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Ancient History, , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , PRE - HISTORIC PERIOD - (Only fossils), , ILL, , Stone AgePaleolithic Age – (5 lakh BC – 8000 BC), , •, , In that period man invented fire. He made some equipment form stones, hand asces ,  Evidences  Belan river velley schan river, mainly – Cleavers , , valley Narmada river valley, Scappers , , , •, , And man used to be a hunter is that period., , •, , We also found some cave painting from – Bhimbhetka, Bhopal (M.P.), , 2., , Mesolithic Period – (8000 BC – 4000 BC), , •, , In that period the size of equipment became shorter, which are known as, Micropiths., , •, , Man started domestication., , •, , First evidence of domestication  Adamgarh (M.P.) & Bagaur (Raj.), , •, , Evidence of human skeletons  Pratapgarh's Sarai Nahar (UP)., , 3., , Neolithic Period – (4000 BC – 2500 BC), , •, , In that period man started agriculture. (Evidences – Mehargarh, Baluchistan,, Pak.), , RE, , ER, , W, , 1., , CA, ,  Wheat, Cotton, Barley, , •, , Rich harvesting evidence  Koldihava, Allahabad, U.P., , •, , Graveyardi with bones of dog  Burjhome (Pottery), J & K, , PROTO – HISTORIC PERIOD1., , INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION – (2500 BC – 1750 BC), Or Harappan Civilisation, , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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Dhaulavira (Guj.), , 1990, , Bhogovar, , R.S. Bhist, , Rakhigarhi (Haryana), , 1990, , Saraswati, , Rafiq Mughal, , (Largest place), Gujrat has maximum number of sites of Indus Valley civilisation, , •, , Harappa-, , •, , The biggest building found from Harappa was a 12 roomed graveyard., , •, , Main crop – Wheat & Barley., , •, , A graveyard named  R-37. (57 skeletons), , •, , A statue of goddess of fertility., , •, , A bull made up or a seal., , •, , Button – shaped seals., , •, , Mohenjadaro, , , , Biggest building found from this site was a great grainyard. But the most, famouns building a greate bath., , , , Statue of Natraj (Lord Shiva), , RE, , ER, , W, , ILL, , •, , Tandava is the oldest dance from of India., , Statue of Pashupatinath (Lord Shiva), , , , Swasthik Symbol., , , , Statue of a dancing girl (made up of Bronze), , CA, , , , , , Evidence of well is every house., , , , Building of a college., , , , A make – up box., , •, , Chanhudaro, , , , Only rural place of this civilisation., , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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Circular bricks., , , , Cylindrical seals, , , , a picture of a cat followed by a dog., , , , Evidences of bangles and lipsticks., , , , An elephant teeth., , •, , Lothal, , , , Lothal was the port of this civilisation & commercial capital of this place., , , , Currencies of Persia., , , , Bones of a horse., , , , Evidences of rice grains., , , , Evidence of a mummy., , , , IVC had 2 administrative capitals which were known as Twin capitals., Harappa, , (b), , Mohenjodaro, , W, , ER, , (a), , ILL, , , , RE, , Political Capital, – Delhi, Commercia Capital – Mumbai, Heritage Capital, Cultural Capital, , The script of this civilisation had 64 symbols, which was known as, Pictographic script. That script was written from left to right & then from, right to left., , CA, , , , – Kolkata, – Varanasi, , , , In about 1750 BC, that civilisation was destroyed by flood., , 2., , VEDIC CIVILISATION – (1500 BC – 600 BC), Ved – knowledge, Aryan = Superior, , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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1500 BC – 1000 BC  Rigvedic Period, 1000 BC – 600 BC  Post Vedic Period, Max Muller – They came from central Asia, , •, , Bal Gangadhar Tilak – They came from Arctic a, , •, , Swami Dayanand Saraswati – They came from Tibet, , W, , ILL, , •, , ER, , In the entire N & W India, aryans started actual civilisation known as Vedic, civilisation., The main work of people of this civilisation was Agriculture Animal, Husbandry. And the families of this civilisation of this civilisation were father, dominating., , (a), , Rigveda  (1500 BC – 1000 BC), , , , Oldest among all vedas., , , , It has 10 divisions. All the division of this Veda assembled by Ved Vyas., , RE, , , , CA, , Oldest division  2 to 7 , ,   Rishi Mahasuktiya (category system), Newest division  10 , , *, , Third division of rigveda (Gajatri Mantra)  Rishi Vishwamitra, , Written for  Savitri., To worship  Surya Dev., , , , In Rigveda, Sarasvati has been described as the most holy river of vedic, period., Most imp. River was Indus., , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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Words used in Rigved , ↔, , xkSjk (used only 1 time), , Yamuna, , ↔, , dkfyanh (used 3 times), , Rudra, , ↔, , Form of Lord Shiva (used 3 times), , Father, , ↔, , firk (used 335 times), , Jan, , ↔, , tu (275), , Indra, , ↔, , bUnz (250), , Mother, , ↔, , ekrk (234), , W, , ILL, , Ganga, , •, , The person who recites the mantra of Rigveda is known as flotri., , (b), , Samveda , , ER, , Lke & xk;u & Singing, , It is considered as father of Indian music, , , , First description of 7 musical notes has been found from., , , , It has mantras related to worship of Surya Dev. The person who sings, mantras of samveda is known as udgada., , (c), , Yajurveda , , RE, , , , ;tq & ;K & Yajna, , All the mantras related to rules of yajna & other religion works have been, completed in Yajurveda., , CA, , , , , , This is the only veda which has stanzas and poetries., , , , The person who recites the mantras of Yajurveda is known Adharvyu., , (d) Atharvaveda , , , , All the mantras related to the treatment of black magic, hypnotism, treatment, of evil souls and all agriculture treatments have been compiled is, atharvaveda., , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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Religion Movement of 600 BC, BUDDHISM, Founder – Gautam Buddha (Light of Asia), , ILL, , Also known as – Shakye Muni, Birth – 563 BC, Place – Lumbiri, Kapilvasta, Nepal, Childhood name – Siddhartha., , Mother – Mahamaja (Kaulya), , W, , Father – Shuddhodhana (Shakya), , Prajapati Gautami (Aunt of Buddha), , Son – Rahul, Horse – Kanthaka, Sarthi – Channa ¼pk.k½, , ER, , Wife – Yashodharn, , All the age of 29 years, Siddhartha Left his home. This incident is known as, Mahiabhinishkramana. He went to Anoma river and became a monk near the, bank of Anoma river., , , , He first went to (i) Rajgriha where he met Alar Kalam (Teacher), who taught, techniques of meditation to him. Then he reached (ii) Vaishali where he meet, Rudrak Ramputra (teacher). When he reached (iii) Gaya where he got, enlightment after this meditation of 6 years on the bank of river Niranjane, river. That incident in Buddhism is known as Nirvana., , CA, , RE, , , , , , Buddha gave his first preachement (Dharmachakrapravartana) in Sarnath, (Varanasi), , , , He founded a Buddhist unioun in Sarnath  To follow 3 their, 3 Ratnas  1. Buddha, 2. Sanga, 3. Dharma, , , , Mini age required to join Buddhist union  15 years., , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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Founder – (a) Shishunaag (412 B.C – 396 B.C), He attacked on Avanti & destroyed Pradyet dynasty. Also added Avanti into, Magadha., , , , He shifted his capital from Patliputra of Vaishali, , , , He was succeeded by his son Kalashoka, , (b), , Kalashoka (396 B.C – 366 B.C), , , , In 383 B.C, he organized II Buddhist council., , , , He again shifted his capital to Patliputra., , (c), , Nandi Vardhan, , , , Last ruler of shishunaag dynasty., , , , Killed by his secretary, who founded a new dynasty is Magadha., , 3., , Nanda Dynasty (344 B.C – 323 B.C), , , , He was succeeded by his 8 cone., , W, , Founder – Mahapadma Nanda, , ILL, , , , ER, ,  Last and the greatest ruler of his dynasty was his 8th son Ghanananda, During his period in 326 B.C Invasion of Alexander He was killed by Ghandra, Gupta Maurya with the help of Chanakya, who founded biggest dynasty or, Magadha., Foreign Invasions In India–, 1., , Persian Invasion (Iran), , RE, , dynasty, Founder Cyrus , Son Davious,  Hakhamani dynasty , Persia , , , , , • Ist successful foreign toatt onIndia in518 BC., 1st foreign, attacked onIndian • 2unscriptions  1. behistun inscription,2.Sources of information, Indiansubcontinent, , Effects of Invasion–, , After this invasion Indo Persian trade was started., , , , Kharoti script started in India (Right to Left), , , , Armeyik script was who started., , CA, , , , Last ruler of this dynasty was Darius III., 2., , Greek Invasion ¼;wukuh½, Place Macedonia , Ruler Philip , Son Alexander, Greece , , (c) To enter in India, Alexander destroyed entire Persia in 3rd century B.C. He, destroyed Hakhamani dynasty by defeating Darium III. Then he went to Taksila., , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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•, , Appointment of Dharma ministers., , Stone Edict VII, •, , Longest stone edict of Ashoka), , •, , Control over mind and soul., , •, , Description of Dharma victories of Ashoka., , Stone Edict XIII, •, , Description of Kalinga war, , Stone Edict XIV, •, , Inspiration to live a religious life., , 1., , W, , 7 Pillar Edicts of Ashoka , , ILL, , Stone Edict XI , , Topra pillar, , Founded from Ambala presently in firozshah Kotla (Dehli), 2., , Meerut Pillar, , 3., , Allahabad pillar, , ER, , Found from Meerut presently in Delhi., , Found from Kaushambi presently in Allahabad fort. This pillar is related to 3, rulers–, Ashoka, , 2., , Samudragupta, , 3., , A' Jahangir, , RE, , 4., , 1., , Sanhi pillar, , It has been destroyed now., 5., , Sarnath pillar, , Our national emblem his been taken from this pillar., 6., , Lauriya Nandangarh Pillar, , CA, , Found from Champaran bihar., , 7., , Rampurva pillar, Found from Champaran & presently @ Rashtrapati Bhavan Delhi., , Chandragupta Maurya (323 B.C – 298 B.C), , Green sources called him  Sandrocottus, , , He killed Ghanand with the help of Chanakya and became ruler of Magadha, @ the age of 25 yrs., , , , A/c to Plutarch & Justin  (writer son) he had army of 6,40,000 soldiers., , , , He was first Chakravartin Samrath of India., , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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He is know as the destroyer of Buddhism in India, because he destroyed, about 84,000 stupa built by Ashoka., , , , Maximum development of Sanskrit language during his period., , , , He organized 2 Ashwagandha Yojana – Which were performed by  Patanjali,  Mahabhashya & Sanskrit Vyakaran  (Yoga), , , , He was succeeded  (Source)  (Malavikagni Mibcom  Written in Gupta, period by Kalidas Love story of Malvika & Agnimitra) by his son Agnimitra, shunga., , , , He also give conservation to Buddhism. He renovated Sanchi Stupa., , , , Last ruler  Devabhuti Shunga., , 2., , Kanva dynasty – (72 B.C – 28 B.C), , ILL, , , , 3., , W, , Founder – Vasudeva Kanva  Son  Susharma (next ruler) & (illegible son), Andhra Satvahana Dynasty (28 B.C – 3rd Century), Capital – Pratishthan (Maharashtra), Founder – Simukha, , ER, , Total – 28 rulers, , First great ruler of this dynasty – satakarni I second great ruler – Haal , Book – Gathasaptasati, Greatest ruler – 23rd ruler  Gautamiputra Satkarni (106–130), He issued land coins in India., , , , He started donating lands to Brahmins., , , , He started using his mother's name before his name., , , , He was 3rd Chakravartin Smarath., , , , He was succeeded by his son who was last greatest ruler of this dynasty –, Vashishtiputra Pulavani.  (He is known as 1st Andhra Samrat, because he, attacked in South & conquered the region of Andhra., , RE, , , , CA, , Last ruler – Pulmavi III, , Foreign Invasion of Post Mauryan Period, , 1., , Indo–Greeks, Origin – Greeks, Founder of Indo-Greeks in India – Demetrius I  Capital – Sakal (Sindh), , , , Greatest ruler of Indo-greeks – Menander  (India-Mined), , , , First golden coins were issued in Milinnd's period., , , , He adopted Buddhism in India & he get teachings of Buddhism from a monk, named – Nagsena.  Source – book – Milindpanho, , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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2., , Saka dynasty, Origin – Central Asia, They had 5 branches is India., 1., , Kashmir, , 2., , Takshila, , 3., , Mathura, , 4., , Ujjain, , 5., , Deccan, , ILL, , , , , , Greatest ruler of this dynasty – Rudradaman (Ujjain)  Junagarh Inscription, , , , Last ruler of this dynasty – Rudrasena III, , 3., , Kushan Dynasty, Greatest ruler – Kanishka, , W, , , He was killed by Chandragupta II, who destroyed saka dynasty from India., , He destroyed Saka dynasty from Kashmir & Started Saka Samrat in 78 A.D., , , , In 3rd year of his feeling period he organized 4th Buddhist council in Kashmir, in which Buddhism divided into Hinayana & Mahayana. He was first ruler of, Indian history, who issued pure gold coins. He also started printing of dates, and ruler's names on coins., , ER, , , , Gupta Period (319 AD – 540 AD), , (Golden Era of Indian History), , RE, , Archeological Sources, (i), , Mehravli Pillar Edict  related to Chandragupta II, , (ii), , Pune Copper Edict  Written by Prabhawati (D/o Chandragupta II), , (iii), , Junagarh Inscription  Skandgupta, , (iv), , Allahabad Pillar Edict  Samundragupta, , (v), , Airan Inscription  Bhanugupta, , (vi), , Bilsad Inscription  Kumar Gupta, , CA, , 1., , (viii) Inner Cave Inscription  Skandgupta, , , , 1st temple of India  Dashvatar Temple in Deogarh, Jhansi, , , , Ajanta & Ellora caves  Augragabad, Maharashtra, Cave no. 16, 17 & 19 built in  Gupta period., , 2., , Literary Sources, (i), , Kalidas, Abhigyan shakuntala ¼vfHkKku'kkdqarye~½, , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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1., , Amar Singh (great Sanskrit Lexicographer), , 2., , Dhanvantari (great physician), , 3., , Harishena (great poet), , 4., , Kalidas (also a great poet & paly writer), , 5., , Kshapanaka (great astrologer), , 6., , Shankar (great architect), , 7., , Baital bhatta (great magician), , 8., , Varahamihir (great megisian), , 9., , Varruchi (great Sanskrit scholar), , ILL, , 9 Navratnas of Chandragupta, , He killed Rudrasena III, who was last ruler of After that the took title of, Vikramaditya., , , , 399 A.D – a famous chinese traveller fahien arrived India & he stayed here for, 15 years., , , , Maxi development was happened in his ruling period., , , , He took the title of Parambhavat., , 6., , Kumargupta (413 – 454), , , , 413 A.D he founded Nalanda university which is considered as oldest, university of present India. Famous for Buddhist education and this is also, known as oxford of Mahayana Bodh, , , , He took the title of Mahindraditya. In Gupta period, he had maximum no. of, inscriptions., , , , He was succeeded by his son Skandgupta., , 7., , Skandgupta (454 – 467), , , , He was considered as last greatest ruler of this dynasty., , , , He conducted 2nd renno of sudarshan lake in Girnas hibl and he appointed, Chakrapalit  (son of Parnadatta)  (Governor of Gujarat) or that., , CA, , RE, , ER, , W, , , , , , I attack of Huna rulers  (foreign invaders)  (Ruler - Tormar) happened in, his ruling period., , , , He defeated Torman – written is Ahole  (written by – Pulakeshin II)  (ruler, of Chalukya dynasty) inscription (Sanskrit), , , , Last ruler of Gupta dynasty – Vishnugupta  (a.k.a  Kumargupta III), , Harshvardhan (606 – 647), , , , Last hindu ruler of India, , , , Dynasty – Pushyabhuti dynasty (Vardhan dynasty), , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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, , Last great ruler of dynasty – Vikram Chola, , , , Last ruler of dynasty – Rajendra III, , Vijaynagar Empire, , ILL, , Lanka. He built Brihideshwa Temple (Tanjaur). He also built Rajrajeshwar, temple (Kanchi). He was succeeded by Rajendra I in the 5th year of his ruling, period he attacked on Shri Lanka Y arrested Mahinda V and after 12 year, capital punishment was given to Mahinda He was succeeded by Rajadhiraja I., , Ve was started contemporary to ruling period of Mohd.-Bin-Tughlaq., , , Founder – 2 brothers – Harihar in 1336 & Bukka, , (a), , Anegondi, , (b), , Vijaynagar (Humpi), , (c), , Benugonda, , (d), , Chandragiri, , Nastier, , Founder – Hariharar I, he made Anegondi his capital. In 1346, he attacked on, Hoysal and added it into VE. 1352 – He added Madurai into his empire. He, was succeeded by his younger brother Bukka I. 1337- he send his, ambassadors to China. He attacked on Mohd. Shah of Behmani empire, in, which he was defeated by him. In his ruling period, Krishna river was, considered as the boundary of Vijaynagar & Bahmani Empire. He was, succeeded by his son Harihar II, he took the title of Maharajadhiraj. He added, Mysore, Trichannapali & Kanchi is his empire. He also attacked in Sri Lanka, & got revenue from there he attacked on the ruler firoz shah of Behmani, Empire in which he was defeated by him. He also added Bailgaon and Goa in, his empire. He was succeeded by his Son Devrai I, he was also defeated by, firoz shah of Behmani empire. Firoz shah get married to his daughter. He was, succeeded by his son Devrai II, he took the talk of of Immadi Devrai. He has, been compared to God Indra. He also took the title of Gajabetkar (killer of, elephants). In his ruling period a famous persion traveller Abdul Razzak came, India. He was succeeded by his son mallikarjun. He took the title of Praudh, Devrai. His ruling period a famous chinese traveller Muharram arrived India., , CA, , RE, , , , ER, , Sangam Dynasty (1336 – 1485), , W, , There were 4 capitals of VE, , , , Last ruler of dynasty – Virupaksha II, , 2., , Salwa Dynasty, , , , One of the minister of Virupaksha II, Narsingha Salwa killed him and founded, Salwa dynasty in VE., , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW

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Founder – Narsingha Salwa he appointed in P. minister to Narsa Nayak., Narsa Nayak killed Narsingha salwa & he himself became the next ruler of, VE., , , , Last ruler of dynasty – Immadi Narsa Singh, he was killed by his PM. Veer, Narsingha who founded a new dynasty in VE., , 3., , Tuluva dynasty, , , , Founder – Veer Narsingha, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Krishna, Dev Rai and he is considered as greatest ruler of VE., Krishna Dev Rai – (1509 – 1529), , ILL, , , , 1513 – He attacked on Udaigiri and added it into Vijaynagar E., , , , 1520 – He added Bijapur is his empire., , , , 1510 – Portugese governor. Alphanso Di Albukark sent Saint Lauir in his, court., , , , There were 8 great poets in court of Krishna D.R. and their group was known, as Ashthadiggaj of VE., , , , He shifted his capital from Vijaynagar to Naaglapur., , , , He was contemporary to Mughal Emperor Babur and Babur described him as, the most powerful ruler of India in his autobiography., , , , He constructed Hazara temple & vithal Dev Temple in VE., , , , He was the follower of Vaishnav religion. He was succeeded by his, ……………… The last great ruler of this dynasty), , ER, , W, , , , RE, , He took the title of Mahamandaleshwar. He was succeeded by a ruler named, Sadashiv (Last ruler of dynasty), Sadashiv, , In his ruling period, In 1565 a famous battle of Taliketa fought b/w vijaynagar E &, other Muslim rulers of South india. In this battle, Muslim ruler of S. India, destroyed VE., Founder – Tirumaal he shifted his capital to Benugonda., , , , Greatest ruler – Venkata II he shifted his capital to Chandragrihi, , , , Last ruler of dynasty – Shri Rang III, , CA, , , By Abhishek Suman Sir, , FOR ALL SUBJECT CLASSES & CLASS NOTES | DOWNLOAD CAREERWILL APP NOW