learning the dates of battles, or even which of, the armies killed more men. I’d be more interested in learning, why those soldiers were trying to kill each other.”, “That’s enough,” Mr Braun’s eyes were cold and cruel. “We, don’t want a lecture from you, Einstein. You will stay in for an, extra period today, although I don’t imagine it will do you much, good. It won’t do the school any good, either. You are a disgrace., I don’t know why you continue to come.”, “It’s not my wish, sir,” Albert pointed out., “Then you are an ungrateful boy and ought to be ashamed, of yourself. I suggest you ask your father to take you away.”, Albert felt miserable when he left school that afternoon; not, that it had been a bad day — most days were bad now, anyway —, but because he had to go back to the hateful place the next, morning. He only wished his father would take him away, but, there was no point in even asking. He knew what the answer, would be: he would have to stay until he had taken his diploma., Going back to his lodgings did not cheer him up. His father, had so little money to spare that Albert had been found a room, in one of the poorest quarters of Munich. He did not mind the, bad food and lack of comfort, or even the dirt and squalor, but, he hated the atmosphere of slum violence. His landlady beat, her children regularly, and every Saturday her husband came, drunk and beat her., “But at least you have a room of your own, which is more, than I can say,” said Yuri when he called round in the evening., “At least you live among civilised human beings, even if they, are all poor students,” said Albert., “They are not all civilised,” Yuri replied. “Did you not hear, that one of them was killed last week in a duel?”, “And what happens to the one who killed him?”, “Nothing, of course. He is even proud of it. His only worry is, that the authorities have told him not to fight any more duels., He’s upset about this because he hasn’t a single scar on his, face to wear for the rest of his life as a badge of honour.”, “Ugh!” exclaimed Albert. “And these are the students.”, “Well, you’ll be a student one day,” said Yuri.

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Albert Einstein at School, “I doubt it,” said Albert glumly. “I don’t think I’ll ever pass, the exams for the school diploma.”, He told his cousin Elsa the same next time she came to Munich., Normally she lived in Berlin, where her father had a business., “I’m sure you could learn enough to pass the exams, Albert,, if you tried,” she said, “I know lots of boys who are much more, stupid than you are, who get through. They say you don’t have, to know anything — you don’t have to understand what you’re, taught, just be able to repeat it in the exams.”, “That’s the whole trouble,” said Albert. “I’m no good at, learning things by heart.”, “You don’t need to be good at it. Anyone can learn like a, parrot. You just don’t try. And yet I always see you with a book, under your arm,” added Elsa. “What is the one you’re reading?”, “A book on geology.”, “Geology? Rocks and things? Do you learn that?”, “No. We have hardly any science at school.”, “Then why are you studying it?”, “Because I like it. Isn’t that a good enough reason?”, Elsa sighed., “You’re right, of course, Albert,” she said. “But it won’t help, with your diploma.”, Apart from books on science his only comfort was music, and, he played his violin regularly until his landlady asked him to stop., “That wailing gets on my nerves,” she said. “There’s enough, noise in this house, with all the kids howling.”, Albert was tempted to point out that most of the time it was she, who made them howl, but he decided it was better to say nothing., “I must get away from here,” he told Yuri, after six months, alone in Munich. “It is absurd that I should go on like this. In, the end it will turn out I have been wasting my father’s money, and everyone’s time. It will be better for all if I stop now.”, “And then what will you do?” Yuri asked., “I don’t know. If I go to Milan I’m afraid my father will send, me back. Unless...” His eyes gleamed with a sudden idea. “Yuri,, do you know any friendly doctors?”, “I know a lot of medical students, and some of them are, friendly,” said Yuri. “Doctor, no. I’ve never had enough money to, go to one. Why?”, “Suppose,” said Albert, “that I had a nervous breakdown., Suppose a doctor would say it’s bad for me to go to school, and, I need to get right away from it?”, , 27

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Snapshots, , 28, , “I can’t imagine a doctor saying that,” said Yuri., “I must try,” said Albert, “to find a doctor who specialises in, nerves.”, “There are plenty of them,” Yuri told him. He hesitated for a, moment, and then added, rather reluctantly, “I’ll ask some of, the students if they know one, if you like.”, “Will you? Oh, thank you, Yuri,” Albert’s eyes were shining., “Wait a moment, I haven’t found one yet…”, “Oh, but you will!”, “And if I do I don’t know if he’ll be willing to help you…”, “He will, he will,” declared Albert. “I’m going to have a real, nervous breakdown, to make it easier for him.” He laughed, merrily., “I’ve never seen you looking less nervous,” remarked Yuri., “A day or two at school will soon put that right.” Albert, assured him., Certainly he had lost his high spirits when Yuri saw him next., “I can’t stand it any longer,” he said, “I really shall have a, nervous breakdown that will satisfy any doctor.”, “Keep it up, then,” said Yuri. “I’ve found a doctor for you.”, “You have?” Albert’s face lit up. “Oh, good. When can I see, him?”, “I have an appointment for you for tomorrow evening.” Yuri, said. “Here’s the address.”, He handed Albert a piece of paper., “Doctor Ernst Weil — is he a specialist in nervous troubles?”, asked Albert., “Not exactly,” Yuri admitted. “As a matter of fact he only, qualified as a doctor last week. You may even be his first patient!”, “You knew him as a student, then?”, “I’ve known Ernst for years.” Yuri hesitated for a few, moments. “He’s not a fool,” he warned Albert., “What do you mean?”, “Don’t try to pull the wool over his eyes1, that’s all. Be frank, with him, but don’t pretend you’ve got what you haven’t. Not that, you’d deceive anyone.” Yuri added. “You’re the world’s worst liar.”, Albert spent the next day wondering what to tell the doctor., When the time arrived for his appointment he had worried over, it so much that he really was quite nervous., 1, , cheat or deceive him

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Albert Einstein at School, “I don’t really know how to describe my trouble, Dr Weil,” he, began., “Don’t try,” said the young doctor with a friendly smile. “Yuri, has already given me a history of the case.”, “Oh! What did he say?”, “Only that you want me to think you have had a nervous, breakdown, and say that you mustn’t go back to that school.”, “Oh dear.” Albert’s face fell. “He shouldn’t have told you that.”, “Why not? Isn’t it true, then?”, “Yes, that’s the trouble. Now you’ll say there’s nothing wrong, with me, and you’ll tell me to go back to school.”, “Don’t be too sure of that,” said the doctor. “As a matter of, fact I am pretty sure you are in a nervous state about that school.”, “But I haven’t told you anything about it,” said Albert, wideeyed. “How can you know that?”, “Because you wouldn’t have come to see me about this if, you hadn’t been pretty close to a nervous breakdown, that’s, why. Now,” said the doctor briskly, “if I certify that you have, had a nervous breakdown, and must stay away from school for, a while, what will you do?”, “I’ll go to Italy,” said Albert. “To Milan, where my parents are.”, “And what will you do there?”, “I’ll try to get into an Italian college or institute.”, “How can you, without a diploma?”, “I’ll ask my mathematics teacher to give me something about, my work, and perhaps that will be enough. I’ve learnt all the, maths they teach at school, and a bit more,” he added when, Dr Weil looked doubtful., “Well, it’s up to you,” he said. “I doubt if it will come off, but, I can see you’re not doing yourself or anyone else much good by, staying here. How long would you like me to say you should, stay away from school? Would six months be all right?”, “This is very kind of you.”, “It’s nothing. I’ve only just stopped being a student myself,, so I know how you feel. Here you are.” Dr Weil handed him the, certificate, “And the best of luck.”, “How much…”, “Nothing, if you have anything to spare, invite Yuri to a meal., He’s a good friend of mine, and yours too, I think,”, Albert had no money to spare, but he pretended he had and, took Yuri out to supper., , 29

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30, , Snapshots, “Isn’t it wonderful?” he said after showing Yuri the certificate., “Yes, it’s fine,” Yuri agreed. “Six months is a good period., This way you won’t actually be leaving the school so if the worst, comes to the worst you’ll be able to come back and carry on for, your diploma.”, “I’ll never go back to that place,” Albert assured him. “I’m, going to take this certificate to the head teacher tomorrow, and, that will be the end of it.”, “Don’t forget to get a reference in writing from your, mathematics teacher first,” Yuri reminded him., Mr Koch willingly gave Albert the reference he wanted., “If I say I can’t teach you any more, and probably you’ll soon, be able to teach me, will that be all right?” he asked., “That’s saying too much, sir,” said Albert., “It’s only the truth. But alright. I’ll put it more seriously.”, It was still a glowing reference, and Mr Koch made the point, that Albert was ready immediately to enter a college or institute, for the study of higher mathematics., “I’m sorry you’re leaving us, although you’re wasting your, time in my class,” he said., “It’s almost the only class where I’m not wasting my time,”, said Albert. “But how did you know I’m leaving, sir?”, “You wouldn’t have asked me for this reference otherwise.”, “I thought you’d wonder…”, “There’s nothing to wonder about, Einstein. I knew you were, going to leave before you knew yourself.”, Albert was puzzled. What did the teacher mean?, He soon found out. Before he had a chance to ask for an, interview with the head teacher, he was summoned to the, head’s room., “Well, it saves me the trouble of having to wait an hour or, two outside,” he thought., He hardly bothered to wonder why he had been sent for, but, vaguely supposed he was to be punished again for bad work, and laziness. Well, he had finished with punishments., “I’m not going to punish you,” the head teacher said, to Albert’s, surprise. “Your work is terrible, and I’m not prepared to have you, here any longer, Einstein. I want you to leave the school now.”, “Leave school now?” repeated Albert, dazed., “That is what I said.”, “You mean,” said Albert, “that I am to be expelled?”

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Albert Einstein at School, “You can take it that way if you wish, Einstein.” The head, teacher was not mincing words. “The simplest thing will be for, you to go of your own accord, and then the question won’t arise.”, “But,” said Albert, “what crime have I committed?”, “Your presence in the classroom makes it impossible for the, teacher to teach and for the other pupils to learn. You refuse to, learn, you are in constant rebellion, and no serious work can be, done while you are there.”, Albert felt the medical certificate almost burning a hole in, his pocket., “I was going to leave, anyway,” he said., “Then we are in agreement at least, Einstein,” the head said., For a moment Albert was tempted to tell the man what he, thought of him and of his school. Then he stopped himself., Without another word, holding his head high, he stalked out., “Shut the door after you!” shouted the head., Albert ignored him., He walked straight on, out of the school where he had spent, five miserable years, without turning his head to give it a last, look. He could not think of anyone he wanted to say goodbye to., Indeed, Yuri was almost the only person in Munich he felt, like seeing before he left the town he had come to hate almost, as much as the school. Elsa was back in Berlin, and he had no, other real friends., “Goodbye — and good luck,” said Yuri when he left. “You, are going to a wonderful country, I think. I hope you will be, happier there.”, , 1. What do you understand of Einstein’s nature from, his conversations with his history teacher, his, mathematics teacher and the head teacher?, 2. The school system often curbs individual talents., Discuss., 3. How do you distinguish between information, gathering and insight formation?, , 31

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Snapshots, , 32, , 5, , Mother’s Day, J.B. Priestley, The following play is a humorous portrayal of the status of the mother in a, family. Let’s read on to see how Mrs Pearson’s family reacts when she tries, to stand up for her own rights., , Characters, MRS ANNIE PEARSON, GEORGE PEARSON, DORIS PEARSON, CYRIL PEARSON, MRS FITZGERALD, The action takes place in the living-room of the, Pearsons’ house in a London suburb., Time: The Present, Scene: The living-room of the Pearson family. Afternoon. It is a comfortably, furnished, much lived-in room in a small suburban semi-detached villa., If necessary only one door need be used, but it is better with two — one, up left leading to the front door and the stairs and the other in the right, wall leading to the kitchen and the back door. There can be a muslincovered window in the left wall and possibly one in the right wall, too., The fireplace is assumed to be in the fourth wall. There is a settee up, right, an armchair down left and one down right. A small table with two, chairs on either side of it stands at the centre.

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, When the curtain rises it is an afternoon in early autumn and the, stage can be well lit. Mrs Pearson at right, and Mrs Fitzgerald at left, are, sitting opposite each other at the small table, on which are two tea-cups, and saucers and the cards with which Mrs Fitzgerald has been telling, Mrs Pearson’s fortune. Mrs Pearson is a pleasant but worried-looking, woman in her forties. Mrs Fitzgerald is older, heavier and a strong and, sinister personality. She is smoking. It is very important that these two, should have sharply contrasting voices — Mrs Pearson speaking in a light,, flurried sort of tone, with a touch of suburban Cockney perhaps; and Mrs, Fitzgerald with a deep voice, rather Irish perhaps., , MRS FITZGERALD: [collecting up the cards] And that’s all I can, tell you, Mrs Pearson. Could be a good, fortune. Could be a bad one. All depends, on yourself now. Make up your mind — and, there it is., MRS PEARSON:, Yes, thank you, Mrs Fitzgerald. I’m much, obliged, I’m sure. It’s wonderful having a, real fortune-teller living next door. Did you, learn that out East, too?, , 33, , 33

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34, , Snapshots, MRS FITZGERALD: I did. Twelve years I had of it, with my old, man rising to be Lieutenant Quartermaster., He learnt a lot, and I learnt a lot more., But will you make up your mind now,, Mrs Pearson dear? Put your foot down,, once an’ for all, an’ be the mistress of your, own house an’ the boss of your own family., [smiling apologetically] That’s easier said, MRS PEARSON:, than done. Besides I’m so fond of them even, if they are so thoughtless and selfish. They, don’t mean to be..., MRS FITZGERALD: [cutting in] Maybe not. But it’ud be better, for them if they learnt to treat you properly..., Yes, I suppose it would, in a way., MRS PEARSON:, MRS FITZGERALD: No doubt about it at all. Who’s the better, for being spoilt — grown man, lad or girl?, Nobody. You think it does ’em good when, you run after them all the time, take their, orders as if you were the servant in the, house, stay at home every night while they, go out enjoying themselves? Never in all your, life. It’s the ruin of them as well as you., Husbands, sons, daughters should be, taking notice of wives an’ mothers, not giving, ’em orders an’ treating ’em like dirt. An’ don’t, tell me you don’t know what I mean, for I, know more than you’ve told me., [dubiously] I — keep dropping a hint..., MRS PEARSON:, MRS FITZGERALD: Hint? It’s more than hints your family needs,, Mrs Pearson., [dubiously] I suppose it is. But I do hate, MRS PEARSON:, any unpleasantness. And it’s so hard to, know where to start. I keep making up my, mind to have it out with them but somehow, I don’t know how to begin. [She glances at, her watch or at a clock ] Oh — good gracious!, Look at the time. Nothing ready and they’ll, be home any minute and probably all in a, hurry to go out again.

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, , MRS FITZGERALD:, , MRS PEARSON:, , MRS FITZGERALD:, MRS PEARSON:, , MRS FITZGERALD:, MRS PEARSON:, MRS FITZGERALD:, MRS PEARSON:, MRS FITZGERALD:, MRS PEARSON:, MRS FITZGERALD:, MRS PEARSON:, MRS FITZGERALD:, , MRS PEARSON:, , 35, , [As she is about to rise, Mrs Fitzgerald reaches, out across the table and pulls her down.], Let ’em wait or look after themselves for, once. This is where your foot goes down., Start now. [She lights a cigarette from the, one she has just finished.], [embarrassed] Mrs Fitzgerald — I know you, mean well — in fact, I agree with you — but I, just can’t — and it’s no use you trying to make, me. If I promise you I’d really have it out with, them, I know I wouldn’t be able to keep my, promise., Then let me do it., [ flustered] Oh no — thank you very much,, Mrs Fitzgerald — but that wouldn’t do at all., It couldn’t possibly be somebody else —, they’d resent it at once and wouldn’t listen —, and really I couldn’t blame them. I know I, ought to do it — but you see how it is? [She, looks apologetically across the table, smiling, rather miserably.], [coolly] You haven’t got the idea., [bewildered] Oh — I’m sorry — I thought you, asked me to let you do it., I did. But not as me — as you., But — I don’t understand. You couldn’t be, me., [coolly] We change places. Or — really —, bodies. You look like me. I look like you., But that’s impossible., How do you know? Ever tried it?, No, of course not..., [coolly] I have. Not for some time but it still, ought to work. Won’t last long, but long, enough for what we want to do. Learnt it, out East, of course, where they’re up to all, these tricks. [She holds her hand out across, the table, keeping the cigarette in her mouth], Gimme your hands, dear., [dubiously] Well — I don’t know — is it right?, , 35

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36, , Snapshots, MRS FITZGERALD: It’s your only chance. Give me your hands, an’ keep quiet a minute. Just don’t think, about anything. [Taking her hands] Now look, at me. [They stare at each other. Muttering], Arshtatta dum—arshtatta lam—arshtatta, lamdumbona..., [This little scene should be acted very carefully. We are to assume, that the personalities change bodies. After the spell has been, spoken, both women, still grasping hands, go lax, as if the life, were out of them. Then both come to life, but with the personality, of the other. Each must try to adopt the voice and mannerisms of, the other. So now Mrs Pearson is bold and dominating and Mrs, Fitzgerald is nervous and fluttering.], [now with Mrs Fitzgerald’s personality] See, MRS PEARSON:, what I mean, dear? [She notices the cigarette], Here — you don’t want that. [She snatches, it and puts it in her own mouth, puffing, contentedly.], [Mrs Fitzgerald, now with Mrs Pearson’s personality, looks down, at herself and sees that her body has changed and gives a scream, of fright.], MRS FITZGERALD: [with Mrs Pearson’s personality] Oh — it’s, happened., MRS PEARSON:, [complacently] Of course it’s happened. Very, neat. Didn’t know I had it in me., MRS FITZGERALD: [alarmed] But whatever shall I do, Mrs, Fitzgerald? George and the children can’t, see me like this., MRS PEARSON:, [grimly] They aren’t going to — that’s the, point. They’ll have me to deal with — only, they won’t know it., MRS FITZGERALD: [still alarmed] But what if we can’t change, back? It’ud be terrible., MRS PEARSON:, Here — steady, Mrs Pearson — if you had to, live my life it wouldn’t be so bad. You’d have, more fun as me than you’ve had as you., MRS FITZGERALD: Yes — but I don’t want to be anybody else..., MRS PEARSON:, Now — stop worrying. It’s easier changing, back — I can do it any time we want..., MRS FITZGERALD: Well — do it now...

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, MRS PEARSON:, , Not likely. I’ve got to deal with your family, first. That’s the idea, isn’t it? Didn’t know, how to begin with ‘em, you said. Well. I’ll, show you., MRS FITZGERALD: But what am I going to do?, MRS PEARSON:, Go into my house for a bit — there’s nobody, there — then pop back and see how we’re, doing. You ought to enjoy it. Better get off, now before one of ’em comes., MRS FITZGERALD: [nervously rising] Yes — I suppose that’s, best. You’re sure it’ll be all right?, MRS PEARSON:, [chuckling] It’ll be wonderful. Now off you, go, dear., [Mrs Fitzgerald crosses and hurries out through the door right., Left to herself, Mrs Pearson smokes away — lighting another, cigarette — and begins laying out the cards for patience on, the table., After a few moments Doris Pearson comes bursting in left. She, is a pretty girl in her early twenties, who would be pleasant enough, if she had not been spoilt.], [before she has taken anything in] Mum —, DORIS:, you’ll have to iron my yellow silk. I must, wear it tonight. [She now sees what is, happening, and is astounded.] What are you, doing? [She moves down left centre.], [Mrs Pearson now uses her ordinary voice, but her manner is not, fluttering and apologetic but cool and incisive.], [not even looking up] What d’you think I’m, MRS PEARSON:, doing — whitewashing the ceiling?, DORIS:, [still astounded] But you’re smoking!, MRS PEARSON:, That’s right, dear. No law against it, is there?, DORIS:, But I thought you didn’t smoke., MRS PEARSON:, Then you thought wrong., DORIS:, Are we having tea in the kitchen?, MRS PEARSON:, Have it where you like, dear., DORIS:, [angrily] Do you mean it isn’t ready?, MRS PEARSON:, Yours isn’t. I’ve had all I want. Might go out, later and get a square meal at the, Clarendon., DORIS:, [hardly believing her ears] Who might?, , 37, , 37

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Snapshots, , 38, , MRS PEARSON:, DORIS:, , I might. Who d’you think?, [staring at her] Mum — what’s the matter, with you?, MRS PEARSON:, Don’t be silly., DORIS:, [indignantly] It’s not me that’s being silly —, and I must say it’s a bit much when I’ve, been working hard all day and you can’t, even bother to get my tea ready. Did you, hear what I said about my yellow silk?, MRS PEARSON:, No. Don’t you like it now? I never did., DORIS:, [indignantly] Of course I like it. And I’m going, to wear it tonight. So I want it ironed., MRS PEARSON:, Want it ironed? What d’you think it’s going, to do — iron itself?, DORIS:, No, you’re going to iron it for me... You, always do., MRS PEARSON:, Well, this time I don’t. And don’t talk rubbish, to me about working hard. I’ve a good idea, how much you do, Doris Pearson. I put in, twice the hours you do, and get no wages, nor thanks for it. Why are you going to wear, your yellow silk? Where are you going?, DORIS:, [sulkily] Out with Charlie Spence., MRS PEARSON:, Why?, DORIS:, [wildly] Why? Why? What’s the matter with, you? Why shouldn’t I go out with Charlie, Spence if he asks me and I want to? Any, objections? Go on — you might as well tell, me..., MRS PEARSON:, [severely] Can’t you find anybody better? I, wouldn’t be seen dead with Charlie Spence., Buck teeth and half-witted..., DORIS:, He isn’t..., MRS PEARSON:, When I was your age I’d have found, somebody better than Charlie Spence — or, given myself up as a bad job., DORIS:, [nearly in tears] Oh — shut up!, [Doris runs out left. Mrs Pearson chuckles and begins putting the, cards together., After a moment Cyril Pearson enters left. He is the masculine, counterpart of Doris.]

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, CYRIL:, MRS PEARSON:, CYRIL:, MRS PEARSON:, CYRIL:, MRS PEARSON:, CYRIL:, MRS PEARSON:, CYRIL:, , [briskly] Hello — Mum. Tea ready?, No., [moving to the table; annoyed] Why not?, [coolly] I couldn’t bother., Feeling off-colour or something?, Never felt better in my life., [aggressively] What’s the idea then?, Just a change., [briskly] Well, snap out of it, Ma — and get, cracking. Haven’t too much time., [Cyril is about to go when Mrs Pearson’s voice checks him.], I’ve plenty of time., MRS PEARSON:, CYRIL:, Yes, but I haven’t. Got a busy night tonight., [moving left to the door] Did you put my, things out?, MRS PEARSON:, [coolly] Can’t remember. But I doubt it., CYRIL:, [moving to the table; protesting] Now — look., When I asked you this mor ning, you, promised. You said you’d have to look, through ‘em first in case there was any, mending., MRS PEARSON:, Yes — well now I’ve decided I don’t like, mending., CYRIL:, That’s a nice way to talk — what would, happen if we all talked like that?, MRS PEARSON:, You all do talk like that. If there’s something, at home you don’t want to do, you don’t do, it. If it’s something at your work, you get, the Union to bar it. Now all that’s happened, is that I’ve joined the movement., CYRIL:, [staggered] I don’t get this, Mum. What’s, going on?, MRS PEARSON:, [laconic and sinister] Changes., [Doris enters left. She is in the process of dressing and is now, wearing a wrap. She looks pale and red-eyed.], You look terrible. I wouldn’t wear that face, MRS PEARSON:, even for Charlie Spence., DORIS:, [moving above the table; angrily] Oh — shut, up about Charlie Spence. And anyhow I’m, not ready yet — just dressing. And if I do look, , 3 9 39

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Snapshots, , 40, , terrible, it’s your fault — you made me cry., [curious] Why — what did she do?, Never you mind., [rising and preparing to move to the kitchen], Have we any stout left? I can’t remember., CYRIL:, Bottle or two, I think. But you don’t want, stout now., MRS PEARSON:, [moving left slowly] I do., CYRIL:, What for?, MRS PEARSON:, [turning at the door] To drink — you clot!, [Mrs Pearson exits right. Instantly Cyril and Doris are in a huddle,, close together at left centre, rapidly whispering.], Has she been like that with you, too?, DORIS:, CYRIL:, Yes — no tea ready — couldn’t care less..., DORIS:, Well, I’m glad it’s both of us. I thought I’d, done something wrong., CYRIL:, So did I. But it’s her of course..., DORIS:, She was smoking and playing cards when I, came in. I couldn’t believe my eyes., CYRIL:, I asked her if she was feeling off-colour and, she said she wasn’t., DORIS:, Well, she’s suddenly all different. An’ that’s, what made me cry. It wasn’t what she said, but the way she said it — an’ the way she, looked., CYRIL:, Haven’t noticed that. She looks just the, same to me., DORIS:, She doesn’t to me. Do you think she could, have hit her head or something — y’know —, an’ got — what is it? — y’know..., CYRIL:, [staggered] Do you mean she’s barmy?, DORIS:, No, you fathead. Y’know — concussion. She, might have., CYRIL:, Sounds far-fetched., DORIS:, Well, she’s far-fetched, if you ask me. [She, suddenly begins to giggle.], CYRIL:, Now then — what is it?, DORIS:, If she’s going to be like this when Dad comes, home... [She giggles again.], CYRIL:, [beginning to guffaw] I’m staying in for, CYRIL:, DORIS:, MRS PEARSON:

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, that — two front dress circles for the first, house..., [Mrs Pearson enters right, carrying a bottle of stout and a halffilled glass. Cyril and Doris try to stop their guffawing and giggling,, but they are not quick enough. Mrs Pearson regards them with, contempt.], [coldly] You two are always talking about, MRS PEARSON, being grown-up — why don’t you both try, for once to be your age? [She moves to the, settee and sits.], CYRIL:, Can’t we laugh now?, MRS PEARSON, Yes, if it’s funny. Go on, tell me. Make me, laugh. I could do with it., DORIS:, Y’know you never understand our jokes,, Mum..., , 41, , 41

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Snapshots, , 42, , MRS PEARSON:, , I was yawning at your jokes before you were, born, Doris., DORIS:, [almost tearful again] What’s making you, talk like this? What have we done?, MRS PEARSON:, [promptly] Nothing but come in, ask for, something, go out again, then come back, when there’s nowhere else to go., CYRIL:, [aggressively] Look — if you won’t get tea, ready, then I’ll find something to eat myself..., MRS PEARSON:, Why not? Help yourself. [She takes a sip of, stout.], CYRIL:, [turning on his way to the kitchen] Mind you,, I think it’s a bit thick. I’ve been working all, day., DORIS:, Same here., MRS PEARSON:, (calmly) Eight hour day!, CYRIL:, Yes — eight hour day — an’ don’t forget it., MRS PEARSON:, I’ve done my eight hours., CYRIL:, That’s different., DORIS:, Of course it is., MRS PEARSON: [calmly] It was. Now it isn’t. Forty-hour, week for all now. Just watch it at the, weekend when I have my two days off., [Doris and Cyril exchange alarmed glances. Then they stare at, Mrs Pearson who returns their look calmly.], Must grab something to eat. Looks as if I’ll, CYRIL:, need to keep my strength up. [Cyril exits to, the kitchen.], DORIS:, [moving to the settee; anxiously] Mummy,, you don’t mean you’re not going to do, anything on Saturday and Sunday?, MRS PEARSON:, [airily] No, I wouldn’t go that far. I might, make a bed or two and do a bit of cooking, as a favour. Which means, of course, I’ll have, to be asked very nicely and thanked for, everything and generally made a fuss of. But, any of you forty-hour-a-weekers who expect, to be waited on hand and foot on Saturday, and Sunday, with no thanks for it, are in, for a nasty disappointment. Might go off for, the week-end perhaps.

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, DORIS:, MRS PEARSON:, , DORIS:, MRS PEARSON:, , DORIS:, MRS PEARSON:, , DORIS:, MRS PEARSON:, , DORIS:, MRS PEARSON:, , 4 3 43, , [aghast] Go off for the week-end?, Why not? I could do with a change. Stuck, here day after day, week after week. If I don’t, need a change, who does?, But where would you go, who would you go, with?, That’s my business. You don’t ask me where, you should go and who you should go with,, do you?, That’s different., The only difference is that I’m a lot older, and better able to look after myself, so it’s, you who should do the asking., Did you fall or hit yourself with something?, [coldly] No. But I’ll hit you with something,, girl, if you don’t stop asking silly questions., [Doris stares at her open-mouthed, ready to, cry.], Oh — this is awful... [She begins to cry, not, passionately.], [coldly] Stop blubbering. You’re not a baby., If you’re old enough to go out with Charlie, Spence, you’re old enough to behave, properly. Now stop it., , [George Pearson enters left. He is about fifty, fundamentally decent, but solemn, self-important, pompous. Preferably he should be a, heavy, slow-moving type. He notices Doris’s tears.], GEORGE:, DORIS:, , Hello — what’s this? Can’t be anything to cry, about., [through sobs] You’ll see., , [Doris runs out left with a sob or two on the way. George stares, after her a moment, then looks at Mrs Pearson.], Did she say ‘You’ll see’...?, GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, Yes., What did she mean?, GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, Better ask her., [George looks slowly again at the door then at Mrs Pearson. Then, he notices the stout that Mrs Pearson raises for another sip. His, eyes almost bulge.]

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Snapshots, , 44, , GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, GEORGE:, , MRS PEARSON:, GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, , GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, , GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, , Stout?, Yes., [amazed] What are you drinking stout for?, Because I fancied some., At this time of day?, Yes — what’s wrong with it at this time of, day?, [bewildered] Nothing, I suppose, Annie —, but I’ve never seen you do it before..., Well, you’re seeing me now., [with heavy distaste] Yes, an’ I don’t like it., It doesn’t look right. I’m surprised at you., Well, that ought to be a nice change for you., What do you mean?, It must be some time since you were, surprised at me, George., I don’t like surprises — I’m all for a steady, going on — you ought to know that by this, time. By the way, I forgot to tell you this, morning I wouldn’t want any tea. Special, snooker match night at the club tonight —, an’ a bit of supper going. So no tea., That’s all right. There isn’t any., [astonished] You mean you didn’t get any, ready?, Yes. And a good thing, too, as it’s turned, out., [aggrieved] That’s all very well, but suppose, I’d wanted some?, My goodness! Listen to the man! Annoyed, because I don’t get a tea for him that he, doesn’t even want. Ever tried that at the, club?, Tried what at the club?, Going up to the bar and telling ’em you don’t, want a glass of beer but you’re annoyed, because they haven’t already poured it out., Try that on them and see what you get., I don’t know what you’re talking about., They’d laugh at you even more than they, do now.

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, GEORGE:, , [indignantly] Laugh at me? They don’t laugh, at me., MRS PEARSON:, Of course they do. You ought to have found, that out by this time. Anybody else would, have done. You’re one of their standing, jokes. Famous. They call you Pompy-ompy, Pearson because they think you’re so slow, and pompous., GEORGE:, [horrified] Never!, MRS PEARSON:, It’s always beaten me why you should want, to spend so much time at a place where, they’re always laughing at you behind your, back and calling you names. Leaving your, wife at home, night after night. Instead of, going out with her, who doesn’t make you, look a fool..., [Cyril enters right, with a glass of milk in one hand and a thick, slice of cake in the other. George, almost dazed, turns to him, appealingly.], Here, Cyril, you’ve been with me to the club, GEORGE:, once or twice. They don’t laugh at me and, call me Pompy-ompy Pearson, do they?, [Cyril, embarrassed, hesitates.] [Angrily] Go, on — tell me. Do they?, CYRIL:, [embarrassed] Well — yes, Dad, I’m afraid, they do., [George slowly looks from one to the other, staggered.], [slowly] Well — I’ll be — damned!, GEORGE:, [George exits left, slowly, almost as if somebody had hit him, over the head. Cyril, after watching him go, turns indignantly to, Mrs Pearson.], Now you shouldn’t have told him that,, CYRIL:, Mum. That’s not fair. You’ve hurt his, feelings. Mine, too., MRS PEARSON:, Sometimes it does people good to have their, feelings hurt. The truth oughtn’t to hurt, anybody for long. If your father didn’t go to, the club so often, perhaps they’d stop, laughing at him., CYRIL:, [gloomily] I doubt it., , 4 5 45

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Snapshots, , 46, , MRS PEARSON:, , [severely] Possibly you do, but what I doubt, is whether your opinion’s worth having., What do you know? Nothing. You spend too, much time and good money at greyhound, races and dirt tracks and ice shows..., CYRIL:, [sulkily] Well, what if I do? I’ve got to enjoy, myself somehow, haven’t I?, MRS PEARSON:, I wouldn’t mind so much if you were really, enjoying yourself. But are you? And where’s, it getting you? [There is a sharp hurried, knocking heard off left.], CYRIL:, Might be for me. I’ll see., [Cyril hurries out left. In a moment he re-enters, closing the door, behind him.], It’s that silly old bag from next door — Mrs, Fitzgerald. You don’t want her here, do you?, [sharply] Certainly I do. Ask her in. And, MRS PEARSON:, don’t call her a silly old bag either. She’s a, very nice woman, with a lot more sense than, you’ll ever have., [Cyril exits left. Mrs Pearson finishes her stout, smacking her lips., Cyril re-enters left, ushering in Mrs Fitzgerald, who hesitates, in the doorway.], Come in, come in, Mrs Fitzgerald., MRS FITZGERALD: [moving to left centre; anxiously] I — just, wondered — if everything’s — all right..., CYRIL:, [sulkily] No, it isn’t., MRS PEARSON:, [sharply] Of course it is. You be quiet., CYRIL:, [indignantly and loudly] Why should I be, quiet?, MRS PEARSON:, [shouting] Because I tell you to — you silly,, spoilt, young piecan., MRS FITZGERALD: [protesting nervously] Oh — no — surely..., MRS PEARSON:, [severely] Now, Mrs Fitzgerald, just let me, manage my family in my own way —please!, MRS FITZGERALD: Yes — but Cyril..., CYRIL:, [sulky and glowering] Mr Cyril Pearson to, you, please, Mrs Fitzgerald. [Cyril stalks off, into the kitchen.]

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, MRS FITZGERALD: [moving to the settee; whispering] Oh —, dear — what’s happening?, MRS PEARSON:, [calmly] Nothing much. Just putting ‘em in, their places, that’s all. Doing what you ought, to have done long since., MRS FITZGERALD: Is George home? [She sits beside Mrs, Pearson on the settee.], MRS PEARSON:, Yes. I’ve been telling him what they think of, him at the club., MRS FITZGERALD: Well, they think a lot of him, don’t they?, MRS PEARSON:, No, they don’t. And now he knows it., MRS FITZGERALD: [nervously] Oh — dear — I wish you hadn’t,, Mrs Fitzgerald..., MRS PEARSON:, Nonsense! Doing ’em all a world of good. And, they’ll be eating out of your hand soon —, you’ll see..., MRS FITZGERALD: I don’t think I want them eating out of my, hand..., MRS PEARSON:, [impatiently] Well, whatever you want, they’ll, be doing it — all three of ’em. Mark my, words, Mrs Pearson., [George enters left glumly. He is unpleasantly surprised when he, sees the visitor. He moves to the armchair left, sits down heavily, and glumly lights his pipe. Then he looks from Mrs Pearson to, Mrs Fitzgerald, who is regarding him anxiously.], Just looked in for a minute, I suppose, Mrs, GEORGE:, Fitzgerald?, MRS FITZGERALD: [who doesn’t know what she is saying], Well — yes — I suppose so, George., GEORGE:, [aghast] George!, MRS FITZGERALD: [nervously] Oh — I’m sorry..., MRS PEARSON:, [impatiently] What does it matter? Your, name’s George, isn’t it? Who d’you think you, are — Duke of Edinburgh?, GEORGE:, [angrily] What’s he got to do with it? Just, tell me that. And isn’t it bad enough, without her calling me George? No tea., Pompy-ompy Pearson. And poor Doris has, been crying her eyes out upstairs — yes,, crying her eyes out., , 47, , 47

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48, , Snapshots, MRS FITZGERALD: [wailing] Oh— dear — I ought to have, known..., GEORGE:, [staring at her, annoyed] You ought to have, known! Why ought you to have known?, Nothing to do with you, Mrs Fitzgerald., Look — we’re at sixes and sevens here just, now — so perhaps you’ll excuse us..., MRS PEARSON:, [before Mrs Fitzgerald can reply] I won’t, excuse you, George Pearson. Next time a, friend and neighbour comes to see me, just, say something when you see her—Good, evening or How d’you do? or something—, an’ don’t just march in an’ sit down without, a word. It’s bad manners..., MRS FITZGERALD: [nervously] No — it’s all right..., MRS PEARSON:, No, it isn’t all right. We’ll have some decent, manners in this house — or I’ll know the, reason why. [glaring at George] Well?, GEORGE:, [intimidated] Well, what!, MRS PEARSON:, [taunting him] Why don’t you get off to your, club? Special night tonight, isn’t it? They’ll, be waiting for you — wanting to have a good, laugh. Go on then. Don’t disappoint ’em., GEORGE:, [bitterly] That’s right. Make me look silly in, front of her now! Go on — don’t mind me., Sixes and sevens! Poor Doris been crying, her eyes out! Getting the neighbours in to, see the fun! [suddenly losing his temper,, glaring at Mrs Pearson, and shouting] All, right — let her hear it. What’s the matter, with you? Have you gone barmy — or what?, MRS PEARSON:, [jumping up; savagely] If you shout at me, again like that, George Pearson, I’ll slap your, big, fat, silly face..., MRS FITZGERALD: [moaning] Oh — no — no — no— please, Mrs, Fitzgerald... [Mrs Pearson sits.], GEORGE:, [staring at her, bewildered] Either I’m off my, chump or you two are. How d’you mean —, “No, no — please, Mrs Fitzgerald”? Look —, you’re Mrs Fitzgerald. So why are you telling, yourself to stop when you’re not doing

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, anything? Tell her to stop — then there’d be, some sense in it. [Staring at Mrs Pearson] I, think you must be tiddly., [starting up; savagely] Say that again,, MRS PEARSON:, George Pearson., [intimidated] All right — all right — all right ..., GEORGE:, [Doris enters left slowly, looking miserable. She is still wearing, the wrap. Mrs Pearson sits on the settee.], MRS FITZGERALD: Hello — Doris dear!, [miserably] Hello — Mrs Fitzgerald!, DORIS:, MRS FITZGERALD: I thought you were going out with Charlie, Spence tonight., [annoyed] What’s that to do with you?, DORIS:, MRS PEARSON:, [sharply] Stop that!, MRS FITZGERALD: [nervously] No — its all right..., MRS PEARSON:, [severely] It isn’t all right. I won’t have a, daughter of mine talking to anybody like, that. Now answer Mrs Fitzgerald properly,, Doris — or go upstairs again... [Doris looks, wonderingly at her father.], [in despair] Don’t look at me. I give it up. I, GEORGE:, just give it up., [fiercely] Well? Answer her., MRS PEARSON:, DORIS:, [sulkily] I was going out with Charlie Spence, tonight — but now I’ve called it off..., MRS FITZGERALD: Oh — what a pity, dear! Why have you?, DORIS:, [with a flash of temper] Because — if you, must know — my mother’s been going on at, memaking me feel miserable — an’ saying, he’s got buck-teeth and is half-witted..., MRS FITZGERALD: [rather bolder; to Mrs Pearson] Oh — you, shouldn’t have said that..., MRS PEARSON:, [sharply] Mrs Fitzgerald, I’ll manage my, family — you manage yours., [grimly] Ticking her off now, are you, Annie?, GEORGE:, MRS PEARSON:, [even more grimly] They’re waiting for you, at the club, George, don’t forget. And don’t, you start crying again, Doris..., MRS FITZGERALD: [getting up; with sudden decision] That’s, enough — quite enough., [George and Doris stare at her bewildered.], , 4 9 49

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50, , Snapshots, [to George and Doris] Now listen, you two. I, want to have a private little talk with Mrs, Fitz — [she corrects herself hastily] with Mrs, Pearson, so I’ll be obliged if you’ll leave us, alone for a few minutes. I’ll let you know, when we’ve finished. Go on, please. I, promise you that you won’t regret it. There’s, something here that only I can deal with., GEORGE:, [rising] I’m glad somebody can — ’cos I can’t., Come on, Doris., [George and Doris exit left. As they go Mrs Fitzgerald moves to left, of the small table and sits. She eagerly beckons Mrs Pearson to, do the same thing.], MRS FITZGERALD: Mrs Fitzgerald, we must change back now —, we really must..., MRS PEARSON:, [rising] Why?, MRS FITZGERALD: Because this has gone far enough. I can see, they’re all miserable — and I can’t bear it..., MRS PEARSON:, A bit more of the same would do ‘em good., Making a great difference already... [She, moves to right of the table and sits.], MRS FITZGERALD: No, I can’t stand any more of it — I really, can’t. We must change back. Hurry up,, please, Mrs Fitzgerald., MRS PEARSON:, Well — if you insist..., MRS FITZGERALD: Yes — I do — please — please., [She stretches her hands across the table eagerly. Mrs Pearson, takes them.], Quiet now. Relax., MRS PEARSON:, [Mrs Pearson and Mrs Fitzgerald stare at each other. Muttering;, exactly as before. Arshtatta dum — arshtatta lam — arshtatta, lamdumbona..., They carry out the same action as before, going lax and then, coming to life. But this time, of course, they become their proper, personalities.], MRS FITZGERALD: Ah well — I enjoyed that., MRS PEARSON:, I didn’t., MRS FITZGERALD: Well, you ought to have done. Now — listen,

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, Mrs Pearson. Don’t go soft on ’em again,, else it’ll all have been wasted..., MRS PEARSON:, I’ll try not to, Mrs Fitzgerald., MRS FITZGERALD: They’ve not had as long as I’d like to have, given ’em — another hour or two’s rough, treatment might have made it certain..., I’m sure they’ll do better now — though I, MRS PEARSON:, don’t know how I’m going to explain..., MRS FITZGERALD: [severely] Don’t you start any explaining or, apologising — or you’re done for., MRS PEARSON:, [with spirit] It’s all right for you, Mrs, Fitzgerald. After all, they aren’t your, husband and children..., MRS FITZGERALD: [impressively] Now you listen to me. You, admitted yourself you were spoiling ’em —, and they didn’t appreciate you. Any, apologies — any explanations — an’ you’ll be, straight back where you were. I’m warning, you, dear. Just give ’em a look — a tone of, voice — now an’ again, to suggest you might, be tough with ’em if you wanted to be — an’, it ought to work. Anyhow, we can test it., How?, MRS PEARSON:, MRS FITZGERALD: Well, what is it you’d like ’em to do that they, don’t do? Stop at home for once?, MRS PEARSON:, Yes — and give me a hand with supper..., MRS FITZGERALD: Anything you’d like ’em to do — that you, enjoy whether they do or not?, MRS PEARSON:, [hesitating] Well—yes. I — like a nice game, of rummy — but, of course, I hardly ever, have one — except at Christmas..., MRS FITZGERALD: [getting up] That’ll do then. [She moves, towards the door left then tur ns] But, remember — keep firm — or you’ve had it., [She opens the door. Calling] Hoy! You can, come in now. [Coming away from the door,, and moving right slightly. Quietly] But, remember — remember — a firm hand., [George, Doris and Cyril file in through the doorway, looking, apprehensively at Mrs Pearson.], I’m just off. To let you enjoy yourself., , 51, , 5, 1

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Snapshots, , 52, , [The family looks anxiously at Mrs Pearson, who smiles. Much, relieved, they smile back at her.], [anxiously] Yes, Mother?, DORIS:, MRS PEARSON:, [smiling] Seeing that you don’t want to go, out, I tell you what I thought we’d do., MRS FITZGERALD: [giving a final warning] Remember!, MRS PEARSON:, [nodding, then looking sharply at the family], No objections, I hope?, GEORGE:, [humbly] No, Mother — whatever you say..., MRS PEARSON:, [smiling] I thought we’d have a nice family, game of rummy — and then you children, could get the supper ready while I have a, talk with your father..., GEORGE:, [firmly] Suits me. [He looks challengingly at, the children.] What about you two?, CYRIL:, [hastily] Yes — that’s all right., DORIS:, [hesitating] Well — I..., MRS PEARSON:, [sharply] What? Speak up!, DORIS:, [hastily] Oh — I think it would be lovely..., MRS PEARSON:, [smiling] Good-bye, Mrs Fitzgerald. Come, again soon., MRS FITZGERALD: Yes, dear. ’Night all — have a nice time., [Mrs Fitzgerald exits left and the family cluster round Mother as —, the curtain falls., , 1. This play, written in the 1950s, is a humorous and, satirical depiction of the status of the mother in the, family., (i) What are the issues it raises?, (ii) Do you think it caricatures these issues or do, you think that the problems it raises are, genuine? How does the play resolve the issues?, Do you agree with the resolution?, 2. If you were to write about these issues today what, are some of the incidents, examples and problems, that you would think of as relevant?

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Mother’s, M, other ’s Day, Day, , 53, 3. Is drama a good medium for conveying a social, message? Discuss., 4. Read the play out in parts. Enact the play on a, suitable occasion., 5. Discuss in groups plays or films with a strong, message of social reform that you have watched., , 53

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Snapshots, , 54, , 6, , The Ghat of the Only World, Amitav Ghosh, A dying man, an expatriate from Kashmir, asks the author to write something, about him after he is gone. The following piece is what Amitav Ghosh wrote, to keep his promise., , THE first time that Agha Shahid Ali spoke to me about his, approaching death was on 25 April 2001. The conversation, began routinely. I had telephoned to remind him that we had, been invited to a friend’s house for lunch and that I was going, to come by his apartment to pick him up. Although he had, been under treatment for cancer for some fourteen months,, Shahid was still on his feet and perfectly lucid, except for, occasional lapses of memory. I heard him thumbing through, his engagement book and then suddenly he said: ‘ Oh dear. I, can’t see a thing.’ There was a brief pause and then he added:, ‘I hope this doesn’t mean that I’m dying...’, Although Shahid and I had talked a great deal over the last, many weeks, I had never before heard him touch on the subject, of death. I did not know how to respond: his voice was, completely at odds with the content of what he had just said,, light to the point of jocularity. I mumbled something innocuous:, ‘No Shahid — of course not. You’ll be fine.’ He cut me short. In, a tone of voice that was at once quizzical and direct, he said:, ‘When it happens I hope you’ll write something about me.’

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The, T, he Ghat, G hatof, ofthe, theOnly, OnlyWorld, World, I was shocked into silence and a long moment passed before, I could bring myself to say the things that people say on such, occasions. ‘Shahid you’ll be fine; you have to be strong...’, From the window of my study I could see a corner of the, building in which he lived, some eight blocks away. It was just a, few months since he moved there: he had been living a few miles, away, in Manhattan, when he had a sudden blackout in February, 2000. After tests revealed that he had a malignant brain tumour,, he decided to move to Brooklyn, to be close to his youngest, sister, Sameetah, who teaches at the Pratt Institute—a few blocks, away from the street where I live., Shahid ignored my reassurances. He began to laugh and it, was then that I realised that he was dead serious. I understood, that he was entrusting me with a quite specific charge: he wanted, me to remember him not through the spoken recitatives of memory, and friendship, but through the written word. Shahid knew all, too well that for those writers for whom things become real only, in the process of writing, there is an inbuilt resistance to dealing, with loss and bereavement. He knew that my instincts would, have led me to search for reasons to avoid writing about his death:, I would have told myself that I was not a poet; that our friendship, was of recent date; that there were many others who knew him, much better and would be writing from greater understanding, and knowledge. All this Shahid had guessed and he had decided, to shut off those routes while there was still time., ‘You must write about me.’, Clear though it was that this imperative would have to be, acknowledged, I could think of nothing to say: what are the, words in which one promises a friend that one will write about, him after his death? Finally, I said: ‘Shahid, I will: I’ll do the, best I can’., By the end of the conversation I knew exactly what I had to, do. I picked up my pen, noted the date, and wrote down, everything I remembered of that conversation. This I continued, to do for the next few months: it is this record that has made it, possible for me to fulfil the pledge I made that day., I knew Shahid’s work long before I met him. His 1997, collection, The Country Without a Post Office, had made a, powerful impression on me. His voice was like none I had, ever heard before, at once lyrical and fiercely disciplined,, engaged and yet deeply inward. Not for him the mock-casual, , 55, , 55

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Snapshots, , 56, , almost-prose of so much contemporary poetry: his was a voice, that was not ashamed to speak in a bardic register1. I knew of, no one else who would even conceive of publishing a line like:, ‘Mad heart, be brave.’, In 1998, I quoted a line from The Country Without a Post, Office in an article that touched briefly on Kashmir. At the time, all I knew about Shahid was that he was from Srinagar and had, studied in Delhi. I had been at Delhi University myself, but, although our time there had briefly overlapped, we had never, met. We had friends in common however, and one of them put, me in touch with Shahid. In 1998 and 1999 we had several, conversations on the phone and even met a couple of times. But, we were no more than acquaintances until he moved to Brooklyn, the next year. Once we were in the same neighbourhood, we, began to meet for occasional meals and quickly discovered that, we had a great deal in common. By this time of course Shahid’s, condition was already serious, yet his illness did not impede the, progress of our friendship. We found that we had a huge roster, of common friends, in India, America, and elsewhere; we, discovered a shared love of rogan josh, Roshanara Begum and, Kishore Kumar; a mutual indifference to cricket and an equal, attachment to old Bombay films. Because of Shahid’s condition, even the most trivial exchanges had a special charge and, urgency: the inescapable poignance of talking about food and, half-forgotten figures from the past with a man who knew himself, to be dying, was multiplied, in this instance, by the knowledge, that this man was also a poet who had achieved greatness —, perhaps the only such that I shall ever know as a friend., One afternoon, the writer Suketu Mehta, who also lives in, Brooklyn, joined us for lunch. Together we hatched a plan for, an adda — by definition, a gathering that has no agenda, other, than conviviality. Shahid was enthusiastic and we began to, meet regularly. From time to time other writers would join us., On one occasion a crew arrived with a television camera. Shahid, was not in the least bit put out: ‘I’m so shameless; I just love, the camera.’, Shahid had a sorcerer’s ability to transmute the mundane, into the magical. Once I accompanied Iqbal, his brother, and, Hena, his sister, on a trip to fetch him home from hospital. This, 1, , a poetic style

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The, T, he Ghat, G hatof, ofthe, theOnly, OnlyWorld, World, was on 21 May: by that time he had already been through several, unsuccessful operations. Now he was back in hospital to undergo, a surgical procedure that was intended to relieve the pressure, on his brain. His head was shaved and the shape of the tumour, was visible upon his bare scalp, its edges outlined by metal, sutures. When it was time to leave the ward a blue-uniformed, hospital escort arrived with a wheelchair. Shahid waved him, away, declaring that he was strong enough to walk out of the, hospital on his own. But he was groggier than he had thought, and his knees buckled after no more than a few steps. Iqbal, went running off to bring back the wheelchair while the rest of, us stood in the corridor, holding him upright. At that moment,, leaning against the cheerless hospital wall, a kind of rapture, descended on Shahid. When the hospital orderly returned with, the wheelchair Shahid gave him a beaming smile and asked, where he was from. ‘Ecuador’, the man said, and Shahid clapped, his hands gleefully together, ‘Spanish!’ he cried, at the top of his, voice. ‘I always wanted to learn Spanish. Just to read Lorca2’., Shahid’s gregariousness had no limit: there was never an, evening when there wasn’t a party in his living room. ‘I love it, that so many people are here,’ he told me once. ‘I love it that, people come and there’s always food. I love this spirit of festivity;, it means that I don’t have time to be depressed.’, His apartment was a spacious and airy split-level, on the, seventh floor of a newly-renovated building. There was a, cavernous study on the top floor and a wide terrace that, provided a magnificent view of the Manhattan skyline, across, the East River. Shahid loved this view of the Brooklyn waterfront, slipping, like a ghat, into the East River, under the glittering, lights of Manhattan., The journey from the foyer of Shahid’s building to his door, was a voyage between continents: on the way up the rich, fragrance of rogan josh and haak would invade the dour, grey, interior of the elevator; against the background of the songs, and voices that were always echoing out of his apartment, even, the ringing of the doorbell had an oddly musical sound., Suddenly, Shahid would appear, flinging open the door, releasing, a great cloud of heeng into the frosty New York air, ‘Oh, how, nice,’ he would cry, clapping his hands, ‘how nice that you’ve, 2, , Garcia Lorca is Spain’s most deeply appreciated and highly revered poet, and dramatist., , 57, , 57

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Snapshots, , 58, , come to see your little Mos-lem!’ Invariably, there’d be some, half-dozen or more people gathered inside — poets, students,, writers, relatives — and in the kitchen someone would always, be cooking or making tea. Almost to the very end, even as his, life was being consumed by his disease, he was the centre of a, perpetual carnival, an endless mela of talk, laughter, food and,, of course, poetry., No matter how many people there were, Shahid was never, so distracted as to lose track of the progress of the evening’s, meal. From time to time he would interrupt himself to shout, directions to whoever was in the kitchen: ‘yes, now, add the, dahi now.’ Even when his eyesight was failing, he could tell from, the smell alone, exactly which stage the rogan josh had reached., And when things went exactly as they should, he would sniff, the air and cry out loud: ‘Ah! Khana ka kya mehek hai!’, Shahid was legendary for his prowess in the kitchen,, frequently spending days over the planning and preparation of, a dinner party. It was through one such party, given while he, was in Arizona, that he met James Merrill, the poet who was to, radically alter the direction of his poetry: it was after this, encounter that he began to experiment with strict, metrical, patterns and verse forms. No one had a greater influence on, Shahid’s poetry than James Merrill: indeed, in the poem in, which he most explicitly prefigured his own death, ‘I Dream I, Am At the Ghat of the Only World,’ he awarded the envoy to, Merrill: ‘SHAHID, HUSH. THIS IS ME, JAMES. THE LOVED ONE ALWAYS LEAVES.’, Shahid placed great store on authenticity and exactitude in, cooking and would tolerate no deviation from traditional methods, and recipes: for those who took short cuts, he had only pity. He, had a special passion for the food of his region, one variant of it, in particular: ‘Kashmiri food in the Pandit style’. I asked him, once why this was so important to him and he explained that it, was because of a recurrent dream, in which all the Pandits had, vanished from the valley of Kashmir and their food had become, extinct. This was a nightmare that haunted him and he returned, to it again and again, in his conversation and his poetry., At a certain point I lost track of you., You needed me. You needed to perfect me:, In your absence you polished me into the Enemy., Your history gets in the way of my memory.

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The, T, he Ghat, G hatof, ofthe, theOnly, OnlyWorld, World, I am everything you lost. Your perfect enemy., Your memory gets in the way of my memory . . ., There is nothing to forgive. You won’t forgive me., I hid my pain even from myself; I revealed my pain only to myself., There is nothing to forgive. You won’t forgive me., If only somehow you could have been mine, what would not have, been possible in the world?, , Once, in conversation, he told me that he also loved Bengali, food. I protested, ‘But Shahid, you’ve never even been to Calcutta3 ’., ‘No,’ he said. ‘But we had friends who used to bring us that, food. When you ate it you could see that there were so many, things that you didn’t know about, everywhere in the country...’, What I say is: why can’t you be happy with the cuisines and the, clothes and the music and all these wonderful things?’ He paused, and added softly, ‘At least here we have been able to make a, space where we can all come together because of the good things.’, Of the many ‘good things’ in which he took pleasure, none, was more dear to him than the music of Begum Akhtar. He, had met the great ghazal singer when he was in his teens,, through a friend, and she had become an abiding presence, and influence in his life. Shahid had a fund of stories about, her sharpness in repartee., Shahid was himself no mean practitioner of repartee. On, one famous occasion, at Barcelona airport, he was stopped by a, security guard just as he was about to board a plane. The guard,, a woman, asked: ‘What do you do?’, ‘I’m a poet,’ Shahid answered., ‘What were you doing in Spain?’, ‘Writing poetry.’, No matter what the question, Shahid worked poetry into, his answer. Finally, the exasperated woman asked: ‘Are you, carrying anything that could be dangerous to the other, passengers?’ At this Shahid clapped a hand to his chest and, cried: ‘Only my heart.’, This was one of his great Wildean moments, and it was to, occasion the poem ‘Barcelona Airport’. He treasured these, moments: ‘I long for people to give me an opportunity to answer, questions’, he told me once. On 7 May I had the good fortune to, be with him when one such opportunity presented itself. Shahid, 3, , Kolkata, , 5 9 59

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60, , Snapshots, was teaching at Manhattan’s Baruch College in the Spring, semester of 2000 and this was to be his last class — indeed the, last he was ever to teach. The class was to be a short one for he, had an appointment at the hospital immediately afterwards. I, had heard a great deal about the brilliance of Shahid’s teaching,, but this was the first and only time that I was to see him perform, in a classroom. It was evident from the moment we walked in, that the students adored him: they had printed a magazine and, dedicated the issue to him. Shahid for his part was not in the, least subdued by the sadness of the occasion. From beginning, to end, he was a sparkling diva, Akhtar incarnate, brimming, with laughter and nakhra. When an Indian student walked in, late he greeted her with the cry; ‘Ah my little subcontinental, has arrived.’ Clasping his hands, he feigned a swoon. ‘It stirs, such a tide of patriotism in me to behold another South Asian.’, His time at Penn State he remembered with unmitigated, pleasure: ‘I grew as a reader, I grew as a poet, I grew as a lover.’, He fell in with a vibrant group of graduate students, many of, whom were Indian. This was, he often said, the happiest time of, his life. Later Shahid moved to Arizona to take a degree in creative, writing. This in turn was followed by a series of jobs in colleges, and universities: Hamilton College, the University of, Massachusetts at Amherst, and finally, the University of Utah, in Salt Lake City, where he was appointed professor in 1999. He, was on leave from Utah, doing a brief stint at New York University,, when he had his first blackout in February 2000., After 1975, when he moved to Pennsylvania, Shahid lived, mainly in America. His brother was already there and they were, later joined by their two sisters. But Shahid’s parents continued, to live in Srinagar and it was his custom to spend the summer, months with them there every year: ‘I always move in my heart, between sad countries.’ Travelling between the United States, and India he was thus an intermittent but first-hand witness, (sháhid) to the mounting violence that seized the region from, the late 1980s onwards:, It was ’89, the stones were not far, signs of change everywhere, (Kashmir would soon be in literal flames)..., , The steady deterioration of the political situation in, Kashmir — the violence and counter-violence — had a powerful, effect on him. In time it became one of the central subjects of

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The, T, he Ghat, G hatof, ofthe, theOnly, OnlyWorld, World, his work: indeed, it could be said that it was in writing of, Kashmir that he created his finest work. The irony of this is, that Shahid was not by inclination a political poet. I heard him, say once: ‘If you are from a difficult place and that’s all you, have to write about then you should stop writing. You have to, respect your art, your form — that is just as important as what, you write about.’, Anguished as he was about Kashmir’s destiny, Shahid, resolutely refused to embrace the role of victim that could so, easily have been his. Had he done so, he could no doubt have, easily become a fixture on talk shows and news programmes., But Shahid never had any doubt about his calling: he was a, poet, schooled in the fierce and unforgiving art of language., Although respectful of religion, he remained a firm believer in, the separation of politics and religious practice., Shahid’s gaze was not political in the sense of being framed, in terms of policy and solutions. In the broadest sense, his vision, tended always towards the inclusive and ecumenical4, an outlook, that he credited to his upbringing. He spoke often of a time in, his childhood when he had been seized by the desire to create a, small Hindu temple in his room in Srinagar. He was initially, hesitant to tell his parents, but when he did they responded, with an enthusiasm equal to his own. His mother bought him, murtis and other accoutrements 5 and for a while he was, assiduous6 in conducting pujas at this shrine. This was a, favourite story. ‘Whenever people talk to me about Muslim, fanaticism,’ he said to me once, ‘ I tell them how my mother, helped me make a temple in my room.’, I once remarked to Shahid that he was the closest that, Kashmir had to a national poet. He shot back: ‘A national poet,, maybe. But not a nationalist poet; please not that.’ In the title, poem of The Country Without a Post Office, a poet returns to, Kashmir to find the keeper of a fallen minaret:, ‘Nothing will remain, everything’s finished,’, I see his voice again: ‘This is a shrine, of words. You’ll find your letters to me. And mine to, you. Come son and tear open these vanished envelopes’..., 4, 5, 6, , involving or uniting members of different religions, other things that were needed for the activity, taking great care that everything is done as well as it can be, , 61, , 61

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Snapshots, , 62, This is an archive. I’ve found the remains, of his voice, that map of longings with no limit., , In this figuring of his homeland, he himself became one of, the images that were spinning around the dark point of stillness —, both Sháhid and Shahi d, witness and martyr — his destiny, inextricably linked with Kashmir’s, each prefigured by the other., I will die, in autumn, in Kashmir,, and the shadowed routine of each vein, will almost be news, the blood censored,, for the Saffron Sun and the Times of Rain..., , Among my notes is a record of a telephone conversation on, 5 May. The day before he had gone to the hospital for an important, test: a scan that was expected to reveal whether or not the course, of chemotherapy that he was then undergoing had had the, desired effect. All other alternative therapies and courses of, treatment had been put off until this report., The scan was scheduled for 2.30 in the afternoon. I called, his number several times in the late afternoon and early, evening — there was no response. I called again the next, morning and this time he answered. There were no preambles., He said, ‘Listen Amitav, the news is not good at all. Basically, they are going to stop all my medicines now — the chemotherapy, and so on. They give me a year or less. They’d suspected that I, was not responding well because of the way I look. They will, give me some radiation a little later. But they said there was, not much hope.’, Dazed, staring blankly at my desk, I said: ‘What will you do, now Shahid?’, ‘I would like to go back to Kashmir to die.’ His voice was, quiet and untroubled. ‘Now I have to get my passport, settle my, will and all that. I don’t want to leave a mess for my siblings., But after that I would like to go to Kashmir. It’s still such a, feudal system there and there will be so much support — and, my father is there too. Anyway, I don’t want my siblings to have, to make the journey afterwards, like we had to with my mother.’, Later, because of logistical and other reasons, he changed, his mind about returning to Kashmir: he was content to be laid, to rest in Northampton, in the vicinity of Amherst, a town sacred, to the memory of his beloved Emily Dickinson. But I do not, think it was an accident that his mind turned to Kashmir in

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The, T, he Ghat, G hatof, ofthe, theOnly, OnlyWorld, World, speaking of death. Already, in his poetic imagery, death, Kashmir,, and Sháhid/Shah i d had become so closely overlaid as to be, inseparable, like old photographs that have melted together in, the rain., Yes, I remember it,, the day I’ll die, I broadcast the crimson,, so long ago of that sky, its spread air,, its rushing dyes, and a piece of earth, bleeding, apart from the shore, as we went, on the day I’ll die, post the guards, and he,, keeper of the world’s last saffron, rowed me, on an island the size of a grave. On, two yards he rowed me into the sunset,, past all pain. On everyone’s lips was news, of my death but only that beloved couplet,, broken, on his:, ‘If there is a paradise on earth, It is this, it is this, it is this.’, , The last time I saw Shahid was on 27 October, at his, brother’s house in Amherst. He was intermittently able to, converse and there were moments when we talked just as we, had in the past. He was aware, as he had long been, of his, approaching end and he had made his peace with it. I saw no, trace of anguish or conflict: surrounded by the love of his, family and friends, he was calm, contented, at peace. He had, said to me once, ‘I love to think that I’ll meet my mother in, the afterlife, if there is an afterlife.’ I had the sense that as, the end neared, this was his supreme consolation. He died, peacefully, in his sleep, at 2 a.m. on 8 December., Now, in his absence, I am amazed that so brief a friendship, has resulted in so vast a void. Often, when I walk into my living, room, I remember his presence there, particularly on the night, when he read us his farewell to the world: ‘I Dream I Am At the, Ghat of the Only World...’, , 6 3 63

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64, , Snapshots, , 1. What impressions of Shahid do you gather from the, piece?, 2. How do Shahid and the writer react to the knowledge, that Shahid is going to die?, 3. Look up the dictionary for the meaning of the word, ‘diaspora’. What do you understand of the Indian, diaspora from this piece?

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7, , Birth, A .J. Cronin, In this excerpt from The Citadel, Andrew Manson, newly out of medical, school, has just begun his medical practice as an assistant to Dr Edward, Page in the small Welsh mining town of Blaenelly. As he is returning from, a disappointing evening with Christine, the girl he loves, he is met by Joe, Morgan. Joe and his wife, who have been married nearly twenty years, are, expectingtheirfirstchild., , T H O U G H it was nearly midnight when Andrew reached, Bryngower, he found Joe Morgan waiting for him, walking up, and down with short steps between the closed surgery and, the entrance to the house. At the sight of him the burly driller’s, face expressed relief., “Eh, Doctor, I’m glad to see you. I been back and forward, here this last hour. The missus wants ye — before time, too.”, Andrew, abruptly recalled from the contemplation of his own, affairs, told Morgan to wait. He went into the house for his bag,, then together they set out for Number 12 Blaina Terrace. The, night air was cool and deep with quiet mystery. Usually so, perceptive, Andrew now felt dull and listless. He had no, premonition that this night call would prove unusual, still less, that it would influence his whole future in Blaenelly., The two men walked in silence until they reached the door, of Number 12, then Joe drew up short., “I’ll not come in,” he said, and his voice showed signs of, strain. “But, man, I know ye’ll do well for us.”

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66, , Snapshots, Inside, a narrow stair led up to a small bedroom, clean but, poorly furnished, and lit only by an oil lamp. Here Mrs Morgan’s, mother, a tall, grey-haired woman of nearly seventy, and the, stout, elderly midwife waited beside the patient, watching, Andrew’s expression as he moved about the room., “Let me make you a cup of tea, Doctor, bach,” said the former, quickly, after a few moments., Andrew smiled faintly. He saw that the old woman, wise in, experience, realised there must be a period of waiting that, she, was afraid he would leave the case, saying he would return later., “Don’t fret, mother, I’ll not run away.”, Down in the kitchen he drank the tea which she gave him., Overwrought as he was, he knew he could not snatch even an, hour’s sleep if he went home. He knew, too, that the case here, would demand all his attention. A queer lethargy of spirit came, upon him. He decided to remain until everything was over., An hour later he went upstairs again, noted the progress, made, came down once more, sat by the kitchen fire. It was, still, except for the rustle of a cinder in the grate and the slow, tick-tock of the wall clock. No, there was another sound — the, beat of Morgan’s footsteps as he paced in the street outside., The old woman opposite him sat in her black dress, quite, motionless, her eyes strangely alive and wise, probing, never, leaving his face., His thoughts were heavy, muddled. The episode he had, witnessed at Cardiff station still obsessed him morbidly. He, thought of Bramwell, foolishly devoted to a woman who deceived, him sordidly, of Edward Page, bound to the shrewish Blodwen,, of Denny, living unhappily, apart from his wife. His reason told, him that all these marriages were dismal failures. It was a, conclusion which, in his present state, made him wince. He, wished to consider marriage as an idyllic state; yes, he could, not otherwise consider it with the image of Christine before him., Her eyes, shining towards him, admitted no other conclusion. It, was the conflict between his level, doubting mind and his, overflowing heart which left him resentful and confused. He let, his chin sink upon his chest, stretched out his legs, stared, broodingly into the fire. He remained like this so long, and his, thoughts were so filled with Christine, that he started when the, old woman opposite suddenly addressed him. Her meditation, had pursued a different course.

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Bi, T, hrethTale of Melon City, “Susan said not to give her the chloroform if it would harm, the baby. She’s awful set upon this child, Doctor, bach.” Her old, eyes warmed at a sudden thought. She added in a low tone:, “Ay, we all are, I fancy.”, He collected himself with an effort., “It won’t do any harm, the anaesthetic,” he said kindly., “They’ll be all right.”, Here the nurse’s voice was heard calling from the top landing., Andrew glanced at the clock, which now showed half-past three., He rose and went up to the bedroom. He perceived that he might, now begin his work., An hour elapsed. It was a long, harsh struggle. Then, as the, first streaks of dawn strayed past the broken edges of the blind,, the child was born, lifeless., As he gazed at the still form a shiver of horror passed over, Andrew. After all that he had promised! His face, heated with, his own exertions, chilled suddenly. He hesitated, torn between, his desire to attempt to resuscitate the child, and his obligation, towards the mother, who was herself in a desperate state. The, dilemma was so urgent he did not solve it consciously. Blindly,, instinctively, he gave the child to the nurse and turned his, attention to Susan Morgan who now lay collapsed, almost, pulseless, and not yet out of the ether, upon her side. His haste, was desperate, a frantic race against her ebbing strength. It, took him only an instant to smash a glass ampule and inject, the medicine. Then he flung down the hypodermic syringe and, worked unsparingly to restore the flaccid woman. After a few, minutes of feverish effort, her heart strengthened; he saw that, he might safely leave her. He swung round, in his shirt sleeves,, his hair sticking to his damp brow., “Where’s the child?”, The midwife made a frightened gesture. She had placed it, beneath the bed., In a flash Andrew knelt down. Fishing amongst the, sodden newspapers below the bed, he pulled out the child. A, boy, perfectly formed. The limp, warm body was white and soft, as tallow1. The cord, hastily slashed, lay like a broken stem. The, skin was of a lovely texture, smooth and tender. The head lolled, on the thin neck. The limbs seemed boneless., 1, , the hard fat of animals melted and used to make soap, candles etc., , 6 7 67

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Snapshots, , 68, , Still kneeling, Andrew stared at the child with a haggard, frown. The whiteness meant only one thing: asphyxia, pallida2,, and his mind, unnaturally tense, raced back to a case he once, had seen in the Samaritan, to the treatment that had been used., Instantly he was on his feet., “Get me hot water and cold water,” he threw out to the nurse., “And basins too. Quick! Quick!”, “But, Doctor—” she faltered, her eyes on the pallid body of, the child., “Quick ! ” he shouted., Snatching a blanket, he laid the child upon it and began, the special method of respiration. The basins arrived, the ewer,, the big iron kettle. Frantically he splashed cold water into one, basin; into the other he mixed water as hot as his hand could, bear. Then, like some crazy juggler, he hurried the child between, the two, now plunging it into the icy, now into the steaming bath., Fifteen minutes passed. Sweat was now running into, Andrew’s eyes, blinding him. One of his sleeves hung down,, dripping. His breath came pantingly. But no breath came from, the lax body of the child., A desperate sense of defeat pressed on him, a raging, hopelessness. He felt the midwife watching him in stark, consternation, while there, pressed back against the wall where, she had all the time remained — her hand pressed to her throat,, uttering no sound, her eyes burning upon him — was the old, woman. He remembered her longing for a grandchild, as great, as had been her daughter’s longing for this child. All dashed, away now; futile, beyond remedy…, The floor was now a draggled mess. Stumbling over a sopping, towel, Andrew almost dropped the child, which was now wet, and slippery in his hands, like a strange, white fish., “For mercy’s sake, Doctor,” whimpered the midwife. “It’s, stillborn.”, Andrew did not heed her. Beaten, despairing, having laboured, in vain for half an hour, he still persisted in one last effort,, rubbing the child with a rough towel, crushing and releasing, the little chest with both his hands, trying to get breath into, that limp body., 2, , suffocation or unconscious condition caused by lack of oxygen and excess, of carbon dioxide in the blood, accompanied by paleness of the skin, weak, pulse, and loss of reflexes

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Bi, T, hrethTale of Melon City, And then, as by a miracle, the pigmy chest, which his hands, enclosed, gave a short, convulsive heave, another… and, another… Andrew turned giddy. The sense of life, springing, beneath his fingers after all that unavailing striving, was so, exquisite it almost made him faint. He redoubled his efforts, feverishly. The child was gasping now, deeper and deeper. A, bubble of mucus came from one tiny nostril, a joyful iridescent, bubble. The limbs were no longer boneless. The head no longer, lay back spinelessly. The blanched skin was slowly turning pink., Then, exquisitely, came the child’s cry., “Dear Father in heaven,” the nurse sobbed hysterically. “It’s, come — it’s come alive.”, Andrew handed her the child. He felt weak and dazed. About, him the room lay in a shuddering litter: blankets, towels, basins,, soiled instruments, the hypodermic syringe impaled by its point, in the linoleum, the ewer knocked over, the kettle on its side in, a puddle of water. Upon the huddled bed the mother still dreamed, her way quietly through the anaesthetic. The old woman still, stood against the wall. But her hands were together, her lips, moved without sound. She was praying., Mechanically Andrew wrung out his sleeve, pulled on, his jacket., “I’ll fetch my bag later, nurse.”, He went downstairs, through the kitchen into the scullery3., His lips were dry. At the scullery he took a long drink of water., He reached for his hat and coat., Outside he found Joe standing on the pavement with a tense,, expectant face., “All right, Joe,” he said thickly. “Both all right.”, It was quite light. Nearly five o’clock., A few miners were already in the streets: the first of the, night shift moving out. As Andrew walked with them, spent and, slow, his footfalls echoing with the others under the morning, sky, he kept thinking blindly, oblivious to all other work he had, done in Blaenelly, “I’ve done something; oh, God! I’ve done, something real at last.”, , 3, , a room for washing dishes and for similar work, , 6 9 69

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70, , Snapshots, , 1. “I have done something; oh, God! I’ve done something, real at last.” Why does Andrew say this? What does it, mean?, 2. There lies a great difference between textbook, medicine and the world of a practising physician., Discuss., 3. Do you know of any incident when someone has been, brought back to life from the brink of death through, medical help. Discuss medical procedures such as, organ transplant and organ regeneration that are used, to save human life.

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The Tale of Melon City, , 71, , 8, , The Tale of Melon City, V ikram Seth, , The following poem is taken from Mappings which was published in 1981, and is included in the Collected Poems by Vikram Seth., The king, in this poem, is ‘just and placid.’ Does he carry his notion of, justiceabittoofar?, , (After Idries Shah), In the city of which I sing, There was a just and placid King., The King proclaimed an arch should be, Constructed, that triumphally, Would span the major thoroughfare, To edify spectators there., The workmen went and built the thing., They did so since he was the King., The King rode down the thoroughfare, To edify spectators there.

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Snapshots, , 72, , Under the arch he lost his crown., The arch was built too low. A frown, Appeared upon his placid face., The King said, ‘This is a disgrace., The chief of builders will be hanged.’, The rope and gallows were arranged., The chief of builders was led out., He passed the King. He gave a shout,, ‘O King, it was the workmen’s fault’, ‘Oh!’ said the King, and called a halt

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The Tale of Melon City, To the proceedings. Being just, (And placider now) he said, ‘I must, Have all the workmen hanged instead.’, The workmen looked surprised, and said,, ‘O King, you do not realise, The bricks were made of the wrong size.’, ‘Summon the masons!’ said the King., The masons stood there quivering., ‘It was the architect...’, they said,, The architect was summoned., ‘Well, architect,’ said His Majesty., ‘I do ordain that you shall be, Hanged.’ Said the architect, ‘O King,, You have forgotten one small thing., You made certain amendments to, The plans when I showed them to you.’, The King heard this. The King saw red., In fact he nearly lost his head;, But being a just and placid King, He said, ‘This is a tricky thing., I need some counsel. Bring to me, The wisest man in this country.’, The wisest man was found and brought,, Nay, carried, to the Royal Court., , 73

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Snapshots, , 74, , He could not walk and could not see,, So old (and therefore wise) was he —, But in a quavering1 voice he said,, ‘The culprit must be punished., Truly, the arch it was that banged, The crown off, and it must be hanged’., 2, , To the scaffold the arch was led, When suddenly a Councillor said —, ‘How can we hang so shamefully, What touched your head, Your Majesty?’, ‘True,’ mused the King. By now the crowd,, Restless, was muttering aloud., The King perceived their mood and trembled, And said to all who were assembled —, ‘Let us postpone consideration, Of finer points like guilt. The nation, Wants a hanging. Hanged must be, Someone, and that immediately.’, The noose was set up somewhat high., Each man was measured by and by., But only one man was so tall, He fitted. One man. That was all., He was the King. His Majesty, Was therefore hanged by Royal Decree., 1, 2, , trembling, platform for the execution of criminals

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The Tale of Melon City, , 75, , ‘Thank Goodness we found someone,’ said, The Ministers, ‘for if instead, We had not, the unruly town, Might well have turned against the Crown.’, ‘Long live the King!’ the Ministers said., ‘Long live the King! The King is dead.’, They pondered the dilemma; then,, Being practical-minded men,, Sent out the heralds to proclaim, (In His [former] Majesty’s name):, ‘The next to pass the City Gate, Will choose the ruler of our state,, As is our custom. This will be, Enforced with due ceremony.’, A man passed by the City Gate., An idiot. The guards cried, ‘Wait!, Who is to be the King? Decide!’, ‘A melon,’ the idiot replied., This was his standard answer to, All questions. (He liked melons.) ‘You, Are now our King,’ the Ministers said,, Crowning a melon. Then they led, (Carried) the Melon to the throne, And reverently set it down., ***

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Snapshots, , 76, , This happened years and years ago., When now you ask the people, ‘So —, Your King appears to be a melon., How did this happen?’, they say, ‘Well, on, Account of customary choice., If His Majesty rejoice, In being a melon, that’s OK, With us, for who are we to say, What he should be as long as he, Leaves us in Peace and Liberty?’, The principles of laissez faire, Seem to be well-established there., , 1. Narrate ‘The Tale of Melon City’ in your own words., 2. What impression would you form of a state where, the King was ‘just and placid’?, 3. How, according to you, can peace and liberty be, maintained in a state?, 4. Suggest a few instances in the poem which, highlight humour and irony., 5. ‘The Tale of Melon City’ has been narrated in a, verse form. This is a unique style which lends extra, charm to an ancient tale. Find similar examples in, your language. Share them in the class.