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Weavers, Iron Smelters and, Factory Owners, 6., Chapter Summary, I When iron and steel industry started growing from the 1850s, Britain came to be known as, the "workshop of the world"., I In the late 18th century, the company, i.e. the British East India Company was buying goods, in India and selling them in England and Europe, thus making huge profits., I The flooding of manufactured goods from Britain to India affected Indian crafts and indus-, tries., I The Indian textiles which were famous in the western markets were called by different, names like Muslin, Calico, Chintz, Cossaes (or Khassa) and Bandanna., I The textile industries in England during the early 18th century began protesting against the, import of Indian cotton textiles., I The invention of Spinning Jenny in 1764 and Steam Engine in 1786 revolutionised the, textile industries in England., During the First World War, the textile imports from Britian declined, so the Indian facto-, ries were asked to produce cloth for military supplies., The first cotton mill in India was set up in 1854 in Bombay as a spinning mill. Then many, mills came up in Kanpur and Ahmedabad., I In 1912, the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), Jamsh dpur began producing steel., I By 1919, the British government was buying 90% of the steel manufactured by TISCO.

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Important Terms, O Chintz- It is derived from the Hindi word 'chhint', which is a cloth with small and colourful, flowery designs., O Spinning Jenny- A machine by which a single worker could operate several spindles on to, which thread was spun. When the wheels rotated, all the spindles also rotated., O Charkha and takli - Household spinning instruments. The thread was spun on the charkha, and rolled on the takli., O Aurang- A place where goods are collected before being sold. It is a Persian term for a, warehouse., me neme talle us that the textiles which the

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924 All In One Class-8, cloth, produced through a method of tying and, dying., (i) Due to the conquest of India by the British,, the imports of Iron and Steel from England, displaced the Iron and Steel produced by the, craftsmen in India., (i) The patronage given to these industries by, the Nawabs and Rajas stopped., (i)Now guns and rifles replaced swords and, Q4. Who are the Agaria?, Ans. Women and Men who carried basket, loads of iron-ore on their heads were called, Agarias in Chhattisgarh., Q5. Fill in the blanks:, arrows in wars., (a) The word Chintz comes from the word, Q3. Imagine you are a textile weaver in late, nineteenth-century India. Textiles produced, in Indian factories are flooding the market., How would you have adjusted to the situation?, (b) Tipu's sword was made of, (c) India's textile exports declined in the, century,, Ans. (a) Chhint, (b) Wootz, (c) 19th, steel., (Page No. 79), Ans. Following industrialisation, when British, machine-made goods and textile produced in, Indian factories started flooding the market, I, was badly affected and had to face fierce, competition from machine-made goods., Iwas initially depressed and then made certain, changes by improving the methods of, production., I started manufacturing two types of textiles,, one very fine, for the rich and the other, coarsely woven cloth, for the poor., By making a few sacrifices and adjustments, I, managed to keep going and surviving with my, textile production., Lets Discuss :, Q6. How do the names of different textiles, tell us about their histories ?, Ans. (a) European traders first came across, and noticed fine cotton cloth from India in, "Mosul" in present day Iraq. So, they referred, to all finely woven textiles as "muslin"., (b) Portuguese first came to India in search of, spices and landed in Calicut on the Kerala, Coast. They took back cotton textiles to, Europe, along with the spices. They named it, "Calico"., (c) Printed cotton clothes called Chintz,, Cossaes (or Khassa) and Bandanna were also, in great demand., (d) The other clothes were known by their, place of origin : Kasimbazar, Patna, Calcutta,, Orissa and Charpoore., (e) The wider-spread use of such words shows, how popular Indian textiles had become in, different parts of the world., Q7. Why did the wool and silk producers in, England protest against the import of Indian, textiles in the early eighteenth century?, Ans. Textile industry had just begun to, develop in England in the early 18th century., The wool and silk producers in England found, themselves unable to compete with the, Indian textiles. They wanted to secure the, market within the country by preventing the, entry of Indian textiles. So, they protested, against its import., TEXTBOOK Questions, Let's Recall, Q1. What kinds of cloth had a large market in, Europe ?, Ans. The cloth which had a large market in, Europe included Chintz, Cossaes (or Khassa), and Bandanna., Q2. What is Jamdani?, Ans. Jamdani is a fine muslin on which, decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and white. Often, a mixture, of cotton and gold thread was used., Q3. What is Bandanna?, Ans. Bandanna is a brightly coloured and, printed scarf for the neck and head. This was, derived from the word 'bandhan' (Hindi for, tying). It refers to a variety of brightly coloured

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India refused to give such protection to local, on imports, but the colonial government in, (a) It found it difficuilt to compete with the, local manufactures by imposing heavy duties, cheap textiles imported from Britian., industries in Britian affect textile producers, Ans. The cotton industries development in, (b) In most countries, government supported, 99 How did the development of cotton, Social Science 925, Q11. What helped TISCO expand steel, production during the First World War?, Ans.During the late 19th century, India, imported steel from Britian. But in 1914, the, First World War broke out, so the steel, produced in Britian now had to meet the, demands of war in Europe. So, imports of, British steel into India declined and the Indian, Railways turned to TISCO for the supply of, rails. Moreover, TISCO had to produce shells, and carriage wheels for the war., By 1919, the colonial government was buying, 90% of the steel manufactured by TISCO., Overtime, TISCO became the biggest steel, industry within the British empire., Let's do :, in India ?, Britian adversely affected the textile producers, in many ways:, Indian textiles now had to compete with, British textiles in the European and American, markets., (b) Exporting textiles to England became more, and more difficuilt as the British government, imposed very high duties on Indian textiles., (e) Thousands of weavers in India now became, unemployed. Bengal weavers were the worst, hit., (d) By 1830s, British cotton cloth flooded the, Indian markets.This affected not only specialist, weavers, but also spinners., Thousands of rural spinners became jobless., Q9. Why did the Indian iron smelting industry, decline in the nineteenth century?, Ans. There were many reasons for the decline, of the Indian iron smelting industry., (a)The forest laws stopped public entry into, reserved forests and made it difficult for the, iron smelters to find wood for charcoal. Getting, iron ore was also a big problem., (b)In some areas where the government gave, permission to enter the forest, the smelters, had to pay high tax to the forest department, for every furnace used, this reduced or, decreased their income., Q12. Find out about the history of any craft, around the area you live. You may wish to, know about the community of craftsmen, the, changes in the tecniques they use and the, markets they supply. How have these changed, in the past 50 years ?, Ans. History of Khadi/Handloom Weaving., (a) Spinning of thread, (b) Weaving by Julahas, in village, (c) Sale of the fabric in the local, market, (d) Looms were set up, (e) Fabric, woven for local, national and international, markets, (f) Powerlooms, (g) International, markets Changes in the past 50 years, (i) Government support for supply of yarn,, dyes, etc., (b) Insurance cover against calamities, etc., (c) Encouragement by giving awards, bonuses,, (c)By the late 19th century, iron and steel was, being imported from Britian. Iron smiths in, India started using this to make implements, and utensils. This further reduced the demand, for iron produced by local smelters., etc., 910. What problems did the Indian textile, Industry face in the early years of its develop-, ment?, (d) Setting up of All India Handloom Board to, discuss and solve the problems faced by the, industry and the workers., Q13. On the map of India, locate the centres, of textiles today. Find out when these centres, came up., s. In its early period of development, the, Indian textile industry faced many, problems., Ans. Do yourself with the help of the teacher., Practice Time, (Based on Student Advisor Textbook), (A) Tick () the correct answers :, 1. The first cotton mill in India was, established in :, (b) Calcutta, (d) Ahmedabad, (a) Madras, Industries., (c) Bombay