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CONTENTS, Current Affairs, HISTORY, , 5-32, , 1-27, , Ancient India, Pre-Historic Period (1), Indus Valley Civilisation (1), Vedic Period (3), Jainism and, Buddhism (5), Dynasties of Ancient India (6), , Medieval India, Provincial Kingdoms (11), Mughal Empire (12), Later Mughals and Marathas (14), , Modern India, Advent of the Europeans (15), Governor-Generals of Bengal (15), Governor Generals of India (16), Viceroys of India (17), The Revolt of 1857 (19), Chief, National Activities (19), , Art and Culture, Classical Dancers of India (26), Musical Instruments and Instrumentalists (27), , GEOGRAPHY, , 28-50, , World Geography, Universe (28), Solar System (28), Rocks (31), Land Forms (31), Atmosphere (32),, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (33), Important Canals and Lakes of the, World (34), Major Islands and Minerals of the World (35), , Indian Geography, India (37), Highest Peaks of India (37), Important Lakes and Rivers of India (39),, Important River Projects and their Beneficiary States (40), Natural Vegetation of, India (41), Soil in India (42), Forests of India (43), Climate (44), Agriculture (44),, Mineral Resources (45), Transportation in India (46), Railways (46), Road, Transport (46), Water Transport (47), Air Transport (47), , Environment and Ecology, Important Sanctuaries and National Parks (49), Biosphere Reserves of India (50), , INDIAN POLITY, , 51-64, , Framing of the Indian Constitution (51), Enactment of the Constitution (51),, Preamble (51), Important Articles (52), Directive Principles of State Policy (54),, Fundamental Duties (54), The President (54), The Vice-President (56), Council of, Ministers (56), Prime Minister (56), Union Legislature (56), Supreme Court (58),, Comptroller and Auditor General (58)

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The States, The Governor (59), States Legislature (59), The Panchayats and the, Municipalities (60), Committees to Study Panchayat System (61), Union Public, Service Commission (61), Election and Planning Commission (62), National, Development Council (63), Finance Commission (63), e-Governance and Its, Impacts (63), Important Parliamentary Terms (64) Constitutional, Amendments (64), , INDIAN ECONOMY, , 65-74, , Outline of Indian Economy (65), Broad Sectors of Indian Economy (65), Five Year, Plans at a Glance (66), National Income of India (66), Indian Tax Structure (67),, Inequality (67), Poverty (67), Employment (68), Industries (69), Major Industries, in India (70), Banking and Finance (71), Insurance (72), Census 2011 (73),, Economic Terms (74), , GENERAL SCIENCE, , 75-102, , Physics, Newton’s Laws of Motion (75), Circular Motion (75), Gravitation (76), Satellites, (76), General Properties of Matter (77), Archimedes’ Principle (77), Density (78),, Heat and Thermodynamics (78), Waves (80), Light (80), Lens (81), Human, Eye (82), Magnets (83), Atomic and Nuclear Physics (83), Laser Technology in, India (85), , Chemistry, Physical and Chemical Changes (86), Corrosion (87), Acids, Bases and Salts (89),, Soaps and Pesticides (90), , Biology, Living World (92), The Cell and Human Systems (92), Fat Soluble Vitamins (93),, Blood (94), Central Nervous System (95), Some Human Diseases Caused by, Viruses and Bacteria (96), Ecology (98), Biotechnology (98), , Computer, Components of Computer (101), Memory (101), Some Commonly Used, Terms (102), , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE, , 103-128, , First in the World, (Male and Female) (103), Superlatives (104), Countries with, Capitals and Currencies (105), Geographical Epithets (106), Major Newspapers of, the World (109), Religions of the World (109), First in India (Male) (111), Female, (111), Books and Authors (113), Important Dates and Days of the Year (114),, Abbreviations (115), Awards and Honours (119), Indian Defence (122)

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Current Affairs, NATIONAL, , l, , l, , Union Budget 2020-21, l, , l, , l, , Union Budget 2020-21 was presented, in Parliament on February 1, 2020 by, the Union Minister for Finance Nirmala, Sitharaman., This year’s Union Budget centres around, three ideas-Aspirational India, Economic, development, A Caring Society., The Finance Minister Said that the Union, Budget 2020-21 aims, To achieve seamless delivery of, services through Digital governance, To improve physical quality of life, through National Infrastructure, pipline, Risk mitigation through disaster, resilience, Social security through pension and, insurance penetration, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Focused Points, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Fiscal deficit target pegged at 3.8% of, GDP for FY20., Over 6 crore farmers under Pradhan, Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana have been, insured., Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha, and Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM KUSUM), to be expanded, providing 20 lakh, farmers in setting up standalone solar, pumps., One-Product One-District for better, marketing and export in the, Horticulture sector., Agri-credit target for the year 2020-21, has been set at ` 15 lakh crore., , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , PM-KISAN beneficiaries to be covered, under the KCC scheme., NABARD Re-finance Scheme to be, further expanded., ` 69000 crore allocated for the, healthcare sector. Out of the total, amount, ` 6400 crore will be, sanctioned for Ayushman Bharat, Yojana., Governement will start start Ind-Sat, Exam to promote study in India and, a degree-level online education, programme for the deprived., Government proposed ` 3000 crore, for Skill India to provide relevant skill, training to the youth, ` 27300 crore allocated for 2020-21, for development and promotion of, Industry and Commerce., Investment Clearance Cell proposed, to be set up to provide ‘end to end’, facilitation and support., National Technical Textiles Mission, to be set up with four-year, implementation period from 2020-21, to 2023-24., New scheme NIRVIK to be launched, to achieve higher export credit, disbursement., 100 more airports to be developed, under UDAAN by 2025., Railways will set up Kisan Rail, through PPP model so that, perishable goods can be transported, quickly., Four station re-development projects, and operation of 150 passenger, trains through PPP.

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Current Affairs, , 6, l, , l, , ` 22000 crore proposed for power, The plan to provide piped water across, and renewable energy sector in, Indian households by 2024 with ` 3.6, 2020-21, trillion of funding., Expansion of national gas grid, Economic Survey 2019-20, from the present 16200 km to, India’s Economic Survey 2019-20 was, 27000 km proposed., tabled in the Parliament by The Chief, An allocation of ` 6000 crore will, Economic Advisor (CEA) Krishnamurthy V., be provided for BharatNet, Subramanian followed by Finance Minister, scheme., Nirmala Sitharaman on Jan., 31, 2020., ` 28600 crore will be allocated in, The Economic Survey 2019-20 builds on, FY21 for women-linked, India’s aspiration of 5 trillion Economy by, programmes., 2024-25 with a theme of Wealth Creation., Allocation for senior citizens and, Divyang enhanced to ` 9500 crore. Highlights, GDP growth pegged at 6-6.5% in FY 2020-21, Allocation of ` 2500 crore for, as against 5.0% estimated for 2019-20., 2020-21 for tourism promotion., Survey suggests relaxing Fiscal Deficit, An Indian Institute of Heritage, target to revive growth in economy, and Conservation under Ministry, To achieve GDP of $ 5 trillion by 2025,, of Culture proposed; with the, India needs to spend about $ 1.4 trillion, status of a deemed University., on infrastructure, Reforms accomplished in PSBs; 10, Uptick in GDP growth expected in, banks consolidated into 4 and, second half of 2019-20, ` 350000 crore capital infused., Theme of Survey is to enable markets,, Government to amend the, promote pro-business policies and, companies Act to decriminalise, strengthening trust in the economy., civil offences., Ethical wealth creation key to India, Insurance cover for bank, becoming $ 5 trillion economy by 2025, depositors raised from ` 1 lakh to, Gross GST monthly collection crossed the, ` 5 lakh., ` 1 lakh crore mark five times till Dec., 2019, Government to sell govt stake in, India ranks third in number of new firms, IDBI Bank to private investors., created; 1.24 lakh firms created in 2018, The government has proposed to, compared to 70000 in 2014, sell a part of its holding in the LIC,, India’s large economy needs an efficient, through an initial public offering, banking sector to support growth; State of, (IPO)., the banking system needs urgent attention, Jan Aushadhi Kendra Scheme to, Survey suggests rationalisation of, offer 2000 medicines and 300, government intervention in boosting, surgicals in all districts by 2024, economic freedom and wealth creation, TB Harega Desh Jeetega, Access to helath services through Ayushman, campaign launched-commitment, Bharat and Mission Indradhanush across the, to end Tuberculosis by 2025., country has improved, ` 3.60 lakh crore approved for Jal, ‘Thalinomics’ : Affordability of vegetarian, Jeevan Mission, Thali improved 29% and that of, ` 12300 crore allocation for, non-vegetarian Thali by 18% from, Swachh Bharat Mission in 2020-21, 2006-07 to 2019-20, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l

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Current Affairs, Cabinet Approved the Medical, Termination of Pregnancy, (Amendment) Bill, 2020, The Union Cabinet has approved the, Medical Termination of Pregnancy, (Amendment) Bill, 2020 on Jan. 29, 2020., The bill will amend the Medical, Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 and, extends the upper limit for permitting, abortions from the present 20 weeks to, 24 weeks., , ‘Samvidhaan’ Named as Oxford, Hindi Word of 2019, Samvidhaan or Constitution has been, named as the Hindi Word of the Year for, 2019 by Oxford University Press on, January 28, 2020., The word was picked as 2019 saw the, values of democracy, secularism, justice,, liberty, equality, and fraternity being, tested on the touchstone of the, samvidhaan., , SC Allows Govt. to Bring African, Cheetah to India, The Supreme Court has allowed the, Centre to introduce the African cheetah, to a suitable habitat in India (Palpur, Kuno sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh) on, an experimental basis on January 28,, 2020., The decision was taken after a petition, was filed by National Tiger Conservation, Authority (NTCA) to introduce the, African Cheetah from Namibia as the, rare Indian Cheetah that has become, almost extinct in India., , Indian Railways Commissioned, First Waste to Energy Plant, Indian Railways has commissioned the, country’s first governmental waste to, energy plant in Mancheswar Carriage, Repair workshop at Bhubaneswar under, the East Coast Railway zone., , 7, It is the fourth waste to energy plant in, the country and first plant, commissioned by Government sector, and Indian Railways (IR)., , New Indian English Words Added, to Oxford Dictionary, The tenth edition of the Oxford, Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, which, was launched on January 24, 2020, has, 384 Indian English words., In this latest edition, 26 new Indian, languages words namely Aadhaar,, Chawl, dabba, hartal, shaadi and several, incorporate words like chatbot, fake, news, microplastic & over 1000 new, words were included., , ISRO Unveiled ‘Vyommitra’ for, Gaganyaan, The Indian Space Research, Organisation (ISRO) has unveiled a, half-humanoid or human-robot named, ‘Vyommitra’ which will be sent to space, as part of the Gaganyaan mission on, January 22, 2020., ‘Vyom Mitra’ or a friend in the sky; is, capable of conversing with astronauts,, recognising them, and responding to, their queries., It is called half-humanoid since it does, not have legs, though it can bend, forward and sideways., , POLNET 2.0 Facility Launched, Union Minister of State for Home Affairs, (MHA) Nityanand Rai has inaugurated, revamped police communication, services POLNET 2.0 on January 20,, 2020., It is a captive satellite-based network, that provides video, audio and data, connectivity across the country,, especially in times of disasters when, regular communication either gets, jammed or crashes.

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8, Pariksha Pe Charcha 2020 Held, PM Narendra Modi has attended the, 3rd edition of ‘Pariksha Pe Charcha, 2020’ held at Talkatora Stadium in, New Delhi on January 20, 2020., He advised students to study in their, comfortable time, enter the exam hall, with faith and without any pressure, and start attempting the paper with, easier question., He guided students that they should, not fear failures and learn from it as it, would lead them towards their, success., , SU-30MKI Aircraft Squadron, Inducted, Indian Air Force has inducted the first, Sukhoi-30MKI fighter aircraft squadron, at the Thanjavurair base., The SU-30MKI fighters are being, equipped with the air-launched, version of the BrahMossupersonic, cruise missiles which can hit targets at, around 300 kilometres with precision., This is the first SU-30MKI fighter aircraft, squadron in South India which will, look after amaritime role as well., , ‘One Nation, One Ration Card’, Scheme will be Implemented by, June 2020, Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan has, announced on January 20, 2020 that, the ‘One Nation, One Ration Card’, scheme will be implemented by June, 1, 2020 across the country., Under this scheme, a beneficiary will, be able to avail benefits across the, country using the same ration card., The beneficiaries will be identified, and verified through Aadhaar, authentication at the Fair Price Shops, on the electronic point of sale, (e-POS) devices., , Current Affairs, India Successfully Test-fired K-4, Ballistic Missile, India successfully test-fired the 3,500 km, strike range nuclear-capable K-4 submarinelaunched ballistic missile off the coast of, Andhra Pradesh on January 19, 2020., The missile system is being developed by, the DRDO and is to be fitted into the, indigenouslybuilt INS Arihant-class, nuclear-powered submarines of the Indian, Navy., , Pulse Polio Programme 2020, Launched, President Ram Nath Kovind has launched, the Pulse Polio Programme 2020 by, administering Polio drops to children, below five years at Rashtrapati Bhavan on, January 18, 2020., The Pulse Polio Programme 2020 was, conducted as a part of National, Immunisation Day across the country., , APNA UREA–Sona Ugle Brand of, HURL Launched, Chemicals and Fertilizers Minister DV, Sadananda Gowda has launched the, APNA UREA-Sona Ugle brand of Hindustan, Urvarak and Rasayan Limited (HURL) in, New Delhi on January 17, 2020., HURL is a joint venture company, promoted by the three Maha Ratna, Companies - Coal India Limited, NTPC, Limited and Indian Oil Corporation, Limited., , ISRO’s GSAT-30 Launched, India’s ‘high power’ telecommunica- tion, satellite ‘GSAT-30’ and EUTELSAT KONNECT, was successfully launched from Kourou, launch base, French Guiana by Ariane-5, VA-251 on January 17, 2020., It will be replacing the INSAT-4A satellite,, which launched in 2005, and it is designed, to be operational for at least 15 years.

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Current Affairs, Second Premium Tejas Train, Flagged-off, Gujarat Chief Minster Vijay Rupani has, flagged-off Mumbai-Ahmedabad Tejas, Express on January 17, 2020., This is the IRCTC’s second premium, train after the semi-high speed and fully, air-conditioned Delhi-Lucknow Tejas, Express., The train is fully-air conditioned and, comprises all the modern facilities with, personalised reading lights, CCTV, cameras, bio-toilets, LED TV, automatic, doors and many more., , 9, Mukherjee Port on the occasion of 150th, celebrations of the Kolkata Port Trust, (KoPT)., Two oldest pensioner of the port Smt., Nagina Bhagat (105 years) and Mr., Naresh Chandra Chakra borty (100, years) were honoured at the event., , 2nd Round of Intensified Mission, Indradhanush- 2.0, , The Union Government has launched, the second round of Intensified Mission, Indradhanush 2.0 at block level in 35, districts of Uttar Pradesh on January 7,, 2020., The Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0, K9 Vajra-T Dedicated to the Nation, aims to immunize children under 2 years, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has, of age and pregnant women against, dedicated the 51st K9 Vajra-T, self-propelled artillery gun at the Larsen & eight vaccine-preventable diseases., Toubro (L&T) armoured system complex 10 More Indian Wetlands Got, at Hazira in Gujarat on January 16, 2020. Ramsar Site Tag, K9 Vajra-T is a 155-mm, 52-calibre, Ten more wetlands in India have been, self-propelled artillery gun with a, recognized as Ramsar wetland sites,, maximum range of 40 km, customised, taking the total number in the country, from the original K9 Thunder gun., to 37., , Raisina Dialogue 2020 Held, The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and, the Observer Research Foundation (ORF), has jointly organised the 5th edition of, the Raisina Dialogue 2020 in New, Delhi from January 14-16, 2020., The theme of the Raisina Dialogue this, year (2020) is “Navigating the Alpha, Century”., It brought together 700 international, participants out of which 40% of the, speakers were women, emphasising, India’s commitment to gender equality., , Uttar Pradesh with one Ramsar site has, added six more namely Nawabganj,, Parvati Agra, Saman, Samaspur, Sandi, and Sarsai Nawar., Maharashtra got its first Ramsar site, Nandur Madhameshwar while Punjab, which already had three, added three, more sites namely Keshopur-Miani, Beas, Conservation Reserve and Nangal., , 107th Indian Science Congress Held, , The 107th Indian Science Congress (ISC), was inaugurated by PM Narendra Modi, on January 3, 2020 at the University of, Agricultural Sciences in Bengaluru,, PM Modi’s Visit to Kolkata, Karnataka. The focal theme of the, PM Narendra Modi paid a two-day, official visit to Kolkata, West Bengal from congress 2020 is Science and Technology, January 11-12, 2020. During his visit, he : Rural Development., renamed Kolkata Port as Shyama Prasad It aims to bridge the gap between, urban and rural India and improving the

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10, quality of farmers life through science, and technology., PM Modi has launched the Indian, Science, Technology and Engineering, Facilities Map (I-STEM) portal, which will, hold the database of all R&D facilities,, established in institution across, thecountry and will enable their sharing, among the researchers., , Swachh Survekshan League 2020, Result Announced, The Ministry of Housing and Urban, Affairs (MoHUA) has announced the, results of the first and second quarter of, Swachh Survekshan League 2020 on, December 31, 2019., In the first quarter (April – June 2019),, under the category of population, between 1 lakh and 10 lakhs,, Jamshedpur was on 1st spot followed, by New Delhi and Bilaspur whereas, in, the second quarter (July to September, 2019), Jamshedpur, Chandrapur and, Khargone topped the charts., , RPF Renamed as Indian Railway, Protection Force Service, The Ministry of Railway has accorded,, Organised Group ‘A’ Status (OGAS) to its, security force Railway Protection Force, (RPF) and renamed it as Indian Railway, Protection Force Service on, December 31, 2019., RPF is a security force, established by, the Railway Protection Force Act, 1957;, enacted by the Indian Parliament for, ‘the better protection and security of, railway property’., , India State of Forest Report 2019, Released, Environment Minister Prakash Javedkar, has released the India State of Forest, Report on December 30, 2019 which, provides comprehensive information, , Current Affairs, about the forest cover, forest vegetation, density, tree cover, progress of, plantation outside the designated, forests etc. for India as well as States., Karnataka (1025 sq km) tops the country, in growing the maximum amount of, forest in the last two years followed by, Andhra Pradesh (990 sq km) and Kerala, (823 sq km)., Mangrove cover in the country has, increased by 54 sq km (1.10%) as, compared to the previous assessment, of 2017., There is an increase of 42.6 million, tonnes in the carbon stock of the, country as compared to the last, assessment of 2017., , Atal Bhujal Yojana Launched, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has, launched Atal Bhujal Yojana (or Atal Jal),, a scheme for sustainable management, of ground water resources, in New Delhi, on December 25, 2019. The scheme was, launched on the occasion of 95th birth, anniversary former Prime Minister Late, Atal Bihari Vajpayee and it is also named, after him., , Cabinet Approved Updation of, National Population Register, The Union Cabinet has approved an, expenditure of ` 8754.23 crore for the, exercise of Census of India 2021 and, ` 3941.35 crore for updation of the, National Population Register (NPR) on, December 24, 2019. Census of India will, cover the entire population in the, country while NPR will also cover all the, population except in the state of Assam., , DRDO Tested QRSAM Successfully, DRDO successfully flight-tested, indigenously developed Quick Reaction, Surface to Air Missile (QRSAM) system, from Chandipur off the Odisha coast on

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Current Affairs, , 11, , December 23, 2019. The missile was, flight-tested with full configuration in, deployment mode intercepting the target, mid-air, meeting the mission objectives., , NEFT Facility to be Available 24×7, for Customers, , President Approved Arms, (Amendment) Bill 2019, , of Ships Bill 2019, , The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has, announced on December 6, 2019, that the National Electronic Funds, Pinaka Missile Successfully Test-fired, Transfer (NEFT) system will be made, DRDO has successfully tested the, available 24x7 on all days from, upgraded version of the Pinaka rocket, December 16, 2019., Mark-II from firing test range at Chandipur, Under the current system, funds can, testing center in Odisha on December 20,, 2019. The Pinaka Mk-II rocket is modified as be transferred through NEFT from 8, a missile by integrating with the navigation, am to 7 pm from Monday to Friday, (except on Holidays)., control and guidance system to improve, the end accuracy and enhance the range., President Approved the Recycling, , President Ram Nath Kovind has approved, the Arms (Amendment) Bill, 2019 for a, maximum punishment of life, imprisonment for manufacturing and, carrying illegal arms on December 16,, 2019. The act will enhance the period of, arms license from 3 years to 5 years and, also to issue arms license in its electronic, form to prevent forgery., , National Broadband Mission Launched, Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad has, launched National Broadband Mission, (NBM) on December 17, 2019., The mission will facilitate universal and, equitable access to broadband services, across the country, especially in rural and, remote areas., , 2 Versions of BrahMos Missile, Test-fired, India successfully conducted two separate, trials of supersonic cruise missile BrahMos,, one each from land and air platforms on, December 17, 2019., The land attack version was test fired from, a mobile autonomous launcher at Launch, Complex-3 of the ITR at Chandipur while, the air attack version was test fired from, Su-30 MKI fighter aircraft., , President Ram Nath Kovind has, approved ‘The Recycling of Ships Bill, 2019’ for Safe and Environmentally, Sound Recycling of Ships in India on, December 13, 2019. The already, existing Shipbreaking Code (revised),, 2013 and the provisions of the Hong, Kong Convention, 2009 will be joined, together in this bill., , The Citizenship (Amendment), Act, 2019, President Ram Nath Kovind has given, his assent to the Citizenship, (Amendment) Bill, 2019, turning it into, an Act on December 12, 2019., The Act amended the Citizenship Act,, 1955 and aims to provide Indian, citizenship to the Non-Muslim illegal, migrants belonging to the six, minority communities namely Hindu,, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, Christian and, Sikhs from Bangladesh, Afghanistan,, and Pakistan who had arrived in India, before December 31, 2014., , ISRO Launched RISAT-2BR1 and 9, Foreign Satellites, ISRO has launched India’s latest spy, satellite RISAT-2BR1 and nine foreign, satellites (six from the US and one

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12, each from Israel, Italy and Japan), through PSLV- C48 at Sriharikota in, Andhra Pradesh on December 11, 2019., RISAT-2BR1 is radar imaging earth, observation satellite developed by ISRO, and the second satellite in the RISAT-2B, series. The satellite will be used in, applications such as agriculture, forestry, and disaster management support., , Fit India School Rating System, Launched, Union HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal, and Sports Minister Kiren Rijiju have, launched the Fit India School Rating, System at Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1, Delhi, Cantt on December 4, 2019. The Fit India, School Rating System has been launched, as part of the Fit India Campaign. Fit India, school rating system as per certain, parameters is expected to enhance the, image of the schools., , India Conducted Night Trial of, Prithvi-2 Missile, India has successfully conducted night, trial of the indigenously developep, nuclear-capable Prithvi-2, surface-to-surface missile as part of a user, trial for the armed forces from ITR at, Chandipur in the coast of Odisha., The missile has a strike range of 350, kilometres with warheads carrying, capacity of 500-1000 kg., , First Night Trial of, Agni-III Missile Conducted, India has conducted the first night trial, of nuclear capable long-range, surface-to-surface ballistic missile, Agni-III from the Abdul Kalam Island off, Odisha coast on November 30, 2019., The Agni-III has a strike range of 3000, km to 5000 km and is capable of, carrying both conventional, nuclear, warheads weighing up to 1.5 tonnes., , Current Affairs, BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missile, Test-Fired, Indian Navy has successfully test-fired, the 290-km strike range BrahMos, supersonic cruise missile from the Navy’s, stealth destroyer INS Kochi in the Arabian, Sea on November 28, 2019., The supersonic missile successfully hit a, decommissioned target ship in Arabian, Sea. The air-launched BrahMos missile is, a 2.5-tonne supersonic air-to-surface, cruise missile, designed and developed, by BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited., , ISRO Launched CARTOSAT-3, The Indian Space Research Organisation, (ISRO) has launched advanced earth, imaging and mapping satellite, Cartosat-3 along with 13 commercial, nanosatellites into Sun Synchronous, Orbit from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, at Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh on, November 27, 2019. Cartosat-3 was, launched by PSLV-C47 rocket along with, 13 other cubesats from the USA., , Lokpal Logo & Motto Released, The logo is based upon the literal, meaning of Lokpal-Lok means people, and pal means caretaker, i.e. caretaker of, people. It is designed by Prashant, Mishra, from Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, (UP). Motto of the Lokpal : Ma Gridhah, Kasyasvidhanam (Do not be greedy for, anyone’s wealth)., , Parliament Passed Jallianwala Bagh, National Memorial (Amendment), Bill 2019, Parliament has passed the Jallianwala, Bagh National Memorial (Amendment), Bill, 2019 on November 19, 2019. The, new Bill contains an amendment to the, Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act,, 1951, and changes the provisions for, trustees of the memorial.

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Current Affairs, , 13, Defence Exercise Test, , Missile, , Description, , Sindhu, Sudarshan, Exercise, , The Indian Army conducted exercise Sindhu Sudarshan for the year 2019 in, the deserts of Rajasthan from November 29 to December 4, 2019. The aim, of this exercise is to evaluate the capability of the defence services in an, integrated air-land battle., , Shakti-2019, , Indian and French armies conducted joint counter-terrorism drills under, 'Exercise Shakti-2019' in the Mahajan field firing range in Rajasthan from, October 31 to November 13, 2019., , Sindhu, Sudarshan-VII, Exercise, , The Strike Corps of the Indian Army has conducted its second phase of the, exercise named Sindhu Sudarshan-VII in Rajasthan from November 12-18,, 2019., , Samudra, Shakti, , The second divisional naval exercise ‘Samudra Shakti 2019’ between Indian, Navy and Indonesia Navy was held in the Bay of Bengal from Nov. 6-7, 2019., , SCOJtEx-2019, , Home Minister Amit Shah has inaugurated the Shanghai Cooperation, Organisation (SCO) Joint Exercise on Urban Earthquake Search & Rescue, (SCOJtEx)-2019 in New Delhi on November 4, 2019., , Dustlik-2019, , The first-ever India-Uzbekistan joint military exercise Dustlik-2019 was held, at Chirchiq Training Area near Tashkent from November 4-13, 2019. The, exercise enabled sharing of best practices and experiences between the, Armed Forces of the two countries., , Sudarshan, Chakra Vahini, War Exercise, , A two-day long Sudarshan Chakra Vahini War Exercise 2019 of the Indian, Army was held at Jaisalmer field firing range, Rajasthan from October 20-21,, 2019., , IMNEX-2019, , The 2nd edition of India-Myanmar Naval Exercise called ‘IMNEX-2019’ was, held in Visakhapatnam from October 19-22, 2019. The exercise was, consisted in two phases : the harbour phase includes visits to Indian Naval, units, training and maintenance facility at Visakhapatnam., , India Test-Fired Prithvi-II Missile, India has successfully test-fired, indigenously developed nuclear-capable, Prithvi-II missile from a mobile launcher, from Launch Complex-3 of Chandipur, Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Balasore, district of Odisha on November 20, 2019., It is the surface-to-surface missile, which, has a strike range of 350 km. It is capable of, carrying 500 to 1,000 kg of warheads and is, powered by liquid propulsion twin, engines., , The Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh is a, repository of diverse crops across 128, agro-climatic zones to help enable, better nutritional outcomes., , Special Winter Grade Diesel, Launched, , Home minister Amit Shah has, launched a special winter grade, diesel for the citizen of Ladakh, through video conferencing in New, Delhi on November 17, 2019., The winter-grade diesel has been, Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh Launched developed by Indian Oil Corporation,, and stays unfrozen up to minus 33, The Ministry of Women and Child, Development along with Bill and Melinda degrees Celsius. It will help to reduce, hardships faced by the local people, Gates Foundation has launched the, Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh (BPKK) in New for transportation and mobility, during the harsh winter months., Delhi on November 18, 2019.

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14, Darjeeling Green & White Tea, Received GI Tag, Two tea varieties of Darjeeling tea, namely Green Tea and White Tea were, registered under ‘Geographical, Indication of Goods (Registration and, Protection) Act, 1999’ on, November 16, 2019. Darjeeling, produces 85 lakh kilograms of tea; of, this Green Tea constitutes 10 lakh, kilograms and White Tea constitutes 1, lakh kilograms., , India Conducts First Night Trial of, Agni-II Missile, DRDO has successfully conducted the, first night trial of nuclear-capable, intermediate range ballistic missile, Agni-II from the Dr. Abdul Kalam, Island off the Odisha coast on, November 16, 2019. The 20-metre, long two-stage ballistic missile has a, launch weight of 17 tonnes and can, carry a payload of 1000 kg over a, distance of, 2000 km., , Sisseri River Bridge Inaugurated, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh has, inaugurated the Sisseri River Bridge at, Lower Dibang Valley in East Siang, District of Arunachal Pradesh on, November 15, 2019., It is the 200-metre long bridge, between Jonai-Pasighat-RanaghatRoing road; will provide connectivity, between Dibang Valley and Siang. It, was constructed by Project Brahmank, of Border Roads Organisation (BRO)., , Current Affairs, The order was passed by a five-judge, Constitution bench headed by Chief, Justice Ranjan Gogoi, with other members, including Justices NV Ramana, DY, Chandrachud, Deepak Gupta and Sanjiv, Khanna., , Ayodhya Case Verdict, After about 70 years of legal battle in, independent India, the Babri Masjid-Ram, Janmabhoomi land dispute of Ayodhya, resolved., The Supreme Court has finally delivered its, much-awaited verdict on November 9,, 2019 in the landmark Ayodhya Ram, Mandir-Babri Masjid land title dispute and, ruled in favour of the Hindu side with, regards to the ownership of the disputed, piece of land., The Apex Court has also ordered the, government to allot a five-acre plot at a, prominent place in Ayodhya to the, Muslims to construct a new mosque., , Kartarpur Corridor Inaugurated, PM Narendra Modi has inaugurated, Integrated Check Post of Kartarpur, Corridor at Dera Baba Nanak in Punjab on, November 9, 2019., He also flagged off the first batch of over, 500 Indian pilgrims led by Akal Takhat, Jathedar Giani Harpreet Singh to Gurdwara, Darbar Sahib through the corridor., , FSSAI Released Food Safety, Guidelines for Schools, , The Food Safety and Standards Authority, of India (FSSAI) has released draft, regulations titled ‘Food Safety and, Standards (Safe Food and Healthy Diets, CJI’s Office to Come Under RTI, for School Children) Regulations, 2019’, on, Supreme Court ruled that the office of November 7, 2019., the Chief Justice of India (CJI) is a, The draft is a 10 pointer chart that, public authority under the Right to, prohibits the sale and promotion of, Information Act on November 13,, unhealthy food items in schools and, 2019., nearby locations.

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Current Affairs, Shala Darpan Portal Launched, Union Minister of State for HRD Sanjay, Dhotre has launched the Shala Darpan, Portal for Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, (NVS) in New Delhi on November 6,, 2019. Shaala Darpan portal is an, ene-to-end E-Governance school, automation and management system, for Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS)., , INTERNATIONAL, WHO Declared the Global Risk of, Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), The World Health Organization has, declared the outbreak of a novel, coronavirus a global health emergency, on January 30, 2020 because the, outbreak continues to spread outside, China., Coronavirus is an umbrella term for, viruses that cause illness ranging from, common cold to diseases such as the, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory, Syndrome (SARS). By January 31, 2020,, 213 deaths have been reported and, 9776 confirmed cases., , Hawaiian Telescope Captured most, Detailed Pictures of the Sun Yet, Hawaii’s Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope, has captured the highest-ever, resolution images of the solar surface, on January 29, 2020. The images show, the sun’s surface to be made up of, granular structures, like nuggets of gold,, each about the size of France., , Sheikh Khalid Bin Khalifa Bin, Abdulaziz Al Thani Appointed as, New PM of Qatar, Sheikh Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdulaziz, Al Thani has been appointed as new, Prime Minister of Qatar on January 28,, 2020., , 15, Along with the position of Prime, Minister, he has also taken over as the, Minister of Interior ., He succeeded Sheikh Abdullah bin, Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani, who, submitted his resignation to the emir., , Switzerland Minted World’s, Smallest Gold Coin, Switzerland state-owned Swissmint has, minted world’s smallest gold coin of, 2.96 mm (0.12 inches) on January 23,, 2020., The coin features a face of scientist, Albert Einstein sticking out his tongue., It weighs 0.063 grams and has a nominal, value of 1/4 Swiss francs ($ 0.26)., , Corruption Perceptions Index 2019, Transparency International has released, the Corruption Perceptions Index 2019, during the annual meeting of the World, Economic Forum in Davos on, January 23, 2020., Denmark and New Zealand have, cornered the top spot, followed by, Finland, Singapore, Sweden and, Switzerland in the top ten, among 180, countries., India slipped two positions to 80th in, the index with a score of 41 while it was, at 78th in the previous year’s ranking., , Global Talent Competitiveness, Index 2020, Global Talent Competitive Index (GTCI), 2020 has been released at the annual, meeting of the World Economic Forum, (WEF) on January 22, 2020., Switzerland emerged as the most, talent-competitive nation of the world’, followed by US and Singapore., India has moved up eight places to the, 72nd position out of 132 countries from, 80th position in GTCI 2019.

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16, , Current Affairs, , e-Passport Launched in Dhaka, , Henley Passport Index 2020, , Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh, Hasina has launched e-passport in Dhaka,, Bangladesh on January 22, 2020., With this, Bangladesh has become the, first country in South Asia and 119th, country in the world to have an e-passport, facility. The e-passports will have an, embedded chip in them which will, contain the bio-metric data of the, passport holder, photograph and other, information contained in the passport., , Henley & Partners has released the, Henley passport Index 2020 on, January 8, 2020., Japan emerged as the world’s most, powerful passport, while Singapore, took the second spot followed by, South Korea and Germany., India’s rank has dropped from 82nd in, 2019 to 84th in 2020 which means that, Indian passport allows visa-free entry, to 58 destinations worldwide., Nigeria’s passport ranked 199th as the, weakest passport in the world., , Sakellaropoulou becomes Greece’s, First Woman President, Greece’s parliament has elected Katerina, Sakellaropoulou as the first woman, president in the Country’s history on, January 22, 2020. She will succeed current, conservative President Prokopis, Pavlopoulos, whose five-year term expires, in March. Prior to her election, she served, as President of the Council of State, the, highest administrative court of Greece., , Pedro Sanchez Re-elected as the, PM of Spain, Pedro Sanchez Perez-Castejon, a, Spanish politician & Socialist leader, has been re-electedd as Spanish Prime, Minister on January 7, 2020. He has, also been Secretary-General of, the Spanish Socialist Workers', Party (PSOE) since June 2017., , Guyana Takes Over the Chairmanship Palau Becomes First Country to, of G77, Ban ‘Reef-Toxic’ Sunscreen, The South American country Guyana has, took over the chairmanship of the Group, of 77 (G77) for the year 2020 from, Palestine., The Group of 77 (G77) is the largest, intergovernmental organisation of, developing countries in the United, Nations., , Robert Abela Elected, New PM of Malta, Malta’s governing party has elected a, new leader Robert Abela as 14th prime, minister of Malta on January 12, 2020., At the internal party elections, he, obtained 9,342 votes against 6,798 for his, rival Chris Fearne., He replaced Joseph Muscat, who, resigned in December 2019., , Palau has become the first country in, the world to ban various types of, sunscreen to protect coral reefs on, January 1, 2020. The sun cream, consists of oxyben zone and, octinoxate absorbs UV (Ultra Violet), rays which causes water more acidic,, makes corals susceptible to bleaching, and agitating fish stocks, , WHO Designated 2020 as ‘Year of, Nurse and Midwife’, World Health Organisation (WHO) has, designated the year 2020 as the Year, of the Nurse and the Midwife in honour, of the 200th birth anniversary of, Florence Nightingale., The year 2020 is significant for WHO in, the context of nursing and midwifery

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Current Affairs, strengthening for Universal Health, Coverage. The WHO will also launch, first-ever State of the World’s Nursing, report in 2020 prior to the 73rd session, of the World Health Assembly., , China Launched Shijian-20 Satellite, China has launched its heaviest and, most advanced communications, satellite, Shijian-20 by its largest new, carrier rocket Long March-5 from, Wenchang Space Launch Center in, south China’s Hainan Province on, December 27, 2019., The Long March-5 rocket can carry a, maximum payload of 25 tonnes into, low Earth orbit and 14 tonnes into, geosynchronous orbit., , Donald Trump Launched, US Space Force, US President Trump officially has, launched US Space Force, the 1st US, military service in over 70 yrs focusing, on warfare in space, on December 22,, 2019. He has signed the 2020 National, Defense Authorization Act, authorising, the establishment of Space Force., , Eight West African Countries, Renamed Common Currency, Eight West African nations have agreed, to change the name of their common, currency from ‘CFA franc’ to ‘Eco’ on, December 22, 2019. CFA Franc is the, name of two currencies- ‘the West, African CFA franc’, which is used in 8, West African countries and ‘Central, African CFA franc’, which is used in 6, Central African countries., , Global Gender Gap Report 2020, World Economic Forum (WEF) has, released the Global Gender Gap Index, Report 2020 on December 17, 2019., Under the report Mind the 100 year, , 17, gap; India has been reached 112th, among 153 countries., The report analyzed 153 countries in, their progress toward gender parity,, focusing on four main dimensions:, Economic Participation and, Opportunity, Educational Attainment,, Health and Survival and Political, Empowerment., , UK General Elections 2019, Boris Johnson won the United Kingdom, (UK) general election after his, Conservative Party crossed the required, majority of 326 votes of the 650 seats in, the House of Commons on, December 13, 2019., The Labour party headed by Jeremy, Bernard Corbyn and the Scottish, National Party headed by Nicola, Ferguson Sturgeon gained 203 and 43, votes, respectively., , US Shuts Down WTO Appeal Court, The Appeal Court of the World Trade, Organization (WTO) that acts as trade, dispute settlement body for the, members was shut down by the United, States on December 9, 2019., Without WTO’s appellate body, the, dispute settlement will return to, pre-1995 GATT (General Agreement on, Tariffs and Trade) status quo., , Human Development Index 2019, Norway topped the Human, Development Index (HDI) 2019, according to the Human Development, Report released by the United Nations, Development Programme (UNDP) on, December 8, 2019., Switzerland and Ireland stood at the, second and third place, respectively out, of 189 countries. India has jumped one, place from 2018 to 129 in 2019 in HDI.

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18, COP25 Climate Summit, The 2019 United Nations Climate, Change Conference, also known as, COP25 was held in Madrid, Spain, from, December 2-13, 2019 under the, presidency of the Chilean government., Originally, the Summit was supposed to, take place in Chile, but was relocated, to Spain after political unrest in, Santiago., The conference incorporates the 25th, Conference of the Parties to the United, Nations Framework Convention on, Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 15th, meeting of the parties for the Kyoto, Protocol (CMP15), and the second, meeting of the parties for the Paris, Agreement (CMA2)., , NATO Summit 2019, The United Kingdom (UK) hosted two, day organised 2019 NATO (North, Atlantic Treaty Organization) Summit, in London from December 3-4, 2019., The purpose of the summit was to make, the heads of state and heads of, government of NATO member countries, to evaluate and provide strategic, direction for Alliance activities. The year, 2019 marks the 70th anniversary of the, summit., , Current Affairs, Sweden paid a 5-day official visit to, India from December 2-6, 2019., The king and queen of Sweden, inaugurated the 14 MLD (megalitres per, day) Sewage Treatment Plant(STP) Sarai, village in Haridwar (Uttarakhand)., , Nuad Thai Massage included in, UNESCO Heritage List, The famous 2000-year-old Nuad Thai, massage that has been practised in, Thailand has been officially added to, the UNESCO’s list of ‘intangible cultural, heritage’ practices. The massage follows, a traditional healing mechanism that, folds the body and uses sharp elbow, techniques, combining acupressure and, Indian Ayurvedic principles., , Oxford Word of the Year 2019, Announced, Oxford Dictionaries has declared climate, emergency as the word of the year for, 2019 on November 21, 2019., Climate emergency is defined as ‘a, situation in which urgent action is, required to reduce or halt climate, change and avoid potentially, irreversible environmental damage, resulting from it.’, , Pakistan Launched Shaheen-1 Missile, Pakistan has conducted successful test, , Afghanistan First Country, launch of Shaheen-1 surface-to- surface, to Recognize Indian Pharmacopoeia, Afghanistan has become the first country, to recognise the Indian Pharmacopoeia, standards for drugs & medicines. The, Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) is an officially, recognized book of standards as per the, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules, 1945 thereunder., , Swedish King and Queen, Visited India, King Carl XVI Gustaf Folke Hubertus and, Queen Silvia Renate Sommerlath of, , ballistic missile on November 18, 2019., The Shaheen-1 missile is capable of, delivering all types of warheads up to, range of 650 km., , Pakistan Becomes First Country to, Launch New WHO approved, Typhoid Vaccine, Pakistan has become the first country in, the world to introduce a new typhoid, vaccine on November 15, 2019. The, vaccine was approved by the WHO in

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Current Affairs, , 19, , 2018, initially used during a two-week, immunisation campaign from, November 18 to 30 in the urban areas, CRICKET, of Sindh. The new vaccines have been, Diplomat Cup 2020, provided by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance,, to the Pakistani government free of cost. The team of the Indian Consulate has, defeated the team of the Pakistan, BRICS Summit 2019 Held, Consulate to lift the Diplomat Cup Cricket, The 11th BRICS Summit convened in, Championship of 2020 in Dubai on, Brasília (Brazil) on November 13-14,, January 18, 2020., 2019 with the theme BRICS : Economic This is the third successive year that India, Growth for an Innovative Future., won the Diplomat Cup Championship., All BRICS leaders namely Brazilian, The first tournament was won by, President Jair Bolsonaro, Indian Prime, Bangladesh in January 2017., Minister Narendra Modi, Chinese, India-West Indies ODI Series, President Xi Jinping, Russian President, India beat West Indies by 4 wickets to win, Vladimir Putin and South African, President Cyril Ramaphosa discussed a the three-match ODI series by 2-1 at, Barabati Stadium Cuttack, Odisha. Rohit, wide range of topics from intra-bloc, Sharma was named Man of the Series., cooperation to global governance., , SPORTS AND GAMES, , Sri Lanka Call Match Fixing a Crime, Sri Lanka has become first South Asian, nation to criminalise several offences, related to match-fixing on, November 12, 2019. The move comes, after Sri Lankan parliament passed of a, bill related to it labelled as Prevention, of Offences Related to Sports. If a, person is found guilty of committing, an offence, then he may find himself, jailed for a term up to 10 years and will, also be required to pay other fines., , NASA Unveiled Its First Electric, Plane, NASA has launched an early version of, its first all-electric experimental, aircraft, the X-57 Maxwell on, November 9, 2019. Adapted from an, Italian-made Tecnam P2006T, twin-engine propeller plane, the X-57, has been under development since, 2015. The Maxwell will be the, agency’s first crewed X-plane to be, developed in two decades., , India-West Indies Women’s T20 Series, The India women’s cricket team played, with West Indies women’s cricket team, from November 1-20, 2019., Indian women’s cricket team defeated, the West Indies in a five- match T20I, series by winning the fifth and last T20, match by 61 runs at the Providence, Stadium in Georgetown, Guyana., , India and Bangladesh T20 Series, India defeated Bangladesh by 30 runs in, the third and final T20I to win 3-match, series 2-1 in Nagpur on November 10,, 2019. Deepak Chahar won the man of, the Match and Man of the Series awards., , India-West Indies Women’s, ODI Series, Indian Women Cricket team won the three, match series 2-1 against West Indies by 6, wickets in the 3rd and final ODI match in, North Sound, Antigua., Smriti Mandhana was named the Player, of the Match, while Stafanie Taylor was, named Player of the Series.

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Current Affairs, , 20, TENNIS, Hobart International 2020, 27th edition Hobart International, Tennis Tournament took place at the, Hobart International Tennis Centre in, Hobart, Australia from January 13-18,, 2020., Indian Tennis Player Sania Mirza and, her Ukrainian partner Nadiia Kichenok, have won the 2020 women’s doubles, title., The 2020 Hobart International was a, women's tennis tournament played, on outdoor hard courts., , Qatar Open 2020, The 28th edition of the Qatar Open, 2020 (men’s tennis tournament) was, took place at the Khalifa International, Tennis and Squash Complex in Doha,, Qatar from January 6-11, 2020., Russia’s Andrey Rublev won the, singles title after defeating Corentin, Moutet of France in the final., , Brisbane International 2020, The 12th edition Brisbane, International tennis tournament 2020, was took place at the Queensland, Tennis Centre in Tennyson from, January 6-12, 2020., Karolína Plíšková of Czech Republic, won the singles title after defeating, Madison Keys (USA) in the final., , ATP Cup 2020, Novak Djokovic (Serbia) has defeated, Rafael Nadal (Spain) to make Serbia, the champion of ATP Cup 2020 held, at Ken Rosewall Arena in Sydney,, Australia from January 3–12, 2020., The 2020 ATP Cup was the first, edition of the ATP Cup, an, international outdoor hard court, men’s tennis tournament., , ITF World Champions 2019, International Tennis Federation (ITF), honoured eleven players by its annual, awards named as ITF World Champions, 2019 in Singles, Doubles, Wheelchair, and, Juniors category on December 20, 2019., Category, , Winner, , Men’s Singles, , Rafael Nadal (Spain), , Women’s Singles Ashleigh Barty (Australia), Women’s, Doubles, , Timea Babos (Hungary) and, Kristina Mladenovic (France), , Davis Cup Tie 2020, India defeated Pakistan in the tie match, for the International Tennis Federation’s, (ITF’s) Davis cup 2020 was held in NurSultan, Kazakhstan from November 29-30,, 2019. Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan and, Leander Paes won the match against, Huzaifa Abdul Rehman and Muhammad, Shoaib 6-1, 6-3 in the only doubles match, of the tie between India and Pakistan., , Davis Cup 2019, The Davis cup final was conducted from, November 18-24, 2019 at the Caja Mágica, in Madrid, Spain. Spain’s Rafael Nadal, clinched 6th Davis Cup title in men’s, singles after beating Denis Shapovalov of, Canada., , Fed Cup 2019, The final of 57th edition of Fed Cup 2019, was held in Australia on November 10,, 2019. It is the most important tournament, between national teams in women’s, tennis. France defeated Australia with 3-2, in the finals and won the Fed Cup 2019., , HOCKEY, National Ice Hockey Women’s, Championship, Ladakh lifted the 7th National Ice Hockey, Championship Women trophy after, defeating Delhi, at the Karzoo Ice Hockey, Rink in Ladakh on January 7, 2020.

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Current Affairs, The tournament was organised by the Ice, Hockey Association of India (IHAI) in, association with the Ladakh, winter sports club., , BADMINTON, Indonesia Masters 2020, The 2020 Indonesia Masters badminton, tournament was took place at the Istora, Gelora Bung Karno in Indonesia from, January 14-19, 2020., Category, , Winner, , Men’s Singles, , Anthony Sinisuka, Ginting (Indonesia), , Women’s Singles, , Ratchanok Intanon, (Thailand), , Malaysia Masters 2020, The 2020 Malaysia Masters badminton, tournament was took place at the Axiata, Arena in Malaysia from January 7-12, 2020., Category, , Winner, , Men’s Singles, , Kento Momota (Japan), , Women’s Singles, , Chen Yufei (China), , BWF World Tour Finals 2019, The 2nd edition of Badminton World, Federation (BWF) World Tour Finals 2019, (officially known as the HSBC– Hong Kong, and Shanghai Banking Corporation BWF, World Tour Finals 2019) took place at Tianhe, Gymnasium in Guangzhou, China from, December 11–15, 2019., , CHESS, Hastings International, India’s P. Magesh Chandran won the title in, the 95th edition of the prestigious Hastings, International Chess Congress at Hastings in, England on January 6, 2020., He remained unbeaten and finished in clear, first place with 7.5 points from nine games, after securing a 33-move draw in the final, round against compatriot G.A. Stany., , 21, SHOOTING, 63rd National Championship, National Rifle Association of India, (NRAI) & MP State Shooting, Academy has organized 63rd, National Shooting Championship, Competitions (NSCC) 2019 at, Shooting Academy Shooting, Ranges, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, from December 7, 2019 - January 4,, 2020., Manu Bhaker has bagged 4 gold, medals (individual and team events, in senior and junior) in the women’s, 10 meter air pistol event., Shooter Zeena Khitta (Himachal, Pradesh) has won the gold medal, of the 10-meter air rifle event., Saurabh Chaudhary (Uttar Pradesh), has won the gold medal in the, men’s 10 meter air pistol event., , YOUTH GAMES, Khelo India Youth Games 2020, The 3rd edition of Khelo India, Youth Games (KIYG) 2020 was held, at Karmabir Nabin Chandra, Bordoloi Indoor Stadium in, Guwahati, Assam from, January 10-22, 2020., Maharashtra topped the medal tally, with total of 256 medals followed, by Haryana and Delhi., It was organised by Ministry for, Youth Affairs and Sports &, conducted in partnership with the, School Games Federation of India, (SGFI), Indian Olympic Association, (IOA), and Assam State, government., The second edition of Khelo India, Youth Games was held in Pune,, Maharashtra in 2019; topped by, Maharashtra.

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Current Affairs, Category, , Award, , Best Actor, , Vicky Kaushal (‘Uri : The, Surgical Strike’), AyushmannKhurrana, (‘Andhadhun’), , 23, out of which 45 are collections of poems, including "Khanda Kavyas", "Katha, Kavyas", "Charitha Kavyas" and songs., , 28th Bihari Puraskar, , Rajasthan based noted writer Manisha, Kulshreshtha has been awarded the 28th, Bihari Puraskar for 2018 for her novel, Best Director, Aditya Dhar (‘Uri : The, ‘Swapnapash’ on November 23, 2019., Surgical Strike’), She is known for her works like ‘Shigaf’,, Best Music, Sanjay LeelaBhansali, ‘Shalbhanjika’ and ‘Panchkanya’. The, (‘Padmavat’), award is named after famous Hindi poet, Best Hindi movie ‘Andhadhun’, Bihari and is presented by the KK Birla, Foundation to writers of Rajasthani, Dada Saheb Phalke Award, Amitabh Bachchan has received the 50th origin., Dadasaheb Phalke Award 2019, India’s, Indira Gandhi Award for, highest film honour from President Ram National Integration, Nath Kovind on December 29, 2019. He Noted environmentalist and social, was honoured for his ‘outstanding, activist Chandi Prasad Bhatt will be, contribution for the growth and, awarded the Indira Gandhi award for, development of Indian cinema’., national integration for the years 2017, Best Actress, , Keerthy Suresh, (‘Mahanati’), , Sahitya Akademi Award 2019, The Sahitya Akademi announced its, annual literary awards for 2019 for works, in 23 languages on December 18, 2019., Shashi Tharoor won the Sahitya, Akademi Award 2019 for his book An Era, of Darkness: The British Empire in India., , Gangadhar National Award, Hindi Poet Viswanath Tiwari from Uttar, Pradesh to be honoured with, Gangadhar National Award during the, 53rd Foundation Day celebrations of, the Sambalpur University. He was the, former President of the Sahitya, Akademi between 2013-2014 and has, authored several anthologies., , 55th Jnanpith Award, Malayalam poet Akkitham Achuthan, Namboodri has been chosen for the, 55th Jnanpith award for his, outstanding contribution to the, Malayalam literature on November 29,, 2019. Akkitham has authored 55 books, , and 2018. He has earlier been awarded, the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1982, and Padma Bhushan in 2005., , JCB Prize for Literature 2019, US based-Indian author Madhuri Vijay’s, debut novel, The Far Field bagged 2019, JCB prize for Literature on November 2,, 2019. The Far Field is an impressively, ambitious novel of stunning emotional, and psychological acuity., , INTERNATIONAL, Tyler Prize 2020, Esteemed environmental economist and, UN Environment Programme (UNEP), Goodwill Ambassador Pavan Sukhdev, has won 2020 Tyler Prize for, Environmental Achievement on, January 27, 2020., , 62nd Grammy Awards, The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, ceremony was held at the Staples Center, in Los Angeles on January 26, 2020.

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Current Affairs, , 24, The event was hosted by American, musician, singer and composer Alicia, Keys and the awards were presented, in 84 categories., Lizzo received the most nominations of, any artist with eight, followed by Billie, Eilish and Lil Nas X with six each., Billie Eilish, the 18-year-old singer won, five awards, including song of the year,, best pop vocal album, album of the, year, record of the year and best new, artist., Former United States(US) first lady, Michelle Obama was honoured with the, best spoken word album of the year, award for the book Becoming., , ICC Awards 2019, The International Cricket Council (ICC), has announced on January 15, 2020 the, ICC awards 2019 for recognising and, honoring the performance of player, between January 1, 2019 and, December 31, 2019., Award, , Player, , Player of the Year, , Ben Stokes (England), , Test Cricketer of the, Year, , Pat Cummins, (Australia), , ODI Cricketer of the, Year, , Rohit Sharma (India), , Emerging Cricketer of Marnus Labuschagne, the Year, (Australia), Spirit of Cricket, Award, , Virat Kohli (India), , T20I Performance of, the Year, , Deepak Chahar, (India), , 77th Golden Globe Awards, The 77th annual Golden Globe Awards, ceremony was held at The Beverly, Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, on January 5, 2020. Hollywood star, Joaquin Phoenix won the Golden Globes, for the Best Actor in a motion, picture-drama for his performance in, Joker., , Renee Zellweger won the Best Actress in, a drama category for his performance in, Judy., Sam Mendes won the Best Director, award for 1917., , Miss World 2019, Toni-Ann Singh (23) of Jamaica was, crowned as Miss World 2019 at 69th, Miss World competition 2019 in, London, United Kingdom (UK) on, December 15, 2019. She was crowned, Miss World title by Miss World, 2018-Vanessa Ponce of Mexico., , Miss Universe 2019, Zozibini Tunzi of South Africa was, crowned Miss Universe 2019 at the Miss, Universe pageant at Atlanta, the United, States on December 9, 2019. The two, runners-up for the crown were Miss, Madison Anderson (Puerto Rico) and, Miss Sofía Aragón (Mexico). Miss, Universe 2018 Catriona Gray of the, Philippines presented the crown., , International Children’s, Peace Prize 2019, Divina Maloum (14) from Cameroon and, Greta Thunberg (16) from Sweden both, received the International Children’s, Peace Prize 2019 in The Hague,, Netherlands on November 21, 2019., Teen activist Greta Thunberg has been, awarded for her work in the struggle, against climate change. Divina received, the prize for her peaceful fight against, extremist violence and radicalization., , Indira Gandhi Prize 2019, Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust, announced on November 19, 2019 that, the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace,, Disarmament and Development for, 2019 will be conferred on renowned, naturalist and broadcaster Sir David, Attenborough.

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Current Affairs, He has been awarded to preserve and, protect the biodiversity of our planet., The prize carries a cash award of, 2.5 million Indian rupees and a citation., , PERSONS IN NEWS, NATIONAL, Deepika Padukone, Deepika Padukone was honoured with, the annual Crystal Award at World, Economic Forum (WEF) 2020 in Davos,, Switzerland on January 21, 2020. She, has been honoured for her contribution, in spreading awareness around mental, health., , JP Nadda, , 25, He has replaced Viral Acharya, who had, resigned from the post in June last year., , Anand Prakash Maheshwari, Senior IPS officer AP Maheshwari has, appointed as the Director-General of, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) on, January 13, 2020., He is 1984-batch Uttar Pradesh cadre, IPS officer who will be in the post till, February 28, 2021, the date of his, superannuation., , Bipin Rawat, Indian Army chief General Bipin Rawat, has been named India’s first Chief of, Defence Staff on December 30, 2019., The CDS will be a four-star general who, will head the department of military, affairs and report to the defence, minister on warfare and defence, strategy for all three Armed Forces., , Jagat Prakash Nadda was elected, unopposed as the national president of, the Bharatiya Janata Party on January 20,, 2020. He replaced Amit Shah who is, currently serving as Union Home Minister Vishwesha Tirtha Swami, in the Narendra Modi Cabinet., Vishvesha Teertha Swami, the head of, Pejavara Mutt has passed away at the, Challa Sreenivasulu Setty, age of 88 on December 28, 2019., The government has appointed Challa, He was known as the ‘Rashtra Swamiji’,, Sreenivasulu Setty as the Managing, and a great social reformer., Director (MD) of the State Bank of India, (SBI) for a period of 3 years on, Sangita Reddy, January 20, 2020. He is presently serving, Dr. Sangita Reddy, Joint Managing, in the SBI as Deputy Managing Director., Director of Apollo Hospitals Group was, Arjun Munda, appointed as the President of, Federation of Indian Chambers of, Union Minister of Tribal Affairs Arjun, Munda has been elected as President of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) for the, year 2019-20 on December 23, 2019., the suspended Archery Association of, India (AAI) on January 18, 2020. He got, Harsh Vardhan Shringla, the support from former AAI President, The Government of India has appointed, Vijay Kumar Malhotra and defeated BVP, the Senior Diplomat Harsh Vardhan, Rao by a margin of 34-18 votes., Shringla as the next Foreign Secretary of, Michael Debabrata Patra, India on December 23, 2019., The government has appointed Michael He will take charge on January 29, 2020, Debabrata Patra as the fourth Deputy, after replacing Vijay Gokhale. He is a, Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, 1984 batch IFS Officer and the current, Indian Ambassador to the United States., (RBI) on January 14, 2020.

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Current Affairs, , 26, Ganga Prasad Vimal, , Soma Roy Burman, , Eminent Hindi author Ganga Prasad, Vimal has passed away at the age of 80 in, Sri Lanka on December 23, 2019. He, earlier worked as a Professor in many, colleges including Jawaharlal Nehru, University, New Delhi from 1999 to 2004., , Soma Roy Burman took charge as the, 24th Controller General of Accounts, (CGA) in the Finance Ministry’s, Department of Expenditure on, December 1, 2019., , Shriram Lagoo, , Lieutenant Colonel Jyoti Sharma has, been appointed as Indian Army’s first, female Judge Advocate General officer to, be deployed on a foreign mission on, November 14, 2019., , Eminent theatre and film actor Dr., Shriram Lagoo has passed away at the, age of 92 on December 17, 2019., He was well known for his roles in plays, like ‘Natsamrat’, ‘Himalayachi Saoli’ and, films like ‘Pinjra’, ‘Ek Din Achanak’,, ‘Gharonda’, and ‘Lawaris’., , Cyrus Mistry, The National Company Law Appellate, Tribunal (NCLAT) restored former Tata, group Chairman Cyrus Mistry as, executive chairman of Tata Group on, December 18, 2019., , BB Kumar, Braj Bihari Kumar, Chairman of the, Indian Council of Social Science, Research (ICSSR) has passed away at the, age of 78 in New Delhi on December 8,, 2019., , Girish Chandra Chaturvedi, Girish Chandra Chaturvedi has, appointed as the Chairman of National, Stock Exchange (NSE) on, December 6, 2019., , Lt. Shivangi, Lieutenant Shivangi has become the, first woman pilot of Indian after joining, the naval operations in Kochi on, December 2, 2019., She will be flying the Dornier, surveillance aircraft of the Indian, Navy. Navy’s Aviation branch earlier has, had women officers operating as ‘air, traffic control officers’ and as ‘observers’., , Jyoti Sharma, , Virat Kohli, Virat Kohli was named as People for the, Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), India’s ‘Person of the Year for 2019’ on, November 20, 2019. The Team India, captain won the award for his animal, advocacy efforts., , TN Seshan, Former Chief Election Commissioner TN, Seshan has passed away at the age of, 87 on November 10, 2019. He was the, 10th Chief Election Commissioner and, had served form December 12, 1990, till, December 11, 1996., , INTERNATIONAL, Gita Sabharwal, United Nations Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres has appointed Gita, Sabharwal of India as the United, Nations Resident Coordinator in, Thailand on January 30, 2020., , Marjan Sarec, Slovenia’s Prime Minister Marjan Sarec, has announced his resignation to, parliament and called for early general, elections on January 27, 2020., His resignation was followed by the, resignation of the Finance Minister, Andrej Bertoncelj.

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Current Affairs, , 27, , Haitham Bin Tariq Al-Said, , Manuel Marrero Cruz, , Haitham bin Tariq al-Said has been, sworn in as the new Sultan of Oman, on January 11, 2020. He succeeded, his cousin Qaboos bin Said who was, the Sultan of Oman from July 1970, until his death., , Tourism Minister Manuel Marrero Cruz, named as the Cuba’s first prime minister, since 1976 on December 21, 2019. The, post of prime minister was scrapped in, 1976 by the then-revolutionary leader and, Cuba’s last Prime Minister Fidel Castro., , Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said, , Sethuraman Panchanathan, , Oman leader, Sultan Qaboos bin Said, Al Said has passed away at the age of, 79 on January 10, 2020. He was, succeeded by his cousin and Oman’s, culture minister Haitham bin Tariq., , US President Donald Trump has elected, Indian-American computer scientist, Sethuraman Panchanathan as director of, the National Science Foundation on, December 20, 2019., , Zoran Zaev, , Danny Aeillo, , Prime Minister of North Macedonia, Zoran Zaev submitted his resignation, to the parliament on January 3, 2020., After his resignation, North, Macedonia’s parliament has, approved a new caretaker, government headed by Oliver, Spasovski., , Hollywood actor Danny Aiello has passed, away at the age of 86 on December 12,, 2019. He was known for his roles in the, movies 'Do The Right Thing' and 'The, Godfather Part II'., , Hillary Clinton, Former US secretary of state Hillary, Rodham Clinton has been appointed, as the first female Chancellor of UK’s, Queen’s University on January 2, 2020., She is the University’s 11th, Chancellor and will serve the post for, a period of five years with effect from, January 1, 2020. She succeeded Tom, Moran, who died last year., , Ashraf Ghani, Afghan President Ashraf Ghani won, another five-year term in office,, according to preliminary results the, election commission announced on, December 22, 2019., He secured 50.6% of the vote, compared with 39.52% for Abdullah, Abdullah, in the September poll., , Abdelmadjid Tebboune, Abdelmadjid Tebboune, former Prime, Minister of Algeria was elected as the, President of Algeria on December 13, 2019., He took over the power from former, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika and former, Acting Head of State Abdelkader Bensalah., , Greta Thunberg, Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg has, been named Time magazine’s Person of the, Year for 2019 on December 11, 2019. At 16,, she is the youngest person to earn the title, in the magazine’s 92-year history., , Sundar Pichai, Sundar Pichai, the current CEO of Google, has been named as the new Chief, Executive Officer (CEO) of Alphabet on, December 4, 2019., He takes over after chief executive officer, Larry Page and president Sergey Brin, stepped down; who co-founded Google, in 1998.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , 1, , INDIAN, HISTORY, ANCIENT INDIA, PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD INDUS VALLEY, CIVILISATION, Palaeolithic Period, l, , l, , l, , l, , Homo sapiens first appeared towards the, end of this phase., In this period, man barely managed to, gather his food and subsisted on hunting., Distinguished by the development of the, first stone tools made up of Quartzite., Palaeolithic period is divided into three, phases. They are, 1. Lower Palaeolithic, 2. Middle Palaeolithic, 3. Upper Palaeolithic, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Mesolithic Period, l, , l, , Domestication of animals (particularly,, dogs) began and characteristic tools were, used, called as microliths., Bhimbetka, in Madhya Pradesh, is, known for ancient caves depicting, pictures of birds, animals and humans., , l, , l, , Neolithic Period, l, , l, , Neolithic people knew about fire and, wheel., An important site of this age is, Burzahom, which means ‘the place of, birch’., , l, , l, , l, , Chalcolithic Period, l, , l, , Use of Copper and Stone made tools., They practised agriculture, venerated, Mother Goddess and worshipped the bull., , l, , Indus Valley Civilisation is one of the, four earliest civilisations of the world., According to radiocarbon dating,, initiation of Indus Valley Civilisation, can be dated around 2500-1750 BC., Systematic town planning was based, on grid system; burnt bricks were used, to construct houses; well-managed, drainage system; fortified Citadel;, highly urbanised; absence of iron, implements., The Great Bath (Mohenjodaro) was, used for religious bathing. There were, changing rooms alongside., Six granaries in a row were found in, the Citadel at Harappa., The towns were divided into 2 parts:, the Upper Part or Citadel and the, Lower Part. Harappans were ruled by a, class of merchants, as no evidence of, weapons are found there., Indus people sowed seeds in November, and reaped their harvest in April,, because of the danger of flood., Produced wheat, barley, rai, peas,, seasum, rice and mustard., Indus people were the first to produce, cotton, which the Greeks termed as, Sindon (derived from Sindh)., Animals known were oxen, sheep,, buffaloes, goats, pigs, elephants, dogs,, cats, asses and camels.

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2, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , Well-knit external and internal trade. Barter system was prevalent., A very interesting feature of this civilisation was that iron was not known to the people., The Indus people used weights and measures in the multiples of 16., Harappans looked on Earth as fertility Goddess and phallic (lingam) and yoni worship, was prevalent., Unicorn was the most worshipped animal. Many trees (pipal), animals (bull), birds, (dove, pigeon) and stones too were worshipped though no evidence of temple has been, found., Dead bodies were placed in North-South orientation., The Seal of Pashupati depicts elephant, tiger, rhinoceros and buffalo. Two deers, appear at the feet of Pashupati., The Indus people believed in ghosts and evil forces evident by their use of amulets for, protection against them. Fire altars are found at Lothal and Kalibangan., The greatest artistic creation of the Harappan culture were the seals, made of steatite., Harappan script is pictographic and hasn’t been deciphered yet., The script was written from right to left in the first line and left to right in the second, line. This style is called Boustrophedon., Occupations practiced were spinning, weaving, boat-making, goldsmiths, making, pottery and seal-making., The possible causes of the decline of the civilisation may be invasion of the Aryans,, recurrent floods, social break-up of Harappans and earthquakes, etc., Boundaries North-Mandu (J&K); South-Daimabad (Maharashtra); East- Alamgirpur;, West-Sutkagendor., , Site, , Discovery/Finding(s), , Harappa, , Situated on river Ravi in Montgomery district of Punjab (Pakistan). It was, excavated by Daya Ram Sahni in 1921-23. The Indus Civilisation is named, after it as the Harappan Civilisation. Stone dancing Natraja and Cemetry-37, have been found here., , Mohenjodaro, (Mound of Dead), , Situated on river Indus in Larkana district of Sind (Pak). It was excavated by, RD Bannerji in 1922. The main building includes the Great Bath, the Great, Granary, the Collegiate Building and the Assembly Hall. The dancing girl, made of bronze has been found here. Pashupati Mahadeva/proto Shiva, seal; fragment of woven cotton, etc are other findings ., , Chanhudaro, (Sindh, Pakistan), , On river Indus; discovered by NG Majumdar (1931); only Indus site without, citadel; bronze figurines of bullock cart and ekkas; a small pot suggesting a, an ink pot., , Lothal (Gujarat), , Discovered by SR Rao (1954); situated on river Bhogava. A part of the town, was divided into citadel and the lower town and dockyard. Evidence of rice, has been found here., , Kalibangan, (meaning, Black, Bangles) (Rajasthan), , Discovered by BB Lal (1961); situated on Ghaggar river, a ploughed field; a, wooden furrow; seven fire-altars; bones of camel; and evidence of two types, of burials namely—circular grave and rectangular grave., , Dholavira, , It was found on river Luni of Kachchh district in Gujarat discovered by JP, Joshi (1967-68). It has a unique water management system; only site to be, divided into 3 parts; largest Harappan inscription and a stadium., , Surkotada (Gujarat), , Discovered by JP Joshi in 1972; evidence of horse found; oval grave; pit, burials and seemingly a port city., , Banawali (Haryana), , On river Saraswati; discovered by RS Bisht (1973); evidence of both, pre-Harappan and Harappan culture; lacked systematic drainage system;, evidence of good quality barley., , Rakhigarhi (Haryana), , Largest Indus valley site.

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3, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , VEDIC PERIOD, , Economy, , Rig Vedic Period, (1500-1000 BC), , No regular revenue system, kingdom, maintained by voluntary tribute called bali, and booty won in battles., Aryan’s main occupation was mainly, pastoral. Agriculture was a secondary, occupation., Cow was a standard unit of exchange., Gold coins-Nishka, Krishnal and Satmana., The staple crop was Yava (barley)., , l, , l, , l, , l, , Vedic civilisation started with the, migration of Aryan people in NorthWestern part of India., The Aryans were semi-nomadic pastoral, people and originally believed to have lived, somewhere in the Steppes, stretching, from Southern Russia to Central Asia., The whole region in which the Aryans, were first settled in India was called the, Land of 7 Rivers or Sapta Sindhawa., (the Indus and its five tributaries and the, Saraswati)., The Dasrajan War Battle of 10 kings, against Sudas (Bharata king of Tritsus), on the bank of river Parushni. Sudas, emerged victorious., , l, , l, , l, , Term, , Meaning, , Dasyus, Ayas, Vajrapati/, Kalapas, Gramini, Gavisthi, , Original inhabitant of India, Copper/bronze, Officer enjoying authority over, large tract of land, Head of the village, Fighting hordes, Search for, cows/war for cows, , Political Organisation, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , It was mainly a tribal system of, government in which the military, element was strong., Tribe was known as Jana and its king as, Rajan., Although king’s post was hereditary, we, have also some traces of election by the, tribal assembly called Samitis., Other tribal assemblies that were, mentioned in Rigveda were Sabha,, Vidatha and Gana., Villages were headed by Gramani., In day-to-day administration, the King, was assisted by the Purohita (most, important), a Senani and Gramani., , l, , l, , Worshipped Nature, Indra (also called, Purandara-breaker of forts) was the most, important divinity., Soma was considered to be the God of, plants., People worshipped the divinities mainly, for Praja (children), Pashu (cattle),, food, health and wealth. No temple or, idol worship was noted., , Sindhu, Krumu, Vitasta, Asikni, Parushini, Vipas, Sutudri, Gomal, Sarasvati, Drishadavati, , (1000-500 BC), l, , In this period, Aryans expanded from, Punjab over the whole of Western Uttar, Pradesh covered by the Ganga-Yamuna, Doab., , Political Organisation, l, , Religion, l, , Name in Rigveda, , Indus, Kurram, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Gomati, Saraswati, Ghaggar, , Later Vedic Period, , Society, People were loyal to the tribe, called Jana, (mentioned 275 times in the Rigveda) as, kingdom/territory was not yet established., Women enjoyed freedom and respect., , River, , l, , King (Samrat) became more powerful, and tribal authority tended to become, territorial., King’s position strengthened by rituals, like Ashwamedha and Vajapeya Yajnas., , Society, l, , Society was clearly divided into four, varnas—Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra. Position of women, deteriorated. The institution of Gotra, (descent from common ancestors), appeared for the first time.

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6, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , Buddhism, , l, , Founded by Gautama Buddha, also known, as Siddhartha or Sakyamuni or, Tathagata., Born in 563 BC in Lumbini in Nepal in, Shakya Kshatriya Clan., His father Suddhodana was a Shakya, ruler and his mother Mahamaya of, Kosalan dynasty died early. Brought up, by step mother Gautami., Married to Yashodhara and had a son, Rahul., Triratnas in Buddhism stand for, 3 pillars, – Buddha Its founder, – Dhamma His teachings, – Sangha Order of Buddhist monks, and nuns, Buddhism was also divided in two main, sects namely Hinayana and Mahayana., l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Pain and misery can be ended by killing or, controlling desire., Desire can be controlled by following the, Eight-Fold Path., , The Eight-Fold Path, 1. Right Understanding, 2. Right Thought, 3. Right Action, 4. Right Livelihood, , 5. Right Efforts, 6. Right Speech, 7. Right Mindfullness, 8. Right Concentration, , Madhya Marga (The Middle Path), Man should avoid both extremes, i.e. life of, comforts and luxury and a life of severe, asceticism., , Buddhist Literature, In Pali language commonly referred to as, Tripitakas, i.e., ‘three fold basket’., , Vinaya Pitaka, Rules of discipline in Buddhist monasteries., , Phases of Buddha’s Life, , Symbols, , Sutta Pitaka, , Birth, Mahabhinishkraman, (Renunciation), Nirvana (Enlightenment), Dharmachakra Pravartana, (First Sermon), Mahaparinirvana (Death), , Lotus and Bull, Horse, , It contains collection of Buddha’s sermons, and teachings. It is largest among all three, pitakas., , Bodhi Tree, Wheel, , Abhidhamma Pitaka, , Stupa, , The Dhamma, The Four Great Truths, The world is full of sorrow and misery., The cause of all pain and misery is, desire., l, , l, , Explanation of the philosophical principles, of the Buddhist religion. Mahavamsha and, Dipavamsa are the other Buddhist texts of, Sri Lanka., , Causes of Decline of Buddhism, Use of Sanskrit, the language of, intellectuals, in place of Pali, the language of, the common people. Revival of Hinduism., , Buddhist Councils, , Period, , Place, , Chairman, , Patron, , First, Second, Third, Fourth, , 483 BC, 383 BC, 250 BC, AD 72, , Rajagriha, Vaishali, Patliputra, Kundalvana, , Mahakashyapa, Sabakami, Mogaliputta Tissa, Vasumitra, Ashwaghosa, , Ajatashatru, Kalashoka, Ashoka, Kanishka, , DYNASTIES OF ANCIENT INDIA, Haryanka Dynasty, l, , l, , l, , Bimbisara was the founder, who expanded the Magadha kingdom by annexing Anga,, and entering into matrimonial alliances with Kosala and Vaishali. He was, contemporary of Buddha. Capital-Rajgir (Girivraja)., Ajatashatru came to power by killing his father. Annexed Vaishali, Kosala and, Lichchhavi kingdom., Udayin founded the new capital, Pataliputra.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , Shishunaga Dynasty, Founded by Shishunaga; Kalashoka or, Kakavarin of this dynasty convened the, Second Buddhist Council. Their greatest, achievement was the destruction of Avanti., , l, , l, , l, , Nanda Dynasty, l, , l, , Considered, non-Kshatriyan, dynasty,, founded by Mahapadma Nanda. Alexander, attacked during Dhana Nanda’s reign., Cyrus was the first foreign invader of, India., Alexander, the king of Macedonia, invaded, India in 326 BC and fought the Battle of, Hydaspes, (Jhelum), with, Porus, (Purushottam) of Paurava dynasty., , Mauryan Dynasty, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Important rulers of Mauryan Dynasty are, , Chandragupta Maurya (321-298BC), The first ruler who overthrew the Nanda, dynasty with the help of Chanakya., He has been called Sandrocottus by Greek, scholars., Chandragupta defeated Seleucus Nikator,, the general of Alexander (304 BC), who, later sent Megasthenese the author of, Indica to Chandragupta’s court., His mother was Mura—a Shudra woman, in Nanda’s court., Mudrarakshasa, was, written, by, Vishakhadatta and describes about, mechanisation of Chanakya against, Chandragupta's enemy. Chandragupta, maintained six wings of armed forces., He adopted Jainism and went to, Sravanabelgola with Bhadrabahu., , l, , Bindusara (298-273 BC), , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , For the first eight years Ashoka ruled like a, cruel king and maintained discipline., He was called Devanamapriya, Dear to, Gods in some of his inscriptions., , The most famous king among the, Indo-Greeks was Menander (165-145, BC) also called Milinda, his capital, was Sakala (modern Sialkot) in Punjab., Converted to Buddhism by Nagasena, as per the Milindapanho—a Pali text., The Greeks were the first to issue coins, attributable to the king and also the, first to issue gold coins in India;, introduced Hellenistic art., , The Shakas, l, , Ashoka (293-273 BC), , The name Ashoka occurs only in, copies of Minor Rock Edict I., Three languages were used for, Ashokan inscription that is Prakrit,, Greek and Aramic., Most of the Ashokan edicts were, written in Brahmi script. It was James, Princep who deciphered first the, Brahmi script of Ashokan edicts in, AD 1837., Ashoka was the first king to maintain, direct contact with people through, inscriptions., Kalinga War (261 BC) mentioned in, 13th Major Rock Edict converted, Ashoka to Buddhism under Upagupta., Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka., The last Mauryan king Brihadratha,, was killed by Pushyamitra Sunga in, 185 BC, who established the Sunga, dynasty., The Punch-marked coins carrying the, symbol of the peacock and the hill and, crescent, famed the imperial currency, of Mauryas., The Mauryan artisans started the, practice of carving caves of monks to, live in. Barabar Caves near Gaya is, earliest example of such cave., Ringwells for domestic use of water, appeared first under the Mauryas., Sri Lanka is called Tamrapani in the, Ashokan inscription., , The Indo-Greeks, l, , l, , He was called Amitraghat (i.e., slayer of foes), by Greek writers; Greek ambassador,, Deimachos visited his court; said to conquer, the land between the two seas—The, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal., Bindusara appointed his eldest son Sumana, as his viceroy at Taxila and Ashoka at Ujjain., , 7, , The, most, famous, ruler, was, Rudradaman I (AD 130-150), who, repaired Sudarshana lake in Kathiawar, region, issued first ever inscription in, Chaste Sanskrit (Junagarh inscription)., He defeated the Satavahanas twice.

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8, l, , l, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , Vikramaditya, the king of Ujjain, was, the only one who defeated the Shakas., To commemorate the victory, he started, the Vikram Samvat in 57 BC., The Parthians The most famous king, was Gondophernes (AD 19-45), in, whose reign St Thomas visited India to, propagate Christianity., , The Kushanas, l, , l, , l, , l, , Also called Yechi or Tocharians, were, nomadic people from the Steppes., Kanishka was the greatest of the, Kushanas , who started the Saka Era in, AD 78., Kushanas were the first rulers to issue, gold coins on a wide scale known for, metallic purity., In the royal court of Kanishka, a host of, scholars found patronage, like Parsva,, Vasumitra, Asvaghosha, Nagarjuna,, Charak (Physician) and Mathara., , l, , l, , Sangam Age, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , The Sunga Dynasty was established by, Pushyamitra Sunga. (who killed last, Mauryan King Brihadratha), They were basically Brahmins. This, period saw the revival of Bhagvatism., Patanjali wrote ‘Mahabhasya’ at this time., In arts, the Bharhut stupa is the most, famous monument of the Sunga period., , l, , l, , l, , l, , The Satavahanas (or Andhras), l, , l, , l, , l, , Simuka (60-37 BC) was the founder of, the Satavahana dynasty., Satavahanas were finally succeeded by, the Ikshvakus in AD 3rd century., Under the Satavahanas, many chaityas, (worship halls) and viharas (monastries), were cut out from rocks mainly in, North-West Deccan or Maharashtra the, famous examples were Nasik, Kanheri, and Karle., The official language of the Satavahanas, was Prakrit., , The Chola kingdom, also called as, Cholamandalam was situated to the, North-East of Pandya Kingdom between, Pennar and Vellar rivers., Their Capital was Kaveripattanam/ Puhar., , The Cheras, l, , Their capital was Vanji (also called, Kerala country). It had important trade, relations with the Romans., , Sangam Literature, l, , In 73 BC, Devabhuti, the last ruler of, the Sunga dynasty, was murdered by his, minister Vasudeva, who usurped the, throne and founded the Kanva dynasty, which was later replaced by the, Satavahanas., , Their capital was Madurai famous for, pearls. The Pandyas were first mentioned, by Megasthenese., Traded with Roman empire, sent, embassies to emperor Augustus., , The Cholas, , The Kanva Dynasty (73-28 BC), l, , Sangam Age corresponds to the, post-Mauryan and pre-Gupta periods., South India, during the Sangam Age,, was ruled by three dynasties- the cheras,, cholas and pandyas., , The Pandyas, , The Sunga Dynasty (185-73 BC), l, , The Satavahanas issued coins of lead, (mainly), copper, bronze and potin., Gautamiputra Satakarni was a famous, king., , l, , Sangam was a college or an assembly of, Tamil poets, held under Royal Patronage., Three Sangams were held, (i) at Madurai chaired by Agastya., (ii) at Kapatpuram, chaired by Tolkappiyar., (iii) at Madurai, chaired by Nakkirar., Kural by Tiruvalluvar is called the ‘Fifth, Veda’ or the Bible of Tamil Land.’, , Gupta Period, The important rulers of Gupta period are, , Chandragupta I (AD 319-334), Married a Lichchhavi princess, who, strengthened his position and enhanced, the prestige of the Guptas., He was the first Gupta ruler to acquire, the title of Maharajadhiraja., Chandragupta I was able to establish his, authority over Magadha, Prayaga and, Saketa., l, , l

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Alauddin adopted the policy of Blood and, Iron in tackling the Mongols., He built Khizrabad, Alai Darwaja and his, capital city Siri., Also built Hauz Khas in Delhi and added, entrance, door, to, Qutub, Minar,, introduced market reforms., Adopted the title of Sikandar-i-Sani., Built a permanent army, introduced, Chehra and Dagh System., First Turkish Sultan’ who separated, religion from politics., His court poets were Amir Khusrau and, Mir Hassan Dehlvi., , Tughlaq Dynasty, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Founded by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, who, built the fortified city of Tughlaqabad and, made it his capital., He was the first sultan to start irrigation, works., Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq also called the, wise fool king on account of five, experiments, namely (a) Transfer of, capital to Daulatabad (b) Taxation in Doab, (c) Qarachil expedition (d) Khurasan, expedition (e) Token currency., The Sultan set-up a separate department, for agriculture, Diwan-i-kohi. He gave, Sondhar loans to farmers., South Indian states of the Vijayanagara, empire, the Bahmani kingdom and the, Sultanate of Madura were founded., The famous traveller Ibn-Batuta visited, his court., Firoz Shah Tughlaq built new towns of, Hissar, Firozpur, Fatehabad, Jaunpur and, Firozabad (his capital). During his reign, two Ashokan pillars, one from Topara in, Ambala and the other from Meerut were, brought. Built canals was fond of slaves, and wrote a book Fatuhat Firozshahi., He repaired Qutub Minar when it was, struck by lightening., Firoz Shah Tughlaq also made Iqtadari, system hereditary and imposed new taxes, like Kharaj (land tax equal to one-tenth of, the producer) and Zakat and Khams, (one-tenth of the booty captured in war)., He made Jizya a separate tax and he, imposed this tax upon the Brahmans for, the first time in the history of Sultanate., , He introduced the following coins—, Aadha, Bhikh, Shashgani and Hasthragani., Timur Mongol leader of Central Asia,, ordered general massacre in Delhi (AD, 1398) at the time of Nasiruddin, Mahmud (later Tughlaq king)., , Sayyids and Lodhis, l, , l, , l, , l, , (AD 1320-1413), l, , 11, , l, , Sayyids dynasty was founded by, Khizr Khan : Successors-Mubarak Shah,, Muhammad Shah and Alauddin Alam, Shah., The Lodhis were the first Afghans to, rule India., Bahlol Lodhi (AD 1451-1481) founded, the dynasty., Sikander Lodhi (AD 1418-1517), introduced Gaz-i-Sikandari. (unit for, measuring cultivated field). He founded, Agra in 1504. He wrote the Persian, verse ‘Gulrukhi’., He was succeeded by Ibrahim Lodhi, (1517-1526), who was defeated by Rana, Sanga of Mewar in the Battle of Khatoli., Ibrahim Lodhi was also defeated by, Babur in April, 1526 which led to the, establishment of the Mughal rule in India., , PROVINCIAL KINGDOMS, Gujarat, l, , l, , l, , Broke away from Delhi in AD 1397, under Zafar Khan, who assumed the, title of Sultan Muzaffar Shah., His grandson Ahmed Shah I built a new, city Ahmedabad., The next prominent ruler was Mahmud, Beghra. During his rule, the Portuguese, set-up a factory at Diu., , Kashmir, Kashmir was ruled by Hindu rulers until, Shamsuddin Shah asserted himself in AD, 1339. The greatest ruler was Zain-ulAbidin (AD 1420-70), who is called the, Akbar of Kashmir, built Zaina lank,, artificial island in Wular lake., , Mewar, l, , l, , Rajput rule restored by Rana Hamir, after Alauddin Khilji captured Chittor in, AD 1303., The greatest was Rana Kumbha who, built the Vijay Stambh at Chittor to, commemorate his victory over Mahmud, Khalji of Malwa.

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MODERN INDIA, ADVENT OF THE, EUROPEANS, Portuguese, l, , l, , l, , Vasco-da-Gama reached the port of, Calicut in 1498 during the reign of king, Zamorin. (Hindu ruler of Calicut)., Settlements Daman, Salsette, Chaul, and Bombay (West coast), San Thome, (near Madras) and at Hooghly., Alfonso de Albuquerque, the second, Governor of India (first being Francisco, de Almeida) arrived in 1509 and, captured Goa in AD 1510., , l, , l, , Danes, l, , l, , Dutch, l, , l, , l, , Dutch East India Company was formed, in AD 1602., Dutch were defeated by English at the, Battle of Bedara in AD 1759 and as per, agreement, the Dutch gained the control, over Indonesia and the British over, India, Sri Lanka and Malaya., Settlements, They set-up their first, factory at Masulipatnam in 1605. Their, other factories were at Pulicat, Chinsura,, Patna, Balasore, Naga pattanam, Cochin,, Surat, Karaikal and Kasimbazar., , English, l, , l, , l, , l, , The English East India Company was, formed in 1599 under a charter granted, by Queen Elizabeth in 1600. Jahangir, granted a farman to Captain William, Hawkins permitting the English to erect, a factory at Surat (1613)., In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe succeeded in, getting an imperial farman to trade and, establish factory in all parts of the, Mughal Empire by ruler Jahangir., In 1690, a factory was established at, Suttanati by Jab Charnock. In 1698,, following the acquisition of zamindari of, three villages of Suttanati, Kalikata and, Govindpur, the city of Calcutta was, founded. Fort William was set-up in, 1700., In 1717, John Surman obtained a, farman from Farrukhsiyar, which gave, , large concessions to the company. This, farman has been called the Magna Carta, of the Company., Battle of Plassey (1757) English, defeated Sirajuddaula, the nawab of, Bengal., Battle of Buxar (1764) Captain Munro, defeated joint forces of Mir Qasim, (Bengal), Shujauddaula (Awadh) and, Shah Alam II (Mughal)., , l, , The Danish East India Company was, formed in 1616., The Danish colony ‘Tranquebar’ was, established on Southern Coromondel, coast of India., Settlements Serampur (Bengal) and, Tranquebar (Tamil Nadu) sold their, settlements to the English in 1845., , French, l, , l, , The French East India Company was, formed by Colbert under state patronage, in 1664. The First French factory was, established at Surat by Francois Caron in, 1668. A factory at Masulipatnam was, set-up in 1669., French were defeated by English in, Battle of Wandiwash (1760)., , GOVERNOR-GENERALS, OF BENGAL, Warren Hastings (AD 1774-85), l, , l, , l, , l, , Brought the dual government to an end, by the Regulating Act, 1773., The Act of 1781 made clear demarcation, between the jurisdiction of the Governor, General-in-Council and Supreme Court, at Calcutta., Pitt’s India Act (1784), Rohilla War, (1774), First Maratha War (1775-1782), and Treaty of Salbai with Marathas, (1782) and Second Mysore War (178084). Foundation of Asiatic Society of, Bengal, (1784) in Calcutta by Sir, William Jones., English translations of Bhagavad Gita by, Charles Wilkins in 1785.

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16, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , Lord Cornwallis (AD 1786-93), l, , l, , l, , l, , Third Mysore War (1790-92) and, Treaty of Seringapatnam (1792)., Introduced Permanent Settlement in, Bengal and Bihar (1793)., He is called the Father of Civil, Services in India, introduced judicial, reforms by separating revenue, administration, from, judicial, administration and established a, system of circles (thanas, headed by a, Daroga (an Indian)., Translation of Abhigyan Shakuntalam, in English by William Jones in 1789., , Sir John Shore (AD 1793-98), l, , l, , Played an important role in the, introduction of Permanent Settlement., Battle of Kharda between the Nizams, and the Marathas (1795)., , Lord Wellesley (AD 1798-1805), l, , l, , Introduction of the Subsidiary, Alliance (1798), first alliance with, Nizam of Hyderabad followed by, Mysore, Tanjore, Awadh, the Peshwa,, the Bhonsle and the Scindia., Treaty of Bassein (1802) and the, Second Maratha War., , George Barlow (1805-07), l, , Vellore Mutiny (1806), , Lord Minto I (AD 1807-13), l, , l, , l, , Anglo Nepal War (1814-1816) and, Treaty of Sagauli (1816)., Third Maratha War (1817-18), dissolution of Maratha confederacy, and creation of Bombay Presidency., Pindari War and establishment of, Ryotwari System by Thomas Munro, (1820)., , Lord Amherst (AD 1823-28), l, , Lord William Bentinck, (AD 1828-35), l, , l, , First Burmese War (1824-26),, Treaty of Yandaboo (1826) and, capture of Bharatpur (1826)., , Charter Act of 1833 was passed and he was, made the first Governor General of India., Before him, the designation given was, Governor General of Bengal., Carried out social reforms like prohibition, of sati (1829) and elimination of thugs, (1830). On Macaulay’s recommedations,, English was made the medium of higher, education. Suppressed female infanticide, and child sacrifice., , Lord Metcalfe (AD 1835-36), Known as liberator of the press in India., , Lord Auckland (AD 1836-42), First Afghan War (1838-42), a disaster for, the English., , Lord Ellenborough (AD 1842-44), Brought an end to the Afghan war. War with, Gwalior (1843), Annexation of Sind by, Charles Napier (1843)., , Lord Hardinge (AD 1844-48), First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and Treaty of, Lahore (1846). Gave preference to English, educated persons in employment., , Lord Dalhousie (AD 1848-56), l, , Concluded the Treaty of Amritsar, with Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1809)., Charter Act of 1813 was passed., , Lord Hasting (AD 1813-23), l, , GOVERNOR-GENERALS, OF INDIA, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Introduction of Doctrine of Lapse and, annexation of Satara (1848), Jaipur and, Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852),, Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) and Awadh, (annexed in 1856 on account of, maladministration)., Laid down the first railway line between, Bombay and Thane (1853), Telegraph line, between Calcutta and Agra and Postal, reforms (first issue of the Indian stamp in, Karachi in 1854) with the Post Office Act., Widow Remarriage Act, 1856 (the main, force being Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar)., Started Public Works Department, Grand, Trunk Road work and harbour of Karachi,, Bombay and Calcutta developed., Charter Act, 1853-Selection to Civil, Service through competitive examination., Started Engineering College at Roorkee;, made Shimla, the summer capital.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , VICEROYS OF INDIA, , Lord Ripon (AD 1880-84), l, , Lord Canning (AD 1856-62), l, , l, , l, , The last Governor General and the first, Viceroy. Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse., Revolt of 1857, Mutiny took place., Indian Penal Code 1860 was passed., Passed the Act, 1858, which ended the, rule of the East India Company. The, Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and, Madras were established in 1857., , l, , l, , l, , Lord Elgin (AD 1862), l, , Wahabi Movement, , Lord John Lawrence (AD 1864-69), l, , l, , Established the High Courts at Calcutta,, Bombay and Madras in 1865., Telegraphic communication was opened, with Europe. Created the Indian Forest, Department., , Lord Mayo (AD 1869-72), l, , l, , l, , l, , Organised the Statistical Survey of India, and for the first time in Indian history, a, census was held in 1871., Started the process of financial, decentralisation in India. Established, the Department of Agriculture and, Commerce., Established the Rajkot College at, Kathiawar and Mayo College at Ajmer for, the Indian princes., He was the only viceroy to be murdered, in office by a Pathan convict in the, Andamans in 1872., , l, , Lord Dufferin (AD 1884-88), , Lord Lansdowne (AD 1888-94), l, , l, , l, , l, , Kuka Rebellion in Punjab, Famine in Bihar., , l, , l, , Known as the ‘Viceroy of Reverse, Character’., Royal Titles Act of 1876 and the, assumption of the title of ‘Empress of, India’ by Queen Victoria, the Delhi, Durbar in January 1877., Vernacular Press Act (also called the, ‘Gagging Act’ to restrain the circulation of, printed matter) and the Arms Act (made, it mandatory for Indians to acquire, license in arms) of 1878., , Factory Act of 1891 granted weekly, holiday and stipulated working hours for, women and children., Civil services were divided into Imperial,, Provincial and Subordinate Services., Indian Councils Act of 1892., The Durand Commission defined the, Durand Line between British India and, Afghanistan (now between Pakistan and, Afghanistan) in 1893., , Lord Elgin II (AD 1894-99), , Lord Northbrooke (AD 1872-76), , l, , First Factory Act of 1881 prohibited, Child Labour under the age of 7. Local, Self-Government was introduced in, 1882., Repealed the Vernacular Press Act in, 1882. Finances of the centre were, divided., Lord Ripon is regarded as ‘the founding, father of local self governance’ in India., An Education Commission was appointed, under Sir William Hunter in 1882 to, improve, primary, and, secondary, education., The llbert Bill Controversy (1883), enabled Indian district magistrates to try, European criminals., , Third Burmese War (AD 1885-86)., Establishment of the Indian National, Congress in 1885., , l, , Lord Lytton (AD 1876-80), , 17, , Southern uprisings of 1899. Great, famine of 1896-1897 and Lyall, Commission on famine was established., , Lord Curzon (AD 1899-1905), l, , l, , l, , A Commission was appointed under, Sir Thomas Raleigh in 1902 to suggest, reforms regarding universities, the, Indian Universities Act of 1904 was, passed, on, the, basis, of, its, recommendations., Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, of 1904. Thus, Archaeological Survey of, India was established., Agricultural Research Institute was, established at Pusa in Delhi. Partitioned, Bengal in 1905.

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18, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , Lord Minto (AD 1905-10), Swadeshi Movement (1905-08); foundation, of Muslim League (1906); Surat Session and, split in the Congress (1907). Morley-Minto, Reforms (1909)., , Lord Willingdon (AD 1931-36), l, , l, , Lord Hardinge (AD 1910-16), Capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi, (1911); Delhi Durbar; Partition of Bengal was, cancelled. The Hindu Mahasabha was, founded in 1915 by Pandit Madan Mohan, Malaviya., , Lord Linlithgow (AD 1936-43), l, , Lord Chelmsford (AD 1916-21), l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Gandhi returned to India (1915) and, founded the Sabarmati Ashram (1916),, Champaran Satyagraha, Satyagraha at, Ahmedabad (1918), Kheda Satyagraha, (1918)., August Declaration (1917) by Montague,, the then Secretary of State, and Montford, reforms or the Government of India Act of, 1919., Rowlatt Act (March, 1919) and the, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April,, 1919)., Khilafat Committee was formed and, Khilafat Movement started (1919-20)., Non-Cooperation Movement, started, (1920-22). Women’s University was, founded at Poona (1916)., , l, , Repeal of Rowlatt Act. Chauri-Chaura, incident. RSS founded in 1925. Suppressed, Non-Cooperation Movement. Formation of, Swaraj Party., Moplah Rebellion (1921) took place., Kakori Train Robbery on 1st August, 1925., Communal Riots of 1923-25 in Multan,, Amritsar, Delhi etc., , Lord Irwin (AD 1926-31), l, , l, , l, , l, , Simon Commission visited India in 1927., Congress passed the Indian Resolution in, 1929., Dandi March (12th March, 1930). Civil, Disobedience Movement (1930)., First Round Table Conference was held, in England in 1930. Gandhi-Irwin Pact., Lahore Session of Congress and Poorna, Swaraj Declaration (1925)., , Congress, Ministries, resignation, celebrated as ‘Deliverance Day’ by the, Muslim League (1939), the Lahore, Resolution (23rd March, 1940) of the, Muslim League demanding separate, state for the Muslims. (It was at this, session that Jinnah propounded his, Two-Nation Theory). Outbreak of, World War II in 1939. Cripps Mission, in 1942. Quit India Movement (8th, August, 1942)., , Lord Wavell (AD 1943-47), l, , l, , l, , Lord Reading (AD 1921-26), l, , Second Round Table Conference in, London in 1931 and third in 1932., Government of India Act (1935) was, passed. Communal Awards (16th, August, 1932) assigned separate, electorate for Gandhiji went on a, epic fast to protest against this, division., , l, , Cabinet Mission Plan (16th May,, 1946)., First meeting of the Constituent, Assembly was held on 9th December,, 1946., Arranged the Shimla Conference on, 25th June, 1945 with the failure of, talks between the Indian National, Congress and Muslim League., Election to the Constituent Assembly, were held and an interim government, was appointed under Nehru., , Lord Mountbatten, (March to August, 1947), l, , l, , l, , l, , Last Viceroy of British India and the, first Governor-General of free India., Partition of India decided by the 3rd, June Plan or Mountbatten Plan., Retired in June, 1948 and was, succeeded by C Rajagopalachari, the, first and the last Indian GovernorGeneral of Free India., Indian Independence Act was passed, by the British Parliament on, 4th July, 1947, by which India became, independent on 15th August, 1947.

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19, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , THE REVOLT OF 1857, Started at Meerut on 10th May, 1857., Political Causes The policy of Doctrine of, Lapse., Economic, Causes, Heavy, taxation,, evictions, Discriminatory Tariff Policy, against Indian products and destruction of, traditional handicrafts that hit peasants,, artisans and small zamindars., Military Discrimination as, Indian, soldiers were paid low salaries, they could, not rise above the rank of subedar and, were racially insulted., Grievances of Sepoys The introduction of, Enfield rifle, and its cartridge of which, was greased with animal fat, provided the, spark., A rebellion broke out among Sepoys of, Meerut on 10th May, 1857 which later, spread to other parts of the country., British social reforms (widow remarriage,, abolition of sati, education for girls,, Christian missionaries)., , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Centre Leader, of Revolt, , British, Suppressor, , Delhi, , Bahadur Shah II,, Bakht Khan, , John Nicholson,, Hudson, , Banaras, , Liaquat Ali, , James Neill, , Kanpur, , Nana Saheb, Tantia Campbell,, Tope, Azimullah, Havelock, Khan, , Lucknow, , Hazrat Mahal, (Begum of Awadh), , Havelock,, James Neill,, Campbell, , Jhansi, , Rani Laxmi Bai, , Sir Hugh Rose, , Bareilly, , Khan Bahadur Khan Sir Colin, Campbell, , Awadh, (Bihar), , Veer Kunwar Singh, , William Taylor, and Vincent Eyer, , Impact of the Revolt, ■, , ■, , ■, , The control of Indian administration was, passed on to the British Crown by the, Government of India Act, 1858., Reorganisation of the army., After the revolt, the British pursued the, Policy of Divide and Rule., , CHIEF NATIONAL, ACTIVITIES, The Indian National Congress, l, , l, , l, , l, , It was formed in 1885 by AO Hume a, retired Civil Servant., The first session was held in Bombay, under WC Bannerjee in 1885, attended, by 72 delegates from all over India., The first two decades of INC are, described in history as those of moderate, demands and a sense of confidence in, British justice and generosity., Moderate, leaders Dada, Bhai, Naoroji, Badruddin Tayabji, Gopal, Krishna, Gokhale,, Surendranath, Bannerjee and Anand Mohan Bose., , Partition of Bengal (1905), l, , The partition was announced by Lord, Curzon on 16th October, 1905 through, a royal proclamation, reducing the old, province of Bengal in size by creating, East Bengal and Assam out of the rest of, Bengal., , Swadeshi Movement (1905), This movement had its origin in the, anti-partition movement of Bengal. Lal,, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh played an, important role. INC took the Swadeshi, call first at the Banaras Session, 1905, presided over by GK Gokhale., , Muslim League (1906), Causes of Failure, ■, , ■, , The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Raja of Jodhpur,, Scindia of Gwalior, the Holkar of Indore, the, rulers of Patiala, Sindh and Kashmir and the, Rana of Nepal provided active support to the, British., Comparative lack of efficient leadership., , l, , l, , It was set-up in 1906 by Aga Khan,, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab, Mohsin-ul- Mulk., The league supported the Partition of, Bengal and opposed the Swadeshi, Movement,, demanded, special, safeguards to its community and a, separate electorate for Muslims.

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20, l, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , This led to communal differences, between the Hindus and the Muslims., , August Declaration (1917), l, , Demand for Swaraj, (Calcutta Session in Dec, 1906), l, , The INC, under the leadership of, Dadabhai Naoroji, adopted ‘Swaraj’, (Self-government) as the goal of Indian, People., , l, , Surat Session (1907), l, , l, , The INC split into two groups: the, Extremists and the Moderates, due, to the debate on nature of Swadeshi, Movement., Extremists were led by Lal, Bal, Pal, while the Moderates by GK Gokhale., , Rowlatt Act (18th March, 1919), l, , Morley-Minto Reforms (1909), l, , l, , The reforms envisaged a separate, electorate for Muslims, besides other, constitutional measures., Lord Minto came to be known as the, Father of Communal Electorate., , Ghadar Party (1913), l, , l, , Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath, Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna., Headquarter—San Francisco., The name was taken from a weekly, paper, Ghadar, which had been, started on 1st November, 1913 to, commemorate the 1857 Revolt., , Home Rule Movement (1916), l, , l, , l, , Started by BG Tilak (April, 1916) at, Poona and Annie Besant and, S Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near, Madras (September, 1916)., Objective Self-government for India, in the British Empire., During this movement, Tilak raised, the slogan Swaraj is my Birth Right, and I shall have it., , Lucknow Pact (1916), Pact between INC and Muslim League, following a war between Britain and, Turkey leading to anti-British feelings, among Muslims. Both organisations, jointly demand dominion status for the, country congress accepted separate, electorate for Muslims., , After the Lucknow Pact, the British policy, was announced which aimed at ‘‘increasing, association of Indians in every branch of, the administration for progressive realisation, of responsible government in India as an, integral part of the British empire’’. This, came to be called the August Declaration., The Montague—Chelmsford reforms, or, the Act of 1919 was based on this, declaration., , l, , This gave unbridled powers to the, government to arrest and imprison suspects, without trail. This law enabled the, government to suspend the right of Habeas, Corpus, which had been the foundation of, civil liberties in Britain., Rowlatt Satyagraha was started against, the act. This was the first countrywide, agitation by Gandhiji., , Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, (13th April, 1919), l, , l, , l, , l, , People were agitated over the arrest of Dr, Kitchlu and Dr Satyapal on 10th April,, 1919., General O’ Dyer fired at people who, assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar., The Hunter Commission was appointed to, enquire into it., Rabindra Nath Tagore returned his, knighthood in protest., Sardar Udham Singh killed General Dyer in, Caxton Hall, London., , Khilafat Movement (1920), l, , l, , Muslims were agitated by the treatment, done with Turkey by the British in the treaty, that followed the First World War., Ali brothers, Mohd Ali and Shaukat Ali, started this movement. It was jointly led by, the Khilafat leaders and the Congress., , Non-Cooperation Movement (1920), l, , l, , l, , Congress passed the resolution in its, Calcutta Session in September, 1920., It was the first mass-based political, movement under Gandhiji., The movement envisaged resignation from, nominated offices and posts in the local, bodies.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, l, , l, , Refusal to attend government durbars, and boycott of British courts by the, lawyers., Refusal of general public to offer, themselves for military and other, government jobs and boycott of foreign, goods., , Lahore Session (1929), l, , l, , Chauri-Chaura Incident (1922), l, , l, , The Congress Session at Allahabad in, December 1921, decided to launch a Civil, Disobedience Programme. Gandhiji was, appointed its leader., But before it could be launched, a mob of, people, at, Chauri-Chaura, (near, Gorakhpur) clashed with the police and, burnt 22 policemen on 5th February,, 1922. This compelled Gandhiji to, withdraw, the, Non-Cooperation, Movement on 12th February, 1922., , Swaraj Party (1923), l, , l, , Motilal Nehru, CR Das and NC Kelkar, (called Pro-changers) demanded that the, nationalist should end the boycott of the, Legislative Councils, enter them and, expose them., They formed Swaraj Party for this purpose, with CR Das as the President., , Simon Commission (1927), l, , l, , l, , It was constituted by John Simon, to, review the political situation in India and, to introduce further reforms and, extension of parliamentary democracy., Indian leaders opposed the commission, as, there were no Indians in it, they cried, Simon Go Back., The, government, used, brutal, repression and at Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai, was severely beaten in lathi- charge and, later succumbed to death., , l, , l, , Also called the Salt Satyagraha., Gandhiji started his march from, Sabarmati Ashram on 12th March,, 1930 for the small village Dandi to, break the Salt Law., He picked a handful of salt and, inaugurated the Civil Disobedience, Movement., , Civil Disobedience Movement, l, , l, , Countrywide mass participation by, women., The Garhwal soldiers refused to fire on, the people at Peshawar., , First Round Table Conference, (1931), l, , l, , It was the first conference arranged, between the British and Indians as, equals. It was held on 12th, November, 1930 in London to discuss, Simon Commission., Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League, participated in it. The conference failed, due to absence of the Indian National, Congress., , Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931), , The Nehru Report (1928), After boycotting the Simon Commission,, all political parties constituted a, committee under the chairmanship of, Motilal Nehru to evolve and determine the, principles for the Constitution of India., , On 19th December, 1929, under the, presidentship of JL Nehru, the INC, at, its Lahore Session, declared Poorna, Swaraj (complete independence) as its, ultimate goal ., The tri-coloured flag adopted on, 31st December, 1929, was unfurled, and 26th January, 1930 was fixed as the, First Independence Day, to be, celebrated every year. Later, this day, was chosen as the Republic Day of, India., , Dandi March (1930), l, , l, , l, , 21, , l, , The government represented by, Lord Irwin, and INC led by Gandhiji, signed a pact on 5th March, 1931., In this, the INC called off the Civil, Disobedience Movement and agreed to, join the Second Round Table, Conference.

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22, l, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , The government allowed the villagers on, the coast to make salt for consumption, and released the political prisoners. The, Karachi Session of 1931 of Congress, endorsed the Gandhi Irwin Pact., , l, , l, , Second Round Table Conference, (1931), l, , l, , Gandhiji represented the INC and went, to London to meet British Prime, Minister Ramsay McDonald., The conference however failed as, Gandhiji could not agree with British, Prime Minister on his policy of, Communal Representation and refusal, of the British Government on the basic, Indian demand for freedom., , l, , August Offer (8th August, 1940), l, , The Communal Award, (16th August, 1932), l, , l, , l, , Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It, showed divide and rule policy of the, British., It envisaged communal representation of, depressed classes, Sikhs and Muslims., Gandhiji opposed it, and started fast, unto death in Yervada jail., , Poona Pact/ Gandhi- Ambedkar, Pact (25th September, 1932), l, , l, , The idea of separate electorate for the, depressed classes was abandoned, but, seats reserved for them in the Provincial, Legislature were increased., Thus, Poona Pact agreed upon a joint, electorate for upper and lower castes., , l, , l, , l, , l, , Proved fruitless as most of the national, leaders were in prison., l, , Demand for Pakistan, l, , In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the, North-West provinces and Kashmir, should be made Muslim states within the, federation., , The British Government with a view to, get cooperation from Indians in the, Second World War, sent Sir Stafford, Cripps to settle terms with Indian, leaders., He offered dominion status to be granted, after war., Congress rejected it. Gandhiji termed it, as ‘a post - dated cheque on a crashing, bank’., , The Revolt of 1942 and the Quit, India Movement, l, , l, , It offered (i) Dominion status in the, unspecified future, (ii) A post-war body, to enact the Constitution (iii) To expand, the, Governor-General’s, Executive, Council to give full weightage to minority, opinion., This was rejected by the INC, but was, accepted by the Muslim League., , The Cripps Mission (1942), l, , Third Round Table Conference, (1932), , Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term, Pakistan in 1933., Muslim League first passed the proposal, of separate Pakistan in its Lahore, Session in 1940 (called Jinnah’s, Two-Nation Theory). It was drafted by, Sikandar Hayat Khan, moved by Fazlul, Haq and seconded by Khaliquzzamah., In December 1943, the Karachi Session, of the Muslim League adopted the, slogan Divide and Quit., , l, , Also called the Wardha Proposal, a, Leaderless Revolt., The resolution was passed on 8th, August, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave, the slogan Do or Die., On 1st August, the Congress was banned, and its important leaders were arrested., Gandhiji was kept at the Aga Khan, Palace, Pune., The people became violent. The, movement was, however, crushed by the, government.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian History, , Indian National Army (INA), l, , l, , Subhash Chandra Bose escaped to, Berlin in 1941 and set-up the Indian, League there. In July 1943, he joined, the INA at Singapore. Ras Bihari Bose, handed over the leadership to him., INA had three fighting brigades,, named after Gandhi, Azad and Nehru., Rani of Jhansi Brigade was an, exclusive women force. INA had its, headquarters, at, Rangoon, and, Singapore., , Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution, (16th August, 1946), l, , l, , l, , The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946), Members were Wavell, Patrick, Lawrence, Alexander and Stafford, Cripps., Main proposals, 1. Rejection of demand for a fullfledged Pakistan., 2. Loose union under a Centre with, Centre’s control over defence and, foreign affairs., 3. Provinces were to have full, autonomy and residual powers., 4. Provincial legislatures would elect, a Constituent Assembly., The Muslim League accepted it on 6th, June, 1946. The Congress also partially, accepted this plan., l, , l, , Formation of Interim, Government, (2nd September, 1946), l, , l, , It, came, into, existence, on, 2nd September, 1946 in accordance, with Cabinet Mission’s proposals and, was headed by JL Nehru. Muslim, League refused to join it initially., Prime, Minister, Attlee, on, 20th February, 1947 announced that, British would withdraw from India by, 30th June, 1948., , Formation of Constituent, Assembly (December, 1946), l, , The Constituent Assembly met on, 9th December, 1946 and Dr Rajendra, Prasad was elected as its President., , 23, , Provoked by the success of the Congress in, the voting for Constituent Assembly Jinnah, withdrew his acceptance to the Cabinet, Mission Plan., Muslim League passed a Direct Action, Resolution, which condemned both the, British Government and the Congress, (16th August, 1946). It resulted in heavy, communal riots., Jinnah celeberated Pakistan Day on 27th, March, 1947., , Mountbatten Plan (also called 3rd, June Plans) (3rd June, 1947), The plan formulated by Lord Mountbatten, outlined that, India was to be further divided into India, and Pakistan., There would be a separate Consitutional, Assembly for Pakistan to frame its, Constitution., The princely states would enjoy the liberty, to either join India or Pakistan, or could, even remain independent., Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and, a referendum in NWFP and Sylhet district, of Assam would be held. A separate state of, Pakistan would be created. Boundary, Commission was to be headed by, Radcliffe., , l, , l, , l, , l, , Partition and Independence, (August, 1947), l, , l, , Indian, Independence, Act,, 1947, implemented on 15th August 1947,, abolished the sovereignty of British, Parliament. Dominions of India and, Pakistan were created. Each dominion, was to have a Governor-General. Pakistan, was to comprise Sind, British Baluchistan,, NWFP, West Punjab and East Bengal., Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Home, Minister, integrated all the states by 15th, August, 1947. Kashmir, Hyderabad,, Junagarh, Goa (with Portuguese) and, Pondicherry (with French) later acceded, to Indian Federation.

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28, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , GEOGRAPHY, WORLD GEOGPRAHY, UNIVERSE, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , The study of universe is known as, Cosmology., The universe is commonly defined as, the totality of everything that exists, including all physical matter and energy,, the planets, stars, galaxies and the, contents of intergalactic space., Galaxy A galaxy is a vast system of, billions of stars, dust and light gases, bound by their own gravity. There are 100, billion galaxies in the universe and each, galaxy has, on average, 100 billion stars., Our galaxy is Milky Way Galaxy (or the, Akash Ganga) formed after the Big Bang., Andromeda is the nearest galaxy to the, Milky Way., The Big Bang Theory Big Bang was an, explosion of concentrated matter in the, universe that occurred 15 billion years, ago, leading to the formation of galaxies of, stars and other heavenly bodies., It is believed that universe should be filled, with radiation called the “cosmic, microwave background.” NASA has, launched two mission to study these, radiation, i.e. the Cosmic Background, Explorer (COBE) and the Wilkinson, Microwave Anistropy Probe (WMAP)., Stars are heavenly bodies made up of hot, burning gases and they shine by emitting, their own light., Black Hole Stars having mass greater, than three times that of the Sun, have, very high gravitational power, so that even, light can not escape from its gravity and, hence called black hole., , l, , l, , l, , Comets Made up of frozen gases., They move around the Sun in, elongated elliptical orbit with the tail, always pointing away from the Sun., Constellations The sky is divided into, units to enable the astronomers to, identify the position of the stars. These, units are called constellations. There, are 88 known constellations., Satellites are the heavenly bodies that, revolve around the planets. Moon is the, natural satellite of the Earth., , Diameter, Average distance from, Earth, Rotation Speed, , 3476 km, 384365 km, , 27 days, 7 h, 43, min and 11.47 sec, Revolution Speed, 27 days, 7 h, 43, min and 11.47 sec, Time taken by moonlight 1.3 sec, to reach the Earth, , Solar System, l, , The solar system consists of the Sun,, eight planets and their satellites (or, moons) and thousands of other smaller, heavenly bodies such as asteroids,, comets and meteors., Neptune, , Saturn, Uranus, Mars, Venus, Jupiter, SUN, , Mercury, , Earth

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29, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, l, , The Sun is at the centre of the solar system, and all these bodies revolve around it. It is, the nearest star to the Earth., , Meteors and Meteorites, l, , l, , Average distance from, the Earth, Diameter, Temperature of the Core, Rotation Speed, , Time taken by Sunlight, to reach the Earth, , 149598900 km, l, , 1391980 km, 15000000°C, 25.38 days (with, respect to equator);, 33 days (with respect, to poles), 8 min and 16.6 sec, , Biggest Planet, Biggest Satellite, Blue Planet, Green Planet, Brightest Planet, Brightest Planet outside Solar, System, Closest Star of Solar System, Coldest Planet, Evening Star, Farthest Planet from Sun, Planet with maximum number of, satellites, Fastest revolution in Solar System, Hottest Planet, Densest Planet, Fastest rotation in Solar System, Morning Star, Nearest Planet to Earth, Nearest Planet to Sun, Red Planet, Slowest Revolution in Solar, System, Slowest Rotation in Solar System, Smallest Planet, Smallest Satellite, Earth’s Twin, Only Satellite with an atmosphere, like Earth, , Jupiter, Ganymede, (Jupiter), Earth, Uranus, Venus, Sirius, (Dog Star), Proxima, Centauri, Neptune, Venus, Neptune, Saturn, (Overtaking, Jupiter), Mercury, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Venus, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Neptune, Venus, Mercury, Deimos, (Mars), Venus, Titan, , Asteroids (or Planetoids), Small planetary bodies that revolve around, the Sun and found in between the orbits of, Mars and Jupiter. Also known as minor, planets., , l, , l, , Meteors are also called as shooting, stars., Meteors are fragments of rocks, coming towards the Earth., They are formed due to collision, among the asteroids., Meteors that do not burn up, completely in Earth’s atmosphere and, land on the Earth, are called, meteorites., Meteorites are composed of various, proportions of a nickel-iron alloy (10%, nickel and 90% iron) and silicate, minerals., , Classification of Planets, Inner Planets Include Mercury, Venus,, Earth and Mars., Outer Planets Include Jupiter, Saturn,, Uranus and Neptune., , Inner Planet, , Outer Planet, , They are called as, Terrestrial or Rocky, planets., They are nearer to, the Sun., , They are called as, Jovian or Gaseous, planets., They are far away, from the Sun., , Dwarf, Planet According, to, International Astronomical Union (IAU),, it is a celestial body in direct orbit of the, Sun, that is massive enough that its shape, is controlled by gravitational forces, but has, not cleared its neighbourhood. e.g., Pluto,, Ceres, Eris, Makemake and Haumea., , A light year is the distance light travels in, one year at the speed of 3 × 10 8 m/s., Astronomical unit mean distance, between Earth and Sun., , Earth, l, , l, , l, , l, , The Earth is an oblate spheroid. It is, almost spherical, flattened a little at, the poles with a slight bulge at the, centre (equator)., Perihelion Nearest position of the, Earth to the Sun., Aphelion Farthest position of the, Earth from Sun., The Earth’s interior is composed of, three major layers: the crust, the, mantle and the core.

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30, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , Eduard Suess has explained the interior of, Earth on the basis of chemical, composition as SIAL, SIMA and NIFE., SIAL (Silicon-Aluminium) Upper part of, the crust., SIMA (Silicon-Magnesium) Lower part of, the crust., NIFE (Nickel-Iron) Outer part of the core., Rotation of the Earth Earth spins on its, imaginary axis from West to East in one day., Result in causation of day and night, tides., Revolution of the Earth Earth’s motion, in elliptical orbit around the Sun in one, year. Result in Change of seasons., , Longitudes (Meridians), Meridians are a series of semicircles, that run from pole to pole passing, through the equator., Prime Meridian passes through, Greenwich near London, divides the, Earth in Eastern and Western, hemisphere. Its value is 0°., Longitude has very important function, i.e., it determines local time in relation, to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)., 1° change of longitude corresponds to, 4 minutes difference in time., , l, , l, , l, , l, , International Date Line (IDL), Age, Mass, Volume, Mean Density, Total Surface Area, Land Area, , 4550 million years, 5.976 × 1024 kg, ., × 1012 km 3, 1083, 5.513 g/cm 3, 510 million sq km, 29.2% of the total surface, area, Water Area, 70.8% of the total surface, area, Rotation Speed, 23 hr, 56 min and 4.100 sec, Revolution Speed, 365 days, 5 hr and 45.51, sec, March 21 (Vernal Equinox);, Dates when days, and nights are equal 23rd September,, (Autumnal Equinox), Longest day, 21st June, (Summer, Solstice) Sun is vertically, overhead at Tropic of, Cancer, Shortest night, 22nd December,, (Winter Solstice) Sun is, vertically overhead at, Tropic of Capricorn, Escape velocity, 11.2 km/sec, Mean surface, 14°C, temperature, , Latitudes, Imaginary lines drawn on the Earth’s surface, parallel to the equator. Equator (0°) is the, biggest latitude that divides Earth in two, equal hemispheres (North and South)., Tropic of Cancer, 23.5°N, Tropic of Capricorn, 23.5°S, Arctic Circle, 66.5°N, Antarctic Circle, 66.5°S, Each degree of latitude equals 111 km., The most important line of latitude is the, Equator., l, , l, , It is the longitude where the date, changes by exactly one day when it is, crossed., 180°East and 180° West meridians is, the same line, which is called the, International Date Line., Crossing Date line from West to East, — addition of 1 day, Crossing Date line from East to West —, subtraction of 1 day, Recently Samoa island decided to shift, itself on west side of IDL., , l, , l, , l, , l, , ■, , ■, , ■, , Indian Standard Time (IST), The Earth takes approximately 24 hours to, complete one rotation i.e., it takes 24 hours, to complete 360° of its rotation., Indian Standard Time is calculated on the, basis of 82.5°E longitude which passes, through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh., IST is 5 hr 30 min ahead of GMT., , Eclipses, When the light of the Sun or the Moon is, blocked by another body, the Sun or the, Moon is said to be in eclipse., Solar Eclipse It is caused, when the, Moon revolving around the Earth, comes in between the Earth and the, Sun, thus making a part or whole of the, Sun invisible from a particular part of, the Earth. Thus, the eclipse can be, partial or complete., Lunar Eclipse When the Earth, comes between the Moon and the Sun,, the shadow cast by the Earth on the, Moon results in a lunar eclipse., , l, , l

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31, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , ROCKS, , Types of Volcanoes, , Rocks are made up of individual, substances, called minerals, found mostly, in solid state. Rocks are classified into three, major types, Igneous rocks are formed by the, solidification of the molten magma, e.g.,, Mica, Granite etc., Sedimentary rocks are formed due to, accumulation of rock particles and, organic matter in layers, under, tremendous pressure, e.g., Gravel, Peat,, Gypsum etc., Metamorphic rocks were originally, igneous or sedimentary but later changed, due to pressure, heat or action of water,, e.g., Gneiss, Marble, Quartzite etc., , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Type of, Rock, , Original, Rock, , Metamorphic, Rock, , Igneous, Igneous, Sedimentary, Sedimentary, Sedimentary, Sedimentary, , Granite, Basalt, Limestone, Coal, Sandstone, Shale/Clay, , Gneiss, Green-stone, Marble, Graphite, Coal, Quartzite, Slate, Mica, Schist, , Weathering, The process by which rocks are chemically, or physically disintegrated into fragments., , EARTHQUAKES, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Any sudden disturbance below the Earth’s, surface may produce vibrations or, shaking in Earth’s crust and some of, these vibrations, when reach the surface,, are known as earthquakes., The magnitude of an earthquake is, measured by Richter Scale., The intensity of earthquake waves is, recorded by Seismograph., Intensity of shaking is measured on the, modified Mercalli Scale., Focus is the point beneath the Earth, where earthquake originates., Epicentre is the point just above the, focus on the Earth’s surface., , VOLCANISM, l, , Sudden eruption of hot magma (molten, rock), gases, ash and other material from, inside the Earth to its surface., , Active Which erupts frequently, e.g.,, Mauna Loa (Hawaii), Etna (Sicily),, Vesuvius, (Italy),, Stromboli, (Mediterranean Sea)., Dormant Not erupted for quite, sometime, e.g., Fujiyama (Japan),, Krakatoa (Indonesia), Barren Island, (India)., Extinct Not erupted for several, centuries., e.g.,, Arthur’s, Seat,, Edinburgh, Scotland., Ring of Fire Hundreds of active, volcanoes found on the land near the, edges of the Pacific Ocean., , Tsunami, Large ocean wave that is caused by sudden, motion on the ocean floor. Motion could be, an earthquake, volcanic eruption or, underwater landslide., , LANDFORMS, There are three major landforms, mountains, plateaus and plains., , Mountains, An uplifted portion of the Earth’s surface is, called a hill or a mountain., Mountains are classified into following, four types, Fold Mountains These are formed by, folding of crustal rocks by compressive, forces. e.g., Himalayas (Asia), Alps, (Europe)., Block Mountains When great blocks, of the Earth’s crust are raised or lowered, during the last stage of mountain, building, block mountains are formed,, e.g., Vosges in France, Black Forest, mountains in Germany., Volcanic Mountains These are formed, by the matter thrown out from the, volcanoes, and are also known as, mountains of accumulation, e.g.,, Mt Mauna Loa in Hawaii, Mt Popa in, Myanmar., Residual or Dissected Mountains They, are known as relict mountains or, mountains of circum-denudation. They, owe their present form to erosion by, different agencies, e.g. Nilgiris, Girnar, and Rajmahal., l, , l, , l, , l

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32, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , Plateaus, Range, , Location, , Length (km), , Andes, , South America, , 7200, , Himalayas,, South Central, Karakoram and Asia, Hindukush, , 5000, , Rockies, , 4800, , North America, , Great Dividing, Range, , East Australia, , 3600, , Atlas, , North-West, Africa, , 1930, , Western Ghats Western India, , 1610, , Caucasus, , 1200, , Europe, , Plateaus are flat, table like, upland areas, with rough top surface and steep side, walls., , Plateau, , Situation, , Tibetan Plateau, , Between Himalayas, and Kunlun Mountains, , Deccan Plateau, , Southern India, , Arabian Plateau, , South-West Asia, , Plateau of Brazil, , Central-Eastern South, America, , Alaska, , USA, , 1130, , Plateau of Mexico, , Mexico, , Alps, , Europe, , 1050, , Plateau of Columbia, , USA, , Plateau of, Madagascar, , Madagascar, , Plateau of Alaska, , North-West North, America, , Plateau of Bolivia, , Andes Mountains, , Great Basin Plateau, , South of Columbia, Plateau, USA, , Colorado Plateau, , South of Great Basin, Plateau, USA, , Mountain Peak, , Location, , Mt Everest, (Highest in the world), , Nepal-Tibet, , K2 (Godwin Austin), , India (POK), , Dhaulagiri, , Nepal, , Annapurna, , Nepal, , Gurla Mandhata, , Tibet, , Tirich Mir, , Pakistan, , Plains, , Aconcagua, , Argentina, , Cotopaxi, , Ecuador, , Kilimanjaro, , Tanzania, , A relatively low-lying and flat land surface, with least difference between its highest, and lowest points is called a Plain., , ATMOSPHERE, l, , l, , The vast expanse of air, which envelops the earth all around is called the atmosphere., It extends to thousands of kilometres., It protects the Earth’s surface from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays., , Layer, , Height (km), , Feature, , Troposphere, , 0-18 km, , Stratosphere, , 18-50 km, , Mesosphere, , 50-80 km, , Ionosphere, , 80-600 km, , Exosphere, , Above 600 km, , Contains 75% of the gases in the atmosphere. As height increases,, temperature decreases (about 6.5°c/km ascent)., This layer contains the ozone layer. The temperature remains fairly, constant in the lower part but increases slowly with increase in, height due to presence of ozone gas. At upper layer temperature, is almost 00C., This is the coldest region of the atmosphere. The temperature, drops to about – 100°C., Radio waves are bounced off the ions and reflect waves back to, the Earth. This generally helps radio communication., Upper part of exosphere is called Magnetosphere. The, temperature keeps on rising constantly at high rate.

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33, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, l, , l, , l, , It also regulates temperature, preventing, the Earth from becoming too hot or too, cold., The major constituents of air in the, atmosphere are Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen, (21%), Argon (0.93%) and Carbon, dioxide (0.03%)., Besides water vapour, dust particles,, smoke, salts and other impurities are, present in air in varying quantities., , Greenhouse Effect and, Global Warming, l, , l, , l, , l, , A, greenhouse, gas, (sometimes, abbreviated GHG) is a gas in the, atmosphere that absorbs and emits, radiation within the thermal infrared, range. This process is the fundamental, cause of the greenhouse effect., The primary greenhouse gases in the, Earth’s atmosphere are water vapour,, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone., In the solar system, the atmosphere of, Venus, Mars and Titan also contain gases, that cause greenhouse effects., Global warming is the increase of Earth’s, average surface temperature due to effect, of greenhouse gases, such as carbon, dioxide emissions from burning fossil, fuels or from deforestation. This is a type, of greenhouse effect., , Pressure System of Earth, l, , l, , The pressure exerted by the atmosphere, due to its weight, above a unit area of the, Earth’s surface is called atmospheric, pressure. It is measured by Mercury, Barometer., Major pressure belts of the Earth are, equatorial, low,, sub-tropical, high,, sub-polar low and polar high., , Winds, Due to horizontal differences in air, pressure, air flows from areas of high, pressure to areas of low pressure., Horizontal movement of the air is called, wind., , The types of winds are given below, Planetary Winds The winds blowing, throughout the year from one latitude, to another in response to latitudinal, differences in air pressure are called, planetary or prevailing winds., Planetary winds are divided into three, types they are Trade winds, Westerlies, and Polar winds., (i) Trade Winds They blow from the, Sub-tropical High Pressure Belt to, the Equatorial Low Pressure Belt in, the tropics between 30° North and, 30° South latitudes., (ii) Westerlies They blow from, Sub-tropical High Pressure Belt to, the Sub-Polar Low Pressure Belt in, the temperate latitudes between, 30°and 60°, on the either side of the, Equator., These are also called Roaring, Forties, the Furious Fifties and, Shrieking or Screaming sixties., (iii) Polar Winds They blow from the, Polar High Pressure Belt to the, Sub-Polar Low Pressure Belt, between 60° latitude and the Pole, on both sides of the Equator., Periodic Winds They change their, direction periodically with the change, in pressure and temperature, e.g.,, Monsoon, Land and Sea Breeze., Local Winds Local winds develop as a, result, of, local, differences, in, temperature and pressure. e.g., Fohn,, Chinook, Loo., Cyclones Rapid inward circulation of, airmasses with a low pressure at centre., It is anticlockwise in the Northern, Hemisphere and clockwise in the, Southern Hemisphere., Anticyclones Rapid, outward, movement of air masses with a high, pressure at centre., Hurricane This is also known as, tropical cyclone or tropical storm. This, is a disturbance of about 650 km across,, spinning around a central area of very, low pressure, with (with wind speed, above) 140 km/h., l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l

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34, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , Name, , Nature of Wind, , Chinook, , Hot, dry wind in Rockies, also, called ‘Snow Eater’., Hot, dry wind in the Alps., Hot, dry wind in Egypt., Hot, moist wind from Sahara to, Mediterranean Sea. It is also, known as Blood rain., Hot, moist wind from Sahara, towards Iberian Peninsula., Hot, dry wind blowing outwards, from the interior of Western, Africa. Also called Guinea Doctor., Cold, dry wind blowing outwards, from Hungary to the North of Italy, (near Adriatic Sea)., Very cold wind, which blows from, the Alps over France., Cold, dry wind blowing down, towards the Western side of, Andes., Very cold winds in Tundra region., , Fohn, Khamsin, Sirocco, , Solano, Harmattan, , Bora, , Mistral, Punas, , Blizzard, Purga, Levanter, Norwester, Santa Ana, , Cold wind in Russian Tundra., Cold wind in Spain., Hot wind in New Zealand., Hot wind in South California in, USA., , Panama, Suez, Erie, Kiel, , Oceans, , Deepest Point, , Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, , Mariana Trench, Puerto Rico Trench, Java Trench, Eurasian Basin, , Strait, , Water Bodies, joined, , Area, , Bab-elMandeb, Bering, , Red Sea and, Arabian Sea, Arctic Ocean and, Bering Sea, Black Sea and, Marmara Sea, North Sea and, Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and, Atlantic Ocean, , Arabia and, Africa, Alaska and, Asia, Turkey, , Bosphorus, Dover, Florida, , Gibralter, , Mediterranean Sea, and Atlantic Ocean, Java Sea and Bay, of Bengal, Bay of Bengal and, Indian Ocean, South Pacific and, South Atlantic, Ocean, Java Sea and, Indian Ocean, , River, , Origin, , Malacca, , Nile, Amazon, Yangtze, Mississippi, Missouri, Yenisei, Huang Ho, Ob, Congo, Amur, Lena, Mekong, Niger, , Victoria lake, Andes (Peru), Tibetan Kiang Plateau, Itaska Lake (USA), , Palk, , Tannu-Ola Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Altai Mountains, Russia, Lualaba and Luapula rivers, North East China, Baikal Mountains, Tibetan Highlands, Guinea, , Typhoons, Tropical Cyclones, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Willy Willies, , China Sea, Indian Ocean, Caribbean Sea, USA, Northern Australia, , Pacific Ocean with Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes, North Sea to Baltic Sea, , Magellan, , Sunda, , England and, Europe, Florida and, Bahamas, Islands, Spain and, Africa, (Morocco), India and, Indonesia, India and Sri, Lanka, Chile, , Indonesia, , Lake, , Location, , Caspian Sea, Superior, Victoria, Huron, Michigan, Tanganyika, Baikal, Great Bear, Aral, Great Slave, , Asia, Canada and USA, Africa, Canada and USA, USA, Africa, Russia, Canada, Kazakshtan, Canada

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35, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , Waterfall, , Location, , Name, , Country/Region, , Angel Falls, , Venezuela, , Sahara (Libyan, Nubian), , North Africa, , Tugela Falls, , South Africa, , Australia, , Monge, , Norway, , Australian (Gibson,, Simpson), Victorian Great, Sandy), , Yosemite, , United States, Peru, , Arabian, (Rub al Khali, An-Nafud), , Arabia, , Catarata Yumbilla, , Dasht-e-Lut (Barren Desert), , Iran, , Dasht-e-Kavir (Salt Desert), , Iran, , River, , Desierto de Sechura, , Peru, , Akyab (Myanmar), , Irrawaddy, , Atacama, , North Chile, , Baghdad (Iraq), , Tigris, , Patagonia, , Argentina, , Basara (Iraq), , Tigris and Euphrates, , Kalahari, , Botswana, , Belgrade, , Danube, , Namib, , Namibia, , Berlin (Germany), , Spree, , Bristol (UK), , Avon, , Budapest (Hungary), , Danube, , Cairo (Egypt), , Nile, , Canton, , Si-Kiang, , 1., , Greenland, , Glasgow (Scotland), , Clyde, , 2., , New Guinea, , 785,753, , Indonesia, , Hamburg (Germany), , Elbe, , 3., , Borneo, , 748,168, , Jamshedpur, , Subarnarekha, , Indonesia,, Malaysia, , Kabul, , Kabul, , 4., , Madagascar, , 587,713, , Madagascar, , Karachi, , Indus, , 5., , Baffin Island, , 503,944, , Canada, , Khartoum (Sudan), , Nile, , 6., , Sumatra, , 443,066, , Indonesia, , Town, , Rank Name, , Area, (km2 )3, , Country, , 2,175,600 Denmark, , Lahore, , Ravi, , Lisbon (Portugal), , Tangus, , London (UK), , Thames, , Mineral, , Lucknow, , Gomti, , Gold, , China, , Montreal (Canada), , Ottawa, , Bauxite, , Australia, , New Castle (UK), , Tyre, , Copper, , Chile, , New Orleans (USA), , Mississippi, , Platinum, , South Africa, , New York (USA), , Hudson, , Chromium, , South Africa, , Paris (France), , Seine, , Vanadium, , China, , Philadelphia (USA), , Delaware, , Antimony, , China, , Rome (Italy), , Tiber, , Tungsten, , China, , Shanghai, , Yang-tse-Kiang, , Phosphate, , Morocco, , Srinagar, , Jhelum, , Manganese, , China, , Warsaw (Poland), , Vistula, , Diamond, , Russia, , Washington DC, , Potomac, , Iron ore, , China, , Yangon (Myanmar), , Irawady, , Petroleum, , USA, , Leading Producer

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36, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , Grassland, , Country, , Name, , In Between, , Steppe, Pustaz, Prairie, Pampas, , Eurasia, Hungary, USA, Argentina and, Uruguay, (South America), South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, , Radcliffe Line (1947), McMahon Line, (1914), Durand Line (1893), Hindenburg Line, Maginot Line, Oder Neisse Line, Siegfried Line, , India and Pakistan (Indo-Pak), India and China (Indo-China), , Veld, Downs, Canterbury, , Agricultural, Produce, , Leading, Producer, , Coffee, Rubber, Tea, Oil Palm, Cocoa, Coconut, Date Palm, Cotton, Wheat, Maize, Fruits and Vegetables, Wool, Rice, Cloves, , Brazil, Thailand, China, Indonesia, Ghana, Indonesia, Egypt, China, China, USA, China, Australia, China, Zanzibar, , Anshan (China), Baku (Azerbaijan), Belfast (Ireland), Birmingham (UK), Chicago (USA), Detroit (USA), Havana (Cuba), Hollywood (USA), Johannesburg, (South Africa), Kansas City (USA), Kawasaki (Japan), Kimberley (South Africa), Krivoi Rog (Ukraine), Leeds (UK), Leningard (Russia), , 38th Parallel Line, 49th Parallel Line, 24th Parallel Line, , 17th Parallel Line, , Pakistan and Afghanistan, Germany and Poland, France and Germany, Germany and Poland, Fortification between Germany, and France, North and South Korea, USA and Canada, Pakistan claims that it is the, boundary between India and, Pakistan in Rann of Kachchh, North Vietnam and South Vietnam, , Highest and Lowest Points of the, Continent, Continent, , Highest (m), , Asia, Africa, , Mt Everest (8850), Mt Kilimanjaro, (5895), North America Mt Mckinley (6190), South America Mt Aconcagua, (6962), Antarctica, Vinson Massif, (4897), Europe, Mt El' brus (5642), Australia, Mt Kosciuszko, (2228), , Iron and Steel, Petroleum, Ship-building, Iron and Steel, Meat Packing, Automobile, Cigars, Films, Gold Mining, Meat Packing, Iron and Steel, Diamond Mining, Iron and Steel, Woollen Textiles, Ship-building, , Los Angeles (USA), Lyon (France), Magnitogorsk (Russia), Manchester (UK), Milan (Italy), Multan (Pakistan), Munich (Germany), Nagoya (Janpan), Philadelphia (USA), Pittsburg (USA), Plymouth (USA), Rourkela (India), Sheffield (UK), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (New Zealand), , Lowest (m), Dead Sea (−396), Lake Assal (−151), Death Valley (−87), Valdes Peninsula, (−40), Bentley Subglacial, Trench (−2538), Caspian Sea (−28), Lake Eyre (−16), , Petroleum, Silk Textiles, Iron and Steel, Cotton Textile, Silk Textile, Pottery, Lenses, Automobiles, Locomotives, Iron and Steel, Ship-building, Iron and Steel, Cutlery, Ship-building, Dairy Products

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37, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , INDIAN GEOGRAPHY, INDIA, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , India is the seventh largest country in, the world with an area of 3287263 sq km,, which is 2.42% of world’s area., India is the second most populous country, in the world with a population of 1.21, billion, which is 17.44% of the world., Indian subcontinent is located in the, Northern and Eastern hemisphere., India shares longest boundary with, Bangladesh (4096 km), followed by China, (3488 km), Pakistan (3323 km), Nepal, (1751 km), Myanmar (1643 km), Bhutan, (699 km) and Afghanistan (106 km)., In India, the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N, latitude) passes through 8 states (Gujarat,, Rajasthan,, Madhya, Pradesh,, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal,, Tripura and Mizoram)., Islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands in, the Bay of Bengal; Lakshadweep,, Amindivi and Minicoy in the Arabian Sea., Ocean India lies midway between the Far, East and Middle East. The trans-Indian, Ocean routes connecting the industrially, developed countries of Europe in the West, and the under developed countries of East, Asia pass close by Indian subcontinent., It is surrounded by Arabian Sea in the, South-West and Bay of Bengal in the, South-East., , Country, , Border, , Pakistan (4), , Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab,, Jammu and Kashmir, Afghanistan (1) Jammu and Kashmir, China (5), , Nepal (5), Bhutan (4), , Jammu and Kashmir,, Uttarakhand, Himachal, Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal, Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand,, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, , Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam,, Arunachal Pradesh, Bangladesh (5) West Bengal, Assam,, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram, , Highest Peak, , Height, (in m), , Mt K2, Kanchenjunga, Nanda Devi, Saltoro Kangri, , 8611, 8598, 7817, 7742, , Kangto, , 7090, , Reo Purgyil, , 6816, , Saramati, Sandakphu, Khayang, Anaimudi, Dodda Betta, , 3841, 3636, 3114, 2695, 2636, , State, PoK (India), Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Jammu and, Kashmir, Arunachal, Pradesh, Himachal, Pradesh, Nagaland, West Bengal, Manipur, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, , Important Facts, Latitudinal extent, Longitudinal extent, North-South extent, East-West extent, Land Frontiers, Total Coastline, Number of States, Union Territories, , 8°4' North to 37° 6', North, 68°7' East to 97° 25', East, , 3214 km, , 2933 km, 15200 km, 7516.6 km, 29, 8 (After bifurcation of, J & K in Jammu and, Kashmir and Ladakh, and merger of Dadar, and Nagar Haveli with, Daman and Diu), Land Neighbours, Pakistan, Afghanistan,, China, Nepal, Bhutan,, Bangladesh and, Myanmar, Longest Coastline, Gujarat, Active volcano, Barren Island in, Andaman and Nicobar, Islands, Southern most point Indira Point or, Pygmalion point in, Great Nicobar, Southern most tip, Kanyakumari, Northern most point Indira Col, Western most point West of Ghaur Mota in, Gujarat, Eastern most point Kibithu, (Arunachal Pradesh)

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Climatic, Requirement, , Tropical Thorny Rainfall 50-70 cm,, Temperature, 25-27°C, Humidity, < 47%, Rainfall > 200 cm,, Tidal/Littoral, high water salinity, Mangrove, and areas are, flooded regularly, , Tropical Wet, Evergreen, , Rainfall > 250 cm, Temperature, 25-27°C Humidity, 80% or more, Tropical Semi- Rainfall > 200-250, cm, Temperature, Evergreen, 24-27°C Humidity, 80%, Areas receive rain, Tropical Dry, from North-East, Evergreen, Monsoon,, Temperature 28°C,, Humidity 74%, Tropical Moist Moderate rainfall of, 150-200 cm,, Deciduous, Temperature, 26-27°C, Humidity, 60-80%, Rainfall < 150 cm,, Tropical Dry, Dry season, Deciduous, , Name, , Sal, Teak, Sandalwood, Ebony, Mahua, Western Ghats, Eastern coastal plains,, Shisham, Eastern Plateau, , Sal, Teak, Khair, Palash, Tendu, Laurel Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Western, Ghats, Rajasthan and West Bengal, , Trees shed their leaves in the dry, season, , Undergrowth is shrubby and grassy,, trees shed their leaves in the dry, season, Trees are stunted (6-9 m), trees have, long roots, sharp spines and glossy, leaves to conserve water, , Trees are evergreen, breathing roots, called pneumatophores, , Khirni, Jamun, Tamarind, Neem, Cane, , Presence of canopy, low height, about, 9-12 m, , Keora, Amur, Sundari, Agar, Bhendi,, Nipa, , Babul, Acacia, Khair, Khajuri, , Semul, Rosewood, Indian Chestnut,, Kusum, Mesua, , Evergreen mixed with deciduous,, Height 24-36 m, , South-Western Punjab, Western, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, Western, Madhya Pradesh, Kachchh and, Saurashtra, Delta regions of Ganga, Mahanadi,, Godavari and Krishna, , Coromandal Coast of Tamil Nadu, , Lower slopes of Eastern Himalayas,, Odisha Coast, , Noth-East India, Western slopes of, Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar, Islands, , Mesa, Dhup, White cedar, Jamun,, Bamboo, Agar and Hopea, , Dense forest, tall trees, , Found in Area, , Important Species, , Feature, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , 41

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Tea, coffee, rubber, cashew and millets., , Generally unsuitable for cultivation, but with, irrigation useful for cultivation of, drought-resistant lime, millets, barley,, cotton, maize and pulses., with fertilisers, tea, fruits and medicinal, plants can be grown., Unfit for agriculture., , Rich in iron and potash, but deficient in, lime, nitrogen, phosphorus and humus., , Eastern parts of Deccan Plateau, Tamil, Nadu, Goa, Odisha and Meghalaya., , Summits of Eastern and Western Ghats, Rich in iron but poor in silica, lime,, Assam hills, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, phosphorus, potash and humus., West Bengal and Odisha., , West and North-West India, Rajasthan,, North Gujarat and Southern Punjab., , Hills of Jammu and Kashmir Uttarakhand Rich in iron and humus, but deficient in, and Assam hills., lime., , Drier parts of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar, Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra., , Kerala, coastal regions of Odisha, Tamil Contain large amount of soluble salts and Useful for rice and jute cultivation., Nadu and Suderbans of West Bengal., organic matter, but lack in potash and, phosphates., , Red, , Laterite, , Desert, , Mountain, , Saline (Reh, Kallar, Usar,, Thur, Rukar) and Alkaline, , Peaty and Marshy, , Many salts such as sodium, magnesium, and calcium., , Rich in soluble salts, but deficient in, organic matter., , Rich in iron, lime, aluminium, magnesium, Cotton sugarcane, jowar, tobacco, wheat, and rice., calcium, but lacks in nitrogen,, phosphorus and humus., , Deccan Plateau, Valleys of Krishna and, Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya, Pradesh and Tamil Nadu., , Black soil (Regur soil), , Wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane and pulses., , Large variety of rabi and kharif crops such, as wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton and jute, etc., , Rich in potash and lime but deficient in, nitrogen and phosphorus., , Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand, , Alluvial, , Crops Grow, , Composition, , States where Found (Occurrence), , Types, , 42, GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography

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Dry Forests or Arid, Forests, , Tropical Dry Deciduous, Forests, , Tropical Moist, Deciduous Forests, , Tropical Evergreen, Forests, , Forest Type, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , Rajasthan and adjoining areas of, Haryana, Gujarat and Punjab., Rainshadow area of peninsular India., , Large parts of Maharashtra and Andhra, Pradesh., Parts of Punjab, Haryana and Eastern, parts of Rajasthan., Northern and Western parts of Madhya, Pradesh., Tamil Nadu., Southern parts of Uttar Pradesh., , Foothills of Himalayas in Bhabar and, Tarai region., These cover about 20% India’s forest, area., , Eastern parts of Sahyadris (Western, Ghats)., North Eastern part of Peninsula., Middle and lower Ganga valley., , Rainy slopes of Western Ghats., NE India except Arunachal Pradesh., Eastern part of West Bengal and Odisha., Andaman and Nicobar Islands., , Distribution, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , Low rainfall (less than, 50 cm per annum)., Relative humidity is less., , 50 to 100 cm rainfall., Moderate humidity., , 100 to 200 cm rainfall per, annum., Moderate temperature., , Rainfall > 200 cm, Relative Humidity > 70%, Average temperature is, about 24°C., Hot and humid climate., , Climatic Conditions, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , Thorny vegetation., Roots are very long., Leaves are small., , 6 to 15 m high., Roots are thick and, long., , 30 to 40 m high trees., Due to deficiency of, water, they shed their, leaves in spring (onset, of summer)., , Height of trees is 40 to, 60 m., Leaves are dark green, and broad., , Characteristics, , Cactus, Thorny bushes,, Kikar, Babool, Date palm,, Acacia, Khair, Euphorbias, etc., , Teak, Sal, Bamboo,, Mango, Acacia, Neem,, Shisham etc., , Sal, Teak, Arjun, Mulberry,, Kusum, Sandalwood, Siris,, Haldi, Khair, Mango,, Banyan tree etc., , Mahogany, Mahua,, Bamboo, Cones,, Ironwood, Kadam, Irul,, Jamun, Hopea, Rubber, tree, Toon, Telsur etc., , Species, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , 43

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44, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , Seasons of India, , CLIMATE, , l, , Monsoon, A type of wind system, in which there is almost, complete reversal of prevailing wind direction., , Types, , l, , l, , l, , 1. South West Monsoon (June and July), 2. North East Monsoon (Sept. to Dec.), , Winter Season Mid December to, Mid March, Summer Season Mid March to May, Rainy Season June to September, Season of Retreating Monsoon, October to Mid December, , Type, , Area, , Characteristic, , Tropical Rain, Forests, , Western Ghats, West Coastal Plains,, Parts of Assam, , High temperature throughout the year,, heavy seasonal rainfall, annual rainfall, 200 cm annually (May to November), , Tropical Savana, Climate, , Most of Peninsular region (except, leeward side of Western Ghats), , Dry winters, annual rainfall varies from, 76 cm to 150 cm., , Rainshadow belt running Southward, Tropical, Semi-Arid- Steppe from Central Maharashtra to Tamil, Nadu., Climate, , Low rainfall varies from, 38 cm to 80 cm and temperature from, 20° to 30°C., , Tropical and, Sub-tropical, Steppes, , Punjab, Haryana and Kachchh region Temperature varies from 12°-35°C., , Tropical Desert, , Scanty rainfall (mostly in form of cloud, Western parts of Barmer, Jaisalmer, and Bikaner districts of Rajasthan and burst), high temperature., parts of Kachchh, , Humid Subtropical Climate, with dry winters, , South of Himalayas, , Mild winters and extremely hot, summers., , Mountain Climate, , Mountainous region (above 6000 m, or more), , Rainfall varies from 63.5 cm to, 254 cm., (Mostly during South-West Monsoon), , AGRICULTURE, , Zaid, , India is essentially an agricultural land., Two-thirds of its population still lives on, agriculture. It includes farming, animal, rearing and fishing., , Sown in February/March harvested in, May/June, e.g., urad, moong, melons, etc., , Agricultural Seasons in India, , It is the phrase generally used to, describe the spectacular increase that, took place during 1968 and is, continuing in the production of, foodgrains in India., The components of Green Revolution are, High Yield Variety Seeds, Irrigation,, Use of Fertilisers, Use of Insecticide, and, Pesticide,, Command, Area, Development, Programme Consolidation, of Holdings etc., , There are three major crop seasons in India, , Kharif, Sown, in, June/July,, harvested, in, September/October, e.g., rice, jowar, bajra,, ragi, maize, cotton and jute., , Rabi, Sown in October/December, harvested in, April/May e.g., wheat, barley, peas, rapeseed,, mustard, grains., , Green Revolution

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46, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA, Railways, l, , l, , l, , Indian Railway system is the second largest, in Asia and the fourth largest in the world., The longest railway platform in India is, now Gorakhpur with a stretch of around, 1.3 km., , Railway Zone, , Headquarters, , Central, Eastern, Northern, North-Eastern, North-East Frontier, Southern, South Central, South-Eastern, Western, East Coast, East Central, North Central, North-Western, South-Western, West Central, South- East Central, Kolkata Metro, South Coast Railway, , Mumbai (CST), Kolkata, New Delhi, Gorakhpur, Maligaon-Guwahati, Chennai, Secunderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai Churchgate, Bhubaneshwar, Hajipur, Allahabad, Jaipur, Hubli, Jabalpur, Bilaspur, Kolkata, Visakhapatnam, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , The first train ran in India between, Bombay and Thane, a stretch of 34 km on, 16th April, 1853., The second train ran between Howrah, and Hooghly in 1854., The first electric train in India was, Deccan Queen. It was introduced in 1929, between Bombay and Poona., The longest train route is ‘Vivek Express’, from Dibrugarh in Assam to Kanyakumari, in Tamil Nadu. It covers a distance of, 4273 km (2655 miles)., The first Metro train was introduced in, Kolkata (West Bengal) on 24th October,, 1984. The two stations connected were, Dumdum and Belgachhia., In 1990, Konkan Railway has been started, between Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka., Delhi metro rail was started in 2002 on, 25th December between Shahdra and, Tees Hazari., Rapid metro train has been started in, Gurgaon (Haryana) on 14th November, 2013., , l, , l, , Vande Bharat Express also known as, Train 18, is an Indian semi-high speed, electric (India’s fastest train) train made, by Integral Coach Factory, Chennai,, under make in India Programme., Eastern Peripheral Expressway or, Kundli-Ghaziabad-Palwal Expressway is, a 6-lane expressway passing through the, states of Haryana and Uttar pradesh., India’s longest greenfield 6 lane, expressway, named as Agra-Lucknow, expressway has been inaugurated in, Uttar Pradesh., , Road Transport, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , India has one of the largest road, networks in the world (48 lakh km, approx). It consists of National, highways, State highways; major/other, district roads and rural roads., NH 44 (3745 km) is the longest highway, of India (Srinagar to Kanyakumari)., NH 548 and NH 118 are the shortest, National Highways each with the, length of 5 km., The North-South and East-West, Corridor (NS-EW) is the largest, ongoing expressway project in India. It, is the second phase of the National, Highways, Development, Project, (NHDP) and involves building 7300 km, of six lane expressway connecting, Srinagar, Kanyakumari, Porbandar and, Silchar., NS-EW Corridor intersect at Jhansi., The Indian Railways operate in three, different gauges i.e. Broad Gauge, (distance between rails is 1.676m),, Metre Gauge (distance between rails is, 1.00m) and Narrow Gauge (distance, between rails is 0.762 or 0.610m)., Maharashtra has the maximum length, of surfaced roads in India., , The Golden Quadrilateral project, connects the four metropolitan cities of, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, covering a total distance of 5952 km. It is, the first phase of the National Highways, Development Project (NHDP).

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48, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY, Environment All external conditions,, factors, matter and energy living and, non-living that affect any living organism, or other specified system., Ecology Biological science that studies the, relationships between living organisms, and their environment; study of the, structure and functions of nature., Ecosystem It is defined as a unit which, include all the organisms (biological, components) in a given area interacting, with, the, enviornment, (physical, component), so that the flow energy, leads to a clearly defined trophic, structure, biotic diversity and material, cycles., Biome Terrestrial regions characterised by, certain types of vegetation and other, forms of life. Examples include various, types of deserts, grasslands and forests., Wetland Land that is covered all part of the, time with saltwater or freshwater,, excluding streams, lakes and the open, ocean., Biodiversity Variety of different species, (species diversity), genetic variability, among individuals within each species, (genetic diversity), variety of ecosystems, (ecological diversity) and functions such, as energy flow and matter cycling, needed for the survival of species and, biological communities (functional, diversity)., Biosphere Zone of the Earth where, life is found. It consists of parts of the, atmosphere, (the, troposphere),, hydrosphere (mostly surface water and, groundwater) and lithosphere (mostly, soil and surface rocks and sediments on, the bottoms of oceans and other bodies, of water) where life is found., Wildlife All free, undomesticated species., Sometimes the term is used to describe, animals only., , Threatened Species Wild species that is, still abundant in its natural range but is, likely to become endangered because of, a decline in numbers., Ozone ( O3 ) Colourless and highly reactive, gas and a major component of, photochemical smog. Also found in the, ozone layer in the stratosphere and, protect us from ultra violet rays., Smog Originally, a combination of smoke, and fog but now used to describe other, mixtures, of, pollutants, in, the, atmosphere., Acid Rain When fossil fuel is burnt, oxides, are formed in the atmosphere. The, oxides formed of sulphur and nitrogen, get dissolve in water and cause acid rain., Global Warming Warming of the Earth’s, lower atmosphere (troposphere) because, of increases in the concentrations of one, or more greenhouse gases. It can result in, irreversible climate change that can last, for decades to thousands of years., Ecomarks The ministry of environment, and forests, Government of India, instituted a scheme, that is operating on, a, national, basis, and, provides, accreditation, and, labelling, for, household and other consumer products, which meet certain environmental, criteria., Coral Bleaching Coral bleaching occurs, when the relations between the coral, host and zooxanthallae, which give coral, much of their colour, breaks down., Without the zooxanthallae, the tissue of, the coral animal appears transparent, and the coral’s bright white skelton is, revealed., Sustainability Ability of Earth’s various, systems, including human cultural, systems and economies, to survive and, adapt to changing environmental, conditions indefinitely.

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50, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Geography, , Name, , States, , Type, , Area (km 2 ), , Manas, Dibru-Saikhowa, Seshchalam Hills, Great Nicobar (UNESCO), Dihang-Dibang, Great Rann of Kachchh, Cold Desert, Agasthyamalai (UNESCO), Pachmarhi (UNESCO), Achanakamar- Amarkantak, (UNESCO), Nokrek (UNESCO), Simlipal (UNESCO), Khangchendzonga (UNESCO), Nilgiri (UNESCO), , Assam, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,, Chhattisgarh, Meghalaya, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, , East Himalayas, East Himalayas, Eastern Ghats, Islands, East Himalayas, Desert, Western Himalayas, Western Ghats, Semi-Arid, Maikala Range, , 2837, 765, 4755.997, 885, 5112, 12454, 7770, 1828, 4926, 3835, , East Himalayas, Deccan Peninsula, East Himalayas, Western Ghats, , 820, 4374, 2620, 5520, , Coasts, West Himalayas, Gangetic Delta, Semi-Arid, , 10500, 5860, 9630, 2998, , Gulf of Mannar (UNESCO), Nanda Devi (UNESCO), Sunderbans (UNESCO), Panna, , UN Conference on the Human Environment, Convention on Migratory Species, Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Pototocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes, Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development), Convention on Prior Informed Consent, UN Conference on Sustainable Development, Nagoya Protocol on Genetic Resources (Nagoya Protocol), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD-CoP-11), , Stockholm (1972), Bonn (1979), Vienna (1985), Montreal (1987), Basel (1989), Rio-de-Janeiro (1992), Rotterdam (1998), Rio-de-Janeiro (2012), Nagoya (2010), Hyderabad (2012), , Lima Climate Change Conference (CoP-20), Paris Agreement (CoP-21), Marrakech Conference (CoP-22), Bonn Conference (CoP-23), Katowice Conference (CoP-24), Madrid Conference (CoP-25), , Lima (2014), Paris (2015), Marrakech Morocco (2016), Bonn (2017), Katowice, Poland (2018), Madrid, Spain (2019), , Project, , Year, , Project Hangul, Project Gir, Project Tiger, Project Olive Ridley Turtles, Crocodile Breeding Scheme, Project Manipur Thamin, Project Rhino, Project Elephant, Project Red Panda, Project Sea Turtle, Project Vulture, Project Snow Leopard, , 1970, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1975, 1977, 1987, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2006, 2009, , Birds, , Great Indian Bustard, Forest, Owlet, Vulture, Bengal Florican,, Himalayan Quail, Siberian, Crane, , Mammals, , Flying Squirrel, Red Panda,, Pygmy Hog, Kondana Rat,, Snow Leopard, Asiatic Lion,, One-Horned Rhinoceros, , Reptiles, , Gharial, Hawksbill Turtle, River, Terrapin, Sispara Day Gecko, , Amphibians, , Flying Frog, Tiger Toad

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INDIAN, POLITY, CONSTITUTION, , l, , Framing of the, Indian Constitution, l, , l, , l, , l, , The idea to have a Constitution was first, given by MN Roy (A pioneer of, Communist Movement in India)., The Constitution was framed by the, Constituent Assembly of India, set-up, on 16th May 1946, in accordance with, the Cabinet Mission Plan, under the, Chairmanship, of, Sach-chidanand, Sinha, initially. Dr Rajendra Prasad and, HC Mukherjee were elected as the, President and Vice-President respectively, on 11th December 1946. BN Rau was, appointed as the Constitutional Advisor., The total membership of the Constituent, Assembly was 389, of these 292 were, representatives of British States; 93 were, representatives of Princely States and 4, were from the Chief Commissioners, Provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara,, Coorg and British Baluchistan., The Chairman of the Drafting Committee, was Dr BR Ambedkar, also known as the, Father of the Indian Constitution., , Enactment of the, Constitution, l, , l, , l, , The Constituent Assembly took 2 years,, 11 months and 18 days to complete the, Constitution., Some of the provisions related to, citizenship, elections, provisional Parliament etc were given immediate effect., The Constitution, is adopted on 26th, November, 1949, contained a Preamble,, 395 Articles divided into 22 Parts and, 8 Schedules. Presently, it has 448 Articles, divided into 25 Parts and 12 Schedules., , l, , The enforcement of Constitution was, delayed till 26th January because, in, 1929, on this day Indian National, Congress demanded Poorna Swaraj in, Lahore Session, Chaired by JL Nehru., The Constitution came into force on, 26th January, 1950, known as Republic, Day of India. The Constituent Assembly, adopted our National Flag on 22nd July,, 1947. It was designed by Pingali, Venkayya., , (1946), Members, , Portfolios Held, , Jawaharlal Nehru, , External Affairs &, Commonwealth, Relations, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Home, Information &, Broadcasting, Dr Rajendra Prasad, Food & Agriculture, Dr John Mathai, Industries & Supplies, Jagjivan Ram, Labour, Sardar Baldev Singh, Defence, CH Bhabha, Works, Mines & Power, Liaquat Ali Khan, Finance, Abdur Rab Nishtar, Posts & Air, Asaf Ali, Railways & Transport, C Rajagopalachari, Education & Arts, II Chundrigar, Commerce, Ghaznafar Ali Khan, Health, Joginder Nath Mandal, Law, , Note Interim government was formed from, the newly elected Constituent Assembly., , Preamble, l, , l, , It is the preface or the introduction of, the Constitution. It is an integral part of, the Constitution. The interpretation of, the Constitution is based on the spirit of, the Preamble., The Objective Resolution, drafted and, moved by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and, adopted by the Constituent Assembly,, ultimately became the Preamble.

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52, l, , l, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, , The idea of the Preamble was borrowed, from the Constitution of USA., The words, Socialist, Secular and, Integrity were added by the 42nd, Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976., , Ireland, , n, , South, Africa, , n, , France, , n, , The Preamble, ‘‘WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly, resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN,, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, and to secure to all its citizens:, JUSTICE, Social, Economic and Political, LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and, worship;, EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to, promote among them all, FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the, individual and the unity and integrity of the, Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this, twenty-sixth day of November, 1949 do HEREBY, ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS, CONSTITUTION., , Main Features, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , UK, , n, n, n, n, n, n, n, n, , USA, , n, , Written Constitution, Vice-President as the Ex-officio, Chairman of Upper House, Fundamental Rights, Supreme Court, Independence of Judiciary and, Judicial Review, Preamble, , n, , Fundamental Duties, , n, n, , n, n, n, , Erstwhile, USSR, Australia, , Rule of Law, Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs, Parliamentary Government, Bicameral Parliament, CAG Office, Single Citizenship, Law making procedures, , n, n, , Japan, , n, , Germany, , n, , Canada, , n, , n, , Concurrent List, Joint sitting of Parliament, Procedure established by law, , Concept of Directive, Principles of State Policy., Method of election of the, President, Procedure for amendment of, the constitution and election, of member of Rajya Sabha, Republic and the ideals of, Liberty equality and fraternity, in the Preamble., , Bulkiest written Constitution in the, World., Combination of Rigidity and Flexibility, Parliamentary System of Government, Federal System with a Unitary bias, Fundamental Rights and Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy, Integrated and Independent Judiciary, Single Citizenship, Emergency Powers, Universal Adult Franchise, , Important Articles, Part I, , Union and its Territories, (Article 1-4), 1. The Constitution says, “India, that is, Bharat, shall be a Union of States”., 2. Admission or establishment of new, States., 3. The Constitution empowers the, Parliament to form new States and to, alter the areas, boundaries or names of, existing States., Note Through J & K Reorganisation Act of, 2019, the state of Jammu and Kashmir, was divided into two Union Territory i.e., Union Territory of Ladakh and the Union, Territory of Jammu and Kashmir., , Part II, , Suspension of Fundamental, Rights during the Emergency, , Citizenship (Article 5-11), , Scheme of federation with a, strong Centre, Distribution of powers between, the Centre and the States and, placing Residuary Powers with, the Centre, , The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes, five ways to acquire citizenship of India, 1. By birth, 2. By descent, 3. By registration 4. By naturalisation, 5. By incorporation

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53, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, Three modes of losing citizenship, 1. Renunciation, 2. Termination, 3. Deprivation, Through Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 members of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist,, Jain, Parsi and Christian religions minorities, from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, who entered India before 31st December,, 2014 will be given Indian citizenship., , l, , l, , l, , Cultural and Educational Rights, l, , Part III, , Fundamental Rights, , l, , (Article 12-35), , Rights to Equality (Article 14-18), l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Equality before Law (Article 14)., Prohibition of discrimination on grounds, of religion, race, caste, sex or place of, birth.(Article 15), Equality of opportunity in matters of, public employment. (Article 16), Abolition of untouchability (Article 17)., Abolition of titles. (Article 18), , Rights to Constitutional Remedies, l, , l, , l, , l, , Protection of certain rights regarding;, Speech and expression, assembly,, association, movement, residence, and, profession (Article 19), Protection in respect of conviction for, offences. (Article 20), Protection of life and personal liberty, (Article 21)., Protection against arrest and detention, in certain cases (Article 22)., , Right to Education, Article 21A states that the state shall, provide free and compulsory education to, all children of the age of 6-14 years., , Rights against Exploitation, (Article 23-24), l, , l, , Prohibition of human trafficking and, forced labour (Article 23)., Prohibition of employment of children in, any factories, etc (Article 24)., , Rights to Freedom of Religion, (Article 25-28), l, , Freedom of conscience and right to, profess, practice and propagate one’s, religious beliefs. (Article 25), , Protection of interest of minorities, (Article 29)., Right of minorities to establish and, administer, educational, institutions, (Article 30)., , Freedom of Press is implicit in the, Article 19. Article 20 and 21 cannot be, suspended even during National Emergency., (Article 352), Right to Property under Article 19 (1) (f) was, repealed by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978,, and was made a legal right under Article 300A., , Rights to Freedom (Article 19-22), l, , Freedom to manage religious affairs, (Article 26)., Freedom from taxation for promotion of, any particular religion (Article 27)., Freedom from attendance of religious, instructions or religious worship in certain, educational institutions (Article 28)., , l, , Right to move to the Supreme Court (Article, 32) and the High Courts (Article 226) in, case of violation of the Fundamental Rights, BR Ambedkar called Article 32 as the Heart, and Soul of the Constitution., Writs of habeas corpus, mandamus,, prohibition, certiorari and quo-warranto, can be issued under this., , Writ, , Meaning Intended Purpose, , Habeas, Corpus, , You may, have the, body, , To release a person who, has been detained, unlawfully whether in, prison or in private, custody., Mandamus We, To secure the perforCommand mance of public duties, by lower court, tribunal, or public authority., Certiorari To be, To quash the order, certified already passed by an, inferior court, tribunal or, quasi judicial authority., Prohibition The act of To prohibit an inferior, stopping court from continuing, something the proceedings in a, particular case where it, has no jurisdiction to try., Quo, What is, To restrain a person, Warranto your, from holding a public, authority office to which he is not, entitled.

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54, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, , Part IV, , Directive Principles of State Policy, (Article 36-51), Directive principles are broad guiding, principles that states shall keep in mind, while formulating policies and enacting, laws. These are non-justiciable in nature, Articles 36-37 Definition and application of, the principles contained in this part., Article 38 To secure and protect a social order,, which stands for the welfare of the people., Article 39 Certain principles of policy to be, followed by the State., Article 40 To organise village Panchayats as, units of self- government., Article 41 Right to work, to education and to, public assistance in certain cases., Article 42 To secure just and humane, conditions of work and maternity relief., Article 43 Living wage etc for workers, to, promote cottage industries., Article 44 Uniform Civil Code for the, citizens., Article 45 Provision of early childhood care, and education to children below the age of, 6 years., Article 46 To promote the educational and, economic interests of the weaker sections, of the people, especially the Scheduled, Castes and Scheduled Tribes., Article 47 Improvement of public health and, the prohibition of intoxicating drinks and, drugs., Article 48 Organisation of agriculture and, animal husbandry on modern lines., Article 49 To protect all monuments of, historic interest and national importance., Article 50 To bring about the separation of the, judiciary from the executive., Article 51 Promotion of international peace, and security., , It shall be the duty of every citizen of, India, (a)to abide by the Constitution and, respect its ideals and institutions,, the National Flag and the National, Anthem., (b)to cherish and follow the noble ideals, which inspired our national struggle, for freedom., (c)to uphold and protect the, sovereignty, unity and integrity of, India., (d)to defend the country and render, national service, when called upon to, do so., (e)to promote harmony and the spirit of, common brotherhood amongst all, the people of India, transcending, religious, linguistic and regional or, sectional diversities; to renounce, practices derogatory to the dignity of, women., (f) to value and preserve the rich, heritage of our composite culture., (g) to protect and improve the natural, environment, including, forests,, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have, compassion for living creatures., (h) to develop scientific temper,, humanism and the spirit of enquiry, and reform., (i) to safeguard public property and to, abjure violence., (j) to strive towards excellence in all, spheres of individual and collective, activity, so that the nation constantly, rises to higher levels of endeavour, and achievement., The 86th Amendment Act, 2002, inserted Article 51A (K), “each, parent or guardian to provide, opportunities for education to his, child or ward between the age of, 6 and 14 years.”, , Part IV (A), , Fundamental Duties, (Article 51A), It was inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act, in 1976 on the recommendations of Swaran, Singh Committee it was inspired by the, Constitution of erstwhile USSR., , Part V, , Union (Article 52-151), , THE PRESIDENT, l, , Executive Head of the State and the, first citizen of India.

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55, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, The, 42nd, Amendment, of, the, Constitution has made it obligatory on, the part of the President to accept the, advice of the Council of Ministers., However, 44th Amendment Act amended, the word ‘obligatory’ and added that, ‘President can send the advice for, reconsideration’., Qualifications Must be a citizen of India;, of 35 years in age; eligible to be a member of, the Lok Sabha and must not hold any office, of profit., Election Indirectly, elected, through, Electoral College consisting of elected, members of both the Houses of the, Parliament and elected members of the, Legislative Assemblies of the States and, elected members of the Legislative, Assemblies of Union Territories of Delhi and, Puducherry., Members of the Legislative Councils, have no right to vote in the Presidential, election., Supreme Court decides all disputes, regarding President’s election., Tenure The term is 5 years though there, is no upper limit on the number of times a, person can become the President, (Article 57). He can give resignation to the, Vice-President before the full-term., The salary of the President is, ` 5,00,000 per month., In case, the office of the President falls, vacant due to death, resignation or, removal, the Vice- President acts as the, President., If he is not available then Chief Justice of, India, if not then the senior most Judge of, the Supreme Court shall act as the, President of India., l, , Powers of President, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , He is the formal head of the, administration., The President shall have the power to, appoint and remove high authorities like, the Prime Minister, other Ministers of, the Union, Judges, Governors of States, and appoints Chiefs of Army, Navy and, Air Force., He nominates 12 members of the Rajya, Sabha from persons of literature, art,, science and social work and 2 members, in the Lok Sabha of the Anglo-Indian, Community., Note Parliament has passed (126th), Amendment Bill in December 2019, doing, away with the provision of Anglo-Indians, to Lok Sabha and Some State Assemblies., Declares wars and concludes peace, subject to the approval of the Parliament., President has the Veto power., Under Article 72, the President has the, power to grant pardons, reprieves,, respites or remission of punishment or, to suspend, remit or commute the, sentence of any person convicted with, death sentence., Under Article 123, President can, promulgate Ordinances, when the, Parliament is not in session., , l, , Types of Vetoes, , l, , Absolute Veto Withholding the assent to, the Bill., Qualified Veto Can be overridden by the, Legislature with a higher majority., Suspensive Veto Can be overridden by, the Legislature with an ordinary majority., Pocket Veto Delay in giving assent to the, Bill. The Veto Power has been exercised only, twice (a) by Dr Rajendra Prasad and (b) by, R.Venkata raman. President of India is vested, with three vetos absolute veto, suspensive, veto and pocket veto. There is no qualified, veto in the case of Indian President., , l, , The first and only President who died in, the office, was Dr Zakir Hussain. He was, also the President with the shortest tenure., , l, , Justice M Hidayatullah was the first, Chief Justice of India to be appointed as, the President (July 1969-August 1969)., , l, , Impeachment Procedure, , Emergency Powers, l, , ■, , ■, , It is a quasi- judicial procedure. President can, be impeached only on the grounds of violation, of the Constitution. (Article 61)p, The impeachment procedure can be initiated in, either House of the Parliament., , l, , l, , To declare National Emergency., (Article 352), To impose President Rule in a State., (Article 356), To declare Financial Emergency., (Article 360)

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56, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, , VICE-PRESIDENT, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Article 63 of the Constitution stipulates a, Vice-President for India., He is elected by both the Houses of, Parliament., The Vice-President is the Ex-officio, Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya, Sabha) as mentioned in the Article 64., Present salary of the Vice-President is, ` 4,00,000 per month., The first Vice-President of India was, Dr S Radhakrishnan., The first and only Vice-President who died, in the office, was Shri Krishna Kant, (1997-2002)., , If no party gets an absolute majority, in the Lok Sabha or a Prime Minister, resigns or dies, the President can use, his own discretion in the choice of, the Prime Minister., Article 78 stipulates that it is the duty, of the Prime Minister (a) to, communicate to the President all the, decisions taken by the Cabinet and, (b) to furnish such information, relating to the administration of the, Union or any Legislation as the, President may call for. The Prime, Minister serves in the office for five, years though he can be re-appointed., When the Lok Sabha is dissolved, He, can continue in office upon the, request of the President until new, government is formed., If the Government is defeated in the, Lok Sabha, the Prime Minister and, the entire cabinet must resign,, however, if defeated in the Rajya, Sabha, resignation is not obligatory., , l, , l, , l, , COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Article 74 of the Constitution states that, there shall be a Council of Ministers, with, the Prime Minister at its head, to aid and, advise the President., It is composed of all Union Ministers—, the Prime Minister, Cabinet Ministers,, Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers., The other Ministers shall be appointed by, the President on the advice of the Prime, Minister under Article 75(1)., A Minister must be a member of either, House of Parliament or be elected within 6, months, of, assuming, office, under, Article 75(5)., The Council of Ministers is collectively, responsible to the Lok Sabha, It means the, Lok Sabha can remove the Council of, Ministers from office by passing a, No-confidence Motion. [Article 75 (3)]., Ministers are also responsible for their, departments and can be removed from the, office by the President on the advice, of the Prime Minister. This is essentially an, individual responsibility under Article, 75 (2)., , PRIME MINISTER, l, , l, , The Prime Minister is the head of the, Government and the head of the Council of, Ministers., The Prime Minister is appointed by the, President on the basis of his being the leader, of the majority party in the Lok Sabha., , l, , Tit-Bits, ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , Jawaharlal Nehru was the first, Prime Minister and the longest serving so, far., The first and the ‘only’ acting Prime, Minister was Gulzarilal Nanda., Lal Bahadur Shastri was the first PM, who died abroad, while in office at, Takshent. Gulzarilal Nanda has acted, twice as the Prime Minister., Chaudhary Charan Singh was the, only PM who did not face Parliament,, while being in office., The youngest Prime Minister was, Rajeev Gandhi and the oldest Prime, Minister was Morarji Desai., AB Vajpayee (May 1996–June 1996), government had the shortest tenure, (13 days)., , UNION, LEGISLATURE, l, , Legislature of the Union is called the, Parliament and consists of the Rajya, Sabha (Council of States), the Lok, Sabha (House of the People) and the, President (Article 79).

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57, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, l, , The business of Parliament is, transacted either in Hindi or in English., However, the Presiding Officers of the, two Houses may permit any member to, address the House in his/her mother, tongue too., , Rajya Sabha, (Council of States), l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the, Parliament. First sitting of the Rajya, Sabha was held on 3rd April, 1952., The maximum permissible strength of, the Rajya Sabha is 250. Of these,, 238 members are elected indirectly, from the States and Union Territories,, and 12 are nominated by the President, for their expertise in art, literature,, science and social services (Article 80)., Currently, the strength of the Rajya, Sabha is 245. Of these, 229 members, are elected from States and 4 members, represent Union Territories while, 12 members are nominated by the, President., The Rajya Sabha is a Permanent House, and is not subject to dissolution and, members enjoy a tenure of six years., However, one-third of the members, retire every second years (Article 83)., It shares legislative powers with the Lok, Sabha, except in the case of Money Bill, where the Lok Sabha has overriding, powers., , Qualifications Article 84 provides for the, eligibility, for, membership, of, the, Parliament. The conditions are, (a)citizen of India;, (b)Not less than 25 years of age for the Lok, Sabha and 30 years of age for the Rajya, Sabha; and, (c) possess such other qualifications as may, be prescribed by the Parliament., Bills It may be classified as Ordinary,, Money, Financial and Constitutional, Amendments., The Ordinary Bills can be introduced in, either House of the Parliament, but, Money Bill can be initiated only in the, House of the People i.e. Lok Sabha., After a Money Bill has been passed by the, Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha, for deliberations. The Rajya Sabha is, given 14 days to make recommendations,, which can be accepted or not by the Lok, Sabha., Article 111 stipulates that a Money Bill, cannot be returned to the House by the, President for reconsideration., , l, , l, , l, , Speaker of the Lok Sabha, As soon as a new Lok Sabha is, constituted, the President appoints a, Speaker pro-tem, who is generally the, senior most member of the House. (It is a, temporary office that ceases to exist after, new speaker is elected by the house.), Speaker is the head of Lok Sabha., He/She is elected from amongst the, members of Lok Sabha. The Speaker of, the Lok Sabha conducts the business in, the House. A Deputy Speaker is also, elected to officiate in the absence of the, Speaker., , l, , l, , Lok Sabha (People’s House), The Lok Sabha is the Lower House of the, Parliament and its first sitting took place, on 13th May, 1952. The current Lok, Sabha is the 17th constituted Lok Sabha., Three Sessions of the Lok Sabha are, held every year, namely Budget Session, (February to May); Monsoon Session, (July to September); and Winter, Session (November to December)., Members 530 from States, 20 from, Union Territories and 2 nominated by the, President, from the Anglo Indian, Community., Election The representatives of the, states are directly elected by the people of, the states on the basis of adult suffrage., l, , l, , Facts about Speaker, ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , GV Mavlankar was the first Speaker of the, Lok Sabha (1952-1956)., MA Ayyangar was the first Deputy, Speaker (1952-1956)., Dr Balram Jakhar was the longest serving, Speaker (1980-1989)., GMC Balyogi is the first Speaker to die in, the office (1998-2002)., Meira Kumar is the first woman speaker of, the Lok Sabha (2009-2013).

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58, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, (c) disputes between two or more States;, and (Article 131)., Appellate Jurisdiction means that, appeals against judgements of lower, courts can be referred to it. The Supreme, Court is the highest court of appeal in the, country. Four types of cases fall within its, appellate, jurisdiction,, namely,, constitutional cases, civil cases, criminal, cases and appeals by special leave., , SUPREME COURT, The Supreme Court of India was, inaugurated on 28 January, 1950., Presently, Supreme Court is functioning at, full strength (sanctioned strength 34). A, small Bench, with two to three Justices, is, called a Division Bench. A large Bench,, with five or more Justices, is called a, Constitutional Bench., , l, , Tenure and Qualification, Judges of the Supreme Court are, appointed by the President and retire at, the age of 65., The qualifications are (a) must be a, citizen of India; (b) a Judge of a High, Court for at least 5 years; or (c) an, advocate of a High Court for at least, 10 years; or he should be a, distinguished jurist in the opinion of the, President., The Constitution has not prescribed a, minimum age for appointment as a, judge of the Supreme Court., Independence of Judges (Article 125), The salaries and allowances of Judges are, charged upon the Consolidated Fund of, India (Present salary of the CJI is ` 2.8, Lakh and of other Judges is ` 2.5 Lakh)., Removal of Judges Judges can be, removed only on the grounds of proved, misbehaviour or incapacity., Judges can be removed only by a resolution, of both Houses of Parliament supported by, a majority of total membership of both, the Houses and 2/3 of members present, and voting. The first Judge against, whom the proceedings were initiated was, V Ramaswami (1993) and the second one, was Soumitra Sen (2011)., , ■, , l, , ■, , ■, , l, , l, , Jurisdiction, The Supreme Court has original,, appellate, advisory and writ jurisdictions., Original Jurisdiction means that, certain types of cases can originate with, the Supreme Court only. The Supreme, Court has original jurisdiction in (a), disputes between the centre and one or, more States; (b) disputes between the, Centre and any State(s) on one side and, one or more States on the other side;, , ■, , l, , l, , The first Chief Justice of India was HJ Kania, (1950–51)., The shortest tenure so far is of KN Singh (25th, November, 1991—12th December, 1991)., The longest tenure, so far is of, YV Chandrachud (1978–85)., The first woman Judge of the Supreme Court, was Justice Fatima Beevi in 1987 and the, second woman Justice was Gyan Sudha, Mishra in 2010., Advisory Jurisdiction refers to the process, where the President seeks the court’s, advice on legal matters (Article 143)., The Supreme Court is a court of record, (Article 129)., Under Article 139 (A) (inserted by the, 44th Amendment), the Supreme Court, may transfer to itself, cases from one or, more High Court if these questions, involve a significant question of law., , Comptroller and Auditor, General (CAG) (Article 148-151), l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , The Comptroller and Auditor General is, appointed by the President under Article, 148 of the Constitution., The CAG audits all receipts and, expenditures of the Union and State, Governments., The CAG also acts as the external auditor, for the government-owned companies., The CAG submits its reports to the, President (in case of accounts relating to, the Union Government) or to the, concerned State Governors (for State, Government Accounts)., The CAG is also the head of the Indian, Audits and Accounts Service (IA & AS)., The office of the CAG was established in, 1860.

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59, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, l, , l, , l, , l, , The first CAG of India was V Narahari, Rao (1948-1954)., The CAG can only be removed from office, in manner similar to a Judge of the, Supreme Court., The salary and benefits of the CAG cannot, be changed to his disadvantage during his, tenure., The CAG is not eligible for further office, under the Union or State Governments., The expenses of the office of the CAG is, charged upon the Consolidated Fund of, India., , l, , l, , Qualifications, l, , l, , Attorney General of India, l, , l, , l, , l, , The Attorney General is the highest law, officer in the country appointed by the, President under Article 76 of the, Constitution., The first Attorney General of Independent, India was MC Setalvad (1950-1963). The, 15th and Current Attorney General of India, is KK Venugopal., To be appointed as Attorney General, a, candidate must be qualified to be, appointed as a Judge of the Supreme, Court., The Attorney General can participate in, proceedings of the Parliament without the, Right to Vote (Article 88)., , Part VI, , The States (Article 152-237), , THE GOVERNOR, l, , l, , l, , l, , The Governor is the Constitutional Head, of the State and the same Governor can act, as Governor of more than one State, (Article 153)., The Governor is appointed by the, President (Article 155) and Article 156, states that the Governor holds office, during the pleasure of the President., Article 161 gives the Governor the power, to grant pardons, reprieves, remission of, punishment to persons convicted under, the state law., Article 163 talks of discretionary powers, of the Governor, which is not even provided, to the President. Moreover, the courts, cannot question his discretion., , Article 171 states that the States, where Legislative Councils exists, the, Governor can nominate some, members from amongst those, distinguished in literature, science,, art, cooperative movement and social, service., Article 213 empowers the Governor to, issue the ordinances during the, recess of the State Legislature., , l, , l, , Must be a citizen of India., Completed 35 years of age., Shouldn‘t be a member of either House, of Parliament or State Legislature., Must not hold any office of profit., , STATES LEGISLATURE, Article 163 Council of Ministers to aid, and advise the Governor., Article 165 An Advocate General for, each of the State., Article 169 Abolition or creation of, Legislative Councils in States., Most of the states have unicameral, system, only 6 states have legislative, council. These states are Andhra, Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir,, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Telangana., Legislative, Assembly, Legislative, Assembly consists of Representatives, directly elected by the people. The, strength of assembly varies from 60 to, 500 members. However assembly of, Sikkim, Goa, Mizoram, Arunachal, Pradesh, Nagaland and Puducherry, have less than 60 members., Composition of Legislative Council, Unlike the members of the Legislative, Assembly, the members of Legislative, Council are indirectly elected. The, maximum strength of the Council is, fixed at one-third of the total strength of, assembly and the minimum strength is, fixed at 40., , HIGH COURTS, (ARTICLE 214-232), There are 24 High Courts in India. The, Calcutta High Court, established, in 1862, is the oldest High Court in

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61, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, , Committees to Study Panchayat System, Name, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Established, , Balwantrai, Mehta, , 1957, , K Santhanam, , 1963, , Ashok Mehta, , 1978, , GVK Rao, , 1985, , LM Singhvi, , 1986, , Recommendation, Establish local bodies, devolve power and authority, basic unit of, decentralised government to be Block/Samiti. Conceptualised, PRIs as 3-tier system., Panchayats to have powers to levy tax on land revenue etc,, Panchayati Raj Finance Corporation to be set-up., District to be a viable administrative unit for planning, PRIs as two-tier, system with Mandal Panchayat and Zila Parishad., PRIs to be activated and supported, Block Development Office, (BDO) to be central to rural development., Local self-governments to be constitutionally, recognised, non-involvement of political parties., , The first Municipal Corporation in India, was introduced in Madras in 1688., The Madras Municipal Corporation is the, first municipal body in the whole, commonwealth outside the UK. The, Bombay and Calcutta Corporations were, established in 1726., Municipal Corporations are established in, cities with population greater than, 1 million., Nagar Panchayat administers urban areas, having population greater than 30000 and, less than 100000., A Municipal Council administers an, urban area of population 200000 or less., , Part XIV, Services Under the Union and the, States (Article 308-323), Article 312 All India Services., Article 315 Public Service Commissions, for the Union and for the States., The first Public Service Commission, was set-up in 1926, on the, recommendations, of, the, Lee, Commission., The Government of India Act, 1935, provided for the establishment of a, Federal Public Service Commission and, Provincial Public Service Commissions., , l, , l, , Part XI, , Union and State Public, Relations between the Union Service Commissions, Constitution provides a Public Service, and the States (Article 245-263), Commission for the Union, a Public, l, , Legislative Relations, Administrative Relations, Financial Relations, Article 262 Adjudication of disputes, relating to waters of inter-state rivers or, river valleys., Article 263 Inter-state council., l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Part XII, Finance, Property, Contracts and, Suits (Article 264-300 A), Article 266 Consolidated Fund of India., Article 267 Contingency Fund of India., , l, , Service Commission for each state or a, Joint Public Service Commission for a, group of states., The appointment is done by the, President in case of the Union or Joint, Commission and by the Governor of the, State in the case of a State Commission., At least half of the members of these, commissions should be civil servants, with at least 10 years experience in, central or state services., Age of retirement for a member of UPSC, is 65 years and for a member of PSC of a, State or a Joint Commission is 62 years.

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62, , Functions, l, , l, , l, , To conduct exams for appointment to, services under the Union and the, States., Maintains continuity in administration., Members of the UPSC and State, Commissions can be removed by the, President, on, the, charges, of, misbehaviour, if these charges are, upheld by the Supreme Court., , Elections (Article 324-329), Article 324 stipulates, that, the, superintendence, direction and control, of elections shall be vested in the, Election Commission., Article 325 provides for a single, electoral roll for every constituency., Also stipulates that no person shall be, eligible or ineligible for inclusion in, electoral rolls on the basis of race,, religion, caste or sex., Article 326 stipulates that elections, shall be held on the basis of adult, suffrage. Every person, who is a citizen, of India and is not less than 18 years of, age shall be eligible for inclusion., , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, Likewise, a political party shall be entitled to, be recognised as a State party, if, (i) It secures at least 6% of the valid votes, polled in the State at a general election,, either to the House of the People or to be, Legislative Assembly of the State, concerned; and, (ii)In addition, it wins at least two seats in, the Legislative Assembly of the State, concerned., or, It wins at least 3% of the total number of, seats in the Legislative Assembly of the, State or at least three seats in the, Assembly, whichever is more., For elections of President and VicePresident, election petitions can only be, filed with the Supreme Court., , Election Commission, l, , l, , l, , Political Parties, Registration of the People Act, 1951, provides for registration of political parties, with the election commission., There are eight (8) National Parties in, India, namely BJP, Congress, BSP, NCP,, CPI, CPM, Trinamool Congress and, National People’s Party., A political party shall be eligible to be, recognised as a National party if, (i) It secures at least 6% of the valid votes, polled in any four or more states, at a, general election to the House of the, People or to the State Legislative, Assembly; and, (ii) In addition, it wins at least four seats, in the House of the People from any, State or States., or, (iii) It wins at least 2% seats in the House, of the People (i.e., 11 seats in the, existing House having 543 members), and these members are elected from, at least three different States., , The, Election, Commission, is, an, autonomous, quasi-judiciary constitutional, body. Its function is to conduct free and fair, elections in India., The Election Commission was established, on 25th January, 1950 under Article 324, of the Constitution., The first Chief Election Commissioner, was Sukumar Sen., , Planning Commission, l, , l, , The Planning Commission was established, in March 1950 by an executive resolution of, the Government of India (i.e., Union, Cabinet) on the recommendation of the, Advisory Planning Board constituted in, 1946 under the Chairmanship of KC Neogi., Now, the Planning Commission has been, replaced by NITI Aayog., , NITI Aayog, l, , l, , NITI Aayog or National institution for, transforming India Aayog is a policy, think-tank of Union Government of India, that replaces Planning Commission of, India and aims to involve the states in, economic policy-making in India. It will be, providing strategic and technical advice to, the central and the State Governments., Prime Minister of India heads the Aayog, as its Chairperson.

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63, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, , National Development, Council (NDC), l, , l, , l, , l, , Functions of the NDC was to review the, working of national plan. The NDC was, formed in 1952, to associate the states in, the formulation of the plans., The PM is the ex-officio chairman of, NDC., It is an extra-constitutional and extra legal, body., Since establishment of NITI Aayog, NDC, has been proposed to be abolished., , Finance Commission, Article 280 of the Constitution of India, provides for a Finance Commission as a, quasi-judicial body. It is constituted by the, President of India every fifth year., It consists of Chairman and 4 other, members., Functions The Finance Commission is, required to make recommendation to the, President of India in the following matters:, The distribution of the net proceeds of taxes to, be shared between the centre and the states, and the allocation between the states, the, respective shares of such proceeds. The 15th, Finance Commission was appointed on 2nd, January, 2017 under the Chairmanship of NK, Singh., l, , l, , AMENDMENTS OF THE, CONSTITUTION, (ARTICLE 368), There are two categories of Amendment, under Article 368 which are:1. By special majority of Parliament that is, (more than 50 percent) of the total, membership of each House and a, majority of two-thirds of the members of, each House present and voting., 2. By special majority of Parliament and, with the consent of half of the State, Legislature by a simple majority., Provisions related to Federal structure, can be amended through this procedure., There is a third category of the, Amendment which is done by simple, majority though these amendments do, not come under ambit of Article 368., , It has been held by the Supreme Court in, the Keshavananda Bharati Case (1973), that every provision of the Constitution is, amendable under the meaning of Article, 368 except the basic structure of the, Constitution., , e-GOVERNANCE, The word electronic in the terms, e-Governance implies technology driven, governance., The prespective of the e-governance is ‘‘the, use of the technology that both governing and, have to be governed., Generally five basic models are given in, e-Governance, G2C (Government to Citizens), G2B (Government to Business), G2E (Government to Employees), G2G (Government to Governments), C2G (Citizens to Governments), The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) takes, a holistic view of e-governance initiatives, across the country, integrating them into a, collective vision., ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , Impacts of e-Governance, e-Governance brings about two major impacts, firstly, making the government offices work, smart. Secondly, e-governance makes, services available to the citizen at his, doorstep through the internet., Some of the most successfull citizen oriented, e-governance projects are the Railways, Reservation System, MCA 21 is the Ministry, of Corporate Affairs and Bhoomi Project in, Andhra Pradesh, etc., , E-districts, It is a mission mode under e-governance. Its, objective under National E-Governance Policy, is to computerisation of services. Under it,, different programmes are conducted in, following states, Jandoot Project - Madhya Pradesh, Compact 2020 - Andhra Pradesh, Land Programme - Karnataka, Friends - Kerala, Disha - Haryana, ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■

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64, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Polity, , PARLIAMENTARY TERMS, Quorum It is the minimum number of, members required to transact the, business of the House. Article 100 of the, Constitution specifies that the Quorum of, either House shall be 10% of the strength, of the House., Question Hour The first hour of every, sitting of Parliament is called the Question, Hour. Questions usually need a 10 day, notice before being answered by the, concerned minister., Starred Questions To be answered orally, on the floor of the House. Supplementary, questions can be asked., Unstarred Questions To be answered in, writing. No supplementary questions may, be asked., Zero Hour Does not formally exist in the, Parliamentary procedure. The hour after, Question Hour is popularly known as Zero, Hour. Members raise matters which they, feel urgent., Adjournment Motion Motion to adjourn, the proceedings of the House, so as to, take up a matter of urgent public, importance. It can be moved by any, member. Requires support from at least, 50 members., Calling Attention Motion A member may, call the attention of a Minister to an urgent, matter and the Minister may make a, statement regarding it., No Confidence Motion A No Confidence, Motion indicates lack of confidence of the, Lok Sabha in the Council of Ministers. It, can be introduced in the Lok Sabha only., If the Motion is passed, the government, must resign., , CONSTITUTIONAL, AMENDMENTS, First Amendment Act, 1951 Added Ninth, Schedule., Seventh Amendment Act, 1956, Necessitated on account of reorganisation, of States on a linguistic basis., Fifteenth Amendment Act, 1963 Age of, retirement of the Judges of High Court, has been extended from 60 to 65 years., Twenty Sixth Amendment Act, 1971, Abolished the titles and special privileges, of former rulers of princely states., Thirty Sixth Amendment Act, 1975 Made, Sikkim a State., Forty Fourth Amendment Act, 1978 The, Right to Property was deleted from Part, III. Article 352 was amended to provide, , ‘Armed Rebellion’ as one of the, circumstances for declaration of, emergency., Seventy Third Amendment Act, 1992 The, institution of Panchayati Raj receive, constitutional guarantee, status and, legitimacy. XIth Schedule was added to, deal with it. It also inserted Part IX,, containing Articles, 243, 243 A to 243 O., Eighty Ninth Amendment Act, 2003 The, Act adds Article 338 A and provides for, the creation of National Commission for, Scheduled Tribes., Ninety First Amendment Act, 2003, Amended the Anti-Defection Law and, also made a provision that the number of, ministers in the Centre and State, Government, cannot be more than 15%, of the strength of Lok Sabha and the, respective Vidhan Sabha., Ninety Third Amendment Act, 2005 To, reserve seats for socially and, educationally backward classes, besides, the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled, Tribes, in private unaided institutions, other than those run by minorities., Ninety Fifth Amendment Act, 2009, Extends the reservation of seats for, SC/STs in the Lok Sabha for another 10, years. In Article 334 of the Constitution,, for the words ‘sixty years’, the words, ‘seventy years’ was substituted., Ninety Seventh Amendment, 2011, Amend- ment of Article 19(1)(i), Insertion, of Article 43B, Insertion of Part IXB. This, amendment gives constitutional status to, cooperatives., Ninety Eighth Amendment Act, 2012, (Insert Article 371 J) To empower the, Governor of Karnataka to take steps to, develop Hyderabad-Karnataka Region., Ninety-Ninth Amendment Act, 2014 deals, with replacing the collegium system for, the appointments of the Judges of the, Supreme Court and the 24 High Courts., But Supreme Court of India has declared, this unconstitutional and void., One Hundredth Amendment Act, 2015 to, give effect to the acquring of territories by, India and transfer of certain territories to, Bangladesh in pursuance of the, agreements and its protocol., One Hundredth One Amendment Act,, 2016 with deals Goods and Services Tax, One Hundredth Two Amendment Act, 2018 provides the Constitutional status, to National Commission for Backward, Classes., One Hundredth Three Amendment Act, 2018 provides 10% reservation to the, economically backward classes of society.

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65, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Economy, , INDIAN, ECONOMY, OUTLINE OF, INDIAN ECONOMY, , Economic Planning in, India, , The economy of India is the 5th largest in the, world by nominal GDP and 3rd largest by, Purchasing Power Pariety (PPP)., , Planning Commission (1950) was, set-up under the Chairmanship of, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (Gulzarilal, Nanda was the first Deputy Chairman)., Basic aim of Economic Planning is to, bring rapid economic growth through, agriculture, industry, power and all, other sectors of the economy., , Nature of the Indian Economy, (i) Mixed Economy Existence of both public, and private sectors. This term was coined, by Pat Mullins and Supported by JM Keynes., (ii) Agrarian, Economy, Even, after, six-decades of independence 58% of the, workforce of India is still agriculturist and, its contribution to GDP is around 17% at, current prices., , Features, Following are the features of Indian economy, (i) Slow growth of national and per capita, income. (ii) Capital deficiency and low rate of, capital formation, hence low rate of, investment, low production, etc; poor quality, of human capital. (iii) Over- dependence on, agriculture alongwith low productivity in, agriculture; heavy population pressure. (iv), Unequal distribution of income and wealth., (v) Mass poverty, chronic inflation and, chronic unemployment., , Broad Sectors of Indian Economy, Primary Sector Agriculture, forestry and, fishing, mining etc., Secondary Sector manufacturing, electricity,, gas and water supply and construction., Tertiary Sector (also called service sector), business, transport, telecomm- unication,, banking, insurance, real estate, community, and personnel services., , NITI Aayog, NITI Aayog or National Institution for, Transforming India Aayog came into, existence on 1st January, 2015;, policy-making, think-tank, of, government that replaces Planning, Commission and aims to involve states, in economic policy making. It will, provide strategic and technical advice to, the Central and the State Governments., The Prime Minister heads the Aayog as, its chairperson. Rajiv Kumar is the, Vice-Chairperson of NITI Aayog of India., , Historical Milestones, Planned Economy for India, (1934) M Visvesvaraya, National Planning Committee, (1938) Jawaharlal Nehru, Bombay Plan (1944), Gandhian Plan (1944) SN Agarwal, People’s Plan (1945) MN Roy, Sarvodaya Plan (1950) JP Narayan

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66, , Plan, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Economy, , Growth Rate, Target Achieved, , Important Sector, , First Plan (1951-56), (Based on Harrod Domar Model), Second Plan (1956-61) (Based on, PC Mahalanobis two sector model), , 2.1%, , 3.6%, , Agriculture, irrigation, electricity, , 4.5%, , 4.2%, , Heavy industries, , Third Plan (1961-66), Plan Holiday (1966-69), Fourth Plan (1969-74), Fifth Plan (1974-78), Rolling Plan (1978-80), , 5.6%, , 2.8%, , Foodgrains, heavy industries, , 5.7%, 4.4%, , 3.3%, 4.8%, , Agriculture, Removal of poverty, , Sixth Plan (1980-85), Seventh Plan (1985-90), Two Annual Plans (1990-92), , 5.2%, 5.0%, , 5.4%, 6.0%, , Agriculture, industries, , Eighth Plan (1992-97), Ninth Plan (1997-2002), , 5.6%, 6.5%, 8.1%, , 6.6%, 5.4%, 7.5%, , Human resource education, Social justice, Income, energy, , 8.0%, 8%, , 7.9%, , Inclusive growth, Faster, sustainable and more, inclusive growth, , Tenth Plan (2002-07), Eleventh Plan (2007-2012), Twelfth Plan (2012-2017), , —, , Energy, foodgrains, , National Income in India, National Income refers to the aggregate value of goods and services produced in an, economy in one year. Following are the measures of National Income in India, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the final value of the goods and services produced, within the geographical boundaries of a country during a year., Net Domestic Product (NDP) equals to the GDP minus depreciation (value loss of an, asset) on country capital goods., Gross National Product (GNP) is an estimate of the total value of all the final products, and services produced in a given period (usually a year) by the nationals of a country., The Net National Product (NNP) is obtained by subtracting depreciation value from, GNP., When NNP is obtained at factor cost it is called National Income. It is calculated by, deducting indirect taxes and adding subsidies in NNP at market price., l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Indian Tax Structure, Direct Tax The term direct tax generally means a tax paid directly to the government by, the persons on whom it is imposed. e.g. income tax, Corporate income tax, capital gain tax,, stamp duty, land tax, estate duty, wealth tax, petroleum revenue tax. The government, earns maximum from corporate income tax., Indirect Tax An indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary from the person who, bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax. e.g. sales tax or VAT, customs duty,, insurance premium tax, excise duties, landfill tax, electricity duty, climate change levy., , Goods and Service Tax (GST), The GST as it is more commonly referred to is a system of taxation where there is a single, tax in the economy for goods as well as services. Indian GST was first proposed in India, in the Union Budget speech in 2006-07. This tax come into effect from 1 July, 2017., The main feature of the GST is that there is a tax credit available at each stage of the value, chain.

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68, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Economy, , Programme/Measure, , Year of, Launch, , SWAYAM (Study Webs of ActiveLearning for Young Aspiring Minds), Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana, Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar, Yojana, Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana, Saubhagya Yojana, UDAN Scheme, Ayushman Bharat, Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi, Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi, Man-dhan Yojna, , 2016, 2016, 2017, 2017, 2017, 2017, 2017, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2019, , Programme/Measure, , Year, , National Mission for Empowerment, of Women, Bal Bandu Scheme, Nai Roshni, , 2010, 2011, 2012, , Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, , 2015, , PM Ujjwala Yojna, PM Matra Vandana Yojna, , 2016, 2017, , AGRICULTURE, l, , l, , UNEMPLOYMENT, It refers to a situation, when a person is, able and willing to work at the prevailing, wage rate, but does not get the opportunity, to work., , Estimation of Unemployment, Since 1973 on the recommendation of, B Bhagwati Committee, three estimates, of unemployment have been brought about, by Planning Commission, viz, 1. Usual Principal Status Persons who, remained unemployed for a major part, of the year., , l, , Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian, economy., It, makes, important, contribution in GDP, National Income,, employment, trade and industry., Green Revolution is associated with the, use of HYVS (High Yielding Variety, Seeds), chemical, fertilisers and new, technology, which led to a revolutionary, results in agricultural production., Dr. MS Swaminathan has been called, the ‘Father of Green Revolution’ in India., , Revolution, , Production, , Blue, Golden Fibre, Pink, Red, White, Yellow, , Fish Production, Jute, Onion, Meat, Milk, Oilseed, , 2. Current Weekly Status Persons who, did not find even an hour of work in a, week preciding the date of survey., , Tricolour Revolutions, Tricolour revolution has 3 components, Saffron revolution–Solar energy, White revolution–Cattle welfare, Blue revolution–fisherman’s welfare, , 3. Current Daily Status Persons who did, not find work even for 1 hour in a day., , INDUSTRIES, , and, , l, , l, , l, , Industrial Policies, l, , Programme/Measure, , Year, , Mid-Day Meal Scheme, 1995, Swadhar, 1995, Swayam Sidha, 2001, SSA, 2001, Support to Training and Employ- 2003-04, ment Programme for Women (STEP), Ujjwala, 2007, Dhanlaxmi, 2008, Integrated Child Protection Scheme, 2009-10, Sabla Scheme, 2010, , l, , l, , Industrial policies were launched in, 1948, 1956, 1977, 1980 and 1991., Industrial Policy 1956 is called, Economic Constitution of India and, gave public sector the strategic edge., Industrial Policy 1991 opened up the, economy. Its main aims were, (a) to end license-permit raj;, (b) to integrate Indian economy with, the outer world;, (c) to remove restrictions on FDI and, (d) to reform public sectors.

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69, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Economy, , Public Sector Enterprises, , Industrial Committes, , (PSEs), l, , l, , l, , Industries requiring compulsory, licensing (a) distillation and brewing of, alcoholic drinks; (b) cigar and cigarettes, of tobacco; (c) electronic aerospace and, defence equipment; (d) industrial, explosives; (e) specific hazardous, chemicals., Areas reserved for public sector are, (a) atomic energy—production, separation, and enrichment of fissionable materials, and (b) railways., Present Policy on PSEs is to (a) not to, privatise profit-making companies and to, modernise and revive sick companies; (b), not to bring government stake in PSEs, below 51%; (c) to adopt initial public, offering route to disinvestment., , Hazari Committee on Industrial Policy., Subimal Dutt Committee on Industrial, licensing., Abid Hussain Committee on Small, Scale Industry., C Rangarajan Committee on, disinvestment., Memorandum of Understandings (MoU), Arjun Sengupta., , Small Scale Industry, l, , l, , l, , l, , Maharatnas, Navratnas, and, Miniratnas, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , To impart greater managerial and, commercial autonomy to the PSEs, the, concept of Maharatna, Navratna and, Miniratna was started., Maharatnas were started in 2009. Ten, Maharatnas are ONGC, SAIL, IOC,, NTPC, Coal India Ltd, BHEL, GAIL, (India) Ltd, and BPCL, HPCI and Power, Grid Corporation., Navratnas Bharat Electronics Ltd, HAL,, MTNL,, NALCO,, National, Mineral, Development Corporation, Nevyeli Lignite, Company Ltd, Oil India Ltd, Power, Finance Company Ltd, Rashtriya Ispat, Nigam, Ltd,, Rural, Electrification, Corporation Ltd, Shipping Corporation of, India Ltd, CCIL, EIL and NBCCL., Miniratnas Public Sector Enterprises, (PSEs) that have made profit continuously, for the last three years and have positive, net worth., At present there are 61 in category I and 12, in Category II., , A new thrust to Small Scale Industry,, given in Industrial Policy of 1977., MSMED Act, was enacted in 2006., Contributes 8% to GDP, 45% to all, manufactures and 42% to exports., According to the 4th census (2009) of, SSIs, 67% of the MSME are in, manufacturing and 33% are in services, sector., , Classification of MSMEs, Category, , Annual turnover, , Micro, , Not exceeding ` 5 crores, , Small, , Between ` 5 crores to, ` 75 crores, , Medium, , ` 75 to ` 250 crores, , Major Industries in India, Iron and Steel, l, , l, , l, , First Steel Industry at Kulti, West, Bengal—Bengal Iron Works Company, was established in 1874., First large scale steel plant—TISCO at, Jamshedpur (1907) was followed by, IISCO at Burnpur (1919), West Bengal., The first public owned steel plant was, Rourkela integrated steel plant., Presently, India is the 3rd largest, producer of steel and comes 1st in the, production of sponge iron.

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70, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Economy, , Location (Plants), , Assistance, , Rourkela (Odisha), , Germany, , Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), , Russia, , Durgapur (West Bengal), , Britain, , Bokaro (Jharkhand), , Russia, , Visakhapatnam, (Andhra Pradesh), , Russia, , Jute Industry, l, , l, , India ranks no 1 in jute production and no, 2 in raw jute exports after Bangladesh., More than two third jute industry is, concentrated in West Bengal., , Cotton and Textile Industry, l, , Largest organised and broad-based, industry accounting for 4% of GDP, 20%, of manufacture value added and one third, of total exports earning., , Abid Hussain Committee Development of, Capital Markets, Damodaran Committee, Khandelwal Committee, Patil Committee, VK Sharma Committee, , Credit to Marginal, Farmers, , Sarangi Committee, , Non-Performing, Assets, , Khanna Committee, , Regional Rural, Banks, , Dantawala Committee, , Lead Bank Scheme, , Gadgil Committee, , Financial Inclusion, , BANKING AND, FINANCE, l, , Cement Industry, l, , l, , First cement producing unit was set-up at, West Bengal, Porbandar (Gujarat) in, 1914., India is the second largest producer of, cement in the world., , Sugar Industry, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Bimal Jalan Committee, Malegam Committee, Birla Committee, Kirit Parikh Committee, , Chaturvedi Committee, , Bank of Hindustan was the first bank,, established in India in 1770., First bank with limited liability, managed by an Indian Board was the, Oudh Commercial Bank in 1881., First purely Indian bank was Punjab, National Bank (1894)., , Nationalisation of Bank, , India is the second largest producer of, sugar in the world with a 22% share. It is, the second largest agro-based industry in, the country., , AC Shah Committee, , Customer Service in, Banks, Human Resource in, Commercial Banks, Corporate Debt, , Non-Banking, Financial Company, Market Infrastructure, Instruments, Functioning of Micro, Finance Institutions, Corporate, Governance, Rationalisation of, Petroleum Product, Prices, Improving National, Highways in India, , SR Hashim Committee, , Urban Poverty, , Abhijit Sen, , Wholesale Price Index, , l, , l, , l, , A step towards social banking was, taken with the nationalisation of 14, commercial banks on 19th July, 1969., Six more banks were nationalised on, 1980, total number of public sector, banks are 27., Later on, in the year 1993, the, government merged New Bank of India, with Punjab National Bank., Bhartiya Mahila Bank, India’s first, bank, exclusively, for, women,, headquarters in New Delhi was, Inaugurated on 19th November, 2013., It has been merged with SBI in 2017., IDBI Bank is an Indian financial, service company, formerly known as, Industries Development Bank of India,, head quartered in Mumbai, India., In September, 2004, the RBI incorporated IDBI as a scheduled bank under, the RBI Act, 1934.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Economy, l, , In 2019, Oriental Bank of Commerce, and United Bank got merged with, Punjab National Bank. Syndicate Bank, is merged with Canara Bank while, Union Bank of India, Andhra Bank and, Corporation Bank got merged. Similarly, Indian Bank got merged with Allahabad, Bank., , l, , l, , 71, , Repo Rate It is the rate, at which RBI, lends short-term money to the banks, against securities., Reverse Repo Rate It is the rate, at, which banks park short-term excess, liquidity with the RBI. This is always 100, base point, 1% less than Repo rate., , Qualitative/Selective/Direct, , Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Credit Control, RBI was established in 1935, under RBI, Act, 1934. RBI is the Central Bank of, India. The main purpose of creating RBI, was to regulate money supply and credit in, the country. RBI was nationalised in 1949, and its first Indian Governor was CD, Deshmukh. Its headquarter is in Mumbai., , Qualitative measures are used to make sure, that purpose, for which loan is given is not, misused. It is done through, credit rationing, regulating loan to consumption etc., , Functions of the RBI, , In April 2015, Reserve Bank of India, provided licence for operation to two new, private banks namely Bandhan Financial, Services and Infrastructure Development, Finance Company (IDFC)., , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Monetary policy, regulation and, supervision of the banking and, non-banking financial institutions., Debt and cash management for Centre, and State Governments., Foreign exchange management, current, and capital account management., Management of foreign exchange, reserves., Currency management; oversight of the, payment and settlement systems., Development role., Research and statistics., , The RBI and Credit Control, Quantitative Credit Control, It is used to control the volume of credit, and indirectly to control the inflationary, and, deflationary, pressures., The, quantitative credit control consists of, Bank Rate It is the rate, at which the, RBI gives finance to Commercial, Banks., Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) Cash that, banks deposits with the RBI without, any floor rate or ceiling rate., Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) It is, the ratio of liquid asset, which all, Commercial Banks have to keep in the, form of cash, gold and government, approved securities with itself., l, , l, , l, , New Bank Licence, , MUDRA Bank, Micro Units Development and Refinance, Agency Bank (MUDRA Bank) was launched, on 8th April, 2015. Bank set up under SIDBI, (Small Industries Development Bank of, India). Bank has launched 3 loan, instruments, Shishu–Cover loans upto ` 50,000, Kishore–Cover loan above ` 50,000 and, upto ` 5 lakh., Tarun–Cover loans above ` 5 lakh and, upto ` 10 lakh., l, , l, , l, , Indradhanush Scheme 2015, This is for the banking reforms in India. The, 7 key reforms of Indradhanush Mission, includes., appointments, de-stressing,, capitalisation, empowerment, framework of, accountability, governance reforms and, bank board bureau., , l, , l, , 15th Finance Commission, The 15th Finance Commission was, constituted in accordance with the Article, 280 of the Indian Constitution., The first finance commission was headed by, KC Neogi and the 15th Finance, Commission is headed by NK Singh.

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72, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Economy, , Stock Exchange of India, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Capital market is the market for long-terms, funds while money market is the market for, short-term funds., Capital market of India is regulated by SEBI, (Securities and Exchange Board of India,, 1988)., A Stock Exchange provides services for, brokers and traders to trade stocks, bonds,, and other securities., The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) is a, stock exchange located on Dalal Street,, Mumbai and is the oldest stock exchange in, Asia. The BSE has the largest number of listed, companies in the world established in 1875., The National Stock Exchange (NSE) is the, 16th largest stock exchange in the world. It, is situated in Mumbai., , Insurance, l, , l, , l, , Insurance industry includes two sectors,, life Insurance and General Insurance., LIC was established on 1st September, 1956., Insurance Regulatory and Development, Authority of India (IRDAI) was set-up on, 19th April, 2000 to regulate the Insurance, Sector IRDA has changed its name to, Insurance Regulatory and Development, Authority of India in December 2014., , Balance of Payment (BoP), BoP records the transactions in goods,, services and assets between residents of, a country with the rest of the world for a, specified time period typically a year., There are two main accounts in the BoP, : the current account and the capital, account. In addition to that BoP, includes errors and omissions and, change in foreign exchange reserves., , Foreign Direct Investment, (FDI), It is an investment in a foreign country, through the acquisition of a local, company or the establishment of an, operation on a new greenfield site., Direct investment implies control and, managerial and perhaps technical, input., , Sector/Activity, Multi Brand Retail (food), , % of FDI/Equity, 100%, , Telecom Services, , 100%, , Tea Plantation, , 100%, , Asset Reconstruction, Company, , 100%, , Petroleum and Natural Gas, , 49%, , Commodity Exchanges,, Insurance, , 49%, , Foreign Trade, , Power Exchanges, , 49%, , Balance of Trade (BoT), , Stock Exchanges/Clearing, Corporations, , 49%, , Credit Information, Companies, Pharma, , 74%, , Courier Services, , 100%, , Single Brand Product, Retail Trading, , 100%, , The difference between a nation’s imports of, goods and services and its exports of them is, known as Balance of Trade. There are three, possibilities in the Balance of Trade (BoT), which are as follows, 1. Balance BoT i.e. Exports = Imports, 2. Adverse BoT i.e. Exports < Imports, 3. Favourable BoT i.e. Exports > Imports, , Defence Sector, Airlines, , 100%, 100% and 49%

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73, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Economy, , CENSUS 2011, Population Trend in India, , Total Population, Male, Female, Density, Sex Ratio, Child Sex Ratio, , 1891-1921 Stagnant population, 1921-1951 Steady growth, 1951-1981 Rapid high growth (stage of, population explosion), 1981-2001 High growth rate with definite, signs of slowing down, , 1210569573, 623121843 (51.47%), 587447730 (48.53%), 382 per sq km, 943, 914, , (in Population), Top States/UTs, , Bottom States/UTs, , Uttar Pradesh, , 199281477, , Lakshadweep, , Maharashtra, , 112372972, , Daman and Diu, , Bihar, , 103804637, , Dadra and Nagar Haveli, , West Bengal, , 91347736, , Andaman and Nicobar Islands, , Andhra Pradesh, , 84665533, , Sikkim, , 64429, 242911, 342853, 379944, 607688, , (2001-2011), 2001 (%), , 2011 (%), , Difference, , 64.83, 75.26, 53.67, , 74.04, 82.14, 65.46, , 10.21, 6.9, 11.8, , Persons, Males, Females, , (according to Literacy), Top States/Uts, , (in %), , Bottom States/Uts, , (in %), , Kerala, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Tripura, Goa, , 93.91, 92.28, 91.58, 87.75, 87.40, , Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, , 63.82, 66.95, 67.06, 67.63, 67.66, , 2001, , n, n, , Males, Females, , Proportion, , Population, , Proportion, , (in mn), 532.2, 496.5, , (in %), 51.74, 48.26, , (in mn), 623.7, 586.4, , (in %), 51.51, 48.46, , 51.89, 48.11, , 82.9, 75.8, 914, , Adult Sex Ratio, n, n, , Males, Females, , Child Sex Ratio, , 2011, , Population, , 933, 85.0, 78.8, 927, , 943, 52.24, 47.76

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74, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Indian Economy, , ECONOMIC TERMS, Assets Property of any kind., Balance of Trade (BoT) The difference, between the exports and imports of two, countries in trade with each other is called, Balance of Trade., Balance Sheet It is a statement of, accounts, generally of a business, concern, prepared at the end of a year., Banker’s Cheque A cheque by one bank to, another., Bank Rate It is the rate of interest charged, by the Reserve Bank of India for lending, money to commercial banks., Barter To trade by exchanging one commodity for another., Bearer This term on cheques and bills, denotes that any person holding the same,, has the same right in respect of it, as the, person who issued it., Black Money It means unaccounted money,, concealed income and undisclosed, wealth. The money which thus remains unaccounted for, is called the black money., , Deflation It is a state in monetary market, when money in circulation has decreased., Depreciation Reduction in the value of fixed, assets due to wear and tear., Devaluation Official reduction in the foreign, value of domestic currency. It is done to, encourage the country’s exports and, discourage imports., Dividend Earning of stock paid to, shareholders., Dumping Sale of a commodity at different, prices in different markets, lower price, being charged in a market where demand, is relatively elastic., Exchange Rate The rate at which Central, Banks will exchange one country’s, currency for another., Excise Duty Tax Imposed on the, manufacture, sale and consumption of, various commodities, such as taxes on, textiles, cloth, liquor, etc., Fiscal Policy Government’s expenditure,, tax policy and borrowing., , Bond A legal agreement to pay a certain, sum of money (called principal) at some, future date and carrying a fixed rate of, interest., , Gross Domestic Product (GDP) A measure, of the total flow of goods and services, produced by the economy over a specific, time period, normally a year., , Budget An estimate of expected revenues, and expenditure for a given period, usually, a year, item by item., , Repo Rate The rate at which banks borrow, from RBI. It injects liquidity into the market., , Budget Deficit When the expenditure of the, government exceeds the revenue, the, balance between the two is the budget, deficit., Bulls Speculators in the stock markets who, buy goods, in some cases without money, to pay with, anticipating that prices will go, up., Buyer’s Market An area in which the supply, of certain goods exceeds the demands so, that purchasers can drive hard bargains., Commercial Banks Financial institutions, that create credit accept deposits, give, loans and perform other financial functions., Call Money Loan made for a very short, period. It carries a low rate of interest., , Inflation A sustained and appreciable, increase in the price level over a, considerable period of time., Monopoly Single seller selling single product., Monopolistic Competition Existence of, too many sellers selling differentiated, products., Bilateral Monopoly Existence of single, buyer and single seller., Monopsony Single buyer buying product, being unique., Oligopoly Existence of few sellers and few, products. Price war is a common feature., Reverse Repo Rate The rate at which RBI, borrows from banks for a short-term. It, withdraws liquidity into the market.

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GENERAL, SCIENCE, PHYSICS, In Physics, we study about a large number of, physical quantities, which can be broadly, classified into two categories : scalars and, vectors., Scalar Quantities Physical quantities, which have magnitude only. e.g. Mass,, speed, volume, work, time, power, energy,, etc. are scalar quantities., Vector Quantities Physical quantities,, which have magnitude and direction both,, e.g., Displacement, velocity, acceleration,, force, momentum, torque, etc., For a quantity to be a vector, it is necessary, that it follows the triangle rule of addition of, two vectors., , Rocket moves up due to reaction of, downward ejection of gas., , CIRCULAR MOTION, l, , l, , l, , l, , NEWTON’S, LAWS OF MOTION, First Law Every body maintains its initial, state of rest or uniform motion on a straight, line unless any external force acts on it. It is, also called Galileo’s law of inertia., Example While jumping from a slowly, moving train/bus one must run for a short, distance, in the direction of motion., Second Law The force acting on an object, is directly proportional to the product of the, mass of the object and the acceleration, produced on it., Third Law To every action, there is an, equal and opposite reaction., Example Bogies of the trains are provided, with buffers to avoid severe jerks during, shunting of trains., , l, , l, , When an object moves along a circular, path, its motion is called circular, motion., The direction of motion at any point in, circular motion is given by the tangent, to the circle at that point., The external force required to act, radially inward over the circular motion, of the body is called centripetal force., In the death well, the walls of well exert, an inward force over the motorcycle, and as a reaction, the motorcycle exert, an outward force on the walls of the, well., Centrifugal force is such a pseudo, force that is equal and opposite to, centripetal force., Cream separator, centrifugal dryer work, on the principle of centrifugal force., , FRICTION, It is the opposing force that is set-up, between the surfaces of contact of two, bodies when one body slides or rolls or, tends to do so on the surface of another, body., Due to friction we are able to move on, the surface of Earth., On applying brakes in automobiles, it, stops only due to friction., , l, , l

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76, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , WORK, , GRAVITATION, , Work is said to be done, if force, acting on a body is able to actually, move it through some distance in the, direction of the force. Its SI unit is, joule., Work = FS cos θ, where, F = force, S = displacement, and θ is the angle between the, direction of force and displacement., If θ > 90°, then work will be negative., If θ < 90°, then work will be positive., If θ = 90°, then work will be zero., , l, , l, , l, , l, , If a coolie carrying a load on his head is, moving on a horizontal platform, then, theoretically he is not doing any work, because θ = 90 ° ,W = FS cos 90 ° = 0, , ENERGY, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Capacity of doing work by a body is, called its energy. Energy is a scalar, quantity and its unit is joule., Mechanical energy is of two types., Kinetic, Energy, (K), Energy, possessed by a body due to its motion., 1, K = mv 2, 2, where, m is mass and v is the, velocity., Potential Energy (U) The capacity, of doing work developed in a body, due to its position or configuration., U = mgh, where, m is mass, g is acceleration, due to gravity and h is height., The sum of all kinds of energies in an, isolated system remains constant at, all times. This is the law of, conservation of energy., , l, , POWER, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , SATELLITES, l, , l, , l, , l, , Rate of doing work is called power. Its, unit is watt., Work done, Power =, Time taken, ■, , ■, , ■, , 1 watt hour, 1 kilowatt hour, 1 HP, , = 3600 joule, = 3. 6 × 10 6 joule, = 746 watt, , Everybody in the universe attracts other, body by a force called force of gravitation., The gravitational force of the earth is called, gravity., The acceleration produced in a body due to, force of gravity is called acceleration due to, gravity (g) and its value is 9.8 m/ s 2 ., Acceleration due to gravity is independent of, shape, size and mass of the body., Escape velocity is the minimum velocity, with which an object just crosses the Earth’s, gravitational field and never returns. Escape, velocity at the Earth’s surface is 11.2 km/s., Escape velocity at the Moon’s surface is, 2.4 km/s. Due to low escape velocity there is, no atmosphere on the Moon., Value of g decreases with height or depth, from Earth’s surface., g is maximum at poles., g is minimum at equator., g decreases due to rotation of Earth., g decreases if angular speed of Earth, increases and increases if angular speed of, Earth decreases., The acceleration due to gravity at the Moon, is one-sixth that of the Earth. So, the weight, of a person on the surface of the Moon will, be one-sixth of his actual weight on the, Earth., , l, , Satellites are natural or artificial bodies, revolving around a planet under its, gravitational force of attraction., Moon is a natural satellite, while INSAT-B is, an artificial satellite of Earth., The period of revolution of satellite revolving, near the surface of Earth is 1 hour, 24 minutes (84 minutes)., Geo-stationary satellite revolves around the, Earth at a height of 36000 km (approx). The, orbit of geo-stationary satellite is called, parking orbit. Geo-stationary satellite revolves, in equatorial plane from West to East. Time, period of rotation of geo-stationary satellite is, 24 h., The Earth rotates on its axis from West to, East. This rotation makes the Sun and the, stars appears to be moving across the sky, from East to West.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, l, , l, , l, , Geo-stationary satellite is used to telecast TV, programmes from one part of the world to, another, in weather forecasting, in, predictions of floods and droughts., Polar satellite revolves around the Earth in, polar orbit at a height of 800 km (approx)., Time period of these satellites is 84 min., These are used for weather forecasting,, mapping, etc., , GENERAL PROPERTIES, OF MATTER, Elasticity, Elasticity is the property of material of a body by, virtue of which the body acquires its original, shape and size after the removal of deforming, force., A force, which changes the configuration of a, body, is called a deforming force., Steel is more elastic than rubber., l, , l, , Pressure, Pressure is defined as force acting normally on, a unit area of the surface., Force, Pressure =, Area, Its unit is N/m 2 . It is a scalar quantity., Atmospheric pressure is measured by an, instrument called the barometer., Sudden fall in barometric reading is the, indication of storm., Slow fall in barometric reading is the indication, of rain., Slow rise in the barometric reading is the, indication of clear weather., The pressure exerted by liquid column at the, surface given as p = hdg, where d is the, density of liquid and h is height of liquid, column. In a static liquid at same horizontal, level, pressure is same at all points., l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude., That is why, It is difficult to cook on the mountain., The fountain pen of a passenger leaks in, aeroplane., Bleeding occurs from the nose., It is difficult to breath on higher altitude due to, less amount partial pressure of oxygen in air., Water starts to boil below 100°C., , 77, , Pascal’s Law of Pressure, l, , l, , l, , If, gravitational, attraction, is, negligible in equilibrium condition,, (approx) pressure is same at all, points in a liquid., The pressure exerted anywhere at a, point, of, confined, liquid, is, transmitted, equally, and, undiminished in all directions, throughout the liquid., Hydraulic lift, hydraulic press and, hydraulic brakes are based on the, Pascal’s law of pressure., , Archimedes’ Principle, When a body is immersed partly or, wholly in a liquid, there is an apparent, loss in the weight of the body, which is, equal to the weight of liquid displaced, by the body., The weight of water displaced by an, iron ball is less than its own weight, whereas water displaced by the, immersed portion of a ship is equal, to its weight. So, small ball of iron, ball sink in water, but large ship float., A fat person will quickly learn the, swimming as compared to a slim, person because he will displace more, water. So, he will be more balanced., Hydrogen filled balloon float in air, because hydrogen is lighter than air., A person can lift more weight in, water., l, , l, , l, , l, , Laws of Floatation, A body floats in a liquid if, The density of material of the body is, less than or equal to the density of, liquid., When the density of material of the, body is equal to density of liquid, the, body floats fully submerged in liquid, in neutral equilibrium., When body floats in neutral, equilibrium, the weight of the body is, equal to the weight of displaced, liquid. The centre of gravity of the, body and centre of gravity of the, displaced liquid should be in one, vertical line for this condition., l, , l, , l

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78, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , Density, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Density is defined as mass per unit, volume., Relative density is measured by hydrometer., The density of sea water is more than that, of normal water., When a ship enters in a sea from a river, it, raises a bit because the density of saline, water (salt water) is higher., The density of iron is more than that of, water, but less than that of mercury. So, a, solid chunk of iron sink in water but float, in mercury., If ice floating in water in a vessel melts, the, level of water in the vessel does not, change., , Surface Tension, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , It is the force (F) acting normally on unit, length (l) of imaginary line drawn on, F, the surface of liquid i.e., T = , its unit, l, is N/m., The property of a liquid by virtue of which, it tries to minimise its free surface area is, called the surface tension., Surface tension decreases with rise in, temperature and becomes zero at the, critical temperature., The surface tension of clean water is, higher than that of a soap solution., Formation of lead shots, spraying result in, coldness, floatation of needle on water,, dancing of camphor on water, are based on, surface tension., Rain drop form spherical shape due to, surface tension., When kerosene oil is sprinkled on water,, its surface tension decreases, due to which, the excess of mosquitoes floating on the, surface of water die due to sinking., , Cohesive and Adhesive Forces, Force of attraction applied between molecules of, same substance is called cohesive force, while attractive force between molecules of, different substances is called adhesive, force., , Capillarity, The phenomenon of rise or depression of, liquids in a capillary tube is called, capillarity., ■, , ■, , ■, , A piece of blotting paper soaks ink because, the pores of the blotting paper serve as, capillary tubes., The oil in the wick of a lamp rises due to, capillary action of threads in the wick., The root hairs of plants draws water from, the soil through capillary action., , Viscosity, Viscosity is the property of a fluid by, virtue of which an internal frictional, force acts between its layers, when it is in, motion., , Bernoulli’s Theorem, When, an, incompressible, and, non-viscous liquid (or gas) flows in, streamlined motion from one place to, another, then at every point of its path, the total energy per unit volume, (pressure energy + kinetic energy +, potential energy) is constant., Venturimeter, Atomizer, filter pump,, motion of aeroplane are based upon the, Bernoulli’s theorem., , HEAT AND, THERMODYNAMICS, Heat, l, , l, , l, , Heat is a form of energy, which, measures the sensation or perception of, warmness or coldness of a body or, environment., Its units are calorie, kilocalorie or joule., 1 calorie = 4.18 joule., , Temperature, l, , l, , Temperature is the measurement of, hotness or coldness of a body., When two bodies are placed in contact,, heat always flow from a body at higher, temperature to the body at lower, temperature.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , An instrument used to measure the, temperature of a body is called a, thermometer., The normal temperature of a, human body is 37°C or 98.4°F., −40 ° is the temperature at which, Celsius and Fahrenheit thermometers, read same., The clinical thermometer reads, from 96°F to 110°F., White roof keeps the house cooler in, summer than black roof because white, roof reflects more and absorbs less heat, rays whereas black roof absorbs more, and reflects less heat rays., Ice wrapped in a blanket does not melt, away quicky because woollen blanket is, a bad conductor of heat., Sliver is the best conductor of heat., Cooking utensils are made of aluminum,, brass and steel because these, substances have low specific heat and, high conductivity., , Thermal Expansion, l, , l, , l, , l, , Thermal expansion is the increase in, size on heating., A solid can undergo three types of, expansions, (i) Linear expansion, (ii) Superficial expansion, (iii) Cubical expansion, Telephone wires are kept loose to, allow the wires for contraction in, winter., A gap is provided between two iron, tracks of the railway track, so that, rails can easily expand during, summer and do not bend., , Specific Heat, l, , l, , l, , The amount of heat required to raise, the temperature of unit mass of a, substance through 1°C, is called its, specific heat., When temperature of water is, increased from 0°C, then its volume, decreases upto 4°C, becomes, minimum at 4°C and then increases., This behaviour of water around 4°C, is called anomalous expansion of, water., , 79, , Latent Heat, l, , l, , l, , l, , The heat energy absorbed or released at, constant temperature per unit mass for, change of state is called the latent heat., Latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/g., Latent heat of vaporisation of steam is, 536 cal/g., Hot water burns are less severe than that of, steam burns because steam has high latent, heat., , Evaporation, l, , l, , l, , l, , It is the slow process of conversion of liquid, into its vapour even below its boiling, temperature., The amount of water vapour in air is called, humidity., Relative, humidity, is, measured, by, hygrometer., Relative humidity increases with the, increase of temperature., , Transmission of Heat, l, , l, , l, , l, , Transfer of heat from one place to other, place is called transmission of heat., In solids, transmission of heat takes place by, conduction process., In liquids and gases, transmission of heat, takes place by convection process. In room,, ventilators are provided to escape the hot air, by convection., Heat from the Sun reaches the Earth by, radiation., , Simple Pendulum, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Simple pendulum is a heavy point mass, suspended from a rigid support by means of, an elastic and inextensible string., The maximum time period of a simple, pendulum is 84.6 min., The time period of a simple pendulum does, not depend upon the mass, shape and size of, the bob and its amplitude of oscillation. A, pendulum clock goes slow in summer and, fast in winter., If a simple pendulum is suspended in a lift, descending down with acceleration, then, time period of pendulum will increase. If lift, is ascending, then time period of pendulum, will decrease., If a lift falling freely under gravity, then the, time period of the pendulum is infinite.

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80, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , WAVES, , Speed of Sound, , A wave is a disturbance, which propagates, energy from one place to the other without, the transportation of matter., Waves are broadly of two types, (i) Mechanical wave (longitudinal wave, and transverse wave), (ii) Electromagnetic wave, , ■, , ■, , ■, , ■, , Longitudinal Waves, In this wave, the particles of the medium, vibrate in the direction of propagation of, wave., Waves on springs or sound waves in air are, examples of longitudinal waves., , Transverse Waves, In this wave, the particles of the medium, vibrate perpendicular to the direction of, propagation of wave., Waves on strings under tension, waves on, the surface of water are the examples of, transverse waves., , Electromagnetic Waves, l, , l, , The waves, which do not require medium, for their propagation i.e., which can, propagate even through the vacuum are, called electromagnetic waves., Light radio waves, X-rays, etc. are the, examples of electromagnetic waves., These wave propagate with the velocity of, light in vacuum., , ■, , Echo The repetition of sound due to, reflection of sound waves, is called echo., Intensity It is defined as the amount of, energy passing per unit time through a, unit area that is perpendicular to the, direction in which sound waves are, travelling., Pitch The sensation of a frequency is, commonly referred to as the pitch of a, sound., SONAR It stands for sound navigation, and ranging. It is used to measure the, depth of a sea, to locate the enemy, submarines and shipwrecks., , Doppler’s Effect, ■, , Sound Waves, Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical, waves. Based on their frequency range, sound waves are divided into following, categories., The sound waves which lie in the, frequency range 20 Hz to 20000 Hz are, called audible waves., The sound waves having frequencies less, than 20 Hz are called infrasonic waves., The sound waves having frequencies, greater than 20000 Hz are called ultrasonic, waves., Ultrasonic waves are used for sending, signals, measuring the depth of sea,, cleaning machinery parts located in hard, to reach places, such as spiral tubes, etc., , Speed of sound is maximum in solids and, minimum in gases., When sound goes from one medium to, another medium, its speed and wavelength, changes, but frequency remains unchanged., The speed of sound remains unchanged by, the increase or decrease of pressure., The speed of sound increases with the, increase of temperature of the medium., The speed of sound is more in humid air than, in dry air because the density of humid air is, less than the density., , ■, , If there is a relative motion between source, of sound and observer, the apparent, frequency of sound heard by the observer is, different from the actual frequency of, sound emitted by the source. This, phenomenon is called Doppler’s effect., When the distance between the source and, observer decreases, then apparent, frequency increases and vice-versa., , l, , LIGHT, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Light is a form of energy, which, is propagated as electromagnetic wave., It is the radiation which makes our eyes, able to see the object. Its speed is, 3 × 108 m/s. It is the form of energy. It is, a transverse wave. It takes 8 min 19 s to, reach on the Earth from the Sun and, the light reflected from Moon takes, 1.28 s to reach Earth.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , 81, , Reflection of Light, , Refraction of Light, , When a ray of light falls on a boundary, separating two media comes back into the, same medium, then this phenomenon is, called reflection of light., , The bending of the ray of light passing from, one medium to other medium is called, refraction. When a ray of light enters from, one medium to other medium, its, frequency and phase do not change, but, wavelength and velocity change. Due to, refraction from Earth’s atmosphere, the, stars appear to twinkle., Refractive index (µ), Speed of light in vacuum, =, Speed of light in the medium, , Laws of Reflection, l, , l, , The incident ray, reflected ray and the, normal to the reflecting surface at the, incident point all lie in the same plane., The angle of reflection is equal to the, angle of incidence., , Reflection from Plane Mirror, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , The image is virtual and laterally, inverted., The size of image is equal to that of, object., If an object moves towards a plane, mirror with speed v, relative to the object, the image moves towards it with a speed, 2v., To see his full image in a plane mirror, a, person requires a mirror of atleast half of, his height., The number of images formed by, two plane mirrors, inclined by an angle θ,,  360° , n=, − 1 .,  θ, , , Spherical Mirror, l, , l, , l, , Spherical mirrors are of two types, (i) Concave mirror (ii) Convex mirror, Image formed by a convex mirror is, always virtual, erect and diminished., Image formed by a concave mirror is, generally real and inverted., , Critical Angle, The angle of incidence in a denser medium, for which the angle of refraciton in rarer, medium becomes 90°, is called the critical, angle., , Total Internal Reflection (TIR), If light is travelling from denser medium to, rarer medium and the angle of incidence is, more than the critical angle, then the light, is reflected back into the denser medium., This phenomenon is called total internal, reflection., , Sparkling of diamond, mirage and looming,, shinning of air bubble in water and optical fibre, are examples of total internal reflection., , Optical Fibre, It works on the principle of TIR. It is used, for telecommunication and various, medical purposes like endoscopy., , Lens, l, , l, , Uses of Concave Mirror, (i) As a shaving glass. (ii) As a reflector for the, headlights of a vehicle, search light. (iii) In, ophthalmoscope to examine eye, ear, nose by, doctors. (iv) In solar cookers., , Uses of Convex Mirror, (i) As a rear view mirror in vehicle because it, provides the maximum rear field of view and, image formed is always erect. (ii) In sodium, reflector lamp., , l, , Lens is generally of two types, (i) Convex lens, (ii) Concave lens, When lens is dipped in a liquid of higher, refractive index, the focal length, increases and convex lens behave as, concave lens and vice-versa., An air bubble trapped in water or glass, appears as convex, but behaves as, concave lens., , Dispersion of Light, l, , When a ray of white light is passed, through a prism, it gets splitted into its, constituent colours. This phenomenon, is called dispersion of light.

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82, l, , l, , l, , l, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , The different colours appeared in the, spectrum are in the following order,, violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red (VIBGYOR)., Rainbow is formed due to dispersion of, sunlight by water droplets., Wavelength of red colour is maximum, and for violet colour is minimum., Red, green and blue are primary colours., Green and magenta, blue and yellow, red, and cyan are complementary colours., , Microscope, l, , l, , l, , Scattering of Light, l, , l, , When light passes through a medium in, which particles are suspended whose, sizes are of the order of wavelength of, light, then light striking on these particles, deviated in different directions. Scattering, of light is maximum in case of violet, colour and minimum in case of red, colour., Blue colour of sky is due to scattering of, blue and violet light. The brilliant red, colour of rising and setting sun is also due, to scattering of light., , HUMAN EYE, l, , It is an optical instrument like camera. It, forms the real image of the object on, retina of the eye. Least distance of distinct, vision is 25 cm., , Simple microscope is a convex lens of, small focal length., Compound, microscope, is, a, combination of two convex lenses,, called objective lens and eyepiece,, separated by a distance., Astronomical Telescope is also a, combination of two lenses in which, objective lens is a convex lens of large, aperture and large focal length while, eye-piece is a convex lens of small, aperture and small focal length., , ELECTRICITY AND, MAGNETISM, , Charge, Charge is the basic property associated with, matter due to which it produces and, experiences electric and magnetic effects., Similar charges repel each other and, opposite charges attract each other. The SI, unit of charge is coulomb., Conductor Conductors are those materials,, which allow electricity to pass, through themselves. Metals like, silver, iron, copper and earth acts, like a conductor. Silver is the best, conductor., Insulator, , Myopia (Short, sightedness), , Hypermetropia, (Long, sightedness), , A short-sighted eye can see, only nearer objects. Distant, objects are not seen clearly., This defect can be removed, by using concave lens of, suitable focal length., A long sighted eye can see, distant objects clearly but, nearer object are not clearly, visible. This defect can be, removed by using a convex, lens., , Presbyopia, , In this defect both near and, far objects are not clearly, visible. It can be removed by, using bi-focal lens., , Astigmatism, , In this defect eye cannot see, horizontal and vertical lines, clearly. This defect can be, removed by using suitable, cylindrical lenses., , Insulator are those materials which, do not allow electricity to flow, through themselves. Wood, paper,, mica, glass, ebonite are insulators., , Electric Current, l, , l, , l, , Electric current is defined as the rate of, flow of charge or charge flowing per unit, time. Its unit is ampere. It is a scalar, quantity., A lightning conductor is fixed on tall, buildings to protect them from the, destructive effects of the lightning., An electric bulb produces a bang when it, is broken because there is a vacuum, inside the electric bulb, when the bulb is, broken air rushes at great speed from all, sides to fill the vacuum. The rushing of, air produces a noise generally referred, to as the bang.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , Ohm’s Law, , 83, , ATOMIC AND, NUCLEAR PHYSICS, , At the constant physical conditions of any, conductor, the current flowing through the, conductor is directly proportional to the Cathode Rays, potential difference across it., Cathode ray was discovered by Sir William, V, I = , where R is the resistance., Crooke and its properties are, R, These rays travel in straight lines., If a wire is stretched, its resistance will, These rays produce fluorescence., change but its specific resistance will, These rays can penetrate through thin, remain unaffected., foils of metal and deflected by both, On increasing the temperature of the, electric and magnetic fields., metal, its resistance increases., These rays have velocity ranging 1/30th, On increasing the temperature of, to 1/10th of the velocity of light., semiconductor, its resistance decreases., On increasing the temperature of Positive or Canal Rays, electrolytes, its resistance decreases., These rays were discovered by, Goldstein., The reciprocal of resistivity of a, conductor is called its conductivity. Its, The positive rays consists of positively, unit is mho m−1 ., charged particles., The heating effect of electric current is, These rays travel in straight line., known as Joule’s law of heating., These rays are deflected by electric and, Electric bulb, electric kettle, heater, etc, magnetic fields., devices work on the bases of heating, These rays are capable of producing, effect of electric current., physical and chemical changes., These rays can produce ionisation in, Ammeter It is a device which is used to, gases., measure electrical current. It is connected in, X-Rays, series. The resistance of an ideal ammeter is, X-rays are electromagnetic waves with, zero., wavelength range 0.1 Å−100 Å. X-rays, Voltmeter It is a device used to measure the, were discovered by Roentgen., potential difference between two points in a, X-rays travel in straight line. These rays, circuit. It is connected in parallel to the circuit., show reflection, refraction, interference,, The resistance of an ideal voltmeter is infinite., diffraction and polarisation and do not, Fuse Wire It is a small conducting wire of, deflected by electric and magnetic fields., alloy of copper, tin and lead having low melting, Long exposers of X-rays is injurious to, point. So, it is protective device used in series., the human body., X-rays shows photoelectric effect., l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , MAGNETS, l, , l, , l, , l, , Magnet is a piece of iron or other, materials that can attract iron containing, object and points toward North when, suspended., When a magnet is freely suspended, its, one pole always direct towards the North., This pole is called North pole. The other, pole is called South pole., Like poles of a magnet repel each other, and unlike poles attract each other., A current carrying coil containing a soft, iron core, is called an electromagnet,, which is utilised in electric bell, telegraph, receiver,, telephone, diaphragm,, transformer, dynamo, etc., , Uses of X-Rays, l, , l, , l, , l, , In Medical Sciences X-rays are used in, surgery for the detection of fractures,, diseased organs, foreign matter like bullet,, stones, etc. They are used in treatment of, cancer and in skin diseases., In Engineering X-rays are used in, detecting faults, cracks, flaws and gas, pockets in the finished metal products, and in heavy metal sheets., In Scientific Work X-rays are used in, studying crystal structure and complex, molecules., In Custom Department X-rays are used, in custom department for detection of, banned materials kept hidden.

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84, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , Nuclear Reactor or Atomic Pile, , Radioactivity, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Radioactivity was discovered by Henry, Becquerel, Madame Curie and Pierre, Curie for which they jointly won Nobel, Prize., The nucleus having protons 83 or, more are unstable. They emit α, β and, γ particles and become stable. The, elements of such nucleus are called, radioactive, elements, and, the, phenomenon of emission of α, β and γ, particles is called radioactivity., Robert Pierre and his wife Madame, Curie discovered a new radioactive, element radium., The end product of all natural, radioactive elements after emission of, radioactive rays is lead., With the emission of an α-particle,, atomic number is decreased by 2 and, mass number is decreased by 4., With the emission of a β-particle,, atomic number is increased by 1 and, mass number does not change., , Nuclear Fission, l, , The nuclear reaction, in which a, heavy nucleus splits into two nuclei of, nearly equal mass is nuclear fission., 92, , l, , l, , U235 + 0 n1 →, , 56, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Uses of Nuclear Reactor, (i) To produce electrical energy from the, energy released during fission., (ii) To produce different isotopes, which, can be used in medical, physical and, agriculture science., , ■, , ■, , ■, , Ba141 + 36 Kr 92 + 30 n1, + energy, , Atom Bomb is based on nuclear, fission. U235 and Pu239 are used as, fissionable material., Nuclear, fission, was, first, demonstrated by Hatin and Fritz, Strassmann., , Nuclear Fusion, l, , Nuclear reactor is an arrangement, in, which controlled nuclear fission reaction, takes place., First nuclear reactor was established in, Chicago University under the supervision, of Prof Enrico Fermi., Heavy water, graphite and beryllium oxide, are used to slow down the fast moving, neutrons. They are called moderator., The cold water, liquid oxygen, etc. are used, as coolant to remove heat generated., Cadmium or boron rods are good absorber, of neutrons and called the control rods., , l, , When two or more light nuclei, combined together to form a heavier, nucleus is called as nuclear fusion., For the nuclear fusion, a temperature, of the order of 10 8 K is required., Hydrogen Bomb was made by the, American Scientist in 1952. This is, based on nuclear fusion. It is, 1000 times more powerful than atom, bomb., , ■, , There are several components of nuclear reactor, which are as follows, Fissionable Fuel U 235 or U 239 is used., Moderator Moderator decreases the energy, of neutrons, so that they can be further used for, fission reaction. Heavy water and graphite, are used as moderator., Control Rod Rods of cadmium or boron are, used to absorb the excess neutrons produced in, fission of uranium nucleus, so that the chain, reaction continues to be controlled., Coolant A large amount of heat is produced, during fission. Coolant absorbs that heat and, prevents excessive rise in the temperature. The, coolant may be water, heavy water or a gas like, He or CO 2 ., , LASER (Light Amplification by, Stimulated Emission of Radiation), It is a device that produces an intense,, coherent and highly directional beam of the, single frequency. It can be transmitted over a, great distance without being spread., , LASER Technology in India, In 1964, the first laser as Gallium Arsenide, (GaA) semi-conductor laser was designed and, fabricated by Bhabha Atomic Research, Centre (BARC).

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85, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , Various Institutions as CAT (Centre for Advanced Technology), DRDO (Defence, Research and Development Organisation) and Indian Institute of Science work on the, laser plasma, quantum optics, etc., are going to work with American collaboration., MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), It was invented by three American scientist Gordon, Gieyer and H Townes in 1952., It uses microwaves in amplified form of longer wavelength of the light, while ordinary, laser uses light., , Quantity, , Unit (SI), , Quantity, , Unit (SI), , Length, , Metre, , Viscosity, , Poise, , Time, , Second, , Surface tension, , Newton/metre, , Mass, , Kilogram, , Heat, , Joule, , Area, , Square metre, , Temperature, , Kelvin, , Volume, , Cubic metre, , Absolute temperature, , Kelvin, , Velocity, , Metre/second, , Resistance, , Ohm, , Electric current, , Ampere, , 2, , Acceleration, , Metre/second, , Density, , Kilogram/metre 3, , Electromotive force, , Volt, , Momentum, , Kilogram-metre/second, , Electrical conductivity, , mho/metre, , Work, , Joule, , Electric energy, , Kilowatt-hour, , Energy, , Joule, , Electric power, , Kilowatt or watt, , Force, , Newton, , Magnetic intensity, , Oersted, , Pressure, , Pascal or Newton/metre 2, , Charge, , Coulomb, , Frequency, , Hertz, , Magnetic induction, , Gauss, , Power, , Watt, , Luminous flux, , Candela, , Weight, , Newton or Kilogram, , Intensity of sound, , Decibel, , Impulse, , Newton-second, , Power of lens, , Dioptre, , Angular velocity, , Radian /second, , Depth of sea, , Fathom

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , CHEMISTRY, Chemistry, a branch of physical science, is, the study of the composition, properties, and behaviour of matter., , Physical and Chemical, Changes, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Physical changes are the changes which, only affect the physical properties like, colour, hardness, density, melting point, etc, of matter, but do not affect the, composition and chemical properties of, matter., A physical change is temporary, while a, chemical change is permanent., Crystallisation, sublimation, boiling,, melting, vaporisation, cutting of trees,, dissolving sugar or salt in water etc are, physical changes., Chemical changes affect the composition, as well as chemical properties of matter, and result in the formation of a new, substance., Burning of fuel, burning of candle and, paper, electrolysis of water, photosynthesis, ripening of fruits etc, are, examples of chemical changes., , l, , Melting Point, l, , l, , Anything which occupies space and has, mass is called matter. In general, it exists, in three states i.e., solid, liquid and gas., Now-a-days there is a discussion on two, more states of matter i.e., Plasma, (Ionised, gases, containing, super, energetic and super excited particles), and Bose-Einstein Condensates or BEC, (a gas at super low temperature with, extremely low density)., , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Boiling Point, l, , l, , l, , The temperature at which liquid, converts into vapour is called its boiling, point., Boiling point of water is 100°C., The boiling point increases in the, presence of impurities that’s why boiling, point of sea water is more than the, boiling point of pure water (as the former, contains impurity)., , It is a temperature at which a substance, converts from its solid state to liquid, state. Melting point of ice is 0°C. It, decrease in the presence of impurity., , ATOM, MOLECULE, AND ELEMENT, , MATTER, l, , It usually decreases at high altitudes., That’s why at high altitudes, the boiling, point of water is less than 100°C and, more time is required to cook a food., , An atom is the smallest particle of the, element that can exist independently, and retain all its chemical properties., Atom is made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons., Protons and neutrons reside in the, nucleus (at the centre of atom) whereas, electrons revolve around the nucleus., A molecule is the smallest part of an, element or a compound cabable of, independent existence under ordinary, conditions., Element contains only one type of, atoms. e.g. carbon (C), sulphur (S),, diamond, graphite etc., Ununseptium (a superheavy chemical, element with atomic number 117) is a, member of group-17 in the periodic, table below the five halogens (fluorine,, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine)., Its synthesis was claimed in Dubna,, Russia by a joint Russian-American, collaboration., In 2014, the GSI Helmholtz Centre for, Heavy Ion Research in Germany also, claimed to have successfully repeated, original experiment., , Isotopes and Isobars, l, , l, , Isotopes have the same number of, protons (i.e. atomic number), but, different number of neutrons and mass, number (atomic number + number of, neutrons), e.g. 1 H 1, 1 H 2 , 1 H 3 ., Isobars have the same mass number but, different, atomic, number., e.g., 40, 40, and 20 Ca 40 ., 18 Ar , 19 K

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87, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , Dating Techniques, l, , l, , Radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of carbon bearing materials like, wood, animal fossils etc., Uranium dating is used to determine the age of Earth, minerals and rocks., , Colloids, l, , l, , l, , These are heterogeneous solutions, containing two phases : dispersed phase and, dispersion medium., These show Tyndall effect (i.e. scattering of light by colloidal particles) and Brownian, motion (zig-zag motion)., Colloids can be dispersion medium loving (i.e. lyophilic) or dispersion medium, repelling (i.e. lyophobic)., , Dispersed Phase, , Dispersion Medium Type of Colloid, , Example, , Liquid, Solid, Gas, Liquid, Solid, Gas, Liquid, Solid, , Gas, Gas, Liquid, Liquid, Liquid, Solid, Solid, Solid, , Fog, clouds, mist, Smoke, automobile exhaust, Shaving cream, Milk, face cream, Mud, milk of magnesia, Foam, rubber, sponge, pumice, Jelly, cheese, butter, Milky glass, coloured gem stone, , Aerosol, Aerosol (solid), Foam, Emulsion, Sol, Foam, Gel, Solid sol, , Battery, Battery is a device, used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy and is of two, types :, Primary batteries (non-rechargeable) act as galvanic cell, e.g. dry cell, mercury cell etc., Secondary batteries (rechargeable) act as galvanic as well as voltaic cell e.g. lead, storage battery, nickel cadmium battery etc., In electrolytic refining, anode is made by impure metal and a strip of pure metal acts as, cathode., l, , l, , Battery, , Anode, , Cathode, , Leclanche, cell, Mercury cell, , Zinc, , Graphite, , Electrolyte, , Paste of ammonium chloride, and zinc chloride, Zinc-mercury Paste of HgO (Mercuric Paste of KOH, amalgam, oxide) and carbon, and ZnO, Lead storage Lead, Lead packed in lead 38% solution of sulphuric, battery, dioxide, acid, , Used in, Transistors,, clocks, Hearing aids, and camera, Automobiles,, invertors, , Corrosion, l, , l, , l, , l, , The oxidative deterioration of a metal surface by the action of environment is called, corrosion, it is an electrochemical process., When iron is exposed into air, iron surface turns red due to the formation of hydrated, ferric oxide (Fe 2O 3 ⋅ xH 2O) which is also called rust, silver surface turns black due to, the formation of silver sulphide (Ag 2S) and copper or bronze surfaces turn green due to, the formation of basic copper carbonate, Cu(OH) 2 .CuCO 3 ., Corrosion of iron is called rusting and is accelerated by the presence of impurities, H+ ,, electrolyte such as NaCl and gases like CO 2 , SO 2 , NO 2 etc., Corrosion is prevented by electroplating, oiling, greasing, painting, varnishing and by, galvanisation (i.e. deposition of zinc layer over iron articles).

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88, l, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , A sliced apple, when exposed to air,, turns brown after sometime. This is, because apple contains iron, which, gets oxidised and gives a brownish, colour to apple., , Renewable and Non-renewable, Natural Resources, l, , l, , Renewable resources are available in, large excess, i.e. never ends, e.g. air,, sunlight etc., Non-renewable resources are available, in limited quantity and end, if used, excessively, after a limited period of, time. e.g. mineral, coal, petroleum,, natural gas etc., , Fire Extinguishers, l, , l, , l, , Coal, Coal is obtained by carbonisation of, vegetable matter and is available in, different varities : Peat (60% C), lignite or, brown coal (70% C), bituminous coal, (60% to 80% C), anthracite coal (90% C)., Out of these, bituminous is the most, common form., , Fuels, l, , l, , Flame, Flame contains three parts, 1. Innermost part which is black due, to the presence of unburnt carbon, particles, and, has, lowest, temperature., 2. Middle part is yellow due to, incomplete combustion of fuel., 3. Outermost part is blue due to, complete combustion of fuel,, which is the hottest part and used, by goldsmith to heat the gold., , Water extinguishes fire because as it, evaporates the vapours surround the, burning substance, cutting off the oxygen, supply, thus inhibiting burning process., In case of electrical or oil (petrol) fires,, water cannot be used as extinguisher. This, is because water is a conductor, of electricity and heavier than oil. Thus,, oil floats over it and continues to burn., Carbon dioxide, which is generated by the, reaction of baking soda with acid, is used to, extinguish electrical or oil fires., Quality of petrol is measured in terms of, octane number and that of diesel in terms, of cetane number. TEL (Tetra Ethyl Lead), is an antiknock compound. Higher the, octane number better is the quality of fuel., , l, , l, , l, , The substance, which produce heat and, light on combustion are called fuels., A strong foul smelling substance, called, ethyl mercaptan, C2 H5SH, is added to LPG, to detect its leakage as LPG is an odourless, gas., The amount of heat obtained, when 1g of a, fuel is burned in excess of oxygen is called, calorific value., Vehicle carrying inflammable substances, have metallic ropes, touching the ground, during motion in order to provide earthing, for lightning., Fuels used in rocket are called rocket, propellants. A mixture of liquid hydrogen, and liquid oxygen, is most common rocket, propellant., , Fuel, , Composition, , Sources, , Water Gas, , Carbon monoxide (CO) + Hydrogen (H 2 ), , Producer Gas, , Nitrogen (N 2 ) + Carbon monoxide (CO), (2 : 1 ratio), Hydrogen + Methane + Ethylene, (C2H 4 ) + Acetylene (C2H 4 ) + CO + Nitrogen, Methane (83%) + Ethane (16%), Butane (C 2H 2 ) + Propane (C3H 8 ), , By passing steam over, red hot coke, By passing insufficient, air over red hot coke, By fractional distillation, of wood, From petroleum, From oil wells, , Methane (CH 4 ) 95%, , From petroleum, , Methane (CH 4 ) + Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) +, Hydrogen (H 2 ) + Nitrogen (N 2 ), , From organic wastes, , Coal Gas, Natural Gas, Liquified Petroleum, Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural, Gas (CNG), Biogas or Gobar Gas

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , Fuel, , Calorific Value (kJ/g), , Coal, Kerosene oil, Petrol, Diesel, Biogas, LPG, Cow dung, Hydrogen, , 25-32, 48, 50, 45, 35-40, 50, 6-8, 150, , Natural gas, , 35-50, , Safety Matches, In safety matches, the stick consists of a, mixture of antimony trisulphide and, potassium chlorate at its one end. The box side, contains a mixture of powdered glass and red, phosphorus., , Air and our breath contain carbon, dioxide. Thus, when lime water is kept, in air or we pass our breath into it, the, lime water turns milky., , Carbon Monoxide, It is a neutral oxide of air and has, more affinity towards haemoglobin, than oxygen (about 200 times more)., That’s why in the environment of, carbon monoxide (which is a, non-poisonous gas) people die for the, need of oxygen., It is dangerous to sleep in an, unventilated room with fire burning, inside because the fire produce carbon, monoxide and carbon dioxide gases., , Plaster of Paris, l, , ACIDS, BASES AND, SALTS, Acids, These are the substance, which have a sour, taste and turn blue litmus red., These are good conductor of electricity in, aqueous solution., Pickels are always kept in glass jar because, acid present in them reacts with metal to, produce hydrogen gas., Bases, These are the substances, which have bitter, taste, soapy to touch and turn red litmus, blue., Bases like NaOH, KOH, etc. are good, conductors of electricity in their aqueous, solution and in molten state., Base react with acid to form salt and water., Salts, These are the product of neutralisation, reaction between an acid and a base., pH is the measure of acidity/basicity., l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Carbon Dioxide, It is an acidic oxide of carbon and is used by, green plants for photosynthesis. It does not help, in burning., , It is chemically calcium sulphate, 1, hemihydrate (CaSO 4. H 2O) and is, 2, prepared by heating gypsum which is, calcium, sulphate, dihydrate, (CaSO 4. 2H 2O) at 373 K., On mixing with water, Plaster of, Paris further sets into a hard solid,, called gypsum. Thus, it is used to, plaster fractured bones, for making, toys, materials for decoration and for, making surfaces smooth., , Portland Cement, , l, , Some Important Compounds in, Everyday Life, , 89, , l, , It is a complex mixture of silicates, and aluminates of calcium with small, amount of gypsum. Raw material, used for the manufacture of Portland, cement are limestone and clay., The composition of Portland cement, is calcium oxide (50-60%), alumina, (5-10%), and magnesium oxide, (2-3%) Gypsum is added to cement, to decrease its rate of setting., In cement, if lime is in excess,, cement cracks during setting and if, lime is less, cement is of weak, strength., Mortar a mixture of sand, cement, and water is used for joining bricks, and plastering walls., Concrete, a mixture of gravel, sand,, cement and water is used for flooring, and making roads.

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90, l, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , Reinforced Concrete Cement (RCC), which is concrete with steel bars and, wires is used for constructing roofs,, bridges and pillars., , Soaps, These are sodium and potassium salts of, higher fatty acids, e.g. sodium palmitate,, sodium stearate, etc., , Heavy Water, Heavy water is deuterium oxide (D 2O),, molecular mass =20) which used as, moderator in nuclear reactors. It is called, heavy due to the presence of deuterium,, the heavy hydrogen., , Hard Water, l, , Glass, l, , l, , Glass,, an, amorphous, solid, or, super-cooled liquid contains mainly, silica (SiO 2 )., Different substances are added to obtain, glass of different colours e.g., , Colour, , Substance Added, , Red, Green, , Copper oxide (CuO), Chromium oxide (Cr2O 3 ), , Ruby Red, , Goldchloride (AuCl 3 ), , Blue, Brown, , Cobalt oxide (CoO), Iron oxide (Fe 2O 3 ), , l, , l, , The water in which soluble bicarbonates, of calcium and magnesium are present,, is called temporary hard water and in, which soluble sulphates and chlorides of, magnesium and calcium are present is, called permanent hard water., The temporary hardness of water is, removed by boiling or by adding calcium, Clark’s, hydroxide,, Ca(OH) 2 —the, process., The permanent hardness of water is, removed by adding sodium carbonate, or, calgon, (sodium, (Na 2CO 3 ),, hexametaphosphate, Na 2 [Na 4(PO 3 ) 6 ]., , Hardening of Oil, , Pesticides, , (Hydrogenation), , These chemicals are used to destroy the, organisms that harm the crop., These are of following types, Insecticides e.g. DDT, gammaxene,, aluminium phosphate., Fungicides e.g. Bordeaux mixture,, organo-mercury compounds., Herbicides e.g. Benzipram, sodium, chlorate., Rodenticides e.g. Aluminium phosphide., , Oil, an unsaturated fat when heated with, nickel catalyst and hydrogen, gets converted, into a solid mass called ghee, a saturated fat., This process is called hardening of oil and is, carried out through hydrogenation in the, presence of nickel as a catalyst., , Medicines, These are the chemicals used for treating, diseases and reducing suffering from pain., , Medicine, , Used to, , Example, , Analgesics, , Reduce pain, , Aspirin, paracetamol, morphine, phenacetin, , Tranquilizers, , To treat stress, mild and severe Equanil, valium, chlorodiazoepoxide, serotonin, mental diseases, and meprobamate, , Antiseptic, , Prevent the growth of, micro-organisms or kill them, (applied to living tissues), , Dettol (a mixture of chloroxylenol—the antiseptic, and α-terpineol), savlon, iodine tincture (solution, of I 2 in alcohol water mixture), boric acid (antiseptic, for eyes), hydrogen peroxide, iodoform, , Antibiotic, , Destroy microorganisms, (These are obtained from, microorganisms.), , Penicillin (discovered by A Fleming in 1929,, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol), , Antimalarial, , Cure malaria, , Chloroquine, , Sulphadrugs, , Alternative for antibiotics, , Sulphanilamide, sulphadiazine, , Antacids, , Reduce acidity, , Baking soda, magnesium hydroxide

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , BIOLOGY, Biology (coined by Lamarck and, Treviranus 1802), is a branch of science, which deals with study of living organisms., It mainly includes Botany (Study of plants), and Zoology (Study of animals)., The scientist who gave this thoughts for, the first time about the life of plants and, animals was Aristotle, that’s why he is, known as the father of Biology. He is also, known as the father of Zoology., , LIVING WORLD, In 18th Century, Carolus Linnaeus, developed binomial nomenclature for, living organisms, i.e., scientific name, consisting of genus and species., Whittaker (1969) classified living, organisms into five kingdoms— Monera,, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia., Monera, includes, bacteria, and, Mycoplasma, while Protista includes, Protozoa (unicellular Eukaryotes)., Viruses are sub-microscopic, obligate,, intracellular parasite consisting of, nucleoprotein. WM Stanley firstly, crystallised TMV (Tobacco Mosaic, Virus)., Viroids are smallest infectious single, stranded RNA molecules discovered by, TO Diener., l, , l, , l, , l, , Nucleic Acids, l, , l, , These contain the genetic instructions, used in the development and functioning, of all known living organisms. These are, of two types namely DNA and RNA., Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) It is a, long polymer made from repeating units, called nucleotides. It has four bases i.e., adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine., Ribo Nucleic Acid (RNA) It is also made, up of a long chain of nucleotides. It, contains uracil in place of thymine., , HUMAN SYSTEMS, The cells of human and other multicellular, animals are organised into tissues. Two or, more tissues grouped together to form, organs. An organ system is a group of, organs that function together to carry out, the principal activities of the body., , Digestion, Digestion is the process by which complex, food is converted into simple components, with the help of digestive enzymes, i.e., hydrolysis process., , Respiratory System, , Respiration in an oxidative process, involving oxidation of food substances such, as carbohydrate, fat and proteins to form, CO 2 , water and to release energy., Respiration may be anaerobic, (i.e. without, According to cell theory proposed by O 2 ) and aerobic (i.e. with O 2 )., Schleiden and Schwann (1838) cell is, the structural and functional unit of, Organ, Animal, living organisms., Reptiles and mammals, An organism may be composed of single Lungs, Frog, earthworm and leeches, cell (unicellular) or many cells Skin, Fishes, tadpoles and prawns, Gills, (multicellular)., Insects, centipedes and millipedes, Cells are of two types i.e., prokaryotic Tracheae, (which lacks nucleus and membrane Body surface Protozoans, porifera and, coelenterates, bound organelles) and eukaryotic, (which have nucleus and membrane Book lungs Spider and scorpion, King crab, prawn, cray fish and, Book gills, bound organelles)., Daphnia, Prokaryotic cell is found in bacteria,, Mental, Mollusca (Unio), mycoplasma and blue-green algae while, Air bladdar, Long fish and bony fishes (e.g., eukaryotic cell in plants, animals and, Labeo), fungi., , THE CELL, l, , l, , l, , l, , Airsacs/lungs Birds

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B12, (Cyanocobalamine), C (Ascorbic acid), , B 10 (Folic acid), , B 6 (Pyridoxine), , B 5 (Pentothenic acid), , B 3 (Niacin), , Blackcurrants, peppers,, sprouts and citrus fruits, , Yeast, cereals, nuts, seeds, and pork, Liver, milk, eggs and green, vegetables, Liver, yeast, whole cereals, and beans, Animal tissue, whole grain, cereals and legumes, Meat, fish, eggs, cereals bran, and some vegetables, Liver, raw green vegetables,, yeast and gut bacteria, Liver, milk, fish and yeast., None in plant foods, , B 1 (Thiamine), , B 2 (Riboflavin), , Rich Food Source, , Vitamin (Name), , K (Phylloquinone), , E (Tocopherol), , Dry skin and night blindness (Nyctalopia), , Rickets in children (‘soft’ bones that bend easily), Osteomalacia (painful bones) in adults, , Needed for healthy epithelial cells and, regeneration of rhodopsin in rod cells of the eye, , Promotes absorption of calcium from intestines., Necessary for formation of normal bone and, reabsorption of phosphate from urine, Formation of red blood cells, affects, muscles and reproductive system., Formation of prothrombin (involved in blood, clotting), , Formation of collagen and intercellular cement, , Scurvy and poor wound healing, , Pernicious anaemia and nerve disorders, , Maturation of red blood cells in bone marrow., Maintenance of myelin sheath of nerves, , Skin problems and nerve disorder, , Interconversion of amino acids., , Anaemia (especially during pregnancy), , Pellagra (severe skin problems, diarrhoea and, dementia), Pellagra, Dermatitis and Diarrhoea, , Co-enzyme in cell respiration. Precursor of, NAD/NADP, Needed to manufacture adrenal hormone, , Formation of nucleic acids and red blood cells, , Cracked skin and blurred vision, , Co-enzyme in cell respiration, necessary for, complete release of energy from carbohydrates., Co-enzyme in cell respiration. Precursor of FAD, , Beri-beri (muscular dystrophy, stunted growth and, nerve degeneration), , Deficiency Disease, , Mild anaemia and sterility . Deficiency is rare in, humans, Delayed clotting time. May occur in new-born, babies before their gut bacteria become, established, , Deficiency Disease, , Function, , Function, , Fish liver oils, dairy products, liver,, most leafy vegetables and carrots, contain carotene that can be, converted into retinol, Fish oils, egg yolk and butter. It can, be made by the action of sunlight, on skin, Vegetable oils, cereal products and, many other foods, Fresh and dark green vegetables., Also made by gut bacteria, , A (Retinol), , D (Calciferol), , Rich Food Source, , Vitamin (Name), , Fat Soluble Vitamins, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , 93

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94, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , Enzyme, , Source, , Where Active, , Substrate, , Main Breakdown, Product, , Carbohydrate Digestion, Salivary amylase, , Salivary glands, , Mouth, , Polysaccharides, , Disaccharides, , Pancreatic amylase, , Pancreas, , Small intestine, , Polysaccharides, , Disaccharides, , Disaccharides, , Small intestine, , Small intestine, , Disaccharides, , Monosaccharides, (e.g., glucose), , Pepsin, , Stomach, mucosa, , Stomach, , Proteins, , Peptide fragments, , Trypsin and, chymotrypsin, , Pancreas, , Small intestine, , Proteins and, polypeptide, , Peptide fragments, , Carboxypeptidase, , Pancreas, , Small intestine, , Peptide fragments Amino acids, , Amino peptidase, , Intestinal, mucosa, , Small intestine, , Peptide fragments Amino acids, , Pancreas, , Small intestine, , Triglycerides, , Protein Digestion, , Fat Digestion, Lipase, , Free fatty acids, and, monoglycerides, , Nucleic Acid Digestion, Pancreatic nucleases, , Pancreas, , Small intestine, , DNA and RNA, , Nucleotides, , Intestinal nucleases, , Intestinal, mucosa, , Small intestine, , Nucleotides, , Nucleotides bases, and, monosaccharides, , Blood (Lymphatic System), l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Fluid connective tissue composed of, plasma and blood cells., An adult person has 5-6 litre blood., It is slightly alkaline having pH, 7.3-7.4., Plasma is pale yellow transparent and, constitute about 60% volume of, blood., Plasma is composed of 90-92% water,, 7% organic substances (albumin,, globulin and fibrinogen protein) and, 1% inorganic substances., , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Red blood corpuscles (Most abundant) are, non-nucleated and contains haemoglobin, (the respiratory pigment)., White blood cells are colourless, nucleated, and granular or agranular., Eosinophils are also called acidophils., (2-8%) are phagocytic granulocytes and play, important role in hypersensitivity., Basophils (2%) are non-phagocytic, granulocytes, and, increases, during, chickenpox., Neutrophils, (65%), are, phagocytic, granulocytes and increase during bacterial, infection., , Blood Group, (phenotype), , Antigen in, Red Blood, Cells, , Antibodies in Can Give, Plasma, Blood to, Groups, , Can Receive, Blood from, Group, , Genotype, , O, , None, , Anti-a, Anti-b, , O, , Io Io, , A, B, AB, , A, B, A and B, , Anti-b, Anti-a, None, , O and A, O and B, O, A, B and, AB, , I A I A or I A Io, IB IB or IB Io, I A IB, , O, A, B and, AB, A and AB, B and AB, AB

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95, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Monocytes (0.5%) are agranulocytes, called policeman of blood and increase, during tuberculosis., Lymphocytes (26%) are agranulocytes, producing, antibodies and increase, during viral infection., Platelets, (thrombocytes), are, non-nucleated. Platelets have a life span, of about 8 to 10 days., Rh factor discovered by Landsteiner, and Veiner in Rhesus monkey, which is, responsible for erythroblastosis foetalis, disease., Important component of blood clotting, are fibrinogen, prothrombin, thromboplastin, calcium ions and Vitamin-K., , Excretory Organ, , Animal, , Contractile vacuole, , Amoeba, , Flame cells/solenocytes, , Tapeworm, , Renette cell, , Ascaris, , Nephridia, , Earthworm, , Malpighian tubules, , Cockroach, , Coxal glands, , Scorpion, , Green glands, , Prawn, , l, , l, , l, , Heart, l, , l, , l, , Human heart is myogenic i.e.,, contraction is initiated by a pulse, produced by SinuAtrial node (SA node), located in right atrium. It is also called, pacemaker. First heart sound is lub and, second heart sound is dub., Contraction of heart is called systole., 120 mm Hg, while relaxation is called, diastole (80 mm Hg)., , Excretion, l, , l, , l, , l, , It is the process elimination of harmful, waste products from the animal body to, regulate the composition of the body, fluids and tissues., Human excretory system is composed of, two kidneys. Nephron is the structural, and functional unit of kidneys., Colour of urine is pale yellow. It is due to, pigment urochrome., Human urine contains about 95% water,, 2% salts, 2.6% urea and 0.3% uric acid., , Forebrain, Olfactory region, Cerebrum, , pH of urine is about 6.0 (mildly acidic)., The urine on standing gives a pungent, smell. It is due to the conversion of urea, into ammonia., Specific gravity of urine is 1.015-1.025., Volume of urine is 1 to 2 L per day., , Product, , Animal, , Ammonia, , Most invertebrates, fishes etc., , Urea, , Ascaris, earthworm, cartilaginous, fishes, amphibian and mammals, , Uric acid, , Insects, land reptiles and birds, , Central Nervous System, The brain is the organising and processing, centre of the body. It is the site of, consciousness, sensation, memory and, intelligence., The brain receives impulses from the spinal, cord and from 12 pairs of cranial nerves, coming from it and extending to the senses, and to other organs. In addition, the brain, initiates activities without environmental, stimuli., Three major portions of the brain are, recognised as the hindbrain, midbrain and, the forebrain., , Smell, Thinking, intelligence, memory, ability to learn from experience, will power,, skilled work, reasoning knowledge, consciousness and speech., , Control, , Laughing, weeping, micturition (passing of urine), defecation voluntary forced, breathing and voluntary muscular co-ordination., , Diencephalon, (sensation of), , Heat, cold and pain control centre of autonomic nervous system, control, hunger, thirst, sweating, sleeping and sex., , Hypothalamus, , Regulated body temperature so ‘thermostat´ of body. Appetite and safety, control emotions like love, anger, pleasure and satisfaction. Control, metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and water.

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96, Midbrain and, Hindbrain, Cerebellum, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, Reflex centre of visual and auditory sensation., Involuntary muscular co-ordination, maintain posture, orientation and, equilibrium of the body., , Medulla oblongata Regulate heart rate, involuntary breathing, respiratory centre, blood pressure,, (vasoconstriction and vasodilation) gut peristalsis, food swallowing and, vomiting gland secretion., , Disease, , Pathogen, , Incubation, , Symptoms, , Prevention/ Vaccine, , Chickenpox, (Varicella), , Herpes zoster, virus, , 12-20 days, , Varicella vaccine, , Smallpox, , Variola virus, , 12 days, , Poliomyelitis, , Polio virus, , 7-14 days, , Measles, (Rubella, disease), Mumps, , Rubella virus, , 10 days, , Dark red coloured rash or, pox changing into vesicles,, crusts and falling, Appearance of rash, changing into pustules,, scaps and falling, pockmarks are left, Damages motor neurons, causing stiffness of neck,, convulsion, paralysis of, limbs generally legs, Rubella (skin eruptions),, coughing, sneezing, etc, , Mumps virus, , 12-26 days, , Rabies, Rabies virus, (Hydrophobia), , 10 days to, 1-3 months, , Tuberculosis, , M tuberculosis, , 2-10 weeks, , Diphtheria, , C diphtheriae, , 2-6 days, , Cholera, , Vibrio cholerae 6 h to, 2-3 days, , Leprosy, , Mycobacterium 2-5 years, leprae, , Tetanus, (Lock jaw), , Clostridium, tetani, , Typhoid, , Salmonella typhi 1-3 weeks, , Plague, , Pasteurella, pestis, , 2-6 days, , Gonorrhoea, , Neisseria, gonorrhoeae, , 2-10 days, , 3-21 days, , Smallpox vaccine, , Salk vaccine and Oral, Polio Vaccine (OPV), , Measles-mumpsrubella-Varicella Combo, (MMRV vaccine), Painful enlargement of, Mumps-vaccine,, parotid and salivary glands isolation, Spasm in throat and chest lmmunisation of dogs, muscles, fears from water,, paralysis and death, Coughing, chest pain and BCG vaccine, bloody sputum with, tuberculin, Inflammation of mucosa of DPT vaccine, nasal chamber, throat, etc,, respiratory tract blocked, Acute diarrhoea and, Sanitation, boiling of, dehydration, water and oral cholera, vaccine, Skin hypopigmentation,, BCG also offers, nodulated skin, deformity variable amount of, of fingers and toes., protection against, leprosy. Lepromin skin, tests, Degeneration of motor, ATS and DPT vaccines, neurons, rigid jaw muscles,, spasm and paralysis, Classic typhoid fever, TAB vaccine and, screening of food and, water, Bubonic plague affects,, Killing of rats and rat, lymph nodes, pneumonic fleas, plague vaccine, plague affects lungs and, septicemic plague causes, anaemia, Inflammation of, Avoid prostitution, urinogenital tract

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98, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , Ebola Virus, According to World Health Organisation WHO’s, 19th August, 2015 Situation Report, there, were three confirmed cases of Ebola reported in the, week up to 16th August all of which were reported, from Guinea. For the first time since the, beginning of the outbreak in Sierra Leone, a full, epidemiological week has passed with no, confirmed cases reported. A total of 72 cases, remain under monitoring in Sierra Leone., On 29th, June 2015, a confirmed case of Ebola was, reported in a 17 year old male who had died in, Liberia., Apart from Africa, ebola virus has spread to USA,, Spain, Mali and to an extent in Italy and UK., , l, , l, , l, , BIOTECHNOLOGY, l, , l, , ECOLOGY, l, , l, , l, , Ecology (term used by Reiter) deals with, various principles which govern the, relationship between organisms and their, environment. Pyramid of number is upright, in grassland and pond ecosystem, while, inverted in tree ecosystem., Pyramid of biomass is upright in, grassland and forest ecosystem whereas,, inverted in pond ecosystem., Pyramid of energy is always upright., , l, , Motor, vehicle, contribute, 60%, of, air pollution in major cities. Photochemical, smog comprising of O 3 , H 2O 2 , PAN, etc., , l, , l, , l, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , CO has 250 times more binding affinity with, haemoglobin as compared to O 2 ., Acid rain is composed of H 2SO 4 and HNO 3 ., Chlorofluorocarbons, released, into, stratosphere release free chlorine atom that, causes depletion of ozone., Sewage is major source of water pollution., Bioremediation is the process of using, micro-organisms to remove environmental, pollutant, e.g. using oil-zapper developed by, TERI to prevent oil spills., Biomagnification, The, increase, in, concentration of persistent chemicals in, organisms in successive trophic levels., Endosulfan is an organic pollutant used as a, pesticide in Southern states for cashew, crops, which is now banned world over., , Biotechnology is a field of applied, biology that involves the use of living, things in engineering, technology,, medicine and other useful applications., Genetic Engineering Insertion of a, foreign gene fragment into another, DNA molecule to produce DNA, clones., Gene Therapy It is the insertion of, genes into an individual cells and, tissue to treat diseases especially, hereditary diseases., , Test Tube Baby, , Pollution, l, , Chernobyl disaster occurred in, Ukraine (USSR) 26th April, 1986, due to explosion of nuclear power, station., Nitrate fertilisers cause blue baby, syndrome or methemoglobinemia., Noise pollution is measured in, decibels (Generally sound beyond 80, dB is termed as noise)., , l, , l, , l, , Test tube baby is a fusion of ovum and, sperm outside body followed by, implantation in uterus at 32 celled, stage, and, further, normal, development to birth., The IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation), technology is a boon to childless, couples., First attempt to produce a test tube, baby was made by an Italian scientist, Dr. Petrucci in 1959., But this human embryo survived for, only 29 days., The World’s first test tube baby, (a baby girl) named as Louise Joy, Brown was born on 25th July, 1978 in, Great Britain., India’s first test tube baby was born, in Mumbai on 6th August 1986. Her, name is Harsha., , Cloning, l, , Cloning in, producing, genetically, occurs in, , biology is the process of, similar populations of, identical individuals that, nature when organisms

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99, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , l, , such as bacteria, insects or plants, reproduce asexually., Dolly a sheep, the first mammal clone, was developed by Dr Ian Wilmut, UK., , Bt Crops, l, , Crop plants that contain genes for Bt, toxins. Bt toxin gene has been cloned, from the bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis), and been expressed in plants to provide, resistance from insects without the need, of insectisides e.g. Bt-cotton (first GM, crop), Bt-corn, golden rice, etc., , Seed Village Concept, It is the starting point of agriculture and, dictates ultimate productivity of other inputs. It, was organised by Dr Swaminathan in the, Jounti village of Delhi state in 1965, which was, designed to convert the entire village into a, high quality seed producing centre., Over the years, this concept have grown and, been refined which aims to import, techniracy (technical literacy or imparting, the latest skills to farmers solely) for quality, seed production and thereby to make available, quality seed to others at appropriate time and, affordable cost., , Bacteria, Bird, , Dialister Pneumosintes, Humming bird (Cuba), , Flower, Mammal, , Wolffia microscopica (Angiosperm), Shrew (Suncus etruscus), , Bone, , Stapes, , Muscles, , Stapedius or arrector pili, , Virus, , Foot and mouth disease virus, , Endocrine gland Pituitary, , Mammal (on land), , African elephant, (Loxodonta africana), , Mammal, (in the biosphere), , Blue whale, , Flower, , Rafflesia, , Flower in India, , Sapria, , Vertebral, , Lumbar vertebrae, , Bone, , Femur, , Bone (in frog), , Tibia-fibula, , Muscles, , Gluteus maximus (buttock, muscle of hip), , Tooth, , Tusk of elephant (upper, incisor modification), , Tallest angiosperm, , Eucalyptus, , Tallest gymnosperm Sequoia sempervirens, (Sequoia gigantea), Coral reef, , In Australia, great barrier, reef, , Egg or cell, , Ostrich, , Vein, , Inferior vena cava, , Artery, , Abdominal aorta, , Cell of the body, , Neuron or nerve cell, , Virus, , Parrot fever virus, , Branch, Agriculture, , Concerned Field, , Study of producing crops from, the land, Anatomy, Study of the animal forms with, an emphasis on human bodies., Anthology, Study of flowers., Anthropology Study of apes and man., Apiculture, Honey industry (Bee keeping)., Biochemistry Deals with the study of, chemical reactions in relation to, life activities., Cardiology, Study of heart., Cryogenics, Study concerning with the, application and uses of very low, temperature., Cytology, Study of cells., Dermatology Study of skin., Floriculture, Study of flower yielding plants., Genetics, Study of heredity and variations., Gerontology Study of growing old., Horticulture, Study of garden cultivation., Myology, Study of muscles., Nephrology, Study of kidneys, Obstetrics, Branch of medicine dealing with, pregnancy., Ornithology Study of birds, Phycology, Study of algae.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , 101, , COMPUTER, A computer is an electronic machine which, stores, reads and processes data to produce, meaningful information as output., , Secondary Memory, , Components of Computer, , Hardware, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Input Unit Devices used to give, instructions, e.g. Keyboard, Mouse,, Joystick, Optical character reader, CDs,, Bar code reader, Touch screen, Light, pen, Scanner, Magnetic Ink Character, Recognition (MICR), etc., Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the, device for, the manipulation of, information inside the computer. CPU is, known as the brain of the computer, but, commonly called a processor and has the, following components, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs, all logical and arithmatical operations., Control Unit (CU) instructs, maintains, and controls the flow of information., Output Unit is the device to display the, result of processing, e.g. Visual Display, Unit, Printer, Monitor, Speaker, Pen, Drive, etc., , It stores data, program, instruction and, information permanently., Any peripheral device which can be seen, and touched is hardware. Computer, hardware includes input devices, output, devices, storage devices and processing, devices., , Software, It is a set of instructions that directs the, computer to process information. It can be, classified as System Software and, Application Software., , Networking, Computer networking relates to the, communication between a group of two or, more computers linked together. Most, common example of networking is, Internet, connecting millions of people all, over the world together. According to scale, or size, computer network can be, categorised in three ways, Local Area Network (LAN) Graphical, area spread over 1km to 10km or within, a same building., Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Graphical area spread over a city or, town., Wide Area Network (WAN) Graphical, area spread over countries., l, , Memory, Memory holds all the raw and processed, data, set of instructions and information, inside the CPU., , Primary Memory, Primary Memory stores the data which is, currently in use by the computer., RAM (Random Access Memory) It is a, volatile memory. It is a temporary, storage., DRAM Dynamic Random Access, Memory, SRAM Static Random Access Memory, ROM (Read Only Memory) It is a, non-volatile memory where all logical, data is stored that cannot be changed., PROM Programmable Read Only, Memory., EPROM Erasable, Programmable, Read Only Memory., EEPROM Electrically, Erasable, Programmable Read Only Memory., , l, , l, , Security Threats, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Worm It is a self contained program and, does not need to be a part of another, program to propagate itself., Spam Spam is an unsolicited message, sent over the Internet in the form of, e-mails, to a large number of users for, the purpose of spreading malware,, advertising phishing, etc., Spyware It is a type of malicious, software installed on computers and, collects information about users without, their knowledge and may send such, information to another entity., Malware A software which is specifically, designed to disrupt or damage a, computer system. It is a superset of

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102, , l, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Science, , computer viruses, worms, spyware, trojan, horses and other malicious or unwanted, software., Virus A virus is defined as a program or a, piece of code that gets loaded onto the, computer without users knowledge and, replicates itself, e.g. Creeper, Stuxnet,, Melissa, Conficker, Code red, SQL, Slammer, Nimda (derived from the word, ‘Admin’), etc., , Antivirus, Antivirus is a software consisting of computer, programs that attempt to identify, detect and, prevent the malware from the computer., , Some Commonly Used Terms, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Cache Memory It is a temporary storage,, where frequently accessed data can be, stored for rapid access., Registers These are defined as the, special memory units used by the CPU to, speed up the rate of accessing, information., Operating System It is a system, software, consisting of an integrated set of, programs that control computer resources, and provides common services for, efficient execution of various application, software., Compiler It is a computer program that, transforms human readable source code, into the Machine readable code at one go., Interpreter It transforms source code, into the machine readable code by, converting it line by line., Assembler It, converts, assembly, language program into machine language, program., Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) An, electronic device used to convert, computer (digital) electronic signals to, communication, channel, (analog), electronic signals and vice-versa., Cloud Commuting is the delivery of, on-demand, computing, resources,, everything from applications to data, centres, over the Internet, e.g. Google., Dual Core Processor is the processing, technology in which two processors are, scheduled together and when one is busy, the other takes over., , l, , l, , Internet It is the worldwide, publically, accessible system of interconnected, computer networks that transmit data, by using the Internet protocol., Cryptography It is a method of, storing and transmitting data in a, particular coded form so that only those, can read and process it, for whom it is, intended. It includes encoding and, decoding of data., , Super Computers, A super computer can be defined as the, most powerful computer in terms of, performance and storage capacity. They, are highly expensive and are employed for, specialised applications such as for, weather forecasting, several scientific, researches, etc., , Name, , Year, , Param Shivay, Pratyush, Param, Kanchenjunga, Param Ishan, , 2019, 2017, 2016, , Mft Company, , IIT-BHU, IITM (Pune), CDAC & NIT, Sikkim, 2016, CDAC & IIT, Guwahati, Aaditya, 2013, Indian Institute of, Tropical, Meteorology, PARAM YUVA II 2013, C-DAC, PUNE, SAGA-220, 2011, ISRO, ANUPAM-Adhya 2010-11 BARC, , Name, , Year, , Country Operating, System, , Frontera, , 2019, , America, , IBM Summit, Sunway, Taihulight, Tianhe-2, Titan, Sequoia, K-Computer, Mira, , 2018, 2016, , America, China, , Linux, (Cent OS), IBM, Linux, , 2013, 2012, 2011, 2011, 2010, , China, America, America, Japan, America, , Kylin Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, Linux, , Sophia, In October, 2017 Saudi Arabia has provided, citizenship to a robot Sophia. This robot can, change the facial expressions of the face and, can chat with people.

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GENERAL, KNOWLEDGE, First Radio Telescope Satellite launched into Space, , HALCA (Japan), , First country to use Glass, First country to make Map, First Spaceship landed on Mars, World’s First Multipurpose River Valley Project, First Space Shuttle Launched, First Rocket to go near the Sun, First Country to make Constitution, First Country to start Underground Metro Rail, First Unmanned Mission on the Moon, First Spacecraft to carry man on the Moon, First Country to do Artificial Satellite Experiment, Country to give Voting Right to Women, First Country to appoint Lokpal, First Country to imposed Carbon Tax, , Egypt and Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia (Greece), Viking-I (July 1976), Tennessee River Valley Project (USA), Columbia (April 1981), Helius ‘B’, America, Britain, LUNA-9, Apollo - 11, Russia, New Zealand, Sweden, New Zealand, , (Male), First Asian to Head the International Cricket Council, First man to climb Mount Everest, First Man to go into Space, First Man to walk into Space, First Person to give information about Planets and their, motion around the Sun, First Man to compile Encyclopaedia, First Person to go on both the Poles (North and South), First Man to reach North Pole, First Man to reach South Pole, First Man to climb on Mt Everest without Oxygen, , Jagmohan Dalmiya, Sherpa Tenzing Norgay and Sir, Edmund Hillary (29th May, 1953), Major Yuri Gagarin (USSR) (1961), Alexei Leonov (Russia), Nicolous Copernicus, Aspheosis (Athens), Ranulph Fiennes, Robert Peary, Roald Amundsen, Phu Dorji Sherpa, , (Female), First Woman President of a Country, First Woman in the world to cross the Strait of Gibralter, First Woman Cosmonaut in Space, First woman Prime Minister, First Woman to cross the Seven Seas, First Non-white female to win Nobel Prize in Literature, First Woman to reach Antarctica, First Woman to have a Space-Walk, , Maria Estela Peron (Argentina), Arti Pradhan (India), Valentina Tereshkova (USSR), Sirimavo Bandaranaike (Sri Lanka), Bula Choudhary, Toni Morrison, Caroline Mikkelsen, Svetlana Yevgenyevna Savitskaya

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104, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , (World), (The Largest, Biggest, Smallest, Longest, Highest), Largest Airport, (by size), , King Fahd International, Airport (Dammam, Saudi, Arabia), , Longest Bridge, (Railway), , Danyang-Kunshan, Grand Bridge (China), , Highest Airport, , Bangda Airport, Tibet, (now in China), , Largest Dam, (Concrete), , Grand Coulee Dam, (USA), , Tallest Building, , Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, (828 m), , Highest Dam, , Jinping-I Dam, across, River Yarlong, China, , Largest Bay, , Hudson Bay, Canada, , Highest Capital City, , Longest Big-ship, Canal, , Suez Canal (linking Red, Sea and Mediterranean, Sea), , Highest Asian Desert Gobi, Mongolia, Largest Democracy, , India, , Busiest Canal (Ship), , Kiel Canal, , Biggest Bell, , Great Bell at Moscow, , Longest Epic, , The Mahabharata, , Chameleon, , Largest Diamond, , The Cullinan, (South Africa), , Reptile which, changes its colour, , Chimpanzee, , Largest Island, , Greenland, , Most intelligent, Animal, , Largest Mosque, , Masjid al-Haram, Mecca, , Highest Volcano, , Ojos del Salado, Andes,, Argentina- Chile, (6893 m), , Largest Volcano, , Mauna Loa, (Hawaii Islands), , Highest Straight Dam Bhakra Dam, La Paz (Bolivia), , Largest Delta, , Sundarbans, India, , Largest Desert, , Sahara, Africa, , Largest Lake, , Caspian Sea, , Deepest Lake, , Baikal (Siberia), , Longest Wall, , Great Wall of China, , Highest Lake, , Titicaca (Bolivia), , Mount Everest (Nepal), , Largest Lake, (Fresh water), , Lake Superior, USA, , Highest Mountain, Peak, , The Great Barrier Reef, (Australia), , Highest Mountain, Range, , Himalayas, , Largest Coral, Formation, Largest Continent, , Asia, , Longest Mountain, Range, , Andes Central, (South America), , Smallest Continent, , Australia, , Biggest Museum, , Largest Country, (in population), , China, , British Museum, (London), , Highest Waterfall, , Largest Country, (in area), , Russia, , Salto Angel Falls, (Venezuela), , Longest Gulf, , Gulf of Mexico, , Longest Dome, , World Peace Monument, Dome (Pune), , Deepest and Biggest The Pacific, Ocean, , Tallest Minar, (Free standing), , Great Hassan II, Mosque, Casablanca,, Morocco, , Largest Peninsula, , Arabia, , Largest Palace, , Largest City, (in population), , Tokyo, , Imperial Palace, (Gugong), Beijing, (China), , Highest City, , Wen Chuan, (Tibet, China), , Largest Park, , National Park,, Greenland, , Largest City (in, population), , Tokyo (Japan), , Largest Archipelago, , Indonesia

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105, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, Coldest Place, , Verkhoyansk (Siberia), Temperature, (− 89.2°C)., , Driest Place, , McMurdo Dry Valleys,, Antarctica, , Hottest Place, , Al-Aziziyah, (Libya, Africa) 136°F, , Largest Platform, (Railway), , Tallest Statue, , Statue of Unity, Gujarat, (India), , Tallest Tower, , Tokyo Skytree (Japan), , Longest Swimming, Course, , English Channel, (between London and, Edinburgh), , Gorakhpur, (Uttar Pradesh), , Longest Train, Nonstop, , Flying Scotsman, , Largest Bridge, (Railway), , Danyang-Kunshan, Grand Bridge (China), , Longest Tunnel, (Railway), , Gotthard Base Tunnel, , Largest Plateau, , Tibetan Plateau, , Largest River Basin, , Amazon Basin, , Longest and Largest Le Rove Tunnel (South, Canal/Tunnel, of France), , World’s Rainiest Spot Cherrapunji (Meghalaya), Largest Gorge, , Grand Canyon on the, Colorade river, USA, , Lightest Gas, , Hydrogen, , Lightest Metal, , Lithium, , Highest Melting Point Tungstan, (34100°C), , Largest Port, , Shanghai (China), , Hardest Substance, , Wurtzite Boron Nitride, , Busiest Port, , Shanghai (China), , Fastest Bird, , The Peregrine Falcon, , Longest Railway, , Trans-Siberian Railway, Nile (6690 km), , Longest Poisonous, Snake, , King Cobra, , Longest River, Longest River Dam, , Tarbela Dam, Pakistan, , Largest Temple, , Angkor Vat (Cambodia), , Largest Sea-Bird, , Albatross, , Largest Sea, , Philippine Sea, , Largest Diamond, Mine, , Kimberley, (South Africa), , Tallest Structure, , Burj Khalifa (Dubai), , Country, , Capital, , Currency, , Country, , Capital, , Currency, , Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, , Kabul, Tirana, Algiers, Luanda, Buenos Aires, Canberra, Vienna, Dhaka, Minsk, Brussels, Thimphu, Brasilia, Phnom-Penh, Ottawa, Santiago, Beijing, , Afghani, Lek, Algerian Dinar, Kwanza, Peso, Australian Dollar, Euro, Taka, Ruble, Euro, Ngultrum, Cruzeiro Real, Riel, Canadian Dollar, Peso, Yuan, Renminbi, , Colombia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, , Bogota, Copenhagen, Cairo, Paris, Berlin, Athens, Budapest, New Delhi, Jakarta, Tehran, Baghdad, Dublin, Jerusalem, Rome, Tokyo, Nur-Sultan, , Colombian Peso, Krone, Egyptian Pound, Franc, Euro, Euro, Euro, Forint, Rupee, Rupiah, Rial, Dinar, Euro, Shekel, Euro, Yen, Tenge

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106, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , Country, , Capital, , Currency, , Country, , Capital, , Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, , Nairobi, Pyongyang, Kuwait City, , Shilling, Won, Kuwait Dinar, , Qatar, , Doha, , Riyal, , Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, South Sudan, , Moscow, Riyadh, Mogadishu, Singapore, Pretoria, Madrid, Colombo, Khartoum, Juba, , Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, , Stockholm, Bern, Taipei, , Thailand, Turkey, , Bangkok, Ankara, , Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, , Kampala, Kiev, London, Washington, DC, Caracas, Harare, , Ruble, Riyal, Somali Shilling, Dollar, Rand, Euro, Sri Lankan Rupee, Sudanese Pound, South Sudanese, Pound, Krona, Swiss Franc, New Taiwan, Dollar, Baht, Lira, Uganda Shilling, , South Korea Seoul, , Won, , Libya, , Tripoli, , Libyan Dinar, , Malaysia, , Kuala Lumpur Ringgit, , Maldives, , Male, , Rufiyaa, , Mauritius, , Port Louis, , Rupee, , Mongolia, , Ulan Bator, , Tugrik, , Montenegro, , Podgorica, , Euro, , Myanmar, , Naypyidaw, , Kyat, , Namibia, , Windhoek, , Namibian Dollar, , Nepal, , Kathmandu, , Nepalese Rupee, , Netherlands, , Amsterdam, , Euro, , New Zealand Wellington, , New Zealand, Dollar, , Nigeria, , Abuja, , Naira, , Norway, , Oslo, , Krone, , Pakistan, , Islamabad, , Rupee, , Phillippines, , Manila, , Peso, , Poland, , Budapest, , Zloty, , Portugal, , Lisbon, , Euro, , Blue Mountains, City Beautiful, City of Golden Gate, City of Magnificent, Buildings, City of Palaces, City of Seven Hills, Cockpit of Europe, , Nilgiri Hills, Chandigarh, San Francisco, Washington, , Dark Continent, Eternal City, Forbidden City, Garden City, Gift of the Nile, Granite City, Holy Land, Island Continent, Island of Cloves, Isle of Pearls, , Africa, Rome, Lhasa (Tibet), Chicago, Egypt, Aberdeen, Palestine, Australia, Zanzibar, Bahrain, , Kolkata, Rome, Belgium, , Venezuela, Zimbabwe, , Key to the Mediterranean, Land of Cakes, Land of Golden Fleece, Land of Maple, Land of Morning Calm, Land of the Midnight Sun, Land of the Rising Sun, Land of the, Thunderbolt, Land of Thousand Lakes, Land of White Elephant, Pearl of the Antilles, Pearl of the Pacific, Roof of the World, Spice Garden of India, Sugar Bowl of the World, , Currency, , Hryvnia, Pound Sterling, US Dollar, Bolivar, US Dollar, , Gibraltar, Scotland, Australia, Canada, Korea, Norway, Japan, Bhutan, Finland, Thailand, Cuba, Guayaquil Port, of Ecuador, The Pamirs,, Central Asia, Kerala, Cuba

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107, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , Discovery, , Discoverer, , Discovery, , Discoverer, , America, , Christopher, Columbus, , New Foundland, , John Cabot, , Sea Route to India via, Cape of Good Hope, , Vasco Da Gama, , Hudson Bay, , Henry Hudson, Magellan, , Solar System, , Copernicus, , Circumnavigation of World, , Planets, , Kepler, , Mount Everest, , South Pole, , Roald Amundsen Brazil, , Edmund Hillary, Pedro Alvares Cabral, , North Pole, , Robert Peary, , Tasmania Island, , Abel Tasman, , China, , Marco Polo, , Cape of Good Hope, , Bartolomeu Dias, , Blue Book, , An official report of the British Government, , Green Book, , An official publications of Italy and Iran, , Grey Book, , An official reports of the Governments of Japan and Belgium, , Orange Book, , An official publications of the Government of Netherlands, , White Book, , An official publications of China, Germany and Portugal, , White Paper, , An official paper of the Governments of Britain and India on a particular issue, , Yellow Book, , An official paper of the Goverment of France, , Monument, , Country, , Monument, , Country, , Imperial Palace (Tokyo), , Japan, , Leaning Tower of Pisa, , Italy, , Eiffel Tower (Paris), , France, , Pyramid (Giza), , Egypt, , Great Wall of China, , China, , Opera House (Sydney), , Australia, , Kremlin Palace (Moscow), , Russia, , Statue of Liberty (New York), , USA, , Kinder Disk, , Denmark, , Taj Mahal (Agra), , India, , Ancient World, , Modern World, , The ‘New’ Wonder, , The Colossus of Rhodes, , Channel Tunnel, , Pyramid at Chichen Itza,, Mexico, , The Great Pyramid of Giza, , CN Tower, , Christ Redeemer, Brazil, , The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, , Empire State Building, , The Great Wall, China, , The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, , Golden Gate Bridge, , Machu Picchu, Peru, , The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, , Itaipu Dam, , Petra, Jordan, , The Lighthouse of Alexandria, , North Sea Protection works, , Roman Colosseum, Italy, , The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, , Panama Canal, , The Taj Mahal, India

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108, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , Detective Agency, , Country, , Ministry of State Security (MSS), , China, , Australian Security and Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), , Australia, , KGB/GRU, , Russia, , National Intelligence Agency, , South Africa, , MI (Military Intelligence)-5, and 6, Special Branch, Joint Intelligence Organisation, , United Kingdom, , Inter Services Intelligence (ISI), , Pakistan, , Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Intelligence Bureau (IB), , India, , Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), , USA, , MOSSAD, , Israel, , Mukhabarat, , Egypt, , Naicho, , Japan, , SAVAK (Sazamane Etelaatva Amniate Kechvar), , Iran, , General Security Directorate, , Iraq, , DGSE (Direction General de la Securite Exterieur), , France, , Pen, , Symbol of culture and civilisation, , Lotus, , Culture and civilisation, , Red Cross, , Medical aid and hospital, , Red Flag, , Revolution; also sign of danger, , Black Flag, , Symbol of protest, , Yellow Flag, , Flown on ships or vehicles carrying patients, suffering from infectious diseases, , Flag flown upside down, , Symbol of distress, , White Flag, , Symbol of truce, , Pigeon or Dove, , Symbol of peace, , A blindfolded woman holding a, balanced scale, , Symbol of justice, , Black strip on face arm, , Sign of mourning or protest, , One skull on two bones crossing each other Sign of danger, diagonally, Wheel (Chakra), , Symbol of progress, , Flag flown at half mast, , Symbol of national mourning, , Olive Branch, , Symbol of peace, , Language, , Member, , Language, , Mandarin Chinese, , 955 million, , Arabic, , Member, 295 million, , Spanish, , 405 million, , Hindi, , 260 million, , English, , 360-380 million, , Portuguese, , 215 million

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109, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , Newspaper, , Country, , Newspaper, , The Sydney Morning Herald, , Australia, , The Hindustan Times, , Country, India, , The Age, , Australia, , Mainichi Daily News, , Japan, New Zealand, , Globe and Mail, , Canada, , The New Zealand Herald, , The Gazette, , Canada, , The Press, , New Zealand, , International Herald Tribune, , France, , The Times, , United Kingdom, , Die Welt, , Germany, , The Scotsman, , United Kingdom, , The Times of India, , India, , The Guardian, , United Kingdom, , The Hindu, , India, , The Herald, , United Kingdom, , The Tribune, , India, , The Courier, , United Kingdom, , The Statesman, , India, , Washington Post, , United States of, America, , Country Name, , Parliament Name, , Country Name, , Afghanistan, , Shora, , India, , Parliament Name, Sansad, , Australia, , Federal Parliament, , Japan, , Diet, , Bangladesh, , Jatiyo Shangsad/ House of, the Nation, , Nepal, , Rashtriya Panchayat, , Bhutan, , Tshogdu, , Pakistan, , National Assembly and, Senate, , Canada, , Parliament, , Russia, , Duma, , China, , National People’s Congress, , Spain, , Cortes, , Egypt, , People’s Assembly, , Sweden, , Riksdag, , France, , National Assembly, , South Africa, , Parliament, , Germany, , Bundestag, , Switzerland, , Federal Assembly, , Great Britain, , Parliament, , USA, , Congress, , Largest Country, , Largest Country, , Smallest Country, , Smallest Country, , (Area-wise), , (Population-wise), , (Area-wise), , (Population-wise), , Russia, Canada, China, United States, Brazil, , China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, , Vatican City, Monaco, Nauru, Tuvalu, San Marino, , Vatican City, Tuvalu, Nauru, Palau, San Marino, , Religion, , Member, , Percentage, , Religion, , Member, , Christianity, , 2.2 billion, , 31.5%, , Buddhism, , 376 million, , Percentage, 5.25%, , Islam, , 1.6 billion, , 22.32%, , Sikhism, , 23 million, , 0.36%, , Hinduism, , 1 billion, , 13.95%, , Jewish, , 14 million, , 0.23%

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110, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , Country, , Emblem, , Country, , Emblem, , Australia, , Kangaroo, , Italy, , White Lily, , Bangladesh, , Water Lily, , Japan, , Chrysanthemum, , Belgium, , Lion, , Netherlands, , Lion, , Canada, , White Lily, , New Zealand, , Southern Cross, Kiwi, Fern, , Chile, , Candor and Huemul, , Norway, , Lion, , France, , Lily, , Pakistan, , Crescent, , Germany, , Corn Flower, , Spain, , Eagle, , India, , Lioned Capital, , United Kingdom, , Rose, , Iran, , Rose, , United States of America, , Golden Rod, , Newspaper, , Bengal Gazette (James Hickey), , Vernacular Daily, , Samachar Darpan, , Hindi Newspaper, , Udant Martand, , Telegraph Line, , Diamond Harbour to Kolkata, , International Telephone Service, , Mumbai to London (1851), , Silent Movie, , Raja Harish Chandra, (Dadasaheb Phalke 1913), , Talkie Movie, , Alam Ara (Ardeshir Irani-1931), , Aircraft Carriage Warship, , INS Vikrant, , Satellite, , Aryabhatta (19th April, 1975), , Satellite dedicated exclusively for Education purposes, , EDUSAT, , Dedicated multi wavelength space observatory, , Astrosat, , Successful indigenous launch vehicle, , SLV-3, , Nuclear Reactor, , Apsara (1956), , Lunar Mission, , Chandrayaan-I (October, 2008), , Mars Mission, , Mars Orbiter Mission, (5th November, 2013), , Hydroelectric Project, , Sidrapong (1897), , Asian Games, , Delhi (1951), , Census, , 1872, , Regular Decadal Census, , 1881 Onwards, , Biosphere Reserve, , Nilgiri, , National Park, , Hailey National Park (Jim Corbett), 1936, , Chairman of UPSC, , Ross Barker, , E-court, , Ahmedabad, , Court exclusively dedicated to women, , Malda (WB), , Technology Park, , Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram, , Cloned Animal, , Samrupa, , Rail University, , Vadodara

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , 111, , (Male), First Governor-General of India, , William Bentinck (1828), , First and last Indian Governor-General of Free India, , C Rajagopalachari, , First Commander-in-Chief of Free India, , General KM Kariappa, , First Field Marshal of India, , General SHFJ Manekshaw (1971), , First Indian to go in Space, , Rakesh Sharma, , First Indian to climb the Mount Everest without Oxygen, , Sherpa Ang Dorje, , First Indian to become the Managing Director of, World Bank, , Gautam Kaji, , First Chairman of National Human Rights Commission, , Rangnath Mishra, , First Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics, , CV Raman (1930), , First Indian to get Nobel Prize in Literature, , Rabindranath Tagore (1913), , First Indian to get Nobel Prize in Economics, , Dr Amartya Sen (1998), , First Indian to get Nobel Prize in Medicines (Physiology), , Dr Har Govind Khorana (1968), , First Indian to get Bharat Ratna, , Dr S Radhakrishnan, C Rajgopalachari, and Dr CV Raman (1954), , First Person to be Honoured with the Jnanpith Award, , G Sankara Kurup (Malayalam), , First Person to get Bharat Ratna (Posthumously), , Lal Bahadur Shastri, , First Cricketer to get Padma Bhushan, , CK Naidu, , First Indian to get through ICS, , Satyendra Nath Tagore (1869), , First Indian to swim across the English Channel, , Mihir Sen (1958), , First Judge of International Court of Justice, , Dr. Nagendra Singh, , First Chief of Defence Staff, , Vipin Rawat, , (Female), First Indian Female Chairperson of Indian National, Congress, , Sarojini Naidu (1925), , First Woman to climb the Everest, , Bachendri Pal (1984), , First Woman Cabinet Minister, , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur (1947), , First Woman Chairman of the UN General Assembly, , Vijaya Laxmi Pandit, , First Woman President of India, , Pratibha Devi Singh Patil, , First Woman Speaker of Lok Sabha, , Meira Kumar (2009), , First Woman Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, , Margaret Alva (1962), , First Woman Prime Minister of India, , Indira Gandhi, , First Woman to reach Antarctica, , Meher Moos (1976), , First Woman IAS Officer, , Anna Rajam George (1950), , First Female Chief Justice, , Leela Seth (1991), , First Woman to win the Jnanpith Award, , Asha Poorna Devi (1976), , First Woman to get the Bharat Ratna, , Indira Gandhi, , First Female Nobel Prize Winner, , Mother Teresa (1979), , First Woman to complete Century in World Cup Cricket, , Thirush Kamini, , First to win Silver in Olympics (Badminton), , PV Sindhu, , First Indian Woman to become member of International, Olympic Committee, , Nita Ambani, , First to win Bronze in Olympics (Wrestler), , Sakshi Malik, , First Indian Woman Fighter Pilot to fly a fighter jet, , Avani Chaturvedi (2018), , First Indian Naval Woman Pilot, , Shubhangi Swaroop (2018)

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114, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , Author Name, , Book Name, , Ved Vyas, , Letters Between a Father, and Son, Half a Life, An Area of, Darkness, Magic Seeds, Bhagwad Gita, , Vikram Chandra, , Love and Longing, in Bombay, , Vikram Seth, , An Equal Music, , Vimal Kumar, , Sachin Cricketer of the, Century, , Virat Kohli, Driven, William Shakespeare As You Like it, Yuvraj Singh, , The Test of My Life, , Zoya Hasan, Natwar Singh, P. Chidambaram, Raghuram Rajan, Naveen Chawla, , 1997-2006, , Congress After Indira, One Life is not Enough, A View from Outside, I Do What I Do, Every Vote Counts, , UN Decade for the Eradication of, Poverty, , 2001-2010, , International Decade for Culture, of Peace and Non-violence for, Children, , 2011-2020, , United Nations Decade on, Biodiversity, Decade of Sustainable Energy, for All, , 2014-2024, 2015-2024, 2016-2025, , International Decade for People, of African Descent, UN Decade of Action on Nutrition, , 2009, , International Year of Astronomy, , 2010, , International Year of Biodiversity, , 2011, , International Year of Forests, , 2012, , International Year of Cooperatives, , 2013, , International Year of Water Cooperation, , 2014, , International Year of Family Farming, , 2015, , International Year of Light and Light, based Technologies, , 2016, , International Year of Pulses, , 2017, , International Year of Sustainable, Tourism for Development, , 2019, , International Year of Indigenous, Languages, , Important Dates and Days of the Year, January, 1, 9, 12, 15, 25, 26, 28, 30, , Global Family Day, NRI Day, National Youth Day, (of Swami Vivekanand), Indian Army Day, National Tourism Day,, Voter’s Day, Indian Republic Day,, International Customs Day, Data Protection Day, Martyr’s Day, (Mahatma Gandhi’s Martyrdom),, World Leprosy Eradication Day, , February, 4, 20, 24, 28, , World Cancer Day, World Day of Social Justice, Central Excise Day, National Science Day, , March, 8, 15, 21, , 22, 23, 24, , International Women’s Day, World Consumer Rights Day,, World Disabled Day, World Forestry Day, International, Day for the Elimination of Racial, Discrimination, World Water Day, World Meteorological Day, World TB Day, , April, 5, , 7, 18, 21, 22, , National Maritime Day,, International Day for Mine, Awareness, World Health Day, World Heritage Day, Civil Services Day, World Earth Day

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , 115, , 14 Hindi Day, World First Aid Day, 16 World Ozone Day, International Labour Day (May Day), 21 International Day of Peace, World Press Freedom Day, 21 World Biosphere Day, World Red Cross Day, 27 World Tourism Day, World Telecommunications Day, Anti-Terrorism Day, October, June, 2 International Non-Violence Day,, Lal Bahadur Shastri and Mahatma, 5 World Environment Day, Gandhi’s Birthday, 12 World Day against Child Labour, 3, World Habitat Day, 20 World Refugee Day, 5 World Teacher’s Day, 21 International Yoga Day, 8 Indian Air Force Day, July, 16 World Food Day, 4 American Independence Day, 24 United Nations Day, 7 International day of Cooperatives, November, 11 World Population Day, 9 Legal Services Day, 12 International Malala Day, 14 Children’s Day,, August, World Diabetes Day, 6 Hiroshima Day, 20 Universal Children’s Day (UN), 8 World Senior Citizen’s Day, December, 12 International Youth Day, 1 World AIDS Day, 18 Day of the World’s Indigenous, 3 International Day of Person with, Persons, Disabilities, 29 National Sports Day, 4 Indian Navy Day, (Dhyanchand’s birthday), 7 Armed Forces Flag Day, September, 10 Human Rights Day, 5 Teachers’ Day, 16 Vijay Diwas, (Dr Radhakrishnan’s Birthday), 25 National Good Governance Day, , May, 1, 3, 8, 17, 21, , ABBREVIATIONS, A, ABM, ADB, AERE, AFSPA, AGOC, AIDS, AIIMS, ALH, APPLE, , Anti Ballistic Missiles, Asian Development Bank, Atomic Energy Research, Establishment, Armed Forces Special Power Act, Asian Games Organising, Committee, Acquired Immuno Deficiency, Syndrome, All India Institute of Medical, Sciences, Advanced Light Helicopter, Ariane Passenger Payload, Experiment, , AMRUT, APEC, ASAT, ASIAN, ASCII, ASLV, ASI, ATM, AU, AVES, , Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and, Urban Transformation, Asia-Pacific Economic, Cooperation, Anti-Satellite Weapon, Association of Southeast Asian, Nations, American Standard Code for, Information Interchange, Augmented Satellite Launch, Vehicle, Archaeological Survey of India, Automated Teller Machine, African Union, Acute Viral Encephalitic, Syndrome

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116, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , B, Banking Codes and Standard, Board of India, BARC, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, BBC, British Broadcasting Corporation, BCG, Bacillus Calmette Guerin, (Anti-Tuberculosis Vaccine), BCTT, Banking Cash Transaction Tax, BCCI, Board for Control of Cricket in, India, BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands,, Luxembourg, BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for, Multisectoral Technical and, Economic Cooperation, BIS, Bureau of Indian Standards, BMD, Ballistic Missile Defence System, BPO, Business Process Outsourcing, BRO, Border Roads Organisation, BC SBI, , D, DAVP, DDT, DNA, DPSA, DPT, DRDO, DTH, DVD, , E, ECG, EEG, EET, ESCAP, EVM, , C, Citizenship Amendment Act, Central Advisory Board of, Education, CAG, Comptroller and Auditor General, CAPES, Computer-Aided Paperless, Examination System, CAZRI, Central Arid Zone Research, Institute, CBI, Central Bureau of Investigation, CECA, Comprehensive Economic, Cooperation Agreement, CFC, Chlorofluoro Carbon, CID, Criminal Investigation, Department, CISF, Central Industrial Security Force, CITES, Convention on International, Trade in Endangered Species, CNG, Compressed Natural Gas, COFEPOSA Conservation of Foreign, Exchange and Prevention of, Smuggling Act, CPCB, Central Pollution Control Board, CPRI, Central Power Research Institute, CRR, Cash Reserve Ratio, CSIR, Council of Scientific and, Industrial Research, CAA, CABE, , Directorate of Advertising and, Visual Publicity, Dichloro-Diphenyl Trichloroethane (disinfectant), De-oxyribonucleic Acid, Deep Penetration Strike Aircraft, Diphteria, Pertussis and Tetanus, Defence Research and, Development Organisation, Direct-to-Home (broadcasting), Digital Versatile Disk, , Electro Cardiogram, Electro-Encephalography, Eastern European Time, Economic and Social, Commission for Asia and the, Pacific, Electronic Voting Machine, , F, FDI, FII, FBI, FERA, FICCI, FDR, FLAG, , Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Institutional Investor, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Foreign Exchange Regulations, Act, Federation of Indian Chambers, of Commerce and Industry, Fixed Deposit Receipt, Fibre Optic Link Around the, Globe, , G, Global Alliance for Improved, Nutrition, GANDHI Green Action for National Dandi, Heritage Initiative, GATS, General Agreement on Trade in, Services, GATT, General Agreement on Tariffs, and Trade, GEF, Global Environment Fund, GMPS, Global Mobile Personal, Communications System, GNSS, Global Navigation Satellite System, GPS, Global Positioning System, GSLV, Geosynchronous Satellite, Launch Vehicle, GAIN

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117, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , H, HAC, HAL, HIV, HTML, HTTP, HYV, , Hindustan Aluminium Corporation, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hypertext Markup Language, Hypetext Transfer Protocol, High Yielding Variety, , I, International Airport Authority of, India, IAEA, International Atomic Energy, Agency, IBRD, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, ICAO, International Civil Aviation, Organisation, ICAR, Indian Council of Agricultural, Research, ICMR, Indian Council of Medical, Research, ICRC, International Committee of the, Red Cross, IDBI, Industrial Development Bank of, India, IMA, Indian Military Academy, IMO, International Maritime, Organisation, INMAS, Institute of Nuclear Medicines, and Allied Sciences, INSAS, Indian Small Arms System, INSAT, Indian National Satellite, INTERPOL International Police Organisation, IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on, Climate Change, IRBM, Intermediate Range Ballistic, Missile, IRS, Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, ISCS, Integrated Smart Card System, ISRO, Indian Space Research, Organisation, ITU, International, Telecommunication Union, , M, MAT, METSAT, MNP, MSS, MODEM, MRI, MRTS, MTCR, , IAAI, , JKL, JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban, Renewal Mission, LCA, Light Combat Aircraft, LOC, Line of Control, LOAC, Line of Actual Control, LTA, Light Transport Aircraft, , Minimum Alternative Tax, Meteorological Satellite, Mobile Number Portability, Multimedia Message Service, MOdulator-DEModulator, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mass Rapid Transit System, Missile Technology Control, Regime, , N, NAA, National Airport Authority, NABARD National Bank for Agriculture, and Rural Development, NADA, National Anti-Doping Agency, NASA, National Aeronautics and Space, Administration, NEERI, National Environment, Engineering Research Institute, NATA, Natural Aptitude Test for, Architecture, NCEP, National Committee on, Environmental Planning, NCERT, National Council of Educational, Research and Training, NeGP, National e-governance Plan, NEP, National Education Policy, NEPA, National Environment Protection, Authority, NHDP, National Highways Development, Project, NHRC, National Human Right, Commission, NITI Aayog National, Institution, for, Transforming India, , O, OCI, OAS, OAU, ODS, OIC, OPEC, OSCE, , Overseas Citizenship of India, Organisation of American States, Organisation of African Unity, Ozone Depletion Substances, Organisation of Islamic, Countries, Organisation of the Petroleum, Exporting Countries, Organisation for Security and, Cooperation in Europe

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118, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , P, PURA, PATA, POTA, PSLV, , Providing Urban Amenities in, Rural Areas, Pacific Asia Travel Association, Prevention of Terrorism Act, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, , QR, QIB, QIP, RAF, RBI, RCC, RDSS, RTGS, RTE, RTI, , Qualified Institutional Buyer, Qualified Institutional, Placement, Rapid Action Force, Reserve Bank of India, Reinforced Concrete Cement, Radio Determination Satellite, Service, Real Time Gross Settlement, System, Right to Education, Right to Information, , T, TADA, TAPS, TIN, TRAI, TRIPS, TVOA, , Terrorist and Disruptive Activities, (Prevention) Act, Tarapur Atomic Power Station, Tax Identification Number, Telecom Regulatory Authority of, India, Trade Related Intellectual Property, Rights, Tourist Visa on Arival, , U, UAV, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UNCTAD United Nations Conference on, Trade and Development, UNDP, United Nations Development, Programme, UNEP, United Nations Environment, Programme, UNFPA United Nations Fund for, Population Activities, UPS, Uninterruptible Power Supply, , S, South Asian Association for, Regional Cooperation, SAFTA, South Asian Free Trade Area, SAIL, Steel Authority of India Limited, SAPTA, SAARC Preferential Trading, Agreement, SATNAV SATellite NAVigation, SALT, Strategic Arms Limitation, Talks, SAVE, SAARC Audio Visual, Exchange, SCO, Shanghai Cooperation, Organisation, SEBI, Securities and Exchange, Board of India, SIDBI, Small Industries Development, Bank of India, SPIN, Software Process, Improvement Networks, STARS, Satellite Tracking and Ranging, Station, START, Strategic Arms Reduction, Treaty, SWIFT, Society for Worldwide, Interbank Financial, Telecommunications, , V, , SAARC, , VAT, VOIP, VPN, VSAT, , Value Added Tax, Voice Over Internet Protocol, Virtual Private Network, Very Small Aperture Terminals, , W, WADA, WAP, WAVE, WFP, WFTU, WHO, WLL, WWW, , World Anti-Doping Agency, Wireless Application Protocol, Wireless Access for Virtual, Enterprise, World Food Programme, World Federation of Trade Unions, World Health Organisation, Wireless in Local Loop, World Wide Web, , XY&Z, XML, YWCA, ZSI, ZUPO, , Extensible Markup Language, Young Women’s Christian, Association, Zoological Survey of India, Zimbabwe United People, Organisation

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , AWARDS AND HONOURS, INTERNATIONAL, , l, , Nobel Prize, l, , l, , l, , The most prestigious award in the world. It, was set-up in 1900 under the will of Alfred, Bernhard Nobel., The Nobel Prizes are presented annually, on 10th December (The death anniversary, of the founder)., It is given in the fields of Peace, Literature,, Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, (from 1901) and Economics (from 1969)., , Winner, , Field, , Year, , Abhijit Banerjee, Kailash Satyarthi, Venkatraman, Ramakrishnan, Amartya Sen, Subrahmanyan, Chandrasekhar, Mother Teresa, Hargobind Khorana, CV Raman, Rabindranath Tagore, , Economics, Peace, Chemistry, , 2019, 2014, 2009, , Economics, Physics, , 1998, 1983, , Peace, Medicine, Physics, Literature, , 1979, 1968, 1930, 1913, , l, , It is awarded for the outstanding, achievements in the music industry by, National Academy for Recording Arts, and Sciences, America. It was started in, 1959. Pt. Ravi Shankar got this 3 times., , Pulitzer Prize, l, , l, , Instituted in 1917 and named after US, publisher Joseph Pulitzer., It is conferred annually in the United, States for the accomplishments in, journalism, literature and music., , Magsaysay Awards, l, , Man Booker Prize, Instituted in 1968, is the highest literary, award of the world, set-up by the Booker, Company and the British Pulishers, Association along the lines of the Pulitzer, Prize of USA., , Right Livelihood Award, l, , l, , Grammy Awards, , Instituted in 1957. Named after Ramon, Magsaysay, the former President of, Philippines., , The award is given annually on, 31st August, the birth anniversary of, Magsaysay,, for, outstanding, contributions in Public service,, Community Leadership, Journalism,, Literature and Creative Arts and, International Understanding., , l, , The Right Livelihood Award was, established in 1980., It is also referred as ‘Alternative Nobel, Prize’., It is given to persons to honour, those ‘‘working on practical and, exemplary solutions to the most urgent, challenges facing the world today.’’, , Oscar Awards, Instituted in 1929, these awards are, conferred annually by the Academy of, Motion Pictures, Arts and Sciences,, USA, in recognition of outstanding, contribution in the various fields of film, making., The Indian films nominated for Oscars, are Mother India (1957), Salaam, Bombay (1988), Lagaan (2001), Bhanu Athaiya was the first Indian to, win an Oscar Award in 1982 for, costume design in Gandhi Movie., l, , l, , UN Human Rights Award, Instituted in 1966, this award is, given every 5 years for individual, contributions to the establishment of, human rights.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, l, , l, , l, , l, , Vir Chakra is awarded for acts of, gallantry in the presence of enemy,, whether on land, at sea or in the air. The, medal is made of standard silver., Ashok Chakra This is awarded for, valour, courageous action or sacrifice,, away from the battlefield. It is highest, military award during peacetime., Kirti Chakra The decoration is awarded, for conspicuous gallantry. It is made of, standard silver and is circular in shape., The obverse and the reverse are exactly the, same as in Ashoka Chakra., Shaurya Chakra The decoration is, awarded for an act of gallantry during, peacetime., , Sports Awards, l, , l, , l, , l, , Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna is instituted in, 1991-92 with the objective of honouring, most outstanding sports- person to, enhance their general status. It is the, highest award bestowed to a sports person, in India. The amount of prize money is, ` 750000., Arjuna Award instituted in 1961 by the, Government of India to recognise, outstanding achievement in National, Sports. The award carries a cash prize of, ` 5 lakh, a bronze statue of Arjuna and a, scroll of honour., Dronacharya Award instituted in 1985, by the Government of India to recognise, excellence in sports coaching. The award, carries a cash prize of ` 5 lakh, a bronze, statue of Dronacharya and a scroll of, honour., Dhyanchand, Award instituted, in, 2002, carries a cash prize of ` 5 lakh, a, plaque and a scroll of honour. This, honour is given to those sportspersons, who have contributed to sportspersons,, and sports by their performance and, continue to contribute their promotion, for sports even after their retirement, from active sporting career., , Indian Cinema Awards, , l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the Father, of Indian Cinema. The highest National, Film Award is named after him in 1969., This award is given to a film personality, for his/her outstanding contribution to, the growth and development of Indian, cinema. The award comprises of a, , swarna kamal, a cash prize of Rs., 10,00,000 and a shawl., Dhundiraj Govind (Dadasheb) Phalke’s, silent feature film, Raja Harishchandra, (1913) was first indigenous feature film, of India., Ardeshir Irani in 1931, released first full, length talkies film Alam Ara., Mrs Devika Rani Roerich was the first, person to receive Dadasaheb Phalke, Award in 1969., Vinod Khanna has been awarded, Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2017., Amitabh Bacchan has been awarded, Dadasaheb Phalke Award for 2018., , Other National Awards, Bharatiya Jnanpith Award, l, , l, , l, , Instituted in 22nd May, 1961, carries a, cash prize of ` 11 lakh, a citation and a, bronze replica of Vagdevi (Saraswati)., This award is given for the best literary, writing by an Indian citizen in a, language listed in Eighth Schedule of, the Indian Constitution., 2018 Jnanpith Award was given to, Amitav Ghosh (English)., , Gandhi Peace Prize, l, , l, , Established in 2nd October, 1994, on, the occasion of the 125th birthday, anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, carries, a cash prize of ` 1 crore., Indian Government instituted this, annual prize to encourage and promote, the signifi- cance of Gandhian values, over the world., , Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace,, Disarmament and Development, l, , Instituted in 1985, this prestigious award, is regarded as ‘Nobel’ and over the years,, it has been awarded to those persons who, have done outstanding work for, international peace, disarmament and, development., , Borlaug Award, l, , Dadasaheb Phalke Award, l, , 121, , Instituted in 1973, carries a cash prize, of ` 5 lakh. Instituted to honour, outstanding agricultural scientists., , Sahitya Akademi Award, l, , l, , Awarded for outstanding literary work, and carries a cash prize of ` 1 lakh., Sahitya Academi gives 22 awards for, literary works in the languages which, has recognised works.

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123, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , Army, , Air Force, , Navy, , General, Lt. General, Major General, Brigadier, Colonel, Lt. Colonel, Major, Captain, Lieutenant, , Air Chief Marshal, Air Marshal, Air Vice Marshal, Air Commodore, Group Captain, Wing Commander, Squadron Leader, Flight Lieutenant, Flying Officer, , Admiral, Vice Admiral, Rear Admiral, Commodore, Captain, Commander, Lt Commander, Lieutenant, Sub-Lieutenant, , Name, , Class, , Range, , Agni I, Agni II, Agni III, Agni IV or Agni II Prime, Agni V, Agni VI, Dhanush, Nirbhay, Brahmos, Brahmos 2, Prithvi I, Prithvi III, Sagarika, Shaurya, Astra, Nag, , SRBM, MRBM, IRBM, IRBM, ICBM, ICBM, SRBM, Subsonic Cruise Missile, Supersonic Cruise Missile, Hypersonic Cruise Missile, SRBM, SRBM, SLBM, TBM, Air to Air Missile, Anti-Tank, , 750 km, 2500 km, 3500 km-5500 km, 4000 km, 5000 km-6000 km, 8000-10000 km, 350 km, 1000 km, 290 km, 290 km, 150 km, 350 km, 700 km, 700 km, 80 km-100 km, 7 km, , Note Recently, a post, Chief of Defence Staff is created to help improve coordination, among the three services of Armed Forces., Indo-Tibetan, Border Police, (ITBP), National Security, Guards (NSG), , n, n, , n, , n, , Central Industrial, Security Force, (CISF), Assam Rifles, , n, , n, , n, , n, , Border Security, Force (BSF), , n, n, , It was established in 1962, after the Chinese attack., It is basically employed in the Northern borders for monitoring the, borders and also to stop smuggling and illegal immigration., It was established in 1984 to counter the surge of militancy in the, country., It is a highly trained force which deals with the militants effectively., It was set-up in 1969 after the recommendations of Justice, B Mukherji., Its objective is to monitor the industrial complexes of Central, Government., It was established in 1835 and is the oldest paramilitary force in the, country., Its main objective is to keep vigilance of international borders in North, East and counter insurgency operations in Arunachal Pradesh,, Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland., It was established in 1965., It keeps a vigil over the international borders against the intrusion in, the country.

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124, National Cadet, Corps (NCC), , Central Reserve, Police Force, (CRPF), , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, n, n, , n, n, , n, , Territorial Army, (TA), , Home Guard, , Indian Coast, Guard, Intelligence, Bureau (IB), , n, n, , n, , n, n, , n, n, n, , Central Bureau of, Investigation (CBI), , n, n, , n, , National Crime, Records Bureau, (NCRB), Rapid Action Force, (RAF), , n, n, , n, n, , It was established in 1948., Its main objective is to stimulate interest among the youth in the, defence of the country in order to build up a reserve manpower to, expand armed forces., It was set-up in 1939., Its main objective is to assist the State / Union Territory Police in, maintenance of law and order., The 88th Battalion of CRPF, known as ‘Mahila Battalion’, (commissioned on 30th March, 1986) is the world’s first paramilitary, force comprising entirely of women., It was established in 1948., It is a voluntary, part-time force (between 18 and 42 years), not of, professional soldiers, but civilians who wish to assist in defence of, the country., It was established in 1962, to assist the police in maintaining security,, to help defence forces and to help local authorities in case of any, eventuality., It was set-up in 1978., Its objective is to protect the maritime and other national interests in, the maritime zones of India., It was set-up in 1920., Its objective is to collect secret information relating to country’s security., It was originally set-up as Central Special Branch (CSB) in 1887 and, renamed IB in 1920., It was established in 1963., Its objective is to investigate cases of misconduct by public servants,, cases of cheating, embezzlement and fraud., CBI is also entrusted with the investigation of international crime, cases in collaboration with INTERPOL., It was established in 1986., Its objective is to collect crime statistics at the national level,, information of inter-state and international criminals to help, investigation agencies., It was established in 1991., Under the operational command of CRPF, 10 battalions of the CRPFs, have been re-oriented for tackling communal riots in the country., , Research Centre, , Place, , Indian Rare Earths Limited, Uranium Corporation of India Limited, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), Electronics Corporation of India Limited, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Radio Astronomy Centre, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Centre of Earth Sciences Studies, Physical Research Laboratory, Space Commission, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Space Application Centre, Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, , Mumbai, Jadugoda (Jharkhand), Mumbai, Hyderabad, Trombay (Mumbai), Ootacamund (Tamil Nadu), Mumbai, Kolkata, Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala), Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Thiruvananthapuram, Bengaluru, Ahmedabad, Thumba (Kerala)

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , SPORTS, Olympics, l, , l, , l, , l, , Olympics games were started in 776 BC, on Mount Olympia in the honour of, Greek God, ‘Zeus’. The modern Olympic, Games were started in Athens, the, capital of Greece on 6th April, 1896 with, great efforts made by French nobleman,, Baron Pierre de Coubertin., The Olympic Games are organised after, every 4 years. The Olympic Flag is made, up of white silk and contains five, interwined rings as the Olympic Emblem., The five interlaced rings are arranged in, 3-2 pattern on a white background, with, the blue ring to the extreme left, followed, by yellow, black, green and red, in the, same order. Blue for Europe, Black for, Africa, Red for Americas (North and, South America), Yellow for Asia and, Green for Oceania (Australia and New, Zealand)., The official Olympic Motto is Citius,, Altius, Fortius, a Latin phrase meaning, Swifter, Higher, Stronger. 2020 summer, Olympic will be held in Tokyo, Japan., , Commonwealth Games, l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , The first Commonwealth Games were, held in 1930 in Hamilton, Canada., Since 1930, the games have been, conducted every 4 years except for 1942, and 1946 due to World War II., The Commonwealth Games Federation, (CGF) is the organisation which is, responsible for the direction and control, of the Commonwealth Games., There are currently 53 members in the, Commonwealth of Nations., The 2018 Commonwealth Games (21st), were held an Gold Coast, Queensland,, Australia. Most gold medals were won by, Australia. 2022 Commonwealth Games, will be held at Birmingham, England., , The Asian Games, l, , l, , The Asian Games, also called the Asiad,, are a multi-sport event held every 4 years, among athletes from all over Asia., The games are regulated by the Olympic, Council of Asia (OCA), under the, supervision of the International Olympic, , Committee (IOC). The first Asian, Games were held in 1951 in New Delhi, (India). 18th Asian Games of 2018 were, held at Jakarta (Indonesia) in which, India finished at eighth position. The, next game is scheduled to be held in, Hangzhou, China in 2022., , Cricket World Cup, l, , The first Cricket World Cup was, organised in England in 1975. A separate, women’s Cricket World Cup has been held, every 4 years since 1973., , 1975, , England, , West Indies beat, Australia, , 1979, , England, , West Indies beat, England, , 1983, , England, , India beat West Indies, , 1987, , India, , Australia beat England, , 1992, , Australia, , Pakistan beat England, , 1996, , Pakistan, , Sri Lanka beat Australia, , 1999 England, , Australia beat Pakistan, , 2003 South Africa, , Australia beat India, , 2007 West Indies, , Australia beat Sri, Lanka, , 2011 India, , India beat Sri Lanka, , 2015 Australia and, New Zealand, , Australia beat New, Zealand, , 2019 England, , England beat New, Zealand, , 2023 India, , Scheduled, , 2007 South Africa, , India beat Pakistan, , 2009 England, , Pakistan beat, Sri Lanka, , 2010 West Indies, , England beat, Australia, , 2012 Sri Lanka, , West Indies beat, Sri Lanka, , 2014 Bangladesh, , Sri Lanka beat India, , 2016 India, , West Indies beat, England, , 2020 Australia, , Scheduled

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126, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , Hockey World Cup, The first Hockey World Cup was, organised in Barcelona (Spain) in 1971., Women’s Hockey World Cup has been, held since 1974. The 13th Men’s Hockey, World Cup held in the Netherlands, (Hague) in 2014. The 14th Men’s Hockey, World Cup was held in Bhubaneswar, India in 2018. Belgium won this, championship beating Netherlands., , l, , l, , l, , Football World Cup, l, , The Football World Cup is organised by, FIFA (Federation of International, Football Association). The World Cup, , is called ‘Jules Rimet Cup’ named after the, name of FIFA President Jules Rimet. The, first Football World Cup was organised in, Uruguay in 1930., In 1942 and 1946, the Football World Cup, was not played due to World War II., The 20th FIFA World Cup held in Brazil in, which Germany became the champion by, defeating Argentina 1-0 in the final., Brazil is the only nation to have, participated in every World Cup so far., The 2018 Football World Cup was held at, Russia. France won this Championship, beating Croatia. 2022 Football World Cup, is scheduled to be held at Qatar., , United Nations Organisation (UNO), l, , l, , l, , l, , l, , The United Nations (UN) is a world, organisation formed in 24th October,, 1945. It came into existence after, World War II, when the leaders of the, world, including American President, Roosevelt and British Prime Minister, Churchill, decided to create a world, organisation that would help to ensure, peace., The original membership of 51 nations, has grown to 193 members. The 193rd, member being the newly created, South Sudan. The United Nations, Headquarters is in New York City. The, UN also has offices in Nairobi (Kenya),, Geneva (Switzerland) and Vienna, (Austria)., The General Assembly is the main, place for discussions and policy, making in the United Nations., The Security Council has primary, responsibility for the maintenance of, international peace and security. The, Security Council is made up of 15, members., There are five permanent members of, the Secutiry Council-China, France,, Russia, United Kingdom and USA and, 10 non-permanent members elected, for 2 years terms starting on 1st, January., , Country, Belgium, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Germany, Indonesia, Niger, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Africa, Tunisia, Vietnam, l, , l, , l, , l, , Term Ends, 2020, 2020, 2021, 2020, 2020, 2021, 2021, 2020, 2021, 2021, , Economic and Social Council is the, principal body for coordination, policy, review,, policy, dialogue, and, recommendations on economic, social and, environmental issues. The secretariat, comprises the Secretary-General and, other staff who carry out day-to-day work, of the U.N., The International Court of Justice, (ICJ), located in the Hague, Netherlands,, is the primary judicial organ of the United, Nations, established in 1945 by the United, Nations Charter, the Court began work in, 1946, as the successor to the Permanent, Court of International Justice., Trygve Lie of Norway (1946-52) was the, first Secretary-General of the UN., Antonio Guterres is the new SecretaryGeneral of UN. He succeed Ban ki-Moon.

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127, , GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge, , Name, , Estd in, , Headquarter, , Purpose, , International Telecommunication, Union (ITU), , 1865, , Geneva, , Sets international regulations for, radio telegraph, telephone and, space radio communications., , International Labour Organisation, (ILO), , 1919, , Geneva, , To improve conditions and living, standards of workers., , International Monetary, Fund (IMF), , 1945, , Washington DC Promotes international monetary, cooperation., , United Nations International, Children’s Emergency Fund, (UNICEF), , 1945, , New York, , To promote children’s welfare all, over the world., , Food and Agricultural Organisation 1945, (FAO), , Rome, , To improve living conditions of, rural population., , United Nations Educational,, 1946, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, (UNESCO), , Paris, , To promote collaboration among, nations through education,, science and culture., , World Health, Organisation (WHO), , 1948, , Geneva, , Attainment of highest possible, level of health by all people., , International Atomic Energy, Agency (IAEA), , 1957, , Vienna, , To promote peaceful uses of, atomic energy., , International Development, Association (IDA), , 1960, , Washington, DC, , An affiliate of the World Bank,, aims to help under-developed, countries raise living standards., , United Nations Development, Programme (UNDP), , 1965, , New York, , Helps developing countries, increase the wealth producing, capabilities of their natural and, human resources., , United Nations Environmental, Programme (UNEP), , 1972, , Nairobi, (Kenya), , Promotes international, cooperation in human, environment., , World Trade, Organisation (WTO), , 1995, , Geneva, , Setting rules for world trade to, reduce tariffs., , United Nations Office on Drugs, and Crime (UNODC), , 1997, , Vienna, (Kenya), , To preventillict trafficking and, abuse of drug, crime prevention., , UN Women, , 2010, , New York City, (USA), , To enable member states to, achieve gen den equality and, women empowerment.

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Manila, Jakarta, , Minsk (Belarus), , —, Geneva (Switzerland), Lausanne (Switzerland), Geneva (Switzerland), , —, , Brussels (Belgium), , Vienna (Austria), , Kathmandu (Nepal), , London (UK), , 1966, 1967, , 1991, , 1975, 1989, 1894, 1947, , 1961, , 1993, , 1949, , 1960, , 1985, , 1961, , European Union, , North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, (NATO), Organisation of Petroleum Exporting, Countries (OPEC), South Asian Association for Regional, Cooperation (SAARC), Amnesty International (AI), , Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), , 1981, , Dhaka (Bangladesh), , Gland, (Switzerland), Beijing (China), , Brussels (Belgium), , 1961, 1996, , Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-sectoral 1997, Technical and Economic Cooperation, (BIMSTEC), , World Wildlife Fund (WWF) for Nature, Sanghai Cooperation Organisation, (Previously Sanghai Five), Gulf Cooperation Council, , Singapore, , 1989, , Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, (APEC), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Association of South-East Asian Nations, (ASEAN), Commonwealth of Independent States, (CIS), Group of 8 (G-8), Group of 15 (G-15), International Olympic Committee (IOC), International Organisation for, Standardisation (ISO), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), , London, , 1926, , The Commonwealth, , Headquarter, , Estd, , Name, , Attempts to set world prices by controlling oil production and also, pursues member interest in trade and development., To promote economic, social and cultural cooperation., , Political cooperation and separate itself from both USA and USSR (in, the cold-war era)., To create a united Europe in which member countries would have such, strong economic and political bonds that war would cease to be a, recurring fact., Mutual defence and cooperation., , To promote regional economic cooperation., Regional, economic, social and cultural cooperation among the, non-communist countries of South-East Asia., To coordinate inter-common wealth relations and to provide a, mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR., To promote cooperation among major non-communist economic powers., To promote economic cooperation among developing nations., To promote the olympic ideals and administer olympic games., To promote the development of international standards., , It was originally known as ‘The British Commonwealth of Nations’. It is, an association of sovereign and independent states which formally, made up the British empire., To promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin., , Objective, , To keep a watch over human rights violation worldwide. Got Nobel, Prize in 1977 for Peace., All countries To save the wildlife from extinction., Strengthen relation and cooperation among members in diverse fields, 8, like Security Economic, culture etc., Cooperation among states bordering Persian Gulf on located near the, 6, Arabian Peninsula., Multi-sectoral cooperation among members of Bay of Bengal region., , 8, , 13, , 28, , 28, , 120, , 8, 17, 130, 163, , 11, , 67, 10, , 21, , 52, , Member, , 128, GENERAL KNOWLEDGE General Knowledge