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1 | Page, , HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES (UNIT - 9), The placement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic or aromatic, by halogen, atom(s) results in the, formation of alkylhalide

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4 | Page, , i)

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5 | Page, , R‐X + AgCN →RNC + AgX, R‐X + Na‐C ≡C‐R → R‐C≡ C‐R +, Na‐X R-X + KNO2 → R-O-N=O +, KX, i), Elimination reaction : Haloalkanes having hydrogen atom, when heated with, alcoholic KOH, there is elimination of hydrogen atom from β‐carbon and ahalogen atom, from the α‐ carbon atom & alkene is formed. Saytzeff rule“in dehydrohalogenation, reactions, the preferred product is thatalkene which has the, , greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms.”, , ii) Electrophilic substitution:‐, respect to the halogen atom., , substitution occurs at ortho‐ and para‐ positions with

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7 | Page, , ASSERTION -REASON TYPE, A statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason., Mark the correct choice from the options given below:, (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion., (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion., (c) Assertion is true but reason is false., (d) Both assertion and reason are false., 1. Assertion : SN2 reactions do not proceed with retention of configuration., Reason : SN2 reactions proceed in a single step. ( Ans - b), 2. Assertion : Chloroform is generally stored in dark coloured bottles filled to the brim., Reason : Chloroform reacts with glass in the presence of sun light. ( Ans - c), 3. Assertion : CH3-CH=CH2, Cl-CH2-CH=CH2 + HCl, Reason : At high temperature, Cl 2 dissociates into chlorine free radicals which bring about allylic, substitution. ( Ans - a), 4., Assertion : Nucleophilic substitution reaction in an optically active alkyl halide gives a, mixture of enantiomers., Reason : Reaction occurs by SN1 mechanism. ( Ans - a), 5., Assertion : Primary allylic halides show higher reactivity in SN1 reactions than other primary, alkyl halides., Reason : Intermediate carbocation is stabilised by resonance. ( Ans - a), One - word answer, 1., Name the poisonous compound obtained when chloroform is exposed to air, in, presence of sunlight. ( Ans - Phosgene), 2. Name the compound formed when Grignard’ s reagent is exposed to moisture. ( Ans - Alkane), , Q.8 Haloalkanes react with aq. KOH to form alcohols but react with alc. KOH to, form alkenes. Why?, (2 Marks), Ans. KOHis a strong base, soit completely ionizes in aqueous solution. OH– ions are strong, nucleophile, so, it replaces the halogenatoms and form alcohols. In contrast, an alcoholic solution of KOH contains, alkoxide (R‐O–, ) ions which being a much stronger base than (OH-) ionspreferentially eliminates a, molecule of HCl from an alkylchloride to form an alkene.

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8 | Page, , Ans. Haloalkanes are more polar than haloarenes. As a result the carbon atom carrying the, halogen in haloalkanes is more electron‐deficient than that in haloarenes. So, haloalkanes, undergo nucleophilic substitution more readily than haloarenes., In contrast, haloarenes contain a benzene ring. Since the typical reactions of benzene are, electrophilic substitutions, therefore, haloarenes undergo electrophilic substitution while, haloalkanes which do not contain a benzene ring do not undergo electrophilic substitution., Q. 10 Explain why?, (a), Alkylhalides,thoughpolar,areimmiscible in water., (b), Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions?(3Marks), Ans. (a) Alkyl halides are polar in nature but it is insoluble in water because alkyl halide, molecules are held together by dipole‐dipole attraction and water molecules are held, together by H‐bonds. More energy is required to overcome these attractive forces between, the haloalkanes. But less energy is released when haloalkanes and water molecules come, together,so haloalkanes are not soluble in water., (b) Grignard reagents are very reactive, so they react with, moisture and form alkane. R‐Mg‐X + H‐OH → R‐H +, Mg(OH)X, Therefore,it must be prepared and stored under anhydrous conditions.., Q.9 Haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution whereas haloarenes, undergo electrophilic substitution.Why?, (3Marks), Assignment, Q1 In the following pairs of halogen compounds,which would undergo SN2 reaction faster?, , Q2 Although chlorine is an electron withdrawing group, yet it is ortho‐, para‐ directing in, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Why?, Q3 In the following pairs of halogen compounds,which compound undergoes fasterSN1reaction?, , Q4 Why is sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI?, Q5 p‐Dichlorobenzene has higher m.p.and solubility than those of o‐and m‐isomers.Discuss., Q6 Hydrocarbon C5H10 does not react with chlorine in dark but gives a single, monochloro compound C5H9Cl in bright sunlight. Identify the hydrocarbon., Q7.Chloroform is stored in dark coloured & sealedbottle.Why?, Q8 Arylhalidescannot be prepared by the action of sodium halide in the presence o f H2SO4. Why?

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9 | Page, , MIND MAP FOR CONVERSION

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11 | Page, , c) CHCl3, d) CCl4, Ans : a) CH3Cl, SHORT ANSWERED QUESTIONS ( 1-MARK), 1.Write the IUPAC name of (CH3)3 CCH2 Cl, 2.Which of the following under goes SN1 faster: 2-chlorobutane or 1-chlorobutane, 3. Arrange each set of compounds in order of increasing boiling points., (i) Bromomethane, (ii) Bromoform, (iii) Chloromethane, (iv), Dibromomethane. 4.Write the product formed when toluene is, chlorinated in presence of sunlight. 5.Write the product formed when, n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH ?, 6. Which is a better nucleophile, a bromide ion or an iodide ion ?, 7. Which has higher dipole moment, Chlorobenzene or Cyclohexyl chloride?, 8. Draw the structure of DDT., 9. Give formula of Benzyl chloride, 10.How many centres of chirality are present in 3-Bromopent-1-ene., ANSWERS, 1. 1- chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane, 2. 2-chlorobutane., 3. (iii) < (i)< (iv)< (ii), 4. Chloromethylbenzene, 5. But-2-ene, 6. Iodide ion, 7. Cyclohexyl chloride, 8. Correct structure(Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane), 9. C6H5 -CH2 -Cl, 10. one, ______________________________________________________________________________, , Last 10 years CBSE Board questions from the chapter for practice, 2020(SET I), Q1 Out of, and, CH2-Cl,which one is more reactive towards SN1, reactions ?, Q2(i) Write the structure of major alkene formed by ß(beta)-elimination of 2,2,3 trimethyl-3bormopentane with sodium ethoxide in ethanol., (ii)Which one of the compounds in the following pairs is chiral., , Cl, (iii) Identify (A) and (B) in the followig., , OR

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13 | Page, , 2., Q2 Draw the structure of major mono halo product in each of the following reaction;, , 1., , ?, , 2., , ?, , 3., , ?, 2015, , Q1Which would undergo SN2 reaction faster in the following pair?, C6H5-CH2-CH2-Br and C6H5-CH(Br)-CH3, Q2How do you convert the following, 1:-Prop1ene to Propan2ol 2:-Bromobenzene to 2Bromoacetophenone 3:-2Bromobutane to But2ene, , OR, What happens when --1:-ethyl chloride is treated with NaI in the presence of acetone, 2:-Chloro benzene is treated with NaI in the presence dry ether, 3:-methyl chloride Is treated with KNO2, , 2014, Q1Identify the chiral molecule in the following pair:--, , 1., , and, , 2., , Q2Draw the structure of major monohalo products in, 1., , each of the following reactions 1:?, , 2., ?, Q3Which halogen compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN2 reactions, 1: CH3Br OR CH3I 2 :(CH3)3C-Cl and CH3-Cl, 2013, Q1Give reasons for the followings :1- ethyl iodide undergoes SN2 reactions faster than ethyl bromide, 2- (+-)2-Butanol is optically inactive, 3- C-X bond in halo benzene is smaller than C-X bond in CH3-X, 2012, Q1 What happens when bromine attacks CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-C≡CH, Q2 Answer the Following questions, 1:-What is meant by chirality of compound? Give an example., 2:-Which one of the following compounds is more easily hydrolyzed by KOH and why?, CH3-CHClCH2CH3 OR CH3CH2CH2Cl, Q3 Which one undergoes SN2 substitution reaction faster and why?

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15 | Page, , ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS AND ETHERS(Unit‐ 10), Definition:, An alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound, to a carbon atom, usually connected to other carbon or hydrogen atoms., ⮚, , CH3─CH2─CH2─OH, , OH, │, CH3─CH─CH3, CH3, │, , 1‐propanol, , ⮚, , 2‐propanol, OH, │, , CH3─CH─CH2─CH2─CH─CH3, , 5‐methyl‐2‐hexanol, , MIND MAP OF PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL, , Physical Properties, 1. Alcoholsare polarmolecules(becauseofO‐H andC‐O)., 2., Hydrogen bonding occurs between alcohol molecules relatively weak bond, (represented bydots) Ohas a partially negative charge δ‐& H has a partially, positive charge., 3. They are weak acids(alkyl alcohols weaker than Phenol):, Although alkyl alcohols have an ‐OH group, they do not ionize in water, whereas phenols, ionize like acids (donating a proton to water).

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16 | Page, , 4. Solubility in water(Molecular weight↑: solubility↓), nonpolar, , polar, , As the chain of the R group increases the hydrocarbon (non‐ polar) character of the, compound also increases. Consequently, the solubility and boiling point of an alcohol, are affected by the, 1) Length of the carbon chain and, 2) The shape of the molecule., The short chain alcohols are soluble in water, whereas the longer chain alcohols are insoluble, in water., In general a molecule which is more compact (i.e., more branched) will be more soluble, in water and will have a lower boiling point than the straight chain isomer. (for isomeric, alcohol), Chemical Properties of Alcohols, 1. AcidityofAlcohols / Phenols, , 2. Acid‐Catalysed Dehydration:, , 3., , Oxidation of Alcohols: (1°), (2°) & (3°) Using potassium dichromate & sulphuric Acid, as catalysts In the oxidation [O] of a primary alcohol( 1°) , aldehyde is produced, Primary alcohol → aldehyde →carboxylicacid, On oxidation of 20 alcohols a ketone is formed. Secondary alcohol →, ketone Tertiary alcohols do not oxidize., Tertiary alcohol → No reaction

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17 | Page, , CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS, Q1) Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or 30 alcohols is not a suitable, method?, Ans. The formation of ethers by dehydration of alcohol is a bimolecular reaction (SN2) group, is hindered. As a result elimination dominates substitution as 30 carbocation is more stable., Hence in place of ethers, alkenes are formed., Q2) Phenols do not give protonation reactions readily. Why?, Ans. The lone pair on oxygen of O‐H in phenol is being shared with benzene ring through, resonance. Thus,lone pair is not fully present on oxygen and hence phenols do not undergo, protonation reactions., , REASONING QUESTIONS, Q1. Explain why propanol has higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon, butane?, Ans. The molecules of butane are held together by weak van der Waal's forces of attraction, while those of propanol are held together by stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding., Q2. Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of, comparable molecular masses. Explainthis fact., Ans. Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with water and break the hydrogen bonds already, existing between water molecules Therefore they are soluble in water, whereas, hydrocarbons cannot form hydrogen bonds with water and hence are insoluble in water.

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19 | Page, , ASSERTION - REASONING QUESTIONS, A statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason., Mark the correct choice from the options given below :, (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion., (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion., (c) Assertion is true but reason is false., (d) Both assertion and reason are false., 1. Assertion : Methyl alcohol is a weaker acid than water., Reason : Among the aliphatic monohydric alcohols, methyl alcohol is the strongest acid. (Ans - b), 2. Assertion : o - Nitrophenol and p - Nitrophenol are separated by steam distillation., Reason : o-Nitrophenol has intramolecular H - bonding while molecules of p-nitrophenol are linked, by intermolecular H - bonding. ( Ans - a), 3. Assertion : Phenols do not react with phosphorus halides while alcohols do not react., Reason : In phenols C-O bond has partial double bond character due to resonance while it is not, so in alcohols. ( Ans - a), 4. Assertion : Phenol is acidic in nature., Reason : Phenate ion is less resonance stabilised than phenol. ( Ans - a), , One - word answer, 1. Name a compound which can be used as an anesthetic in surgery ? ( Ans - Ethrane), 2. In Williamson synthesis , which type of halide should not be used ? ( Ans - Tertiary alkylhalide), , 2 MARKSQUESTIONS, Q1., Givetworeactionsthat show theacidicnatureof phenol.Compareacidityof, phenolwith thatofethanol. Ans. The acidic nature of phenol can be represented by the, following two reactions:, (i) Phenol reacts with sodium to give sodiumphenoxide, liberating H2., , (ii) Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide and water., , The acidity of phenol is more than that of ethanol. This is because after losing a proton,, the phenoxide ion undergoes resonance and gets stabilized whereas ethoxide ion does, not., , Q2., Ans., , How does phenol react with Br2in CS2 and brominewater?, (i), When thereaction is carried out in solvents of low polarity such as CHCl3 or CS2 and at low

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20 | Page, , temperature, monobromophenols are formed ., , ii., , When phenol is treated with bromine water,2,4,6-tribromophenol is formed as white precipitate., , Q4. How do you account for the fact that unlike phenol, 2, 4‐dinitrophenol and 2,, 4, 6‐ trinitrophenol are soluble in aqueous solution of sodium carbonate?, Ans. 2, 4‐Dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6‐trinitrophenol are stronger acids then carbonic acid, (H2CO3) due to the presence ofelectronwithdrawing – NO2 group.Hence,theyreactwith, Na2CO3 to form their corresponding salts and dissolve in aq. Na2CO3 solution., Q5. Account for the following, a. Boiling point ofthe C2H5OH is more than that of C2H5Cl, b., The solubility of alcohols in water decreases with, increase in molecular mass. Ans., , a. Because of hydrogen, , bonding., b. With increase in molecular mass the non‐polar alkyl group, becomes more predominant., Q6., Answerthefollowing, a. What is the order of reactivity of10,20 and30 alcohols with sodium metal?, b. How will you account for the solubility of lower alcohols in water?, Ans,, a. 10>20>30, b., Here‐OH group is predominant and the alcohol molecules can form hydrogen, bonds with water molecules., Q7., Give reasons:, i) Nitration of phenol gives ortho‐and para‐productsonly., ii) Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than the haloalkanes of the same, molecularmass?, Ans. (1) ‐OH group increases the electron densitymore at ortho and para positions, through its electron releasing resonance effect., (2) Alcohols are capableof forming intermolecular H‐bonds.while alkylhalidedonot., Q8. Explain the fact that in aryl alkyl ethers, (i) The alkoxy group activates the benzene ring towardselectrophilic substitution and, (ii), Itdirects the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in benzene ring.

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22 | Page, , MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs), Q.1 What is the IUPAC name of Vinyl alcohol ?, (a) Ethanol, (b) Methanol, (c) Ethenol, (d), Methe, nol ANS: (c), Q.2. Which of the following is more acidic than alcohol ?, (a) Phenol, (b) Cyclohexanol, (c) Benzyl alcohol, (d), Ethen, ol ANS: ( a), Q.3. Which one of the following compound is obtained by dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols?, a) Ketone, b) Aldehyde, c) Carboxylic acid, d), Am, ine ANS:, (a), Q.4. The reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohol catalysed by conc.H2SO4 is called ?, a) Dehydration, b) Saponification, c) Esterification, d), Neutralisat, ion ANS: (c), Q.5. Which of the following alcohol is most soluble in water, a) Propanol, b) Hexanol, c) Pentanol, d), Buta, nol ANS:(, a), Q.6. On heating aqueous solution of benzene diazonium chloride , which of the following is formed, (a) benzene, (b) chloro benzene, (c) phenol, (d), an, iline, ANS:( c)

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23 | Page, , Q.7. Catalytic dehydrogenation of a primary alcohol gives a, (a) Ketone, (b) Aldehyde, (c) Sec . alcohol, (d) Es, ter, ANS:( b), Q.8 Ethyl alcohol obtained by fermentation of starch is called wash and what is its purity?, (a) 15%, (b) 99%, (c) 99.9%, (d) 95%, ANS:( a), Q.9, Which chemical is used to distinguish between phenol and benzyl, alcohol. a). NaHCO3, b). FeCl3, c). Iodoform test, d)., none of the, above ANS:( b), Q.10 Which is most, acidic a). Phenol, b). 4-nitrophenol, c). Cresol, d). 2-nitrophenol, ANS:( d), SHORT ANSWERED QUESTIONS [1-MARK], 1. Write the IUPAC names of CH2 = (CH)CH2OH, 2. Which of the following has higher pKa value : Nitrophenol OR phenol, 3. Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing boiling points., (i) Bromoethane, (ii) Ethanol, (iii) Methoxymethane, 4., Write the structure of 2-Ethoxy-3-methyl pentane, 5. Write the product formed when Ethoxy benzene reacts with HI, 6. Which is more acidic : ortho-nitrophenol or ortho-methoxyphenol?, 7. Name the chemical test used to distinguish between Phenol and Ethanoic acid?, 8. Write the name of the product of reaction of Bromine in CS2 with phenol, 9. What is the condition of the compound to undergo Iodoform test?, 10., Write the structure of, cumene. ANSWERS, 1. Prop-2-en-1-ol, 2. Phenol

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24 | Page, , 3. (i)<(iii)<(ii), 4., CH3-CH-CH[CH3]-CH[OC2H5]CH3 5 Phenol + Iodoethane, 6. ortho-nitrophenol (Due to electron withdrawing group), 7. FeCl3 test or sodium bicarbonate test, 8. o-bromophenol and p-bromophenol, 9.precence of terminal methyl group with alcoholic / carbonyl group, 10. CH3-CH[C6H5]-CH3 [Isopropylbenzene], _________________________________________________________________________________________, , LAST 10 YEARS CBSE QUESTIONS FROM THE CHPTER FOR PRACTICE, 2020 SET 1, For question 1 choose any one option from following four options., (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the, Assertion (A)., (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the, Assertion (A)., (C) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is wrong statement., (D) Assertion (A) is wrong, but Reason (R) is correct statement., Q1 Assertion (A): (CH3)3C-O-CH3 gives (CH3)3C-I and CH3-OH on treatment with HI., , Reason (R) :.The reaction occurs by SN1 mechanism., , Q2 Write the product(s) of the following reactions;, (i), + PCC -------------------🡪 ?, , (ii), , (iii), , + (CH3CO)2O/CH3COOH------------🡪 ?, , + CH3MgBr/H3O+ ----------------🡪 ?, , OR, (a) Write the mechanism of the following SN1 reaction., , (CH3)3-C-Br + Aq. NaOH --------------------🡪 (CH3)3-OH + NaBr

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25 | Page, , (b) Write the equation for the preparation of 2-methyl-2-methoxypropane by Williamson synthesis., , 2019, Q1 (a) Give equations of the following reactions, (i), Phenol is treated with conc. HNO3., (ii) Propene is treated with B2H6 followed by H2O2/OH-., (iii) Sodium t-butoxide is treated with CH3Cl., (b) How will you distinguish between butan-1-ol and butan-4-ol?, (c) Arrange the following in increasing order of acidity?, Phenol, ethanol, water, OR, (a) How can you obtain Phenol form (i) Cumene (ii) Benzene sulphonic acid (iii) Benzene, diazonium choride?, (b) Write the structure of the major product obtained from dinitration of 3-methylphenol, (c) Write the reaction involed in Kolbe’s reaction., 2018, 1. Write the structure of the main products in the following reaction:, , (i), , ?, ?, , (ii), (iii), , ------------🡪 ?, 2017, 1.(a) Arrange the following compound in increasing order of their acidic strength :, p-cresol, p-nitrophenol & phenol, (b) Write the mechanism (using curved arrow notation) of the following reaction:, CH2=CH2, H3O+, CH3-CH2+ + H2O, OR, Write the structure of the products when Butan-2-ol reacts with the following:, (i)CrO3, (ii)SOCl2, 2016, Q1. Write the chemical equations involved in, 1. Kolbe’s reaction, 2. Friedal craft Acetylation of Anisole

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27 | Page, , 1. Alcohols are more soluble in water than the hydrocarbons of the comparable molecular, masses., 2. Ortho nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho methoxy phenol., 2011, Q1. How would you obtain the following:1. Benzoquinone from phenol, 2. 2 methyl propan2ol from methyl Magnesium bromide, 3. Propan2ol from propene, 4. Ethanol to ethene

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29 | Page, , 🕐 Form aldehyde cannot be prepared by Rosenmund's reaction since, formyl chloride is unstable at room temperature., 🕐 Benzaldehyde is less reactive than aliphatic aldehydes towards nucleophilic addition reaction., 🕐 In reaction of toluene with CrO , acetic anhydride is used to protect, 3, , benzaldehyde as benzylidenediacetate to avoid further oxidation to benzoic, acid., , 🕐 Aromatic ketones are less reactive,they do not react with NaHSO ., 🕐 In reaction of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia derivatives, the medium should be, 3, , slightly acidic (pH=4.5). In too highly acidic medium, ammonia derivatives being acidic form, salts and not act as nucleophile, , 🕐 Benzaldehyde although reduces Tollens' reagent, it does not reduce, Fehling's and Benedictt’s soluution., 🕐 Ketones donot give Tollens reagent and Fehling’s solution test., 🕐 Only CH CHO and all methylketones give Iodoform test., 🕐 A stronger acid has higher pK but lower pK, 🕐 Benzoic acid is a stronger acid than aceticacid., 🕐 -CHO and–COOHgroup,attached to benzene ring,are deactivating and m‐directing., 🕐 Methanoicacid decolouries the pink colour of acidified KMnO solution but aceticaciddoes not., 🕐 A 40% aqueous solution of fomaldehyde is known as formalin and is used to, 3, , b, , a., , 4, , preserve biological specimens, and to prepare bakelite.

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31 | Page, , ASSERTION - REASON TYPE QUESTIONS, A statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason., Mark the correct choice from the options given below., (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion., (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion., (c) Assertion is true but reason is false., (d) Both assertion and reason are false., 1. Assertion : Carbonyl compounds take part in nucleophilic addition reactions., Reason : These reactions are initiated by nucleophilic attack at the electron deficient carbon, atom. ( Ans - a), 2. Assertion : All aldehydes do not take part in aldol condensation., Reason : In the aldol condensation, cabanion is generated by the abstraction of α - H atom by, base. (Ans - b), 3. Assertion : Acetone is less reactive towards nucleophilic addition than acetaldehyde., Reason : The alkyl groups hinder the nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon atom. ( Ans - a), 4. Assertion : The α - H atom in carbonyl compounds is less acidic., Reason : The anion formed after the loss of α - H atom is not resonance stabilized. ( Ans - d), 5. Assertion : Aldehydes and ketones both react with Tollen’s reagent to form silver mirror., Reason : Both aldehydes and ketones contain a carboxylic group. ( Ans - d), , One - word answer, 1., Name the reagent used to distinguish between methanoic acid and ethanoic, acid. ( Ans - Tollen’ s reagent), , 2. Name the product obtained by reaction of hydroxylamine with carbonyl compound?, ( Ans - Oxime), , SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2‐ MARKS), Q1., , Write chemical equation to illustrate following name reactions:‐, (a), (b), , Cannizzaro's reaction, Hell‐Volhard‐, , Zelinskyreaction Ans., , (a), , Cannizzaro's reaction, HCHO, , CH3OH + HCOONa, , NaOH, , (OR), (b), , C6H5CHO, , C6H5CH2OH, , Hell - Volhard Zelinsky, R‐CH2‐COOH, , R‐CH(X)‐COOH, , ( X = Cl , Br), , (i) X2/P(red), (ii) H2O, , Q2., Give a chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs:‐, (i) Phenol and benzoic acid, (ii) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone, , + C6H5COONa

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39 | Page, , (iv), Sn and NaOH, solution Ans: (iii), 9., Which of the following compounds will give butanone on, oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 solution?, (i) Butan-1-ol, (ii) Butan-2-ol, (iii) Both of these, (iv), None of, these Ans: (ii), 10. In Clemmensen Reduction carbonyl compound is treated with, (i) Zinc amalgam + HCl, (ii) Sodium amalgam + HCl, (iii) Zinc amalgam + nitric acid, (iv), Sodium amalgam +, HNO3 Ans: (i), , ., , SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1-MARK), 1., Why carboxylic acid have higher boiling point than alcohols as both have, intermolecular hydrogen bonding?, Ans. Carboxylic acid forms a dimer due to double H-bonding. So it has higher boiling point than, alcohols., 2., Arrange the following in increasing order of acidic character : HCOOH,, CH2ClCOOH , CF3COOH , CCl3COOH, Ans. HCOOH < CH2ClCOOH < CCl3COOH < CF3COOH, 3., Why is the boiling point of an acid anhydride higher than the acid from which it is derived?, Ans. Acid anhydrides are bigger in size than corresponding acid. These have more surface area so, have strong van der Waals Force of attractions. Hence they have higher boiling point., 4., Why do carboxylic acids not give the characteristic reactions of a carbonyl, group? Ans. Due to resonance, It does not have free carbonyl., 5., Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their boiling, points. CH3CHO, CH3CH2OH, CH3OCH3, CH3CH2CH3, Ans. CH3CH2CH3< CH3OCH3< CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH, 6., What happens when ethanoyl chloride is subjected to rosenmund, reduction? Ans. Ethanoyl chloride is converted in to Ethanal. OR, CH3COCl + H2, Pd-BaSO4/S CH3CHO + HCl, 7. Why does, solubility decrease with increasing molecular mass in carboxylic acid?, Ans. Because with increase of molecular mass size of hydrophobic carbon chain length increases., 8. Why PCC cannot oxidize methanol to methanoic acid while KMnO4 can?

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40 | Page, , Ans. This is because PCC is a mild oxidizing agent and can oxidize methanol to methanal only., while KMnO4 is strong oxidizing agent which oxidizes it to methanoic acid., 9. Aromatic acids are solid while most of aliphatic acids are liquids. Why?, Ans. Aromatic acids have higher molecular weight and strong Van der Waals force of attraction as, compared to aliphatic acids so they are solids., 10., The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are lower than that of the corresponding, acids. Why?, Ans. This is due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids., __, , Last 10 years CBSE Board questions from the chapter for practice, , 2020 set 1, For question 1 choose one option from following four options., (E) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion, (A)., (F) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion, (A)., (G) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is wrong statement., (H) Assertion (A) is wrong, but Reason (R) is correct statement., Q1 Assertion (A): Benzoic acid does not undergoes Friedal Crafts reaction., , Reason (R) : The carboxyl group is activating and undergo electrophilic substitution reaction., Ans., C, Q2 (a) An organic compound (A) having molecular formula C4H8O gives orange red precipitate with 2,4 –DNP, reagent. It does not reduce Tollens’ reagent but gives yellow precipitate of iodoform on heating with NaOH and, I2.Compound (A) on reduction with NaBH4 gives compound (B) which undergoes dehydration reaction on heating, with conc. H2SO4 to form compound (C). Compound (C) on Ozonolysis gives two molecules of ethanal., Identify (A), (B) and (C) and write their structures. Write the reactions of compound (A) with (i) NaOH/I2 and (ii), NaBH4, (b) Give reasons;, (i) Oxidation of propanal is easier than propanone., (ii) alpha-hydrogen of aldehydes and ketones is acidic in nature., , OR, (a) Draw structures of the following derivatives :, (i), Cyanohydrin of cyclobutane, (ii), Hemiacetal of ethanal, (b) Write the major product(s) in the following :, (i)DIBAL-H (ii) H3O+, (i), CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CN -----------------------------🡪 ?, CrO3, (ii), CH3-CH2-OH ---------------------🡪 ?, (C) How can you distinguish between propanal and propanone ?, , 2019, Q1. Write structure of main compound A and B in each of the following reactions, PCl5, H2/Pd-BaSO4, (a) C6H5-COOH---------------🡪 A -------------------------🡪 B, (i)CH3MgBr (ii)H3O+, Zn(Hg)/Con HCl, (b) CH3-CN -------------------------------🡪 A ------ --------------------🡪 B

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41 | Page, , Q2 Give reasons, (i), Benzoic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid., (ii), Methonal is more reactive towards nucleophilic addition reaction than ethanal., (iii), Give a simple chemical test to distinguish between propanal and propanone., , 2018, 1.How will you convert the following:, (i) Ethanol to Propanone, (ii) Toluene to Benzoic acid., OR, Account for the following:, (i) Aromatic Carboxylic Acids don’t undergo Friedal Craft Reaction., (ii) pKa value of 4-Nitrobenzoic acid is lower than that of Benzoic acid., 2. A, B, and C are three non-cyclic functional isomers of a carbonyl compound with molecular formula C4H8O., Isomers A and C give positive Tollen’s Test whereas B don’t give Tollen’s Test, but gives positive Iodoform Test., Isomers A and B on reduction with Zn(Hg)/ Conc. HCl give the same product D., (i) Write the structure of A,B,C and D., (ii)Out of A, B and C isomers which one is least reactive towards addition of HCN?, , 2017, Q1 Write the product(s) in the following reactions, , 1), , + HCN--🡪?, , 2) C6H5-COONa, ?, , 3) CH3-CH=CH-CN ----DIBAL-H/H2O---🡪?, , Q2 Give simple chemical test to distinguish between following pairs1) Butanal and Butane-2-one, 2) Benzoic acid and phenol, OR, A) Write the reactions involved in the following, 1) Etard reaction, 2) Stephen reduction, B) How will you convert (not more than two steps), 1) Benzoic acid to benzaldehyde, 2) Acetophenone to benzoic acid, 3) Etanoic acid to 2- hydroxyl ethanaoic acid

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45 | Page, , AMINES (UNIT-12), Classification:□ Amines are classified according to the number of carbon atoms bonded, directly to the nitrogen atom. A primary (1°) amine has one alkyl (or aryl) group on the, nitrogen atom, a secondary (2°) amine has two, and a tertiary (3°) amine has three., , Physical Properties of Amines, 1., The lower aliphatic amines are gases with fishy smell. Primary amines with three or, more carbon atoms are liquid and higher members are all solids., 2., Lower aliphatic amines are water soluble because they can form hydrogen bonds with, water molecules, however the solubility decreases with increase in hydrophobic alkyl, group., 3., Boiling points order: primary amine > secondary amine > tertiary amine, , Preparation, HOFFMANN BROMAMIDE REACTION:‐, , GABREIL PHTHALIMIDE SYNTHESIS:□

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47 | Page, , protecting–NH2 by acetylation with acetic anhydride., , NITRATION:, , Direct nitration of aniline is not, possible as it is susceptible to, oxidation, thus amino group is first, protected by acetylation, , In strongly acidic, medium, aniline is, protonated to form, anilinium ion which is, meta directing so it, gives meta product also, , SULPHONATION:, Aniline, does, not, undergo Friedel Craft, reaction due to salt, formation, with, aluminium chloride, the, Lewis acid, which is, used as a catalyst.

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48 | Page, , ., , Very Short Answer questions: (1 Mark), Q.1 What is Hinsberg's reagent? Ans. Benzene sulphonyl chloride, Q.2, , Whyis, , anilineacylatedbeforeitsnitration? Ans., Toprevent it from oxidation, Q.3 Ethylamine is soluble in water but aniline is not, why?, Ans. Ethylamine forms intermolecular H‐bond with water, but aniline does not form, H‐bond to a very large extent dueto the presence oflarge hydrophobic –C6H5 group., Q.4 Write the structure of, , N‐Ethyl‐N‐methylaniline. Ans., , Q.5 Write structures and IUPAC names of the amide which gives propanamine by, Hoffmann bromamide reaction., Ans., , Butanamide, ASSERTION - REASON TYPE, , A statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason., Mark the correct choice from the options given below., (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion., (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion., (c) Assertion is true but reason is false., (d) Both assertion and reason are false., 1. Assertion : The diazotisation reaction must be carried in ice cold solution ( 0-4⁰C)., Reason : At higher temperature, benzenediazonium chloride reacts with water to give phenol., ( Ans - a), 2., Assertion : In strongly acidic solution aniline becomes less reactive towards, electrophilic reagents., Reason : Due to protonation of amino group the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen is not available, for resonance. ( Ans - a), 3., Assertion : Gabriel phthalimide synthesis can be used to convert alkyl chlorides into, primary amines., Reason : With proper choice of reagent Gabriel synthesis can be used to prepare primary,, secondary and tertiary amines. ( Ans - c), 4. Assertion : N-Ethylbenzenesulphonamide is soluble in alkali., Reason : Hydrogen attached to nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly acidic in nature. (Ans - a)

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49 | Page, 5., Assertion : Benzenediazonium chloride can not be stored and is used immediately, after its preparation., Reason : It is very unstable and dissociates to give nitrogen. (Ans - a)

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50 | Page, , One - word answer, 1. Which one is more acidic : anilinium ion or p-fluoroanilinium ion ? (Ans - p-fluoroanilinium ion), 2. Name the effect due to which nitrobenzene does not undergo Friedal Craft reaction., 3. ( Ans - Deactivating), , Short Answer questions: (2 Mark), Q.6 WriteIUPACnamesofthefollowingcompoundsandclassifythemintoprimary,secon, dary and tertiary amines., (i) C6H5NHCH3, Ans., (i) N‐Methyl aniline 20, (ii) (CH CH ) NCH, (ii), N‐Ethyl‐N‐methylethanamine 30, Q.7 Give plausible explanation for each of the following:, Why do primary amines have higher boiling pointthan tertiary amines?, (i), (ii), Why are aliphatic amines stronger bases than, aromatic amines? Ans., , (i) Due to strong intermolecular, , H‐bonding in primary amines., (ii) In aromatic amines lone pairis engaged with benzene in resonance., Q.8 How can you convert an amide into an amine having one carbon less than the, starting compound? Name the reaction., Ans., By using Hoffmann bromamide reaction, Q.9, Write the structures of: (a) 3‐Bromobenzenamine (b), 3‐Chlorobutanamide Ans:, , (a), , (b), , CH3CH(Cl)CH2CONH2, , Q.10 Arrange the following:, (i) In decreasing order of the pKbvalues:, C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and C6H5NH2, (ii) Inincreasingorder ofbasicstrength: Aniline,p‐nitroanilineandp‐toluidine, Ans:, , (i) C6H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3,C2H5NH2,(C2H5)2NH, (ii) p‐Nitroaniline , aniline, p‐toluidine, , Short Answer questions: (3 Marks), Q.11 Giveonechemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds., (i) Methylamineand dimethylamine, (ii)Ethylamine and aniline, (iii) Aniline and, benzylamine Ans: (i), Carbylamine reaction, (ii) Azo dye Test, (iii), , Azo dye Test

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51 | Page, , Q.12 Account for the following:, (i) Although amino group is o, p− directing in aromatic electrophilic substitution, reactions,aniline onnitrationgives asubstantial amountofm‐nitroaniline., (ii)Aniline does not undergo Friedel‐Crafts reaction., (iii), Gabriel phthalimide synthesisis preferred for synthesizing primary amines., Ans. (i) Because nitration is carried out in an acidic medium. In an acidic medium, aniline, is protonated to give anilinium ion which is meta‐directing., (ii)Friedel‐Craft reaction is carried out in the presence of AlCl3. But AlCl3 acts as a, Lewis acid, while aniline acts as a Lewis base. Thus, aniline reacts with AlCl3 to, form a salt., (iii), Gabriel phthalimide synthesis results in the formation of primary amines only., Secondary and tertiary amines are not formed in this synthesis. Thus, a pure, primary amine can be obtained. Therefore,Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is, preferred for synthesizing primary amines., Q.13 How will you convert:, (i) Benzyl chloride to 2‐phenylethanamine, (ii) Benzene to Aniline, (iii) Aniline to p‐bromoaniline, , Ans:, , (i), , C6H5CH2Cl, , Ethanolic NaCN, , C6H5CH2CN, , H2/N1, , C6H5CH2CH2NH, , Q.14 An organic compound [A] C3H6O2 on reaction with ammonia followed by heating yield, B. Compound B on reaction with Br2, and alc. NaOH gives compound C, (C2H7N). Compound C forms a foul smelling compound D on reaction with chloroform and, NaOH. Identify A, B, C, D and the write the equations of reactions involved., [Hint: (A) CH3CH2COOH (B) CH2CH2CONH2 (C) CH3CH2NH2 (D) CH3CH2NC.], , ASSIGNMENTS, 1, , MARK, QUESTIONS, 1., Arrange the following in decreasing order of their basic strength: C2H5NH2,, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NHand C6H5NH2, 2. Methylaminein water reacts withferricchloridetoprecipitatehydratedferricoxide.Why?

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52 | Page, , 2, , 3. Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic amines. Why?, 4. Whyaromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis?, 5. Write structures and IUPAC names of the amine produced by the Hoffmann degradation of, benzamide., MARKS, QUESTIONS, Q1. Write short notes on the following:, (i) Carbylamine reaction, (ii)Hofmann's reaction

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53 | Page, , MARK QUESTIONS, Q1. How will you convert?, i), Benzene into N, N□dimethylaniline, ii), Aniline to phenol, Q2. An aromatic compound 'A' on treatment with aqueous ammonia and heating forms, compound 'B' which on heating with Br2 and KOH forms a compound 'C' of molecular, formula C6H7N. Write the structures and IUPAC names of compounds A, B and C., , MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS(MCQs), 1. Which of the following is a 3° amine?, (i) 1-methylcyclohexylamine, (ii) Triethylamine, (iii) tert-butylamine, (iv), N-methylani, line Ans: (ii), 2. The correct IUPAC name for CH2=CHCH2 NHCH3 is, (i) Allylmethylamine, (ii) 2-amino-4-pentene, (iii) 4-aminopent-1-ene, (iv), N-methylprop-2-en-1-a, mine Ans:(iv), 3. Amongst the following, the strongest base in aqueous medium is, (i) CH3NH2, (ii) NCCH2NH2, (iii) (CH3)2 NH, (iv), C6H5NH, CH3 Ans: (iii), , .

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54 | Page, , 4., Benzylamine may be alkylated as shown in the following, equation : C6H5CH2NH2 + R—X ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ C6H5CH2NHR, Which of the following alkylhalides is best suited for this reaction through SN1 mechanism?, (i) CH3Br, (ii) C6H5Br, (iii) C6H5CH2Br, (iv), C2H5, Br Ans: (iii), 5., Which of the following reagents would not be a good choice for reducing an aryl nitro, compound to an amine?, (i) H2 (excess)/Pt, (ii) LiAlH4 in ether, (iii) Fe and HCl, (iv), Sn and, HCl Ans: (ii), 6., In order to prepare a 1° amine from an alkyl halide with simultaneous addition of one CH2, group in the carbon chain, the reagent used as source of nitrogen is, ., (i) Sodium amide, NaNH2, (ii) Sodium azide, NaN3, (iii) Potassium cyanide, KCN, (iv), Potassium phthalimide,, C6H4(CO)2N–K+ Ans: (iii), 7. The source of nitrogen in Gabriel synthesis of amines is, ., (i) Sodium azide, NaN3, (ii) Sodium nitrite, NaNO2, (iii) Potassium cyanide, KCN, (iv), Potassium phthalimide,, C6H4(CO)2N–K+ Ans: (iv), 8., The best reagent for converting, 2–phenylpropanamide into 2-phenylpropanamine is, ., (i) excess H2, (ii) Br2 in aqueous NaOH, (iii) iodine in the presence of red phosphorus, (iv), LiAlH4 in, ether Ans: (iv), 9., The best reagent for converting,, 2-phenylpropanamide into 1- phenylethanamine is ., (i) excess H2/Pt, (ii) NaOH/Br2, (iii) NaBH4/methanol

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56 | Page, , increase the magnitude of +I effect so increase the basicity ., 9. Out of Butan-1-ol and butan-1-amine ,which will be more soluble in water and why?, Ans. Butan-1-ol are more polar than amines and forms stronger, intermolecular hydrogen bonds with water molecules than amines., 10. Why ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not ?, Ans. Ethylamine when added to water forms intermolecular H−bonds with water., Hence, it is, soluble in water., , Q1 Choose one option from following four options., 1M, (I) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason, (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A)., (J) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R), is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A)., (K) Assertion (A) is corr ect, but Reason (R) is wrong statement., (L) Assertion (A) is wrong, but Reason (R) is correct statement., (A)ASSERTION:- Lower aliphatic amines are soluble in water but higher amines are, insoluble., (B) REASON:- Amines can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. However,, solubility decreases with increase in molar mass of amines due to increase in size, of the hydrophobic alkyl part, (A)ASSERTION:-Amines can be considered as derivatives of ammonia, (B) REASON:- Amines can be obtained by replacement of one, two or all the three, hydrogen atoms of NH3 by alkyl and/or aryl groups., (A)ASSERTION:- In amines the angle C–N–E, (where E is C or H) is less than 109.5°;, (B) REASON:- Due to the presence of unshared pair of electrons on N atom., (A)ASSERTION:- In ammonolysis of halide the primary amine is obtained as a, major product by taking large excess of ammonia., (B) REASON:- Ammonolysis of alkyl amine has the disadvantage of yielding a, mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and also a quaternary, ammonium salt., (A)ASSERTION:- Reduction of nitrobenzene in to aniline with iron scrap and, hydrochloric acid is preferred.

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59 | Page, , Q2 Complete following reactions, (a), , ?, , (b), , ?, , (c), , ?, OR, , How do you convert, (a) N-pheny-ethanamide to P-Bromoaniline, (b) Benzene diazonium chloride to Nitro benzene., (c) Benzoic acid to aniline., 2018, Q1 (a) Write the reactions involved in the followings., (i), Hoffmann Degradation Reaction, (ii), Diazotisation, (iii) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, (b) Give reasons, (i) (CH3)2NH is more basic than (CH3)3N in an aqueous solution., (ii) Aromatic diazonium salts are more stable than aliphatic diazonium salt., OR, (A)Write the structure of the main products of the following reactions., (i), , ?, (CH3)2NH, , (ii), , -----------------------🡪?, , (iii), ?, (B)Give a simple chemical tests to distinguish between Aniline and N,N dimethyl, aniline., (C) Arrange the followings in the increasing order of their pKb values., C6H5-NH2, C2H5-NH2, C6H5-NH-CH3, 2017, 1. Write the structure of compounds A, B, C in the following:, Br2/KO, H

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60 | Page, , CHCl3+K, OH(alc), (a), (aq, ), CH3COOH, NaNO2/Cu, Fe/HCl, CH3COCl/Pyridine, (b) C6H5N BF4 -------------🡪 A -------------------🡪 B ----------------------🡪 C, Q2 Give reasons for the followings, (a) Acetylation of aniline reduce its activation effect., (b) CH3NH2 is more basic than C6H5NH2., (c) Although –NH2 is o/p directing group, yet aniline on nitration gives a, significant amount of m-nitroaniline., 2016, 1. Write IUPAC name of, CH₃―NH―CH₂―CH―CH₃, CH₃, 2. Write the structures of A,B AND C in following, +, 2, , -, , a. C₆H₅―COO NH₄, , Br2+KOH, CH3COCl/Pyridine, A ---------🡪 B -----------------🡪C, , +, , NaNO2/Cu, +, , 4, , b. C₆H₅―N₂ BF, , Sn/HCl, CH3Cl + KOH, A ----------------🡪B --------------🡪C, , 2015, 1. An aromatic compound A of molecular formula C₇H₇ON undergoes a series of reactions, as shown below. Write the structure of A,B,C,D and E in the following reactions., Br2 + KOH, NaNO2 + HCl(273K), H2O, C₇H₇ON, C₆H₅NH₂, (B)-------------🡪E, A, CHCl3 + NaOH, D, OR, a) Write the structures of the main products when aniline reacts with the following, reagents, - 1, Br₂ water, 2, HCl, 3,(CH₃CO)₂O / pyridine, b) arrange the following in the increasing order of their boiling point, - C₂H₅-NH₂,, C₂H₅-OH,, (CH₃)₃N

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61 | Page, , c) give a sample chemical test to distinguish between the following pair of compounds, - (CH₃)₂NH and (CH₃)₃N, 2014, 1. Account for the following :, (i) primary amines (R-NH₂) have higher boiling points than tertiary amines, (ii)aniline does not undergoes friedel craft reaction, (iii)(CH₃)₂NH is more basic than (CH₃)₃N in an aqueous soltion., OR, Give the structure of A,B and C in the following reactions, Sn + HCl, NaNO2 +HCl (273K), H2O, (i)C₆H₅NO₂, (A), B), (C), +, H2O /H, NH3, Br2 + KOH, (ii)CH₃-CN, (A), (B), (C), , 2013, Write the main products of the following reactions., HNO2 00C, (i), CH₃-CH₂-NH₂, ?, (ii), , ?, CH3COCl(Base), , (iii), , ----------------🡪?, , 2012, Q1describe the following giving the relevant chemical equation in each case., 1.Carbylamine reaction 2.Hoffrnamm’s bromamide reaction, 1. complete the following reaction, (i)C₆H₅NH₂ + Br₂(aq), ?, 2011, Q1 Rearrange the following in an increasing order of their basic strength, ,, , (C6H5)2NH and CH3NH2, Q2 State reasons for the following, (a) pkb value for aniline is more than that for methyl amine., (b) Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not., (c) Primary amines have higher boiling points than tertiary amines., Q3 Give chemical test to distinguish ethylamine and aniline

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62 | Page, , BIOMOLECULES, , (UNIT 13), , KEY POINTS, Reducing sugars, , EXPLANATIONS, Aldehydic/ ketonic groups free so reduce Fehling’s/ Tollen’s, solution and. e.g.‐ maltose and lactose, , Non reducing sugars, , Aldehydic/ ketonic groups are bonded so cannot reduce, Fehling’s solution and Tollen’s reagent. E.g.‐ Sucrose, The two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differ only in the, configuration of the hydroxyl group at C1, called anomeric, carbon, Such isomers, i.e., α –form and β ‐form, arecalled, anomers., Sucrose is dextrorotatory but after hydrolysis gives, dextrorotatory glucose and laevorotatory fructose. Since, the laevorotation of fructose (–92.4°) is more than, dextrorotation of glucose (+ 52.5°), the mixture is, laevorotatory. Thus, hydrolysis of sucrose brings about a, change in the sign of rotation, from dextro(+)tolaevo, (–)andthe product is named asinvert sugar., Linkage between two mono saccharide, , Anomers., , Invert sugar, , Glycosidic linkage, Importance of, Carbohydrates, , Essential amino acids, , Major portion of our food. / used as storage molecules as, starch in plants and glycogen in animal. Cell wall of, bacteria and plants is made up of cellulose.Wood and cloth, are cellulose, provide raw materials for many important, industries like textiles, paper, lacquers and breweries., Whichcannot besynthesized inthebodyand must be, obtained through diet, e.g.‐ Valine, Leucine

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63 | Page, , Non-essential aminoacids, Zwitter ion., , Peptide linkage, , 0, 1 ‐ str. Of proteins:, 0, 2 ‐ str. of proteins:, , Tertiary structure of, proteins:, Fibrous proteins, , Globular proteins, , Which can be synthesised in the body, eg‐Glycine, Alanine, In aqueous solution,amino acids exist as adipolar ion, known as, zwitter ion., peptide linkageis an amide formed between –COOH group, and, –NH2 group of two successive amino acids in peptide, chain., sequence of aminoacidsthatis said tobe, theprimary structure of protein, secondary structure of protein refers to the shape in, which a long polypeptide chain can exist. They are found, to exist in two types of structures viz. α‐helix, andβ‐pleated sheet structure., further folding of the secondary structure. It gives rise to, two major molecularshapes viz. fibrous andglobular., Polypeptide chains run parallel, held together by, hydrogen and disulphide bonds, fiber– like structure., Water, insoluble.Eg‐, are, keratin, (inhair,wool,silk)andmyosin(presentinmuscles)., chains of polypeptides coil around to give a spherical, shape. water soluble. Eg‐Insulin and albumins, , Stab. forces 2°& 3°, , Hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages, van der Waals and, electrostatic forces of attraction., , Denaturation of Proteins, , When a protein is subjected to physical change like, change in temperature or chemical change like change, in pH, the hydrogen bonds are disturbed. Due to this,, globules unfold and helix get uncoiled and protein loses, its biological activity. This is called denaturation of, protein. (During denaturation 2° and 3° structures are, destroyed but 1°structure remains intact.) eg‐, Thecoagulationofeggwhiteon, boiling,curdlingofmilk, pentose sugar (D‐2‐deoxyribose) + phosphoric acid +, nitrogenous bases ( A , G , C, T ), , DNA

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64 | Page, , RNA, , pentose sugar (ribose) + phosphoric acid + nitrogenous, bases (A, G , C, U ), , Nucleoside/tides, , Nucleoside → sugar + base Nucleotides→ sugar+base, +phosphate, , Phosphodiester link, , Linkage between two nucleotides in polynucleotides, , FunctionsofNucleicAcids, , DNA reserve genetic information, maintain the identity, of different species is capable of self-duplication during, cell division, synthesizes proteinin thecell.

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65 | Page, , QUESTIONS, VSA TYPE QUESTIONS (1 - MARK QUESTIONS), 1. How many asymmetric carbon atoms are present in D (+) glucose?, 2. Give the significance of (+)-sign in the name D- (+)-glucose., 3. Give the significance of prefix ‘D’ in the name D- (+)-glucose., 4. Why is sucrose called invert sugar?, 5. Write the Zwitter ionic form of amino acetic acid. (H2NCH2COOH)., 6. How would you explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids?, 7. Which nucleic acid is responsible for carrying out protein synthesis in the cell?, 8. The two strands in DNA are not identical but complementary. Explain., 9. What type of linkage holds together the monomers of DNA and RNA?, 10. Mention the number of hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine., , Answers, 1. 4, 2. (+) sign indicates dextrorotatory nature of glucose., 3., ‘D’ Signifies that –OH group on C-5 is on the right hand side, 4.When sucrose is hydrolyzed by water, the optical rotation of solution, changes from positive to negative., Amino acids are amphoteric due to the presence of both, 5., acidic and basic functional groups., 6., Amphoteric, behavior. 7.RNA, 8. complementary bases are prepared., 9.H-bonding is present between specific pairs of bases present in strands., 10.Phosphodiester linkage.

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66 | Page, , (Q.), , What is difference between reducing and non‐reducing sugars or carbohydrates?, (1 Mark), (Ans) All those carbohydrates which contain aldehydic and ketonic group in the hemiacetal, or hemiketal form and reduce Tollen's reagent or Fehling's solution are called reducing, carbohydrates while others which do not reduce thesereagents are called non‐reducing, sugars., (Q.) Explain the term mutarotation?, (1Mark), (Ans) Mutarotation is the change in the specific rotation of an optically active compound, with time, to an equilibrium mixture., (Q.) Defineglycosidic linkage?, (1Mark), (Ans) The two monosaccharide units are joined together through an ethereal or oxide, linkage formed by the loss of a molecule of H2O. Such a linkage between two, monosaccharide units through oxygen atoms is called glycosidic linkage., (Q.) Give a chemical equation for obtaining maltose?, (1Mark), (Ans) Maltose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of starch by the enzyme diastase, present in malt i.e., sprouted barley seeds., 2(C6H10O5)n + n H 2O, Diastase, n C6H12O6

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67 | Page, , ASSERTION - REASON TYPE, , A statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason., Mark the correct choice from the options given below:, (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion., (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion., (c) Assertion is true but reason is false., (d) Both assertion and reason are false., 1. Assertion : D - glucose is dextrorotatory whereas L - glucose is laevorotatory., Reason : D - compounds are always dextro and L - compounds are always laevo. ( Ans - b), 2. Assertion : Purine bases present in DNA are adenine and guanine., Reason : The base thymine is present in RNA while base uracil is present in DNA. (Ans - c), 3. Assertion : α - Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins., Reason : Natural amino acids are mostly α - amino acids. (Ans - b), One - word answer, 1. Name the linkage used to link different monosaccharide in a polysaccharide ? (Ans - Glycosidic), 2. Name a water soluble vitamin which is not excreted from our body? ( Ans - Vitamin - B12), , (Q.), What do you understand by denaturation of proteins?, (2Marks), (Ans) When a protein in its native form, is subjected to physical change like in temperature, or chemical change like change in pH, the hydrogen bonds are disturbed. Due to this,, globules unfold and helix get uncoiled and protein loses its biological activity. This is called, denaturation of protein., (Q.) Give the chemical structure of, sucrose & explain why sucrose is non, reducing sugar., , (2 Marks), , (Ans), , The two monosaccharide are held together by a glycosidic linkage between C1 of, of, , ♋– glucose and C2, , ♌ ‐ fructose. Since the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic, bond formation, sucrose is a non‐reducing sugar.

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68 | Page, , (Q.), (Ans), , Write a short note on cellulose and give its chemical structure., , (3Marks), , Cellulose occurs exclusively in plants and it is the most abundant organic substance in plant, kingdom. It is a predominant constituent of cell wall of plant cells. Cellulose is a straight, chain polysaccharide composed only of α– D‐glucose units which are joined by glycosidic l, inkagebetween C1 of one glucose unit and C4 of the next glucose unit, (Q.), Give a short note on Zwitter ion?, (3Marks), (Ans) Amino acids are usually colourless, crystalline solids. These are water soluble, high, melting solids and behave like salts rather than simple amines or carboxylic acids. This, behaviour is due to the presence of both acidic (carboxylic group) and basic (amino group), groups in the same molecule. In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group can lose a proton, and amino groupcan accept aproton, giving riseto adipolarionknown as zwitterion., (Q.), Howarepeptidesformed.Showtheformationof peptidebondwithdiagram. (3 Marks), (Ans) Peptides are amides formed by the condensation of amino group of one NH2–, amino group with the carboxyl group of another molecule of the same or different

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69 | Page, , Chemicals released by, endocrine glands

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70 | Page, , Concept of vitamins deleted this year

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71 | Page, , MCQ, 1.The function of enzymes in the living system is to–, (a) Transport oxygen (b) Provide immunity (c)Catalyze biochemical reactions (d)Provide energy, Ans c, 2.Which statement is incorrect about peptide bond?, (a) N bond length in proteins is longer than usual bond length of C – N bond, (b) Spectroscopic analysis shows planar structure of – CO – NH – group, © C – N bond length in proteins is smaller than usual bond length of C – N bond, (d) None of the above, Ans a, , 3.The functional group which is found in amino acid is, (a) – COOH (b) – NH2, (c) – CH3, (d) both (a) and (b), Ans d, 4. Which of the following structures represents the, , peptide chain?, , Ans c, 5., Insulin production and its action in human body are responsible for the level of diabetes. This, compound belongs to which of the following categories –, (a) A coenzyme (b) a hormone (c) an enzyme (d) An antibiotic, Ans b, 6. Which base is present in RNA but not in DNA?, (a) Uracil (b) Cytosine (c) Guanine (d) Thymine, Ans d, 7. The nucleic acid base having two possible binding sites is –, (a) Thymine (b) cytosine (c) Guanine (d) Adenine, Ans c, 8. Which functional group participates in disulphide bond formation in proteins?, (a) Thioether (b) Thiol (c) Thioester (d) Thiolactone

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72 | Page, , Ans b, 9. In both DNA and RNA, heterocyclic base and phosphate ester linkages are at –, a. C5' and C2' respectively of the sugar molecule, b. C2' and C5' respectively of the sugar molecule, c. C1' and C5' respectively of the sugar molecule, d., C5' and C1' respectively of the sugar, molecule Ans c, 10.The human body does not produce –, (a) Enzymes (b) DNA (c) Vitamins (d) Hormones, Ans c, 11. The Pyrimidine bases presentin DNA are –, a) cytosine and adenine, (b) cytosine and guanine, c) cytosine and thymine (d) cytosine, thiamine and uracil, Ans d, HOTS, Q1. How is globular protein different from fibrous protein?, Ans–, Globular Protein, Fibrous Protein, 1.they form α‐helix, structure. 2.they are water, soluble., 3.they involve H bonding., , 1. they have β‐pleated structure., 2. they are water insoluble., 3., they have strong intermolecular, forces of attraction., , Q2. (i) What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is, hydrolyzed?, (ii)How will you distinguish 1° and 2° hydroxyl groups present in glucose?, Ans. (i) Complete hydrolysis of DNA yields a pentose sugar, phosphoric acid and thymine, (ii) On oxidation with nitric acid, glucose as well as gluconic acid both yield a dicarboxylic acid,, saccharic acid. This indicates the presence of a primary alcoholic (–OH) group in glucose., Q3. Explain tertiary structure of Protein., Ans. Tertiary structure of proteins: The tertiary structure of proteins represents overall folding of, the polypeptide chains i.e., further folding of the secondary structure. It gives rise to two major, molecular shapes viz. fibrous and globular. The main forces which stabilize the 2° and 3° structures, of proteins are hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages, van der Waals and electrostatic forces of, attraction

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73 | Page, , 2020set 1, Q1 Write the name of component of starch which is water soluble., Q2 An alpha – helix is a structural feature of, (a) Sucrose (b) Polypeptide (c) Nucleotide, (d) Starch, Q3 Write the reactions showing the presence of following in the open structure of, glucose:, (i), A carbonyl group (ii) Straight chain with six carbon atoms., 2020 set 2, Q1 Write the name of linkage joining two monosaccharides., Q2 α − 𝐷(+)glucose and β − 𝐷(+) 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒, (a) Geometrical isomers (b) Enantiomers (c) Anomers (d) Optical isomers, 2020 set 3, Q1 What type of protein is present in keratin?, Q2 Which one is the complementary base of cystosine in one strand to that in other, strand of DNA?, (a) Adenine (b) Guanine (c) Thymine (d) Uracil, 2019, Q1 What is the basic structural differences between Starch and Cellulose?, OR, Write the products obtained after hydrolysis of DNA., Q2 (a) What are the products of hydrolysis of maltose?, (b) What type of bonding provides stability to alpha – helix structure of protein., (c) Name the vitamin whose deficiency causes pernicious anaemia., OR, Define following (i) Invert sugar (ii) Native protein (iii) Nucleotide, 2018, Q1 Define the followings with an example of each., (a) Polysaccharides (b) Denaturated protein (c) Essential amino acids, OR, (a) Write the product when D-glucose reacts with conc. HNO3., (b) Amino acids shows amphoteric behavior. Why?, (c) Write one difference between alpha – Helix and beta- pleated structures of, proteins., 2017, Q1 (a)Which polysaccharide component of carbohydrates is commonly present in, bread?, (b) Write the two types of secondary structure of proteins., (c) Give two examples of water soluble vitamins., 2016, Q1. 1. Write one reaction of D glucose which cannot be explained by its open chain, structure.

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74 | Page, , 2. What type of linkage is present in nucleic acids?, 3. Give one example each for water soluble vitamins and fat soluble vitamins?, (1+1+1), 2015 (set 1), . 1. Which one of the following is a disaccharide –, Starch, maltose, fructose, glucose, 2. What is the difference between acidic and basic amino acids?, 3. Write the name of the linkage joining nucleotides., 2014(set 1), Q1 What are the products of hydrolysis of sucrose?, Q2 Define the following terms related to proteins(i) Peptide linkage, (ii) primary structure, (iii) Denaturation, (set2), Q1What are the products of hydrolysis of maltose?, Q2Define the following terms –, (i) Glcosidic linkage, (ii) invert sugar, (iii) Oligosaccharides, (Set 3), Q1Write the products of hydrolysis of lactose?, Q2Define the following terms, (i) Nucleotide, (ii) anomers (iii) Essential amino acid, 2013 (set 3), Q1What are the products of hydrolysis of lactose?, Q2Value based question –, (i) Name the vitamins whose deficiency causes pernicious anemia., (ii)Give an example of a water soluble vitamin., (Set 2), Q1Write the name of linkage joining two amino acids., 2012, Q1Write the structure of the product obtained when glucose is oxidized with nitric acid, Q2What is essentially the difference between α glucose and β glucose? What is meant, by pyranose structure of glucose?, (set 3), Q3Write a reaction which shows that all the carbon atoms in glucose are linked in a, straight chain., Q4Define the following as related to proteins.

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75 | Page, , (i) Peptide linkage, , (ii) primary structure (iii) Denaturation, , 2011, Q1Explain what is meant by the following, (i) Peptide linkage, (ii) Pyranose structure of glucose, Q2Write the main structural difference between DNA and RNA of the four – N.base,, name those which are common to both DNA and RNA., Q3Write such reactions and facts about glucose which cannot be explained by its open, chain structure., APPENDIX –A, Important formula (from unit 1 ‐ 3), , UNIT- 1 SOLUTIONS, HENRY'SLAW P=KHX KH is Henry's law constant ., RAOULT'SLAW:‐ P = P0 X ;, P, , B, , 5., , RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE, P0 – P /P0 = X X = n / n +n, A, , A, , A, , B, , B AA, , B, , For dilute solution,nB <<nA,hencenB is, neglected in the, denominator. P0 – P / P0 = n /n, P0 – P / P0 = W *M /M *W, 6., , ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT, ∆Tb= kb m, W, h, e, r, e, ,, ∆, T, =, , P = P0 X, , P =P +, total, , A

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76 | Page, , T, –, T, 0, , M, =, k, b, , 1, 0, 0, 0, W, B, , /, ∆, T, b, , W, A, , 7., , DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT, ∆, Tf, =, Kf, m, W, h, er, e, ,, ∆, T, =, T0, –, T, f, f, f, M= kf, 1000, WB/∆Tf, WA, 8., O

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77 | Page, , S, M, O, T, I, C, P, R, E, S, S, U, R, E, Π= CRT, Π= n/VRT, □1, R= 0.0821 Latm mol ;, i = normal molecular mass/ observed molecular mass, VAN'T HOFF FACTOR (i), i = observed colligative properties/ calculated value of, colligative properties i<1 (for association) i>1 (for, dissociation), MODIFIED FORMS OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES, 5), P0 – P / P0 = i, n /n, 6), 7), 8), , A, , A, , ∆Tb = i, ∆Tf = i, Π=i, , A, , Kb m, Kf m, CRT, , B, , A

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79 | Page, , 5. Integrated rate equation for zeroorder and first order reaction, for zero order reaction, , for first order reaction, , t1/2 = [R]0 /2K, , t1/2 = 0.693/K, , t1/2, , t1/2, , Integrated rate equation, Half life, Graph b/w half□life & conc, of Reactant, , [R], Graphb/wconc.ofreactant &, time, [R], Time, , 1‐n, 6. t α [conc], where n = order ofreaction., 1/2, 7. Arrhenius equation, , log K = log A – Ea/2.303RT, , [R], log[R], Time

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83 | Page, , 17, , In many countries DDT has been banned now, because of its slow metabolism and it, has toxic effect on aquatic animals., , 18, 19, 20, , Cyclohexyl chloride has greater dipole moment than chloro benzene., Alkyl halides are immiscible in water although they are polar,, inwaterthereisintermolecularH□bonding butthereislessattractionbetweenR-XandH2O., Grignard reagent (RMgX) should be prepared in anhydrous condition because, RMgXreacts with water and gives corresponding alkane., , 21, , Alkyl halides undergo substitution when treated with aq KOH but in presence of alc, KOH elimination takes place Alcohol + KOH produces RO– which is a strong base so it, extract H+ and elimination takes place., , 22, , C-O-H bond angle in alcohol is less than regular tetrahedral angle due to lp-lp repulsion., , 23, , In phenol the C-O bond length is less, Due to i) partial double bond character ii) O is attached to sp2 carbon., Inetherthe R-O-R bondangleis greater, duetorepulsion between twobulkier R-group, To convert acid into alcohol LiAlH4 is not used, becauseit is expensive so: RCOOH →, , 24, 25, , RCOOR’ then ester isreduced into RCH 2OHby Hg 2/Pd., , 26, 27, , b.pt of alcohol(ROH) is higher than alkane(RH), ether(R-O-R), alkyl halide(R-X) and, aryl halide(Ar- X), due to inter molecular H-bonding in R-O-H., b.pt : n-butyl alcohol > sec. butyl alcohol > tert. Butyl alcohol, because as the, branching increases surface area decreases so Van der Waals force of attraction, decreases., , 28, , Alcohols are highly miscible in water, due to H-bonding with water.

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84 | Page, , 29, 30, , 31, 32, 33, 34, , Acidity of alcohol : R-CH2-OH > R2CH-OH > R3C-OH, Becauseas the R gr increases +I effect increasessoalkoxideion becomes less stable., Alcohol is weaker acid than water, because R-O– is less stablethanHO–, Phenol (Ph-OH) is acidic in nature, Because phenoxide ion( Ph-O–) is resonance stabilized., Acidity: nitrophenol>phenol>methylphenol., Because –NO2 group is electron withdrawing it further increases the stability of, phenoxide ion where as - CH3 group is electron donating it destabilizes phenoxideion., Esterificationis carriedoutin presenceof small amount of conc.H2SO4 because it, absorbs the water produced and accelerate the forward reaction., R’COCl +R-OH →R’COOR+HCl. Pyridineis usedin thisreaction. It is toremoveHCl, produced andto prevent the backward reaction., , 35, 36, , Tert. Alcohols are easier to dehydrate, Because the intermediate tert. carbo cation is stable., -OH groupin benzene ring is ortho and para directing for electrophilicsubstitution,, due to+ R effect it increases the electron density at orthoand para positions., , 37, , 40, 41, , O-nitro phenol is steam volatile( low b.pt) but p-nitro phenol is not, In o-nitro phenol there is intra molecular H-bonding. But in p-nitro phenol there is inter, molecular H- bonding so molecules get associated and hence it has comparatively, higher b.pt., Phenol with aq bromine gives 2,4,6-tribromophenol but in non polar medium mono, -substitution takes place., CuSO4 andpyridinearemixedwithethanol used for industrial purpose, toprevent its, misuse.CuSO4 gives colour pyridine gives smell., Ethers ( R-O-R) are polar., Ethers are soluble in water, due to H-bond with water and ether., , 42, , Aldehydes (R-CHO) and ketones (R-CO-R) have higher b.pt than hydrocarbon and, , 38, 39, , ether, because they are polar so thereis dipole-dipoleattraction in aldehyde, andketones., 43, , Lower aldehydes and ketones are miscible with water, becausethey form hydrogen bond, withwater, , 44, , Aldehydes(R-CHO) are morereactive than ketones(R-CO-R) in nucleophilic, addition, in ketone the two alkyl groups ( R ) have +I effect so they reduce the, electrophilicity

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86 | Page, , The no. of N-H bond decreases so extent of H-bonding also decreases.

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87 | Page, , 61, , In gaseous phase the order of basic strength: 30-amine>20-amine>10-amine> NH3, Due to +I effect of alkyl groups the electron density on N increases. So 3°is, strongest as it has 3 alkyl groups., , 62 In aqueous state the base strength order : (20>30>10> NH3 ) : ( 20> 10> 30> NH3 ), In aqueous state+I effect, steric effect and solvation effect interplay. So the, order is not regular 63 R-NH2 is stronger base than NH3, Due to +I effect of alkyl group electron density on N increases in R-NH2, 64 Aniline ( C 6H5-NH2) is weaker base than NH3 and R-NH2, In anilinethe lone pair of electron of N is involvedin resonance. Soitis less available., 65 Base strength : p-methoxy aniline > aniline > p-nitro aniline, Methoxy group (-OCH3) has +R effect where as –NO2 group has –R effect so electron, density in the first case increases but in the second case it decreases., 66Acylation of aniline is carried out in presence of pyridine .PyridineremovesHCl, producedand favours forwardreaction., 67-NH2 group in benzene ring is ortho –para directing for electrphilic substitution Due to +R, effect it increases the electron density at ortho and para position., 68Bromination of aniline gives 2,4,6-tribromo aniline, Because –NH2 groupactivatesbenzeneringby+R effect.Soformonosubstitution–NH2 group is, acylated., 69Nitration of aniline gives un usual meta□nitro aniline although–NH2 group is, ortho□para directing In, , presence of acid –NH is, , converted into –NH + which is meta directing, 70Aniline does not undergo Friedel Craft reaction, Anilineis base andreactswith anhydrous AlCl 3 so N becomes positive which deactivates benzene, ring.

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88 | Page, , APPENDIX E, , TOP TO BOTTOM, 1., , 2., 3., , 4., , Biological, macromolecules, which, drugs, interact., , with, usually, , An analgesic prepared, from salicylicacid., , LEFT TO, RIGHT, 5. This type of polymer has extensive cross links between, its chains., 7., , Globular proteins on heating or due to pH change, undergoes coagulation & loose biological activity. The, Phenomenon is-, , 8. In DNA thymine pairs with -, , The building blocks of a, polymer, are, small, molecules., , 9. Optically inactive amino acid –, , Natural Catalyst., , 14. Element with Which natural rubber is heated, for vulcanization-, , 6. Nucleic acids are polymers, in which, are the, monomers., , 11. Commercial name of poly totrafluroethylene is, 13. Polymerization ofchloroprene forms -, , 15. The polymers in which polymer chainsare held, together by vander waal’s forces are known as –, , 12. Monomer of nylon 6 is –, , 16., , 23. Proteins embedded in the, cell m e m b r a n e t o r e, c, e, i, v, e, Chemicalmessenger□, , 17. Ranitidine is an-, , 25. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium, chloride is an example of, , 20. Drugs which reduce anxiety and produce feeling of well, Being, –, , Detergent., 26. Soaps are safer to use, from the environmental, point, of, Viewbecausetheyare□, , And a terpineol are the main, constituents of an antiseptic Dettol., , 18. A high potency artificial sweeter 19. Asweeterthat decomposes at looking temperature-, , 21. It is added tosoapstoimpart antiseptic properties22. Chloramphenicolisa, , Spectrum Antibiotic., , 24. Medicines used for the relief of post□operative pain &, Cardiac pain –

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89 | Page, , EXAMINATION TIPS FOR STUDENTS, Self motivation‐ Honestly write down your aim and all the desires in your life. It will propel you, towards success., Setup aroutine‐ Prepare smart and successful studying programme., Finda quiet place,awayfromdistractionsand figureouttime of thedayyoucancontribute best, and that fits into your schedule., Make a good time table‐A schedule of every subject should be made with different, priorities, like, tough, subjects, and, theoneinwhichyouareweek, shouldbegivenmorehours.Study atthe same place & at the same time every day. Sit in an, alert posture., Stay healthymentally and physically get adequate rest, exercise and balanced nutrition., Manage distractions like cellphones, friends, sms, TV, video games, surfing etc which, are biggest time drains. Avoid doing “marathon” session (i.e. larger than 1 hour) as it is, least productive. Our attention span ranges from 30‐60 minute., Unwindand relax‐ 10 to 15 min break after every study session., Study difficult topics first. When mentally fresh, brain can process information more, quickly. Short term planningis more achievable thanlongterm plans., Don't spend more than three days a week in coaching/tution as self study is the only, real study. Therefore atleast fourdays foruninterruptedselfstudy., Prepare a competitive study group‐ share useful concepts and questions, your, knowledge, skills andresources, clarify doubts,takehelpofafriendwhois, anexpertinthattopic/unit., Give yourself enough time to study. dont leave until the last minute. Use flow charts & mind maps., Test yourself before actual test–practice previousyear's examination papers., Review cleardoubts revise‐attempt questions of textbookand previousyear CBSEpapers., NIGHT BEFORE THE EXAM ‐ don't cram., Reduce stress and anxiety.. avoid stressful friends....relax.. eat some brain snacks.., sleep..review main points. Prepare to be prepared: before going to bed before an, exam make sure to collect everything that you will needfor exam– stationery ,, admitcard, wrist watch...., Ensure location of exam centre., ON EXAMINATION DAY.. leave home in time and ensure your arrival at centre in time..so, that you gointo your exam calmly rather thanin afrantic rush sweaty.

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90 | Page, , DURING TEST‐, Focus on your exam and not on what other students are doing, Start strategically..begin your exam by skimming through the question quickly and note, down any initial thoughts or related memorised facts beside each question., Start with the question you know best. This will boost your confidence and give you a good start., , 🕐 Read the instructions carefully and follow., 🕐 Answer as per marking scheme., 🕐 Write neat and present well., 🕐 Attempt the easiest part and theunits youaremostconfident., Managetimesothat time canbe allotted to difficult portion., 🕐 Attempt complete question paper., 🕐 Never cheat, 🕐 Review and makesure you have not left outanyquestion unattempted., CHASE YOUR GOALS. ALL THE BEST

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