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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 2., , She has a pen, SCN, , ❖ Rule 2 :, , Definite Common Noun ls, , igys, , Definite Article 'The' dk use gksrk, , gSA, , Definite article 'The' is used before definite common noun., Example :1. All the students of springboard are intelligent., C.N, , 2. She is the teacher of history., C.N, , 3. He is the DM of Jaipur., , 3. Collective Noun (lewg, ➢, , okpd laKk), , ,sls 'kCn ftlls fdlh O;fDr@oLrq ds lewg dk cks/k gksrk gSA, , ➢ Words that refers to a group of people/things., Group, , Family/team/army/class/mob/jury/crew/bunch, Example :1. Our team is the best., 2. I love my family., 3. Indian army is brave., , ❖ Rule 1 :, , Collective Noun okD;, verb vkrh, , esa, , group dh, , rjg, , use gks, , rks buds lkFk, , singular, , gSA, , If collective noun refers to group in the sentence, then singular verb is used., Example :1. The jury was formed in 2020. ✓, Group, , 2. The jury were divided in their opinion. ✓, Members, , 3. Our staff meets on Tuesday mornings to disserves customer complaints., Group S.V, , 4. staff work hard to meet their goals., Members., , PV, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 4

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , ❖ Rule 2., , vxj, , Material Noun definite, , gS rks, , Article the dk use gksxkA Article 'The ' is used, , before definite Material noun., Ex.:, , 1. The coffee of Nescafe brand is of good quality., 2. The silk of Mysore is expensive., , Noun, , Countable Noun, , Uncountable Noun, , • That can be countable, , • That cannot be counted, , budh fxurh gks ldrh gSA, • budh Plural form gksrh gSA, , budh fxurh ugha gks ldrh gSA, • budh Plural form ugha gksrh gSA, , Eg., , Eg., , Sing., 1. Pen, 2. Book, 3. Table, , Plural, Pens, Books, Tables, , Sing., 1. water, 2. sugar, 3. air, , Plural, waters, Books, airs, , Ocean, , n, , Fake Behaviour, , Articles, Pronoun, V, , Adjective, , Exp., , Singular, The/ a/ an, He/she/it, S. V., is/was/has/does/, v+s/es, Same (dksbZ), , Plural, the, They, P.V., are/were/have/do, , Uncountable, The, It, S.V., is/was/has/does/V1+s/es, , Few (la[;k esa de), Many (la[;k esa, T;knk), Plenty of (dkQh), Numerous (dbZ), Same (dqN), A lots of (cgqr), , Little, Much, Pleant of, Great deal of, Some, Lot of, , 1. How much milk do you milk do you need?, Adj., , U.N., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 6

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 2. Some girl has come., Adj., , S.N. S.V, , 3. Some girls have come., Adj., , P.N, , P.V, , ✓, 4. We brings/bring 5 apples., P.V., , P.C.N, , ✓, 5. He saw much/many movies last week., P. Adj., , P.C.N, , ✓, 6. Much/many money was wasted on the dress., P. Adj., , ❖ Rule :, , U.N, , dqN, , Noun dk, , iz;ksx dsoy Singular form esa gksrk gS buds lkFk a/an dk, use ugha gksrk gSA Some nouns are always used in singular form article, a/an is not use with them., , Nouns, Information, work, furniture, stationery, paper, advice, , business, knowledge, evidence, scenery, jewelry, hair, , wastage, luggage, postage, confectionary, bakery, crockery, , pottery, dust, breakage, electricity, equipment, traffic, , Ex :, 1.The sceneries/scenery of Switzerland mesmerized me., 2. I want to have some confectionary/confectionaries., 3. There are 5 confectionaries on J.L.N. Road, 4. Such a behaviour is intolerable., 5. I wrote two poetry/poetries., 6. He has many/much work to do., 7. I have read many works of Shakespeare., 8. The cost of bag is too high., 9. She achieved success but at the cost of a happy family life., 10. The watch costs around 100 dollars., 12. The estimated costs of manufacturing is too high., 13. They were ordered to pay Rs. 50000 in costs., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , cost, gratitude, beauty, love, word, behavior, , 7

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 14. I want to become an RAS officer at any cost., 15. The précis should not exceed the word/words limit., 16. The précis should not exceed 50 words., 17. He is man of words/word., 18. I took her at her word and allowed her to sit in class., 19. We received word of her death., 20. May i have a word with you in private., 21. She is suffering from lungs/lung cancer., 22. She is 5 years/year old girl., , ❖ Rule :, , dqN, , Uncountable Nouns ds, , lkFk dqN, , Words tksM+dj Plural ;k Singular, , cuk;k tk ldrk gSA, tSls &, Exp., , a piece/ pieces of/ kinds of/kind/articles of /article., (i) He gave me a piece of information., (ii) He gave me many pieces of information., (iii) Different kinds of furniture are available in that store., (iv) She wants to buy a few articles of jewellery., (v) She wants to buy an article of jewellery., (vi) I gave her a piece of advice., (vii) I gave her many pieces of advice., , ❖ Rule :, , dqN, , Nouns, , ges'kk, , plural form, , esa gh, , use, , gksrk gSA budk, , tk ldrk gSA, Scissors, , wages, , pants, , valuables, , shorts, , troops, , pajamas, , thanks, , spectacles, , congratulations, , goggles, , alms, , tongs, , amends, , fireworks, surroundings, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , singular, , ugha cuk;k, , 8

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Ex.:, 1. I have black pants., 2. All the assets were sold., 3. Where are my scissors?, 4. My spectacles are expensive., 5. The binoculars are too expensive., 6. The troops are deployed on the border., , ❖ Rule :, , dqN, , Noun plural yxrs, , gS ysfdu budk, , use ges'kk singular esa, , News, Ethics, Mumps, Politics, Mathematics, Physics, Measles, Economic, Athletics, Example.:, 1. Politics is dirty game., 2. Mathematics is an interesting subject., 3. The news was devastating to all of us., 4. Is it good news?, 5. The first innings is yet to be completed., 6. Measles is a viral infection., Nouns singular yxrs gS ysfdu Plural dh, Cattle, Infantry, People, Poultry, children, Cavalry, Police, Example: 1. Police have arrested the thieves., 2. Cattle are grazing in the valley., 3. Children are so happy., 4. Infantry have marched towards battlefield., Rule 4:, , dqN, , rjg, , use gksrs, , gSA, , ❖ Peoples - Different races., ❖ Rule 5 : dqN Nouns singular and plural nksuksa ds :i esa use gksrs gSA, Sheep, Species, Fish, Crew, , Team, Aircraft, Jury, Deer, , Example: 1. There are five fish in the aquarium., 2. There are many fishes in the aquarium., 3. Indian team is the best., 4. Our team are trying their new jersey., 5. A crew is group of people who work together., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , gh gksrk gSA, , 9

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 7. Numerals -, , ❖ Types of numeral adjectives, 1. Definite ✓ Cardinal - One, two ..........., ✓ Ordinal ¼Øelwpd½ - First, Second, Third, ✓ Multiplicative ¼xq.kkRed½ - Single, Double, Triple, , 2. Indefinite ¼vfuf'pr la[;k½ - some, many, a few, the few, few, all, Several, 3. Distributive - Either, Neither, Each, Every, , ❖ Determiners which are used with SCN/PN/UN, ➢ the/my/our/your/his/her/its/their/, ➢ what/which/whose/some/no/any, 1. This is my pen, 2. These are your books., 3. This is her money., ➢ Singular Countable Noun ds lkFk Use gksus, used with singular countable noun., , okys Determiners. Determiners which are, , 1. This is a boy., 2. Every student is present in the class., 3. Many a man was killed in the was., ➢ Plural Countable noun use determiners., ➢ Determiners which are used with plural Countable noun., • these/those/many/both/several/few/a few/the few/two/three, 1. These pens all mine., 2. I have many friends., 3. I have a few friends in the class., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 17

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , ➢ Uncountable nouns ds lkFk, with uncountable noun., , iz;ksx gkus okys Determiners. Determiners which are used, , • much/little/a little/ a great deal of, 1. I have little money., 2. There is much water., 3. We have done a great deal of work today., , ❖ Each and Every, Each, 1.1. We use each when we are thinking, about the members as individuals., , Every, 1., , dk iz;ksx fdlh lewg ds, vyx&vyx lnL;ksa ds fy, gksrk gSaA, 'Each', , Every refers to group of people, or things that are considered as, one. There is less emphasis on, the individual., , yksxksa ;k phtksa ds lewg dks, lanfHkZr djrk gS ftUgsa ,d ekuk, tkrk gSA Individual ij de tksj, fn;k tkrk gSA, Every, , ➢ Examples 1. Each person received an invite to the dinner party., 2. Every member of the team received a medal., 3. I take a study break every two hours., 4. I watch a movie every Friday., 5. Every fruit in the bowl is ripe., 6. She has a ring on each finger., 7. I interviewed each of the candidate., 8. Kiwis are 5 Rs. each., Each, 2., , Singular Noun – Singluar Verb – 2., Singular Pronoun., , Every, Every – Singular Noun- Singular, Verb- Singular pronoun., , ➢ Examples 1. Each buildings are surrounded by metal fencing. (x), A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 18

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 2. Each building is surrounded by metal fencing. (✓), 3. Every boy is present in the class., Each of the + plural noun + s.v., 4. Each of the buildings is surrounded by metal fencing., 5. Each of the children ran across the field., 6. Each of the dogs jumped over the fence., 7. Each of x us was tired after the exams., 8. Each of x these desserts looks tasty., 9. Each of x us has a car., Each, 3., , Every, , 'Each can be used when talking 3., about two people or things,, but'every' is only used for numbers, larger than two., , Every dk, , iz;ksx ge nks ls vf/kd esa, ls izR;sd ds fy, djrs gSa] Each, ;ksx nks esa ls izR;sd ds fy, djrs, gSaA, , ➢ Examples 1. There were cars parked on each side of the street., 2. Riya wore bangles on each wrist., 3. Complete each of the two sentences with the correct words., 4. I wore gold earrings on each ear., , Each, 4., , Determiner/Pronoun, , Every, 4., , Only Determiner, , ➢ Examples 1. Each is present in the class. (✓), 2. Each student is present in the class. (✓), 3. Every is present int the class. (x), 4. Every student is present in the class. (✓), Each, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , Every, , 19

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 5., , We use every when we Are, making a general statement about, all., , ➢ Examples 1. Every student wants success. (✓), 2. Every day we should brush our teeth. (✓), 3. Every person has the right to defend themselves., , ❖ Each and Every, ➢ Singular Noun - Singular Verb - Singular Pronoun, 1. Each and every student has/have to appear in the exam., 2. Each and every soldier has taken his /their position, 3. Each and every employee has to do the work., , ❖ Few/ a few / the few, ➢ Few - Countable noun, ➢ Few - la[;k, , esa uk ds cjkcj, , ➢ A Few - de, , ysfdu i;kZIr, , ➢ The Few - de, , ysfdu lHkh, , ❖ Few - Example 1. I have few books., 2. Few states in India can match the cultural richness of Rajasthan., 3. Few candidates have qualified the exam., , ❖ A Few 1. I have a few pens., 2. A few candidates have qualified the exam., 3. A few students have joined the class., , ❖ The Few 1. The few public gardens that we have are not managed properly., 2. I gave her the few English books., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 20

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 3. She has donated the few dresses she had., , ❖ Example 1. I have a few good friends. I’m not lonely., 2. There are few people she really trusts. It’s a bit sad., 3. Ramesh gave us a few mangoes. Shall we share them?, 4. There are a few women politicians in the state. Many people think there should, be more., 5. Few children from this school go on to university, unfortunately., 6. Do you need information on English grammar? I have a few books. If you would, like to borrow them., 7. She is lucky. She has a few problems., 8. The few remarks that he made were very poignant., 9. The few friends he has are all very poor., 10. There are few programmes on television that I want to watch. I prefer to, download a film or read a book., , ❖ Little/ A little/ The little, ➢ Little – uncountable noun, quantity, ➢ Little ek=k, , esa uk ds cjkcj, , ➢ A Little de, , ysfdu i;kZIr, , ➢ The Little de, , ysfdu] lkjs, , ❖ Little 1. I have Little money., 2. Little is known about the side effects of corona vaccine., 3. Little water is left in Bisalpur dam., , ❖ A Little 1. I have a little money that I can buy books., 2. Could you please give me a little water ?, 3. Please donate a little money to help the poor., , ❖ The Little A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 21

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 1. She spent the little money she had., 2. The Little milk in the glass is not enough., , ❖ Exercise, 1. Are you thirsty? There's ______ Juice left in this bottle, if you'd like it., 2. He has ________ He hardly ever even manages to call his mother!, 3. There is ______ noodles left in the cupboard. Shall we eat it tonight?, 4. ________ sunshine in the winter. That's why so many British people go on, holiday to sunny places!, 5. She has ______ self-confidence. She has a lot of trouble talking to new people., 6. It's disappointment a great pity, but the hospital has ______ medicine They can't, help many people., 7. There is _________ milk left in the fridge. It should be enough for our coffee., 8. I can give you _________ money that I have., 9. ______________ knowledge of typing that she possessed proved a boon for her, in getting a job., 10. I have _________ pocket dictionary., , ❖ One, 1. A a/an and one (adjective) ➢ When counting or measuring time, distance, weight etc. we can use either, a/an or one for the singular., ➢ Time, distance, weight vkfn dks fxurs ;k ekirs le; ge Singular ds fy, ;k rks, a/a ;k one dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA, 1. A million , one million., 2. The rent is 5000 Rs. a month. ✓, 3. The tent is sooo Rs one month. X, ➢ Note - a/an and one are not normally interchangeable, a/a, :i ls interchangeable ugha gksrs gSaA, ➢ one + noun - 'one only/not more than one', ➢ a/an does not mean this., 1. I met a girl at the party., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , vkSj one lkekU;, , 22

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 3. Your booth friends are intelligent (x), 4. Both your friends are intelligent. (✓ ), , ❖ We don't use both with a negative verb; we use neither, ➢, , ge both dk mi;ksx negative verb ds lkFk ugha djrs gSa] ge neither mi;ksx djrs gSaA, 1., , Both of them cannot swim (x), Neither of them can swim. ✓, , 2., , Both of them are not ready (x), Neither of them is ready ✓, , ❖ We use both to emphasise the link between two things., ➢, , ge both dk mi;ksx nks phtksa ds chp dh link ij tksj nsus ds fy, djrs gSaA, 1., , Both India and Pakistan agree on the treaty., , 2., , For this job you will need a good knowledge both of English and French., , ➢ Example 1., , Neither of the two friends knew how to go to the museum so they asked, the way to a policeman., , 2., , I like both the green and the blue t-shirt, but I don't have enough money to, buy two t-shirts., , 3., , Neither of the two students had books with them so the teacher got very, angry., , 4., , Both his brothers are intelligent., , 5., , Both the children are intelligent., , ❖ Some and any, 1. I want some money., 2. I have read this topic in some magazines, 3. There are some boys in the bus., ➢ In questions the use of some or any depends on the expected reply., ➢, , iz'uksa esa some ;k any dk mi;ksx visf{kr mÙkj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA, , ➢ Examples A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 26

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 1. Do you want any book?, No, I dont' want any., 2. Do you need some money?, Yes, I need some., ➢ Negative Sentence - Any, 1. She refused to give any book., 2. I forgot to get any fruits., 3. Do you want any pen?, 4. There aren't any books on the table., 5. Mr. Ramesh refused to answer any questions., ➢ Any – particular singular countable noun, • "Any" can be used before a singular count noun to talk about someone or, something of a particular type, when we do not want to mention a specefic, person or thing., • "Any" dk, , iz;ksx SCN ls igys fdlh O;fDr ;k fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj dh oLrq ds ckjs esa, ckr djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS] tc ge fdlh fof'k"V O;fDr ;k oLrq dk, mYys[k ugha djuk pkgrs gSaA, , ➢ Examples 1. We can go to any any Italian restaurant., 2. You can buy any history book., 3. We could choose any subject., ➢ Some - request/ information/offer, ➢ Example 1. Can you give me some more information?, 2. Will you please pass me some salt?, 3. Would you like to have some more tea? (offer), ➢ Any – never/ hardly/ rarely/ seldom/ without, 1. She never had any problem., 2. We went out without any money., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 27

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 4. We don't have enough beds for Covid patients., , ❖ Enough - Pronoun, ➢ Examples 1. Have you got enough food?, No, I don't have enough., 2. Would you like some more tea?, No, I had enough., 3. Do we have enough chairs for everyone?, Yes we have enough., , ❖ Either, ➢ Either has two meanings - one of the two, both., ➢ Either ds, , nks vFkZ gSa & 1- nksuks esa ls dkbZ Hkh ,d 2- nksuksAa, , 1. Either+ singular noun, ➢ Examples 1. There were trees on either side of road., 2. I don’t like either dress, , ❖ Either of + plural noun, ➢ Examples 1. I don't like either of the dresses., You can take either of the books., , ❖ Neither, ➢ "Neither' is the negative of either. It means not the one, nor the other., ➢ Neither dk, , foykse 'kCn either gS vkSj neither dk vFkZ nksuksa esa ls dkbZ Hkh ugha] gksrk, , gSaA, ➢ Neither + Singular noun + singular verb, ➢ Example 1. Neither was a good singer., 2. Neither team seored well., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 30

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 3. Neither sandwich tastes good., , ❖ Neither of + determiner + PCN + SV, ➢ Example 1. Neither of the brothers wants breakfast., 2. Neither of the books was published in this country., 3. Neither of the dresses was suitable., ➢ Exercise 1. I am neither a conservative nor a liberal., 2. Neither of them invited me so I didn't go., 3. He showed us two apartments but we didn't like either of them., 4. Can either you or Ram take me to the airport., 5. Neither of them take me to the station, so I had to take a taxi., 6. With a tourist visa, you can neither work nor study., 7. The tennis game was fantastic both the players were great., 8. Both Geeta and Sita were Invited., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 31

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., , ___honest man., ___ hour., _____ heir, ______ heiress, ______ M.P., _____N. C. C. Cadet, ______L. P. School, ________ uniform, ________ex-M. L. A., ________ old man, , 1. An, 2. An, 3. An, 4. An, 5. An, 6. An, 7. An, 8. A, 9. An, 10. An, Exercise, 11. ____unique sight, 12. ______innocent person, 13. ______urologist, 14. _______university, 15 ______expert, 16 _______FIR, 17. ______ SDM, 18. ______ X- Ray, 11. A, 12. An, 13. A 14. A, 15. An, 16. An, 17. An, 18. An, , Rule no 1, •, , Before an Indefinite singular countable noun., Indifinite Singular countable noun ls, , igys, , Examples, 1._____ Apple grows on tree, 2. I saw ___ man, 3. He drinks ____ water, 4. He eats ____ orange., 5. She eats ____ oranges, 6. She gave me ____ information, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 33

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 1. An, 2. A, 3., , , 4. An, 5., , , 6., , Rule no 2, •, , Before a singular countable common Noun when it is mentioned for the first, time representing no particular person or a thing., , •, , Singular Countable noun ls, , igys ftldk ifjp; okD; esa igyh ckj fd;k x;k gksA, , Examples, 1. Once upon a time there lived __ queen., 2. There was ___ policeman on the road, 3. ____ beggar came to my door, 4. She gave her ____ book., 5. Please get me ___ car., 1. A, 2. A, 3. A, 4. A, 5. A, Rule no 3, Before a singular countable noun which is used as representative of a class, , •, , Singular Countable noun ls, , igys vxj og noun viuh iwjh tkfr dks cks/k djok,A, , Examples, 1. _____horse does not eat flesh., 2. _____elephant has a long trunk., 3. ______ child needs love., 4. _______ dog is a faithful animal., 5. ____ rose is a beautiful flower., 6. _____ son should be obedient., 1. A, 2. An , 3. A, 4. A, 5. A, 6. A, Rule no 4, •, , Before profession, , Examples, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 34

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 1. He is ____ actor., 2. She is _____ painter., 3. She is _____ lecturer., 4. Ramesh is ____ IAS., 5. Ritu is ____ good girl ., 6. He is ___ very good dancer, 1. An, 2. A, 3. A, 4. An, 5. A, 6. A, Rule 5, • In the expression of quantity, A dozen (,d, , ntZu), , A Lot of (cgqr, , lkjk), , A great many (cgqr, , lkjs), , A couple of (dqN), Example, 1. I'm having ____ lot of problems with Ritu., 2. I think ____ great many people will agree with me on that., 3. _____ lot of people enjoy listening to rock., 4.____ great deal of time is spent understanding these issues., 5. I've seen her____ couple of times before., 6. She will be back home in _____ couple of weeks., 1. A, 2. A, 3. A, 4. A, 5. A, 6. A, Rule 6, •, , In the expression of speed, price, ratio, frequency, , •, , per Kilometer, , •, , Per litre, , •, , Per kilogram, , Examples, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 35

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 1. The maximum speed is eighty miles ____ hour., 2. He drinks twice ____ day., 3. We should brush our teeth two times _____ day., 4. He earns fift thousand rupees ___ year., 5. The land price here is ninety thousand rupees ____ yard, 1. An, 2. A, 3. A, 4. A, 5. A, , Rule 7, • Before word denoting numbers, , ,sls Noun ls igys tks la[;k n’kkZrs gksA, • Before half when half follows a whole number., , iw.kZ la[;k ds ckn vxj half (vk/kk) dk iz;ksx gks rks Half ls igys, Billion, Dozen, Pair, Million, Billion etc, one and a half – 1, , 1, 2, , Examples, 1. There are about _____ thousand Oak in the park., 2. They say that one picture is worth more than ____ hundred words., 3. _____Dozen of eggs were broken in the box., 4. ____ Million of people were killed by Corona Virus., 5. They made us wait for two and ___half hours for our visa., 6. It weighs half ___ kilo., 7. I will buy One Kilo of sugar and half ____ kilo of tea., 8. They waited for half ___ hour, 1. A, 2. A, 3. A, 4. A, 5. A, 6.A, 7.A, 8. An, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 36

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Rule 10, • Before few and little 'a’ is used in positive sense., few vkSj little ls, , igys, , Few, Little, , vi;kZIr/ Insufficient, , a Few, a little, , i;kZIr @Sufficient, , Examples, 1. Could you give me___________ water?, 2. I have _____ money. I can’t buy anything., 3. My teacher advised me to prepare______ more chapters., 4. The lockdown was imposed strictly and _____ people were seen outside., 5. You look good! It looks you’ve lost _______ weight., 6. There is ____ noise if you live in a countryside., 7. I have ________ money, enough for the cinama at least., 8. There have been_____ few problems with the new system, thankfully!, 9. Luckily, there is _______ little crime in my town., 1. a little, 2. little, 3. a few, 4. few, 5.a little, 6.little, 7. a little, 8., Rule 11, •, , After such, if it is followed by singular noun., , •, , Such ds, , •, , Such + a + adjective+ singular noun, , ckn vxj Singular Noun dk iz;ksx gks, , Examples, 1. He is such ____ nice man, 2. She is such _____ intelligent girl., 3. I can’t buy such ____ expensive car., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , , 9. a, , 38

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 2. I will pay him _____ visit soon., 3. They went for _____ drive., 4. I asked him to have _____ talk with his mother., 5. She went for ______ walk in the woods., 6. You should take _____ rest., 1. a , 2. a, 3. a, 4.a, 5.a, 6. a, Rule 15, •, , Before abstract noun/ Material noun/ proper noun when they are not used in, general sense., Abstract/Material/Proper Noun ls, , igys] vxj mudk vFkZ lkekU; vFkZ ls fHkUu gksA, , Example, 1. India needs a Bhagat Singh, , (a person like Bhagat Singh), , 2. She is a Beauty., , (An example of beauty), , 3. He had a smoke after lunch., , (cigarette), , Indefinite Article dk, , iz;ksx ugha gksxk, , Indefinite Article'A’/'An’ is not used, 1. Before plural noun, Plural Noun ls, , igys, , Examples, 1. The Cars are parked., 2. She took care of a children., 3. A police are patrolling the area., 4. A cattle had strayed into the road., Indefinite article a/an is not used before, 2. Before uncountable nouns and names of material., Uncountable vkSj material noun ls, , igys, , Example, 1. There is a water on the floor., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 40

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 2. A gold is a costly metal., 3. I gave her an information., , a piece of, , 4. We need to buy a furniture., , a piece of, , 5. We have a lot of work to do., 6. She writes on a sheet of paper., , Indefinite article a/an is not used before, 3. Before The names of meal, sports, Subjects, language, Meal, sports, subject, language ds, , uke ls igys, , Examples, 1. We have a breakfast at seven., 2. You should take a dinner Early., 3. A breakfast is the most important meal of the day., Examples, 1. They gave us ____ good breakfast., 2. ___ good breakfast is necessary., 3. I was invited to ____ dinner given to welcome the new governor., 4. We had ____ dinner at a Chinese restaurant., 5. I am playing a tennis., 6. She is teaching a Hindi right now., 1. a , 2., , 3. a, 4., , Indefinite article a/an is not used before, 4. Before abstract noun Abstract noun ls, , igys, , 1. A truth is a noble quality., 2. A honesty the best policy., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 41

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Indefinite article is not used, 5. If man/ woman/ mankind used to represent human race., , vxj man/woman/manking iwjs human race ds fy, iz;ksx gksA, Example, 1. A man is mortal, 2. A man is sitting there., 3. Service to a mankind is service to God., Phrases with a/ an (bUgs meaning ds, •, , in a temper, , •, , in a mood, , •, , in a dilemma, , •, , in a hurry, , •, , in a fix, , •, , in a rage, , •, , in a nutshell, , •, , at a loss, , •, , at a discount, , •, , at a premium, , lkFk ugha Type djuk gSA), , Phrases with a/an, •, , at a stone's throw,, , •, , at a stretch,, , •, , as a matter of fact,, , •, •, , as a rule,, a short while ago,, , •, , make a noise,, , •, , make a fuss,, , •, , make a guess,, , Phrases with a/an, • make a fool of oneself,, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 42

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , • make a deal with,, • have a cold., • have a headache,, • have a fever,, • have an opportunity,, • have a pain,, • have a cough,, • have a rest,, • have a sleep,, Phrases with a/an, • have a walk,, • have a chance,, • have a talk,, • have a bath,, • have a swim,, • have a meal,, • have a drink,, • have an interest in,, • have a pride in,, • get a headache,, • give a warning,, • take an interest in, take a vacation, take a risk., Definite article- The, , Definite nount, , Uncountable, Singular Countable, Plural Countable, , The definite article 'the’ is used --Definite Article ‘The ’ dk, •, , iz;ksx gksxk, , Rule 1 – Before Singular and plural countable nouns., and uncountable nouns, Singular countable noun, Plural contable noun, uncountable noun के साथ use, Examples, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , gksrk gSA, , 43

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , The definite article 'the’ is used --•, , Rule no 6, , Before some adjectives when they are used as plural nouns., कुछ adjectives the लगने से plural noun की तिह use में लाये िाते हैं।, , Examples, 1. Fortune favours the brave, 2. The rich should help the poor., The definite article 'the’ is used --Rule no 7, Before superlative degree of adjectives/adverbs., उच्चतम श्रेर्ी के जवशेषर् के पहले the का प्रयोग होता है ।, , Examples, 1. Pooja is _____ best girl in the class, 2. Aristotle is_______ greatest of all Greek philosophers, 3. Aishwarya Rai is ____ most beautiful woman., 4. Mt. Everest is ____ highest peak., 5. It is ____ most expensive book., 6. It’s ____ best cafe in Jaipur, 7. He is_____ best player in the team., The definite article 'the’ is used --Rule no 8. The adjective is used later in the sentence, rather than directly before the, noun. ‘’The’ is not used before it, Examples, 1. She is the most beautiful., 2. This cafe is the best., 3. He speaks English most confidently., 4. Ritu is the tallest, 5. Ramesh and Suresh are the most intelligent, 6. The story was the most exciting., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 46

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , •, , Tendulkar is the batsman I like., , •, , She is the woman I like, , •, , It is the movie to watch, , The definite article 'the’ is used --Rule no 12, If we use Union, United, Republic or Kingdom in the name of the place we use article, 'the’., अगि थथान के नाम में Union, United, Republic या Kingdom शब्द का प्रयोग हो, तो Article 'the' का, प्रयोग होगा।, , Examples, The United States of America, The Republic of India, The kingdom of Bahrain, The European union, The Democratic Republic of Congo, The Russian Federation, Exception, •, , The Netherlands, , •, , The Philippines, , •, , The Great Britain, , •, , The Ukraine, , •, , The Sudan, , 13. Before Tropics, The Tropic of cancer, The Tropic of Capcricon, The Equator, The Prime Meridian, 14. Before Poles, The south Pole, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 48

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , The North Pole, 15. The Arctic Circle, The Antarctic Circle, 16. Before Hemispheres, The Northern Hemisphere, The Southern Hemisphere, The Western Hemisphere, The Eastern Hemisphere, 17. Water bodies, Oceans – The Pacific Ocean, The Atlantic, • Sea – The Arabian Sea, The Mediterranean Sea, • River – The Yamuna, The Ganga, The Mississippi, • Delta – The Sunderban Delta, • Glaciers – The Gangotri Glacier, The Siachen Glacier, • Dam – The Mahi Bajaj Sagar, The Tehri dam, • Waterfall – The angel fall, The Niagara fall, • Canal – The suez canal, The Gang Canal, • Lake – Wular lake, Baikal lake, , (No Article), , 18. Before plural names of Caste and Religion, The Hindus, The Muslims, The Guptas, The Chauhans, 19. Before Race, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 49

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , The English, The German, The Asian, 20. Before Mountains, The Himalayas, The Rocky, The Andes, Peaks – No use of ‘The’, ______Mount. Everest,, , _______Mount Kilimanjaro, , Hills – No use of ‘The’, ________ Malabar Hills, , _________Mukundra Hills, , 21. Before Deserts: - The Thar, the Sahara, 22. Before Plateau: - The Chota Nagpur Plateau, 23. Before Volcanoes – No articles, 24. Before Gulf/ bay: - The, 25. Islands – No Article, Before Group of islands –, The Andman and Nicobar, The Maldives, The Bahamas, 26. Before Direction, The South, The North, 27. Seasons – No articles with the, Summer :- The summer season, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 50

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Winter :- The winter season, Spring :- The spring season, Note :- Use article if followed by word ‘season’, Examples, 1. The summer of 2020 was unusually cold., 2. It was a hot summer., 3. It was ____ early spring., 4. ____Summer is the best season for swimming., 5. Christmas is celebrated in the winter season., 28. Before Winds :The Easterlies, The westerlies, 29. Continent – No Article, Asia, Africa, Europe, atlantica, Exception – The Indian Subcontinent, 30 Before Forests, The Amazon Rainforests, The Congo Rainforests, 31. Before Newspaper :- The Hindu, The times of India, 32 Before Political party :- The BJP, The Congress, 33. Disease :- No Articles, Exception – The Measles, The Mumps,, , The Rickets, , The Flu, The plague, 34. Before Epic :- The Mahabharat, The Ramayan, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 51

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 35. Before Organization :- The WHO, The WTO, Abbrevated form :- No Article, NATO ,, , SAARC, , 36 Before Public facilities – Station, Office, Cinema, Museum, theatre,, Cathedral :•, , Use “the” before, , Proper noun with public facilities :- No use of Article, , Examples, 1. Ravi is going to _____ theatre., 2. Shreya is going to______ museum., 3. Take me to _____ station., 4. Take me to ______ Banaras station., 1. The, 2. The, 3. The, 4., , 38. School, Jail, hospital, Bed, Examples, 1. Children go to _____ school daily., 2. Ritu went to _____ school to deposit fees., 3. She met with an accident and was taken to_____ hospital., 4. I went to____ hospital to see my friend., 5. He was arrested and sent to _____ jail., 6. ____ jail is behind _____ school., 1., , , 2. The, 3., , 4. The 5., , 6. The, The, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 52

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 39. Before Bank :- The State bank of India, The Reserve bank of India, 40. University :- Rajasthan University, Delhi University, 41. Before morning, evening, day, night, afternoon, Ex., 1. She came in ____ evening., 2. He came during____ day., 3. She came at ____ night., 1. The, 2. The, 3. at, , 42. Before Posts :The president, The Prime minister, The Governor, Nominate, appoint, elect, choose, crown use gks, , rks the dk use ugha gksxk, , He is elected President, He is crown Prince, 44. Before Inventions: - The telephone, The telescope, 45. Before Musical instruments:- Primary Purpose → use ‘The’, Examples, 1. She is playing the piano., 2. She broke a flute yesterday., 46. Before Body parts :- Before specific organ, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 53

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Example, 1. _____ Eyes give us the sensation of sight., 2. ______ lungs transfer oxygen into the blood., 3. _____ left atrium and ___ left ventricle contain oxygenated blood., 4. _____ liver is an organ of digestive system., 1., , , 2.The, 3. The, The 4. The, , 47. Language :- No use of ‘The ’, Example, 1. ____ Russian is written using the Cyrillic script, 2. _____ Bengali is the national language of Bangladesh., 3. There are only two articles in ____ English language., 1., , 2., , 3. The, , 49. Before Objects with name of a place, The Bikaneri bhujiya, The Banarasi silk, , 50 Before cup and trophies, The world cup, The champions trophy, 51. Games and Sports: - No use of article, ______Criket, , ______ Tennis, , Before games as organization, The Olympics, The Common Wealth game, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 54

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 52. Before monuments/ museums/ famous buildings, The Taj mahal, The statue of liberty, The louvre museum, 53. Before decades, Example, 1. He was born in the eighties., 2. This is a text from the 1940s, 53. Before Historical events., The Jallianwala bagh massacre, The Komagata maru incident, 54. Before Movements and Revolutions, The quit India movement, The French Revolution, The Home rule movement, 55. Before civilization, The Indus valley civilization, The Mesopotamian civilization, 56. Before Tribals, The Sehariya Tribe, The Bodo Tribe, 57. Before battles and war, The battle of Haldighati, The battle of Khanwa, 58. Before Dynasties and empire, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 55

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , The Mughal dynasty, The Mauryan empire, 59. Before Armed forces, The Army, The Navy, 60 Before constitutional posts., The speaker of Lok Sabha, The Chairman of Rajya Sabha, 61 Before acts and code, The Hindu marriage set, The Indian penal code, 62 Before house of parliament, The lok Sabha, The Rajya Sabha, Parliament, Certain wordsSame: - He is the same bag, All: - All the students are present, Both: - Both the girls are playing, Following:- Answer the following questions, Late/ former :- The late Prime Minister, No use of article, 1. Subjects, 2. Streets, 3. Festivals, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 56

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 4. Roads, 5. Acronyms, No use of article, Kind of, Sort of, Title of, Rank of, Type of, Variety of, Examples, 1. What sort of the problem it is !, 2. What variety of the plant it is!, 3. What kind of the fabric it is!, Exercise, 1. The doctor advised me to rest for few days., 2. This alloy is made from half a gold and half a copper., 3. Ganga is the longest river of India., 4. There are many types of microbes freely moving in universe., 5. I love to play the cricket whenever I am free., 6. 6. I went to see the Taj Mahal and then the Humayun’s tomb., 7. Dog is the most Faithful animal., 8. Equator divides the earth into two hemispheres., 9. The English is a very popular Language., 10. He was pained to realise that he had little leisure left., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 57

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 11. I was at loss and did not know what to do., 12. Ramesh said he would pack few things he had and vacate the room., 13. Be prepared for the fact that the interview panel may not agree with a opinions, that you present to them., 14. Mahatma Gandhi did not solve all the future problems but he did solve, problems of his own age., 15. To improve your vocabulary one thing that you should do is to read Economic, times., 16. You should be true to a word because it is a characteristic of a gentleman., 17. Higher you go, colder it is., 18. Child needs love and attention if he is to be brought up as a healthy young man., 19. Morning walk is ___________ tonic for _______ weak, cure for the sick and, ________ exercise for _________ healthy., 20. Necessity is _____ mother of _____ invention., 21. Rajputs belong to a martial race since they were organised into the force to fight, against the oppression of the invaders., 22. My brother is _________ solider. He is in ____________ army., 23. What a kind of fellow he is, if his enemies are to be believed., 24. He knows how to play flute. He learnt it while he was a student., 25. Do you take a sugar and if so, how much., 26. It is very difficult to get a taxi at such a hour as it is already 11 p.m., 27. Snake we saw was very deadly though it left the kitchen quietly., 28. Those in hurry should realise that speed is no key to success in life., 29. Prince William is a heir to the throne of the Great Britain., 30. What nice mother she is, because she takes care of every small need of her, children., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 58

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 31. Surdas is often called Milton of India., 32. District magistrate possesses both the civil and the criminal jurisdiction., 33. _______ little knowledge of English I have helps me a great deal., 34. The new taxes will impose _____ extra burden on the common man., 35. A first European sailor who came to India was Vasco- da- Gama., 36. The more they earn, more they spend on luxury items., 37. He is same man that met me for a piece of work., 38. We have read many stories about great Prithviraj Chauhan., 39. The English is spoken by English all over the world., 40. Moon is smaller than earth., 41. Gita is my favorite philosophical book which I read daily., 42. One of the students said, “Professor is late today.", 43. Please give me cake that is on the counter., 44. Truthfulness is greatest of all virtues that make person really great., 45. ________energy sector has not been able to keep pace with ______rate of, economic developement., 46. She is approaching _____age of 65 now and she still works 16 hours _____ day., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 59

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Preposition, os words tks fd sentence esa Noun or prounoun dk nwljs word ls relattion crkrs gSA, Ex. Ram is in the room., I gave money to him., The books are on the table., Preposition: - In, under, on, at above, of, by etc., Preposition = Position, I live in Jaipur., I don't talk to him., , ❖ Rules :1. Interrogative pronouns ls 'kq: gksus okys okD;ksa esa&, Ex., , Who are you talking to?, What are you talking about?, , 2. Defining relative clause sentence, Ex., , This is the book I have been looking for., This is the house I was talking about., , 3. Infinitives (to + 1st form of verb), Ex., , It is not a safe place to live., He gave me money to spend., She gave me a pen to write., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 60

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 1. Use of Preposition = on/upon/over, On = fdlh pht ds Åij surface dks touch djrs gq,A, Exp., , The cat is sitting on the table., The car is on the road., , Upon = ds Åij → motion esa, Ex., , The cat jumped upon the rat., The lion jumped upon the deer., , Over, → Aeroplanes fly over my home., → The bridge was built over the river., a. Covering (vkoj.k), → Spread this bed sheet over the matters., → Put a blanket over the body., b. Superiorityin rank, to rule., → Rana Sanga ruled over a great empire., → He has only the CEO over him., c. From one side of something to the other/across (lHkh txg), Ex., , There was a bridge over the river., She has friends all over the world., Snow is falling all over the country., , d. More than (vf/kd la[;k), Ex., , She is over fifty., Over 5 lakhs candidates have filled four., , e. during something /period of time., Ex., , We will discurs it over lunch., She worked there over a year., , f. To end., Ex., , The meeting was over at 5 p.m., The party was over at 12 a.m., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 61

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 2. Preposition -, , above and below → No movement, , ls Åij, ekud, Lrj, fpUg, , ls de, , (standard), (level), (mark), , Ex., 1. The Koshi river is flowing above the danger level., 2. Her score is below average., 3. The luggage weighs above 25 kgs., 4. An RAS is below an IAS., , Under → Vertically below, Ex., → They were sitting under the tree., → A cat is sitting under the table., a. less than, → He is under fifty., → He is under me → Junior in rank, b. State (voLFkk), 1. The road is under construction., 2. He is under arrest., , Among & between, , ges'kk nks ls T;knk, ds fy;s use gksrk gS, , nks ds chp esaA, , Ex., 1. Alms were distributed among the beggars., 2. The teachers distributed notes among the student., 3. The Macmohan live is border between India and China., 4. Relations between India and China have been worsening in recent months., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 62

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Exercise., 1. There appears to be little very little understanding among the husband and wife., 2. He put on a coat on his shirt., 3. The temperature is over average., 4. The teacher distributed sweets between the students., 5. The plane flew above the building., 6. There is a lamp over the table., 7. The boat passed below the bridge., 8. The temperature is 3D degree under Zero., , 1. Between 2. over, , 3. Below, , 4. among, , 5. over, , 6. on, , 7. under, , 8. below, , Across, Across, from one side to ther, , ., , ,d ls nwljh rjQ, Ex., , and through, Through xqtj dj, Ex., , There is a fly across the, railway track., , 2. They walked through the, forest., , a. On the other side nwljh vksj@ml ikj, Ex., , 1. My coaching is across the road., 2. The cab is waiting for you, across the road., , come accross (vpkud eqydkr gksuk), , 1. The train passed through, tunnel., , lk/ku@means, 1., , I got his job through reference., , 2., , He qualified the exam through, hard work., , When I was going to coaching., I came accross my collage friend., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 63

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Beside and Besides, Besides vykok, , Beside, , In addition to something someone., , Next to somebody/something ds cxy esa, Exp., 1. Would you like to sit beside me?, 2. There was a small coffee table beside, the sofa., 3. He sat beside me., 4. Park your car beside mine., , Ex. 1. Besides her parents, her, grandparents were also present at the, graduation aremony., 2. Besides cooking, she also likes, gardening., , On time and in time, On time le; ij, , On time le; ls, , →, , I want to start the meeting on, time so please don't be late., , →, →, →, , The train arrivel on time., She is always on time., The class is starting on time., , →, , We reach the airport in tim e, , →, , I got stuck in traffic and, arrived just in time to attend, the meeting, , For and Since, vof/k @Duration/Period, For a long time -, , For 30 minutes., , For ever, , For 5 days, For 6 months, For 5 years, , Exp :1., , She has been living the for 5, years., , 2., , They are studying for three, hours today., , 'kq:vkrh le;, Perfect continuous, • since 10 a. m., • since monday, • since may, • since 2015, • since i left collage, • since thebegining., Ex. :1. I have n't seen him since 2019., 2. I have been living here since, January., 3. They have been studing since, morning., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 64

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , In and Into, Into ds vanj vkrk gqvk, , In esa@ds vanj, She was sitting in the class room, , The teacher comes into the classroom., , ❖ Enter ds lkFk into use ugha gksxkA, The teacher entered into the class room., , ❖ Throw ds lkFk into dk use ugha gksxk, in use gksxkA, He threw the coin into the river., ❖ Agreement/alliance = into, The two countries have entered into, various bilateral agreculture, , ❖ Since → D;ksafd, → Since he didn't study, he didn't pass the exam., → Since he drove recklessly, he met with an accident., ❖ Since ds lkFk so use ugh gksxkA, Exact time, , Prepositions, , hour, , at, , → I reached Jaipur at 10 p.m. /10 o'clock., , day, , on, , → I reached Jaipuur on monday, , date, , on, , → I reached Jaipur on 5th January., , month, , in, , → I was born in may., , year, , in, , → I come to India in 2011., , ❖ At →, , at sunrise, at sunset, at night, at midnight, at noon, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 65

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , at down, at dusk, , ❖, , In, , →, , in the morning, in the evening, , ❖ morning/evening + day/date → on, Ex., , on monday morning, on sunday evening, on the morning of january 1st, , ❖ No preposition, No preposition:, Today, , Yesterday, , Tomorrow, , This morning, , Last night, , Tomorrow morning, , This afternoon, , Yesterday evening, , Tomorrow evening, , Tonight, , Yesterday afternoon, , The next day, , Ex:, 1. The lawyer has been waiting for the prisoner since two hours., 2. The patient is waiting for doctor for 10 a.m., 3. We thought that the train would be late but it arrived exactly in time., 4. The train is passing in the tunnel., 5. I will go to Delhi in sunday morning., 6. She will go to coaching on the morning., 7. Since she was ill so she could not come., 8. I would like to take a photographer of us would you come and sit besides me?, 1. For, , 2. Since, , 3. On, , 4. Through, , 5. On, , 6. In, , 7. Remove so, , 8. beside., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 66

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , By and with, ls, , ds }kjk dÙkkZ does, , Instruments/weapons, Ex., 1. I cannot cut vegetables with a blunt knife., 2. She was killed by her servant with a dagger., 3. The application was filled by him with a ball pen., , At, lkis{k :i ls NksVs LFkku ds lkFk, , , , Place, , →, , In, cMs LFkku ds lkFk, , with realtively small palce, , with big place, , Exp. :- I live at Bapu Nagar in Jaipur., I live in Jaipur., Village, Colony, , Districal, at, , locality, , City, , in, , State, Country, , ❖ Village / town → Common name → in, I was born in a village., She lives in a town., , fdlh cMs place ij temprory stay/ temprory work = at, Ex :-, , I stayed at moscow on my way to London., The literature fest will be held at Jaipur in January., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 67

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , before and in front, ds igys ds le{k ds lkeus, Exp. :, , Exp. :, , → The flight arrived before time., , → She jumped in front of the running, , → I came before you, → He was produced before the court., , train., , → Don' t park your car in front of my, gate., , → India raised the issue of LAC before, the U.N., Opposite → Facing each other, , → The interviewer sat opposite me., → The coaching is opposite the bank., Disease, , • Death → of → He died of cancer., • Suffer → from → He is suffering from fever., • ill → with → He is severely ill with fever., • Reason → from → He died from food poisoning., , In spite of  ds ckotwn → Despite, Ex :→ He got the ticket to contest election inspite of his animal record., → In spite off working hard, he failed., → Despite being a millionaire, she is not happy., → Despite the bad weather, we enjoyed the party., , → Despite of being rich, he is not happy., ❖ Despite ds lkFk of use ugha gksxkA, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 68

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , ❖ End point of time  by and till/untill → point of time, Ex:1. Please return these books by friday., 2. The syllabus should be finished by next month., 3. I will complete the project by monday., 4. I'll be busy till 6:30 today., 5. He works in office till 6, Until → Negative sense., → The government will not announce any vacancy until the next election., → We can't have lunch until all the colleagus arrive., , By → ;krk;kr ds lk/ku@mode of transport, okgu ls ;k=k → by, Ex, 1. I am going by the car., 2. She went there by bus., Article + Means of transport → in, Exp., 1. He was sitting in the car., 2. I have seen him in the train., Two weeler/animal/walk → on, Exp., 1. I am going on bike., 2. I go to coaching on foot., ❖ Disease, ➢ Death of → He died of cancer, ➢ suffer - from → He is suffering from fever., ➢ ill - with → He is severely ill with fever., ➢ Reason - from → He died from food poisoning., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 69

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Behind - Position, Exp., , He is behind the box., , After → ds ckn@ihNs (sense of order), Exp., 1. She came after nine., 2. He returned India after a long time., 3. He ran after the car., Made, , Of, , From, When form Changes, , When form does not change, Exp., 1. The bed is made of word., 2. Butter is made from milk, 3. Bag is made of weather., 4. Icecream is made from milk, , Marry, Active voice → No preposition, , Passive voice → to, ➢ Ravi married Riya. – Active ✓, ➢ Ravi married to Riya. X, ➢ Ravi was married to Riya. – Passive ✓, , Need, Need of = Lacking, required, , 1. The migrant laborers were in, need of food., 2. I have need of rest., , Need for = Additional is, , 1. There is no need for further, explanation, 2. There is an urgent need for doctors, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 70

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 71, , Born, , Born in, , Born of, , Born to (parents), , Family/place and month, ➢ He was born in May., , ls mRiUu gksuk, , Family/place and month, ➢ He was born to poor parents, , ➢ He was born in Delhi, ➢ He was born in rich family, , ➢ Misery is born of, poverty., ➢ He comes of a rich, family, , Preposition of destination, To → destination → Motion, destination., Ex., 1. Seema is going to collage., 2. Doctor is going to hospital, ❖ Towards → in the direction of → fn'kk crkrk gSA, Ex., 1., , He is going towards collage., , 2., , He is going towards park., , ❖ for → destination, Ex., , 1. She is leaving for germany tomorrow., , Along → lekukUrj @ fdukjs ds lkFk lkFk, , ➢ He walked along the beach., ➢ She walks along the railway line., ❖ vxj Prepositions ds ckn Verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rks verb V1+ ing form use gksxkA, Ex., 1. He is responsible for collecting the money., 2. They are thinking about moving to Italy., 3. We are tired of waiting for the bus., 4. He apologized for being late., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Home, , Home ls, , bring, go, get, arrive, rache, went, , igys vxj ;s verbs gks, , No preposition, , Home ls, , igys vxj Possessive, determines gks, his, her, my, to preposition use, your, gksxk, our, their, noun ds lkFk 's gks, , ➢ Communication esa use gksus okys verb ds ckn vxj object gks rks bu verbs ds lkFk 'to' use ugha, gksxkA, , ➢ tSls → advise, tell, ask, beg, command, uncourage, request, unform, order., ➢ Ex., 1. She advised him to study., 2. I informed her about exam schedul., 3. We requested them to help., say/Suggest/purpose ds ckn object gks rks to use gksxkA, , tSls → speak/reply/explain/complain/talk/listen/write, Ex., 1. I suggested to him that he should join coaching., 2. She said to me that she would help me., 3. Sita married to Ram., 4. She decided to go Amit's home., 5. I went to home by car., 6. He did not reply me., 7. He comes from a royal family., 8. The table is made with wood., 9. She runs after the building., 10. The poor man is in need for warm clothe., 11. Curd is made of milk ., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 72

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 1. Remove to, , 2. To Amit's, , 3. Remove to, , 4. Reply to, , 5. Comes of a, , 6. of wood, , 7. behind, , 8. need of, , 9. from, , About, ➢ fdlh peron/object ds fo"k; esa with regard to, 1. She talked about History., 2. I am worried about her., 3. There is someting special about her., Nearly/yxHkx, 1. There are about 100 students in the class., 2. About 20 million people were killed by corona Virus., All round/pkjks rjQ, 1. Riya was tired of wanding about the mall., ❖ Befor infinitive, 1. The film is about to start., 2. The P.M. is about to speak., • Prefer, • Prior, • Junior, • Senior, • Inferior, • Suprior, Ex., , to, , 1. He is Junior to me., 2. I Prefer milk to tea., 3. She is senior to him., , With, ➢ Possession/Care, 1. The key are with Ravi, 2. Leave it with me., ➢ Relationship/Company, 1. I study with reena., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 73

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 2. She lives with her parents, 3. I ordered a pizza with a drink., ➢ Quality/characterties, 1. I saw a boy with curly hair., 2. She is woman with beautiful eyes., ➢ Filling/Covering, 1. The glass was filled with water., 2. The Cake was filled with Choclates., 3. The peaks were covered with snow, 4. The sky is covered with clouds, , At, at the begning, , At the end, , Exp., 1. We have exam at the end our final semester., 2. At the begining of book table of contert is given., 3. At the end of the month you will get payment., 4. At the end of book refernce in given., , In the begning in the end. varr%, ➢ In the begning, I found German difficult but later I enjoyed it., ➢ Everything seems good in the begining., ➢ The institute was very small in the begning., ➢ She worked hard and, in the end, she achieved her goal., ➢ Truth triumphs in the end., , Around and Round, ➢ Exp., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , b/kj m/kj pkjks rjQ, , 24, , X7, , The earth moves around the sun., She entered the room and looked around., The sat around the table., She wandered around in search of water., The Gang river flows all year round., The bank provides round the clock services to the clients., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 74

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Tense, • Indicates time of an action and degree of its complition, • Tense - Action/State/Time, , Ex., 1. I teach english., 2. I am teaching english., 3. I taught english yesterday., 4. I will teach english., , Tense, Present Tense, , Indefinite, , Past Tense, , Continuous, , Perfect, , Forms of Verbs: Present Simple form, , = V1/V1+S/es, , Past Form, , = V2, , Continuous = V1+ ing, Past form = V3, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , Future Tense, , Perfect Continuous, , 91

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Simple Present Tense, •, , It denotes present action and state. ;s, , orZeku ds dk;Z vkSj voLFkk dks n'kkZrk, , gSA, Structure, ➢, , Subject → I/We/they/you/Plural Nonu, , ➢, , Positive → Sub + V1 + obj., , ➢, , Negative → Sub + Do not/Don't + V1 + obj., , ➢, , Interrogative →, , Do + Sub + V1 + Obj?, Do + Sub + Not + V1 Obj?, Don't + Sub + V1 + obj., , ➢, , Subject → He/She/It/Name/Singular Noun, , ➢, , Positive → Sub + V1 + S/es/ + Obj., , ➢, , Nagative → Sub. + does not / doesn't + V1 + Obj., , ➢, , Ques Tag. →, , Does + Sub + V1 + Obj?, Does n't + Sub + V1 + Obj?, Does + Sub + Not + V1 + Obj., , Use of Simple Present Tense :1., , Regular Routine (fu;fer, Ex. →, , 2., , dk;Z), , I go to office, , Irregular Action, Ex. → Earthquakes come in Jaipur, , 3., , Habits, Ex. → He drinks, , 4., , Universal Truth, Ex. → The Earth remolves around the sun, , 5., , Present Action/State, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 92

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Ex. → I know her, 6., , Newpaper Headlines, Ex. → India win the match., , 7., , Sports Commentary, Ex. → Akhtar balls to Sachin, , 8., , Future ds fixed programme djus ds fy;s, , Ex. The class state at 6 PM. tomorrow., The P.M. leaves for America tomorrow., Riya is going to Delhi tomorrow., 9., , Scientific Facts, , Ex., , 10, , 1., , Watch boils at 1000 C, , 2., , Water freezes at 00 C, , Idioms, , Ex., , 11., , 12., , 1., , Man is mortal, , 2., , Honesty is the best policy., , Human feeling/emotions: 1., , I love my country., , 2., , Flowers bloom in spring., , 3., , Parents love their children., , Adverb → Usually / generally/ occasionally / always / often, , Ex., , ➢, , 1., , He often go to central park, , 2., , I occasionally go to salon., , Past esa fy[kh Books ds fy;s tks vc Hkh Relevant gksA, Our Counstitution guarantess fundamental right., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 93

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Exercise: 1., , My Teacher told me that honesty was best policy., , 2., , I do not know what does he wants., , 3., , I am knowing her., , 4., , What you know about her., , Explanation: 1., , Change 'was' into 'is' universal truth. idomes, vkSj Phrases simple present, , esa fy[ks tkrs gSA, 2., , Change what does he want into what he wants D;ksfa d sentence, intrrogative ughsa gSA, , 3., , Remove am knowing and use know., , 4., , Use do before you D;ksfa d Sentence interrogative gSA, , 5-, , What an idea was it !, , 6., , How beautiful is the dress! → No question, How beautiful the dress is!., , ❖, , Exclamatory sentence esa, , 2-, , Present Continuous tense :-, , ➢, , H.V. Sub. ls igys ugha vkrkA, , Action going on at present/ tks dk;Z orZeku esa tkjh gS&, Examples :-, , ➢, 1., , 1-, , I am studing english now., , 2., , She is sleeping., , 3., , He is waiting., , Formula :Positive Sentence :Sub + is/am/are + V1+ing +Obj., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 94

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 6., , Routine ds Sentence esa Present continuous tense use u djsAa ,sls sentence esa, , simple present tense use gksxkA, Ex., 1., , I am studing in a convent school., I study in a convent school., , 2., , My mother is working in a hospital, My mother works in a hospital., , 3., 7., , I am preparing for RAS Exam., , dqN verb dk use V1+ing form esa ugha gksrk gS] D;ksafd ge Actiondks gksrs gq, ns[k, ugha ldrs gSA, , 1., , Verb of perception → see, taste, smell, hearing, feel, , 2., , Verb of Thought → think, know, mean, mind, remember, notice, imagine,, understand, prefer., , 3., , Verb of feeling → love, like, hate, adove, dislike, desire, trust, hope,, believe., , 4., , Verb of passion → Own, have, possess, comprise, consist, contain, belong., , 5., , General verb → Agree, resemble, cost, refuse, afford., 1., , I am having a car. (Wrong), I have a car. (Correct), , 2., , This house is blonging to me. (Wrong), This house belongs to me. (Correct), , 3., , I am having a piece of cake. (Correct), , 4., , The cake is smelling good. (Wrong), , Smell - xa/k vkuk - V1 + ing (Wrong), , The cake smells good. (Correct), , Smell - lwa?kuk - V1+ ing (correct), , 5., , she is smelling the chemical to identify its chemical property. (Correct), , 6., , I am feeling, she is right. (Wrong), , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 96

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , She has lived here for 5 years, I have not seen him since monday., 3., , Adverb, , →, , Yet/already/ just/ lately/ so far., , Yet, , →, , Negative Always → Positive Sentence, , Ex., 1., , She has already done the assigned task., , 2., , He has not yet arrived here., , 3., , He has not reached yet., , 4., , fdlh action ds repetition dks number esa show djuys ds fy;sA, , Ex., 1., , I have telephoned you 10 times., , 2., , I have been telephoning you all day, , 3., , This is the sixth time, you have interested., , 5., , tc action important gks mldk begining and end time ugha mention fd;k gksA, Ex. :-, , Scientists have made our life better, The water shortage in Rajasthan has become more serious., , 6., , Past action ds lkFk time vxj mention gks rks sentence simple past tense es, , gksxkA, Ex., 1. I have seen him yesterday. (Wrong), I saw him yesterday. (Correct), 2. I have visited Delhi two year ago. (Wrong), I visited Delhi two year ago. (Correct), 3. We have reached the moon in 1969. (Wrong), We reached the moon in 1969. (Correct), 4. She have given me books yesterday. (Wrong), She gave me books yesterday. (Correct), A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 98

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , hasn't/haven't + sub + been + V1 + ing + obj. + for/since +, time?, ❖ Rule :All day/ all night/ all morning/ all evening., All afternoon → Stay/live/work/sleep/ think/ rain., I have been working in the office all night., He has been sleeping all afternoon., ❖ Rule :ftu verb dk V1+ ing form ugha gksrk gS oks Present Perfect, Continuous ugha use gksrs gSA, Example :She has been preferring tea to coffee for years. (Wrong), She has preferred tea to coffee for years. (Correct), We have known each other since childhood. (Correct), , Excercise, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., , He is residing here since 2001., Ram is working in a company for the part two years., I have been writing ten essays since morning., Everything has become very expensive these days., The teacher has took the responsibility., My uncle has left for Delhi last sunday., I ate nothing since morning., He just arrived., She is playing tennis since 5' O clock., , Answer, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., , He has been residing here since 2001., Ram has been working in a company for the two years., I have written ten essays since morning., Everything has become very expensive these days., The teacher has taken the responsibility., My uncle left for Delhi last sunday., I have eaten nothing since morning., He has just arrived., She has been playing tennis since 5 ' O clock., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 100

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Let's play chess, shall we?, Let's go for cycling, shall we?, , Future Continuous, tks dk;Z Future esa gks jgk gksxkA, Example :I will be doing my training in 2021., She will be waiting for me at the collage., He will be playing badminton in the morning., Main verb, , →, , V1 + ing, , Helping Verb, , →, , Will/shall + be, , Positive, , →, , Sub + shall/will + be + V1 + ing + Obj., , Nagative, , →, , Sub + shall/will + not + be + V1 + ing +obj., , →, , Sub + shan't / won't + be + V1 + ing + obj., , →, , Will/shall + sub + be + V1 + ing + obj?, , Structure, , Question, , Won't/shan't + Sub + be + V1 + ing + obj?, , 1., , Future esa routine activity show djus ds fy,A, , Example :I shall be writing articles on different topics., They will be playing cricket in the ground., 2., , Future plan tks already decided gksA, , Example :I shall be doing an M. B. A. in 2021, She will be participating in the tournament next month., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 107

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Positive, , →, , Sub + shall/will + have + been + V1 + ing + obj., , Nagative, , →, , Sub + shall/will + not + have been + V1 + ing + obj., Will/shall + sub + have been + V1 + ing + obj., Won't / shan't + sub + have been + V1 + ing + obj., , Excercise, 1., , The collage is running a computer course since 2015., , 2., , Katrina Kaif is raning a large fan following., , 3., , I wish I have learn't swimming., , 4., , She has slept for three hours last night., , 5., , Rakesh has been living in the city since five years., , 6., , I have been waiting for you since two hours., , 7., , He has been reading five books since the lockdown started., , 8., , Ramesh was working question for the last three weeks., , 9., , I have never been hearing from her since she left for Delhi., , 10., , I will phone you after i shall arrive., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 109

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Modal, Modals, • Helping verb, • Modals ds, , ckn sentence esa verb use gksrk gSA, , • Modals main verb dh, • modals ds, He can, M, , She may, , rjg use ugha gksrs gSA, , rqjUr ckn verb base form esa use gksrh gSA, , ride a bike., MV, , come today, , M, , MV, , Continuous form → model + Be + V1 + ing, Perfect from → modal + have + V3, P C form → modal + have been + V1 + ing, , Type of Modals, Complete modals, , Partial modals, , Can/could/will/shall, , used to → adjective, , Should/would/must/may/, , need/Dare → main verb, , might/ought to, , Can, , Present, 1. I can swim fast, , and, , could, , Past, I could swim fast when I was young, , ability, Birds can fly, 2. I can lift 100 kg weight, , capacity, , Possibility, I know you can win the competition, , 3. I think that I can do it, , I thought that I could do it, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 119

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 4. Can I help you?, I could give you a left to the hospital, , offer, , Can i cook for you?, 5. He can insult you (nature), 6. Can I take your car? (friendly request), 7. Can I ask you a question, , Permission, , 8. You can’t go to the market., 9. I can’t hear properly, , You can’t enter the examination hall, without a permission letter, , I am unable to hear properly, See/hear/taste/smell/feel/think/remember/imagine/decide, , buds lkFk able to /unable to use ughs gksrk gSA, Ex. :- I can hear property, can you smell something burning, 10. I was suffering from headache but I could take the exam, Past Performance → managed to/able to, Non Performance → Unable to, , fdlh dke dks u dj ikus dh {kerk → Could not/can’t, Ex. :- The doctors could not save her, 11. Could you tell me then time?, request informal → more polite than can, Could you pass me the salt please?, 12. Possible but not certain, Ex. :1. They could be at home, 2. It could rain this evening, 3. They could come by car, 13. Wars can break but anytime accident can happen anytime, 14. Biological weapons can kill the whole world, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , Theatrical possibility, , 120

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Shall/will, Shall is used with 1st person pronoun → I/we, will → he/she/it/they/you, But in coloured future sentence shall is used with 2nd and 3rd person pronoun and will is used, with 1st person pronoun., Ex. :1. I shall come tomorrow, , (Promise), , 2. I shall do tomorrow, 3. I will do exercise tomorrow, , (Determinations), , 4. We will dismiss you if you don’t follow rules (Threat), will tc 1st person pronoun ds, , lkFk tc Hkh use gksxk rks, , promise/threat/determination ds, , fy, use gksxkA, , Refusal → I won’t do it, I won’t go., Ex. :1. I will leave at 6 p.m., 2. I will sleep now, , Intention, , 3. The paper will burn, 4. The stone will sink, , certainly, , 5. Will you please close the door?, 6. Will you please be quite?, , request formal, , 7. Will you please accept my offer, 8. Boys will be boys, 9. Ramesh will always be late!, , habits, , 10. When the cat away, the nice will play, 11. Will you come to tea?, 12. Will you come to dinner?, , Invitation, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 121

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , The airbus will take 200 hundred passengers, , Capability, , The tank will hold 1000 liters of water, I think it will rain in the evening, , Possibility, , The medical store will remain open till 11 p.m., , Shall, 1. Shall I carry your bag?, , Offer for help, , 2. Shall I wail for you?, 3. Shall I go now?, , shall → I/we ds, , 4. Shall we dance?, , bPNk tkuus ds fy, gksrk gSA, , lkFk nwljs dh, , 5. Shall I prepare a cup of tea for you, 6. No one shall enter without permission, 7. Nobody shall park car here, , Prohibition, , 8. He shall go at once, , Shall is used with 2nd and, , 9. You shall not lie, , 3rd person pronoun for command, , May/Might/Must, 1. May I come in maam?, May I go now?, , Permission, , You may go home now., 2. It may rain today, The route may be blocked Possibility, She may come tomorrow, 3. May god bless you!, May you live long!, , Wish/prayer, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 122

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 4. He works hard so that he may pass, , Purpose, , We eat so that we may live, , 5. You may not go swimming → Prohibition, Might, 1. He might come today, , low possibility, , He might help you, 2. He ran fast so that he might catch the bus, past purpose, , He studied hard so that he might pass the exam, He died so that other might live, 3. It might be the police, , guess, , This question might be asked in the exam., , 4. Might I use you car?, , Offer with hesitation, , Might I lend you some money?, , Must, 1. We must pay our taxes, , Obligation, , Solders must obey orders, 2. He must be a rich mam, He must have reached Mumbai by now, , Strong possibility, , 3. She must be at work → certainly, This must be the right address, 4. You must go and see that film, , Strong/suggestions/recommenders, , You must tell the truth, You must visit the Amber fort, , 5. You must not drink and drive, People must not past their cars here, , Prohibition, , You must not play in the street, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 123

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 6. You must have a ticket to enter the theatre, Students must pass the entrance exam to get, Admission in the college ., , Necessity, , Should, Should shall dk past form gSA, She said that I should attend the online class, You should consult a doctor, You should help the poor, , advice, , duty, , You should reach office on time, , You should be weaving your seat left, I should be at work before 7 a.m., , obligate, , We should respect our parents, Riya should be in Mumbai by now, , expectation, , She should have finished work by now, If I lost my job I should have no money, , conditional, , I should be thankful if you could send us books., When you go to Paris, you should visit Loure museum, People with high cholesterol should eat low fat food, Would → past of will, He said that he will come, He said that he would come, 1. Would you open the window?, Would you help me?, , Polite request, , 2. Would that he were in my shoes!, Would that I were rich!, , Wish, , 3. Would like → Polite way to express one’s wish, I would like to meet your friend, I would like to meet your father, 4. Would rather → Preference, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , recommendation, , 124

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , I would rather die than beg, I would rather go home than stay out too late., 5. Conditional sentence, If I were a bird, I would fly., If I had seen you, I would have greeted you, 6. Past habit → He would sit in the café for hours, He would sit for hours watching the tides., , Ought to, 1. Moral suggestion: You ought to respect your parents, We ought to respect our elders., 2. Moral obligation: We ought to perform our duty., 3. Advice :You ought to work hard, You ought to work out more, 4. Strong possibility :He ought to pass the exam, he ought to be good player., , Partial Modals, Used to, as adjective, (vknr), Sub + verb + used to + V1+ ing, as modal, (past routine ), Sub + used to + V, bf, , as main verb, use + to + V, , (bLrseky, , djuk), , bf, , 1. I used to meet her every day when she was in hospital, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 125

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Used to ls, , igys dksbZ verb ughs gS, , Modal, , 2. She used to play tennis till 9 p.m., She plays tennis till 9 p.m., 3. Used to → Past situation/ state, , Used to – Past routine, Present routine – simple present, , There used to be a garden here., I used to live in this house, 4. Used to → negative sentence esa use avoid djrs, , gSA, , He didn’t used to play football in collage, 5. never ds, , lkFk negative sentence, , He never used to drink, She never used to get up early., Need → Main verb/Modal, main verb → need → require, 3rd person pronoun (he/she), a. She needs money, b. I need one more book, Helping verb → Need → shows necessity, Modal :1. Need as modal positive sentence esa use ugha, , gksrk gSA, , He needs not worry, He need not worry, , Modal ds, , lkFk s/es ugha use gksrk gSA, , 2. helping verb ds :i esa need not ds lkFk use gksxk, You need not buy this dress., She need not ask my permission, He need not go there., 3. Need with hardly, I need hardly remind you of the seriousness of the situation, He need hardly go there., 4. Need is used in question without not, a. Need he wait any longer?, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 126

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , b. Need I come again?, Dare as modal positive sentence esa use ugha, Interrogative ;k Negative, Dare he trespass again?, How dare she critises us?, , gksrk, , Exercise:1. You mind opening the window? (Polite, request), 2. I will give you all my books (willingness), 3. He work hard so that he support his family. (purpose), 4. This question be asked in the exam. (Guess)?, 5. The play cricket at collage (past habit), 6. I wait for you at bus stop. (offer for help), 7. You will/can show me the way to the hospital. (Formal request), 8. Ritu can/could run 10 Kms in an hour., 9. I should/would rater suffer than borrow. (preference), 10. You should/can consult a good doctor (advice), , Previous year questions, 1. Should you like tea or coffee?, 2. Walk fast lest you would miss the train., 3. Let me show you how to do it. Can I?, 4. They have stopped at the traffic lights. (advisability), 5. You wipe your feet whe you come in. (compulsion), 6. She play the sitar as well as the veena. (ability), 7. He speak several languages by the time he was fifteen. (ability), 8. It be the servant knocking at the door. (guess), 9. You not tease the girls again. (warning), 10. My son have the best eduction. (prediction), 11. I ask you a personal question?” the teacher asked the student. (Permission), , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 127

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , I → me, , they → them, , are → PN / they / we / you, , you → you, Eg., , Active, , Passive, , 1., , He needs help, , 1., , Help is needed by him, , 2., , Ritu writes book, , 2., , Books are written by Ritu, , 3., , Ramesh plays Cricket, , 3., , Cricket is played by Ramesh., , 4., , She sells vegetables., , 4., , Vegetables are sold by him., , 2., , Simple Past Tense, Active → Sub + V2 + Object, , Eg., , Passive → Obj. + was / were + V3 + by + Subject, , Active, , Passive, , 1., , She bought a book., , 1., , A book was bought by her., , 2., , He made a mistake., , 2., , A mistake was made by him., , 3., , I did it yesterday., , 3., , It was done by me yesterday., , 4., , My Friend bought many plants., , 4., , Many plants were bought by my friend., , 5., , A man stole my purse., , 5., , My purse was stolen by a man., , 3., , Simple Future Tense, , Eg., Active, , Passive, , Sub. + Will / Shall + V1 + Obj., , Obj. + was / Shall + Be + V3 + by +Sub., , Modal, , Modal, , 1., , The CM will address the meeting, , 1., , 2., 3., 4., 5., , I shall help you., I shall inform you., Rani will send the email., You teacher will punish you., , 2., 3., 4., 5., , The meeting will be addressed by the, C.M., You will be helped by me., You will be informed by me., The email will be sent by Rani., You will be punished by you teacher., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 129

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Modal, Active, , Passive, , Sub. + Modal + V1 + Obj., , →, , Obj. + Modal +be + V3 + by + Sub., , 1. You should finish the work before you leave., P The work should be finished by you before you leave., 2. I can lift the box., P The box can be lifted by me., 3. The doctor could not same him., P He could not be saved by the doctor., 4. You must obey the traffic rules., P The traffic rules must be obey., 5. We will prosecute traspassess., P Traspassess will be prosecuted, 6. They will pay me at the end of the months, P I will be paid at the end of the month, , Present Continuous Tense, Active, , Passive, , Sub + is / am / are + V1 + ing + Obj., , Obj. + is/am /are + being + V3 + by, +Subj., , Eg., , Active, , Passive, , 1., , She is singing a song, , 1., , A song is being sung by her., , 2., , They are laughing at you, , 2., , You are being laughed at by them., , 3., , She is teaching us., , 3., , We are being taught by her., , 4., , I am watching a movie, , 4., , A movie is being watched by me., , 5., , We are demanding our rights., , 5., , Our rights are being demanding by us., , Past Continuous Tense, Active: Sub + Was/were + V1 + ing + object., Passive: Object + was/were + being + V3 + by + Sub., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 130

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 1., , She was helping the poor., , P., , The poor were being helped by her., , 2., , You were always disturbing the class., , P., , The class was always being disturbed by you., , 3., , He was writing a letter., , P., , A letter was being written by him., , 4., , The judiciary was taking this matter seriously., , P., , The matter was being taken seriously by the Judiciary., , Future Continuous, Sub + Shall / Will + be + V1 + ing + obj. + No passive, Modal Continuous, Sub + Modal + be + V1 + ing + obj. → No Passive, , Perfect Tense, 1., , Present Perfect Tense, , Active → Sub. + has/have + V3 + Obj., Passive → Obj. + has / have + been + V3 + by +Sub., 1., , The government has launched some schemes., , P, , Some Schemes have been launched by the government., , 2., , The news has surprised us., , P, , We have been surprised at the news., Surprised at, amazed at, astonished at, , 3., , They have not caught the thieves., , P, , The thieves have not been caught by them., , 4., , Ritu has written many books., , P, , Many books have been written by Ritu., , 5., , I have placed an order for a digital camera., , P, , An order for a digital camera has been placed by me., , 2., , Past Perfect Tense, , Active → Sub. + had + V3 + Obj., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 131

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Passive → Obj. + had + been + V3 + by +Sub., 1., , The watchman had informed the police., , P, , The Police had been informed by the watchman., , 2., , The girl had lodged a complaint against him., , P, , A complaint had been lodged against him by the girl., , 3., , The WHO had given wrong information about corona., , P, , Wrong information about Corona had been given by the WHO., , 4., , He had committed a mistake., , P, , A mistake had been committed by him., Future Perfect Tense, , Active → Sub. + will / shall + have + V3 + Obj., Passive → Obj. + will / shall + have + been + V3 + by +Sub., 1., , Thousands of People will have lost their jobs due to corona., , P, , Jobs will have been lost by thousands of people due to corona., , 2., , The Children will have seen the show., , P, , The show will have been seen by the children., , 3., , They will have prepared the documents by next Saturday., , P, , The documents will have been prepared by them by next Saturday., , 4., , You will have finished your report by this time next week., , P, , Your report will have been finished by you by this time next week., , 5., , I will have attended the program before I come her., , P, , The program will have been attended by me before I come her., , 6., , The Indian army will have pushed back the Chinese army by then., , P., , The Chinese army will have been pushed back by the Indian army by then., Modal Perfect, , Active → Sub. + modal + have + V3 + Obj., Passive → Obj. + modal + have + been + V3 + by +Sub., 1., , The doctors could have saved him., , P, , He could have been saved by the doctors., , 2., , People should have voted him., , P, , He should have been voted by the people., , 3., , You need not have filed a complaint., , P, , A complaint need not have been filed by you., , 4., , He will have delivered the parcel., , P, , The parcel will have been delivered by him., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 132

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 5., , You must have passed the exam., , P, , The exam must have been passed by you., , 6., , You ought to have finished the task., , P., , The task ought to have been finished by you., , Rule:-, , tc Subject Li"V u gks tSls %& some one, somebody, Nobody none, one they people., If the subject is unclear such as., , rks ge Passive esa by + subject avoid djrs gSa, we avoid adding by + subject in passive voice., 1. Someone has stolen my purse., P - My purse has been stolen., 2. None remembers the titles of the book., P - The titles of the books are not remembed, 3. One should do one's duty., P. - Duty should be done., Rule:Subject passive voice esa use ugha gksxk vxj og sentence esa mention action dks djus ds fy, tkuk tkrk, , gksA, If the subject is that noun which usually does the action mentioned in the sentence, we avoid using by, + subject, Example: 1. The Police arrested her., She was arrested., 2. The court sentenced the accused to death., The accused was sentenced to death., 3. The government should not have allowed vocial gatherings., Social gathering should not have been allowed., , Note :- Let/bid/help/make/watch/see/hear dk, , iz;ksx active voice esa direct infinitive ¼fcuk to½, , dh rjg gksrk gSA, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 133

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Eg. - Active, 2., I Saw seema cross the road., , 2., , 3., , 3., , 4., , She made me understand her, problem, I bade him leave the room., , 5., , I made him wash all the clothes., , 5., , Passive, Seema was seen to cross the road, by me., I was made to understand her, problem by her., He was bidden to leave the room by, me., He was made to wash all the clothes, by me., , 4., , Rule - Interrogative Sentence - Passive, 'Wh' ls, , 'kq: gksus okys iz'uokpd okD;ksa dk Passive Voice mlh Wh 'kCn ls 'kq: gksrk gSA, , In 'Wh' question the passive voice begins with the same question word as is used in active voice., Exception/viokn - Who, , By Whom, Wh + Hv + Obj. + V3 + by + S ?, , Eg. - Active, 1., Who did it, 2., Who Wrote this letter?, , 1., 2., , 3., 4., , 3., 4., , What do you want?, How did you do it?, , Rule - Present Simple / Present part, do/does/did gV tkrk gSA, , Passive, By whom it was done?, By whom was this letter written?, Who was this letter written by ?, What is wanted by you?, How was it done by you?, , ds iz'uokpd okD;ksa dks Passive voice esa cnyus ij →, , The interrogative Sentence in Present Simple and Past Simple Tenses omit their do/does/did, when they are changer in passive voice., Do/Does/Did → is/are/was/were, Eg. 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , Active, Does he need some money?, Did he do it?, Do you want a book?, Did he write this letter?, Did he understand this lesson?, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 5., , Passive, Is some money needed by him?, Was it done by him?, Is a book wanted by you?, Was this letter written by him?, Was this letter writing by him?, How was it done by you?, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 134

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 6. Does he know the answer?, 6. Is the answer known by him?, 7. Are you reading this look?, 7. Is the book being read by you?, 8. Has he understood by the consequences? 8. Have the consequences been, understood by him., , ,sls okD; tks Nobody/None/Not ls 'kq: gks mudk Passive voice cukrs le; Negative 'kCn gVk, nsrs gS vkSj Helping verb ds lkFk Not tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA, Sentences which begin with Nobody/None/Note all changed into passive voice by removing the, negative word and adding not with the helping verb passive verb., Eg. Active, Passive, 2. Nobody told me that Ramesh was ill. 2. I wasn't told that Ramesh was ill., 3. Nobody can climb this mountain., 3. This mountain can't be climbed., 4. Nobody could answer these questions. 4. These questions couldn't be, answered., 5. Not a single politician has helped the 5. The poor haven't helped by a single, poor., politician, Rule Noone, , anyone, , Nobody, , anybody, , Nothing, , anything, , Eg. -, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , Active, No one helped her., We can't do anything in this matter., He did not speak even a word., They can't help anybody., This team won't win any matches., , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , Passive, She was not helped by anyone., Nothing can be done in this matter., Not a world was spoken by him., Nobody can be helped by them., No matches will be won by this time., , Imperative - Sentences, Sentences of Order/Requests/commands/ suggestions, 1. Without object - You are ordered/requested/commanded etc+to+V1 +objective, Active, Passive, i), Come in, →, You are allowed to come in, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 135

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , ii), Go away, →, You are ordered to go away, iii), Don't move, →, You are warned not to move, iv), March forward, →, Your are ordered to March forward., 2. Without object - Let + obj. + be+ V3, You are ordered/requested/commanded etc+to+V1+objective, Eg. -, , 1., , Active, Shut the door, , 2., , Lock the door, , 3., , Don't press the button, , 4., , Don't ask any question, , 5., , Open the windows., , 6., , Please complete the work today., , 7., , Please sit down, , 8., 9., , Please pass me the salt, Consult a good physician., , 10. Work hard., , Passive, 1. Let the door be shut/, You are ordered to the shut the door., 2. Let the door be locked/, You are ordered to lock the door., 3. Let not the button be pursed/pressed., Your are forbidden to press the button, 4. Let no question be asked/, You are forbidden to ask any question, 5. Let the window be opened/, You are ordered to open the window, 6. You are requested to the complete the, work today., 7. You are requested to sit down/Please, be seated., 8. You are requested to pass the salt, 9. You are advised to consult a good, physician., 10. You are advised to work hard., , 3. Moral Suggestions → Obj. + Should + be + V3, 1. Help the poor., P. The poor should be helped, 2. Respect the elders., P. The elders should be respected., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 136

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Verbs Followed by Adjectives, Sub + verb + adjective + when + pronoun + HV + V3, Eg. Active, 1. Mangoes taste sweets., , Passive, 1. Mangoes are sweet when they are, tasted., 2. Rose is sweet when it is smelt., 3. Quinine is better when it is tasted., , 2. Rose smells sweet., 3. Quinine tastes bitter smelt., , Rule → Scientific inventions and discoveries/Historical events/Tentative statements and, construction/location., , 1. Kirti Stambh was built by Rana Kumbha., 2. DNA was discovered by J.D. Watson., 3. Telescope was invented by Galileo., 4. The Sahara Desert is considered to be the hottest region of the Earth., 5. Switzerland is regarded as the most beautiful country of the world., 6. The restaurant is located on the top floor., 7. Berlin is located in Germany., , No Passive, , 1- ;fn fdlh okD; esa deZ reflexive/reciprocal/ Possessive pronoun gks rks mls passive voice, esa ugha cny ldrs gSA, We cannot change a sentence into passive voice when reflexive/ reciprocal/ possessive, pronoun is used as object., Eg.i) He killed himself → Reflexive → No passive., ii) She washed her face → Reflexive → No passive., iii) They liked each other → Reciprocal., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 137

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , iv) We could hardly meet each other → Reciprocal., v) He is an Engineer (No passive), vi) She is a Doctor (No passive), 2. Static verbs → which denote state not action, agree, with/becomes/elude/escape/flee/fit/get/have/let/lack/like/race/resemble/suit/survive/weigh/, assure measures., No Passive, 1. She resembles her sister., 2. I have a car, 3. He survived the accident, 4. It suits you, 5. The book become his, 6. He locks confidence, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 138

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Narration, ➢ Art of narrating words of a speaker is called narration., , fdlh O;fDr }kjk cksys x, 'kCnksa dks ge nks izdkj ls fy[k@cksy ldrs gSA, There are two ways in shich we can right speak a conversation which was held at sometime in the, past., 1. Direct speech → Exact words of the speaker, within invested commas., , oDrk }kjk cksys x, exact words invested comma esaA, Ex. → Ramesh say " I work hard" (reported speech), 2. Indirect speech → Quoting words of speaker in our own words, without inverted commas., Ramesh says that he works hard., ❖ Rule :i. Conjunction → Use that and remove inverted commas., ii. Change of Pronouns in Reported speech., a. I/we → Subject of Reported verb., Ex. → She says " I work hard.", Ans. She says that she works hard., b. You → Object of reported verb, Ex. → She says to me " You Work hard.", Ans. She tells me that I work hard., c. He/she/it/they → No change., Ex. → He says to me, "He works hard., Ans. He tells me that he works hard., iii. Say → Say, Said → Said, Say to → tell, , tell vkSj told ds ckn to use ugha gksrk gSA, , Said to → told, iv. vxj reporting verb present/future tense esa gks rks] Reporting speech ds tense esa dksbZ ifjorZu, , ugha gksxkA, If Reporting verb is in present/future tense, the tense of reported speech does not change., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 139

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Example: D. :- Ravi says, "There is no sugar in the coffee"., In. :- Ravi says that there is no sugar in the coffee., D. :- Mummy will says, "lunch is ready.", In. :- Mummy will tell that lunch is ready., D. :- The teacher will say, "I shall punish students.", In. :- The teacher will say that he will punish students., D. :- The teacher says, " The boys were intelligent.", In. :- The teacher said that the boys were intelligent., , Reporting verb → Past tense, 1. If reporting verb is in past tense, the tense of the reported speech changes as follows/;fn, reporting verb past tense esa gks rks reported speech dk tense fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls cnyrk gSA, , Direct, , Indirect, , 1., , Simple present, V1/do/does, , →, , Simple past, V2/did, , 2., , Present Continuous, is/am/are, , →, , Past continuous, was/were, , 3., , Present Perfect, has/have, , →, , Past Perfect, had, , 4., , Present perfect continuous, , Past perfect continuous, , 5., , Past simple, V1/did, , →, →, , 6., , Past continuous, was/were, , →, , past perfect continuous, had been, , 7., , Past perfect, , No change, , 8., , Past perfect continuous, , →, →, , Past perfect, had + V3, , No change, , 2. vxj reporting verb past tense esa gks rks time vkSj place esa Hkh cnyko gksxkA, Today, , →, , That day, , Tomorrow, , →, , The next day, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 140

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Yesterday, , →, , The previous day/the day before, , Tonight, , →, , That night., , Last, , →, , The previous, , This, , →, , That, , These, , →, , Those, , Ago, , →, , Before, , Now, , →, , Then, , Examples: 1. D, , :, , He said to me, " I am writing., , In. :, , He told me that he was writing., , D. :, , He said to me, "You are writing.", , In :, , He told me that I was writing., , D, , He siad to me, "I shall come to meet you tomorrow.", , :, , In :, , He told me that he would come to meet me the next day., , D. :, , Seema siad, " I haven't taken any exam this year.", , In :, , Seema said that she hadn't taken any exam., , ❖ Rule :- vxj reporting verb past esa gks ysfdu reported speech universal truth/idiom/phrase, habitual action/historical fact esa gksr reported speech ds tense esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxkA, Example :1. Dir. :, He said to me, " We are mortal.", In. :, 2. Dir. :, In. :, 3. Dir. :, In. :, 4. Dir. :, , He told me that we are mortal., He said, " Honesty is the best policy.", He said that Honesty is the best policy., He said, " I go to school daily.", He said that he goes to school daily., He said, "Gandhiji started the quit India movement.", , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 141

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , In. :, , He said that Gandhiji started quit India movement., , 5. Dir. :, , He said, " I used to go to gym daily., , In. :, , He said that he used to go to gym daily., , 6. Dir. :, , He said, " The sun is a star.", , In. :, , He said that the sun is a star., , Interrogative Sentence, Examples :1. D. :- She asked me, " Where do you live?", In :- She asked me where I lived., 2. D. :-, , He said to me, " Are you coming or not?", , In. :- He asked me I was coming or not., ❖ Rules :1. Said to, , →, , Asked/enquired/interrogated/demanded/wondered, , 2. Conjection, , →, , If question beginning with helping verb (no. Wh) → If/whether, (Helping, , verb, , →, , is/am/are/was/were/has/have/had/do/does/, did/shall/ will/ could/should/would/may/might/must), ❖ Do/does/did :a. When do/does/did are used as H. V. in the beginning of interrogative sentence they, are deleted in indirect speech., (vxj do/does/did H. V. ls interrogative sentence 'kq: gks rks indirect speech esa bu words, , dks gVk fn;k tkrk gSA), b. If the interrogative sentence is nagative they are not removed. They are used before not, in indirect speech (vxj interrogative sentence negative gks rks bUgsa ugh gVk;k tkrk,, Indirect, , speech esa, , budk iz;ksx not ls igys gksrk gSA), , ii. No conjection is used for 'wh family', 3. Tense, Pronoun time and place change according to rules., 4. Helping verb comes after the subject of interrogative sentence → Assertive sentence, 5. Question mark (?) is removed by full stop (.), A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 142

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , (iz'uokpd fpUg ds LFkku ij full stop dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA), The question is changed into statement., , Examples, 1. D. :- He said to me, " Do you know her?", In. :- He asked me if I knew her., 2. D. :- The stranger said to me, " Could you tell me the way to the nearest hotel?", In. :- The stranger asked me if I could tell him the way to the nearest hotel., 3. D. :- The teacher said to the students, " Do you remember the lesson?", In :- The teacher enquired of the students if they remembered the lesson., enquired of → When object is used., enquired, , → When object is not used., , D. :- He said, " Is the train running on time?", In. :- He enquired if the train was running on the time?", 4. D. :- He said to me, " Haven't you booked these tickets from this counter?", In. :- He asked me if I hadn't booked those tickets from that counter., 5. D. :- He said to me, " What do you want?", In. :- He asked me what I wanted., 6. D. :- He said to me, " When did you come here yesterday?", In. :- He asked me why I had came there the previous day., 7. D. :- He said, " which school do you read in."?, In. :- He asked me which school I read in ., 8. D. :- Ramesh says, "Does Naresh not tell a lie?", In. :- Ramesh asks if Naresh does not tell a lie., 9. D. :- She said me, " Don't you know that Rome was not built in a day?", In. :- She asked me if I didn't know that Rome was not built in a day., 10. D. :- She said to him, " Sir can I help you?", A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 143

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , In. :- She asked him respectfully if she could help him., Explanation →, , Direct Speech, , Indirect Speech, , Sir/madam/your, , →, , Respectfully, , honour (lEekulwpd), Dear/Darling/my beloved →, , lovingly/affectionately, , (izselwpd), Exp., D. :- She said to him, "Dear are you sad?", In. :- She asked him lovingly if he was sad., Answer, , D. :- He said yes, , He said no, , In. :- He answered in the affirmative, , He answered in the negative., , Imperative sentences, 1. Said to, , →, , ordered/requested/advised/forbade., , 2. Conjunction, , →, , to, , 3. To is followed by V, , b.f, 4. Tense, pronoun, time,. place, change according to rules., , Example, 1. D. :- He said to me, " Please help me today.", In. :- He requested me to help him that day., 2. D. :- He said to me, " get out.", In. :- He ordered me to get out., 3. D. :- He said to me, "Help you neighbour", In. :- He advised me to help my neighbour., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 144

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 4. D. :- He said to me, " Do not smoke.", In. :- He forbade me to smoke., He prohibited me from smoking., 5. D. :- The captain said to the soldiers, " Stand at ease.", In. :- The captain commanded the soldiers to stand at ease., 6. D. :- The employee said to the employer, "Please grant me leave for two days.", In. :- The employee requested the employer to grant him leave for two days., 7. D. :- He said to me, "Don't forget to post this letter today.", In. :- He remineded me to post that letter that day., 8. D. :- The Judge said, "Call the next witness.", In. :- The Judge commanded to call., , Optative Sentences, Sentence of wish/ prayer/curse, Rules :1. Said → Wished/Prayed/Cursed, 2. Conjunctions → That, 3. May → Might, 4. Might → Comes after subject, 5. Tune, Place, Pronoun, Tense → according to rule., Examples :1. Direct: He said “God bless you”., Indirect: He wished that God, might bless me., 2. Direct : She said to me, “Go to hell”., Indirect : She cursed me that I might go to hell, 3. Direct : She said to me, “May you live long!”, Indirect : She blessed me that I might live long., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 145

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 4. Direct : She said to me, “May you die soon !”, Indirect: She cursed me that I might die soon., 5. Direct: We said, “Long live our president!”, Indirect: We wished that our president might live long., 6. Direct: The saint said, “God save you!”, Indirect: The saint prayed that god might save me., Use of Let, (a) Let is Used for permission/suggestion etc., Rules, 1. Said to → Proposed/Suggested/ordered/requested, , Let gV, , tk,xk vkSj Indirect speech esa subject ds ckn should use, , gksxkA, 2. Conjunctions that, , suggested, Proposal, , to, , Ordered, requested, 3. Let’s → We should/they should, Examples, 1. D.: I said to the servant, “Let the visitor come in.”, In. : I ordered the servant to let the visitor come in., 2. D. : He said to me, “Let’s go for walk.”, In. : He proposed to me that we should go for a walk., 3. D. : He said to Ritu, “Let’s go for a walk.”, In.: He proposed to Ritu that they should go for a walk., 4. D : Ravi said to Ramesh, “Let me go home now.”, In.: Ravi requested Ramesh to let him go home then., 5. D.: The commander said to the captain, “Let the solders pick up their goes and start, firing at the enemy., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 146

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , The commander ordered the captain to let the solder pick up their guns and start, firing at the enemy., 6. D.: He said to me, “let me go”., In.: He requested me to let him go., 7. D.: He said to me, “Let us help the poor”, In.: He suggested to me that we should help the poor., 8. D.: The teacher said, “Let us work hard”., In.: The teacher suggested that we should work hard., 9. D.: Ravi said to his friends , “Come, let us watch the movie ”, In.: Ravi proposed to his friends that they should watch the movie., (b) Let → wish/desire, Rule :1. Said : wished/desired, Let Indirect speech esa, , gV tk,xkA, , 2. Conjunction → that, 3. Subject ds, , ckn should, , Example, 1. D.: She said, “Let me speak to her ”, In. : She wished that she should speak to her., 2. D.: The family said, “Let his soul rest in peace.”, In. : The family wished that his soul should rest in peace., 3. D.: He said, “Let me consult a good doctor.”, In.: He wished that he should consult a good doctor., (c) Let as a Supposition/Condition, Let it be/let there be → supposition, Said → Supposed use gksxk let remove gks, Examples :1. D.: The teacher said, “Let it be a square.”, In.: The teacher supposed it be a square., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , tk,xkA, , 147

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 2. D.: We said, “Let there be peace everywhere.”, In.: We supposed there be peace everywhere., , Let it ds, , ckn ever so → condition, , Reporting verb → no change, Conjunction → that, Let and ever so → Remove gks, , tk,xk vkSj ever if use gksxk, , Example:1. They said, “Let it” thunder ever so hard, we shall not stop working.”, They said that ever if it thundered hard, they should not stop working., Sentences Beginning with Yes or No, Answer of question, , Yes, , No, , Replied in the affirmative, , replied in the negative, , Examples :1. She said, “Yes, I will help you”, She replied in the affirmative and said that she would help me., 2. I said to Ram, “Will you come here”?, Ram said, “No, I am busy at work.”, I asked Ram if he would come there, But Ram replied in the negative and said that, he was busy at work., Note → Answer, , Yes gks, , rks connective ‘and’ use gksxk, , No gks, , rks connective ‘but’ use gksxkA, , 3. He said to me, “Can you sing a song now? “I said, “No”, He asked me if I could sing a song then but I said I could not., 4. He said tome, “Do you hate gambling?” “Yes”., He asked me if I hated gambling and I said I did., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 148

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Infinitive based, , Yes, , No, , agreed/confessed, , Refused/denied, , Example :1. He said, “I will do it.”, He agreed to do it., 2. He said, “No, I will not do it”, He refused to do it., Exclamatory Sentence, 1. Strong Emotion → Joy/sorrow/applause, 2. Interjection → Oh! Alas! Braves! Fie!, 3. Reporting verb → Changes according to idea of reported speech, Rules :1. Remove interjectional word., Said + Alas ! → exclaimed with sorrow, What!/Oh! → Exclaimed with regret/surprise, Fie! → exclaimed with despise/disgust, Aha!/Ha!/Hurray!/Wow! →exclaimed with joy, Brave!/Hear! → exclaimed with applause/praise, My god! → exclaimed with regret, Good heavens! → exclaimed with horrow, 2. conjunction → That, 3. Remove exclamatory sign and use full stop., Examples :1. D.: He said, “Oh god! You have cut your finger”., In.: He exclaimed with surprise that I had cut my finger., 2. D.: She said, “Fie! It is stinking.”, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 149

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , In. : She exclaimed with disgust that it was stinking., 3. D.: The teacher said to the boys, “Well done!”, In.: The teacher applauded the boys and exclaimed that they had done well., 4. D.: He said, “Enough!”, In. : He exclaimed that it was enough., 5. She said, “Nonsense!”, She exclaimed that is was enough., Good morning/afternoon/evening → wished, Said + Hi /Hello, , → greeted, , Good night/good bye/farewell, , → bade, , 6. D.: He said, “Good bye, my friends!”, In.: He bade good by to his friends., 7. D.: He said to me, “good night”, In. : He bade me good night., 8. D.: He said to Ravi, “Hells! What are you doing?”, In.: He greeted to Ravi and asked what he was doing., 9. D.: She said to me, “good morning”, In.: She wished me good morning., Exclamatory sentences beginning with How/what/such/so, Examples, 1. He said , “How beautifully she sings!”, He exclaimed with praise that she sing very beautifully., 2. She said, “How foolish he is!”, She exclaimed with surprise that he was very foolish., 3. I said, “What nonsense!”, I exclaimed with disgust that it was too nonsense., 8. He said to me, “congratulations!”, He congratulated me, 9. She said, “thanks you”, She thanked me., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 150

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Shall, 1. Pure future, Shall → would after subject, Conjunction → if, Said → wondered, Example: 1. “Shall I ever get married?” he said., He wondered if he would ever get married., 2. Ramesh said, “Shall I ever cheat you?”, Ramesh wondered if he would ever cheat me., 2. Shall → request/seeking advice/suggestions, Shall → should after subject, Conjunction → if, Example:1. He said, “Shall I open the window?”, He asked if he should open the window, 2. She said, “Shall I lend you my purse?”, He asked if she should lend me her purse., 3. He said, “Shall I do it before tomorrow?”, He asked if he should do it before the next day., , Must/need, , Strong, Possibility, Permanent rules, Prohibition, , Present suggestion, Compulsion, , Future, Suggestions, Compulsion, , have to, , Must, Examples: 1. He said to me, “I must go now.”, He told me that he had to go then, 2. He said, “We all must die one day.”, He said that we all must die one day., 3. He said to me, “You mustn’t smoke.”, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , Will have to, , 151

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , He told me that I mustn’t smoke., 4. He said, “I must go next week.”, He said that he would have to go the following week., 5. He said to me, “you need to finish this work today.”, He told me that I had to finish that work that day., 6. She said to me, “You need to clear the dues tomorrow.”, She told me that I would have to clear the dues the next day., Addressing → with noun, 1. The stranger said to me, “Brother I have lost my way”, The stranger addressed me as brother and said that he had lost his way., 2. I said to Ravi, “My friend, you are wasting your time.”, I addressed Ravi as friend and said that he was wasting his time., 3. The leader said to the people, “Brothers and sisters, here I am to help you”, The leader addressed the people as brother and sisters and said that he was there to help, them., 4. I said to Ravi, “Idiot, you have cheated me.”, I called Ravi idiot and said he had cheated me., Two actions in past tense, No change in tense conjunction – that, 1. He said to me, “When I saw him, he was playing cricket in the garden.”, He told me that when I saw him, he was playing cricket in the garden., 2. She said, “Girls danced while boy sang”, She said that girls danced while boys sang., Hypothetical conditions/Imaginations, Conjunction that No change in these, 1. She said to me, “If I were a bird, I would fly.”, She told me that if she were a bird, she would fly., 2. He said, “I wish I were an actor.”, He wished that he were an actor., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 152

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners. (School lecturer exam 5/8/2020), 1. There's there________chocolate cake over there., (1) some., (2) any (3) most. (4) every, 2. I am not the____________ you are looking, (1) each., (2) one., (3) some. (4) many, 3. It is said that Nero played________ fiddle while Rome burned., (1) those. (2) the (3) many (4) both, 4. The mistake is all_________., (1) few. (2) mine. (3) most (4) some, 5. ____________light was out., (1) Every. (2) Both. (3) All., (4) Many, 6. ____________ ninth chapter of the book is very interesting., (1) A., (2) The. (3) All., (4) few, 7. I made a good ____________ friends there., (1) much (2) any. (3) only (4) many, 8. He spread _________ honey on a slice of bread., (1) a few, (2) much. (3) a little. (4) many, 9. __________ applicant has five choices., (1) Much (2) Each. (3) All, (4) several, 10. She had only _______ rupees left., (1) a few (2) little. (3) few (4) much, 1. 1, 2. 2., 3. 2, 4. 2, 5. 1, 6. 2, 7. 4, 8. 3, 9. 2, , 10. 1, , Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners and preposition., ( ACF & FRO Exam – 18/02/21), 1._________innocent person is difficult to find these days., (1) The (2) No article. (3) An. (4) A, 2. I have made________mess of my life., (1) a. (2) an. (3) the. (4) those, 3._______are called but few are chosen., (1) This. (3) No. (2) Many. (4) One, 4. There are ______very young students in the class., (1) this. (2) what (3) several. (4) which, 5. I think you are talking too ______today., (1).more (2) such (3) some. (4) much, 6. The Prime Minister invited_______ member of the cabinet to state his views on the subject., (1) neither. (2) each. (3) either (4) all, 7. He had_______ shower before going to bed., (1) those. (2) an., (3) a (4) these, 8.The authorities absolved _______ the charges framed against him., 1) in., (2) of., (3) to. (4). Into, 9. Their car lost control and crashed ________ a tree., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 153

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (1) on, (2) into., (3) at. (4) with, 10. It is an exotic resort ________ the river., (1) by. (2) to. (3) among. (4) during, 11. I’m not bad ________ singing., (1) in (2) by. (3) at., (4) to, 12. His boss has accused him________corruption., (1) in. (2) of. (3) with. (4) at, 13. I do not believe________ making false promises., (1) at., (2) by, (3) of. (4) in, 14. This custom was prevalent_______Middle Ages., (1) to. (2) during (3) on., (4) above, 15. The whole team is hopeful_______ winning the match., (1) in. (2) out. (3) of., (4) into, 1. 3, 9. 2, , 2. 1, 10. 1, , 3. 2, 11. 3, , 4. 3, 12. 2, , 5. 4, 13. 4, , 6. 2, 14. 2, , 7. 3, 15. 3, , Choose the correct determiner and preposition, (Tech.edu. dept. Exam – 19/03/21), 1. They are culprits so they must go to ______prison., (1) the (2) zero article. (3) a (4) this, 2. They are repairing the road as they do ______ summer., (1) that. (2) every (3) some. (4) any, 3. He asked______ friends he had for help, but nobody was willing to do so., (1) any (2) the few. (3) a few. (4) the many, 4. __________. of my two sisters is married., (1) All. (2) Neither, (3) No. (4) Any, 5. Of tea and coffee, I prefer________, (1) the later (2) the after. (3) the latter (4) the last, 6. We had_______ good, timely brunch yesterday., (1) one. (2) a., (3) the (4) zero article, 7. She married _______her social class., (1) under. (2) beneath. (3) between (4) to, 8. I forgot to bring my book. It was lying ______ my bed., (1) below. (2) under. (3) above. (4) around, 9. We are sorry ________the technical fault you are experiencing at the moment., (1) for. (2) about. (3) in (4) with, 10. The property is divided evenly ______the two partners., (1) among. (2) around. (3) between. (4) inside, 11. He worked hard and succeeded ______securing good marks., (1) of. (2) to (3) in. (4) at, 12. I went home by bicycle., (1) to, (2) in. (3) on. (4) no preposition, 1. 2, 2. 2, 3. 2, 4.2, 5.3, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 8. 2, , 9. 10., , 154

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 6. 2, 11. 3, , 7.2, 12. 4, , 8.2, , 9. 1, , 10.3, , Choose the correct modal, (Tech.edu. dept. Exam – 19/03/21), 1. You________change, just go as you are. (necessity), (1) don’t. (2) needn’t, (3) couldn't (4) mustn't, 2.. He_________be seen splitting wood in front of his house each morning. (past habit)., (1) can (2) could. (3) may (4) ought, 3. Your money is 'running out, you know you _______ waste it. (suggestion), (1) shouldn’t. (2) shall not be. (3) usen’t. (4) needn't, 4. We must remember that we are in a hospital and we disturb the patients. (prohibition), (1) will. (2) could. (3) mustn’t (4) doesn’t, 5. How they not agree to_______our plans to move out of here.(threat), (1) should. (2) can’t. (3) dare. (4) need, 6. Don't worry about your crops, it surely rain in a day or two.(strong possibility), (1) will. (2) may. (3) used. (4) need, ACF & FRO exam (18/02/21), 7. Visitors_________take off their shoes before entering the temple. (compulsion), 8. We_________careful about what we say in public. (obligation), 9. This restaurant______ be expensive but the food is excellent. (Strong possibility), 1. Shouldn’t. 2. May., 3. Need. 4. Shall not, 10. __________ you come back again with the laptop?( Expression of request), 1. Should 2. Need. 3. Could. 4. Ought, 11. You ................. not talk to me in that indecent tone. (expression of threat), 1. dare, 2. ought, 3. would, 4. might, 12. He ............. rather die than get the tests done. (expression of preference or choice), 1. need, 2. dare, 3. would, 4. ought, 13. ................. you speak French?, (expression of 'ability'), 1. Will, 2. Can, 3. Would, 4. Might, , Change the voice, ( ACF & FRO Exam – 18/02/21), 14. The meeting will be addressed by the Chairman. (Change to Active Voice), 1., The Chairman will be addressing the meeting., 2., Meeting addressed by Chairman., 3., The Chairman will address the meeting., 4., Chairman might address the meeting., 15. They were carrying the injured player off the field. (Change to Passive Voice), 1., The injured player was carried off the field., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 155

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 16., , 17., , 18., , 19., , 20., , 21., , 22., , 23., , 2., The injured player was being carried off the field., 3., They carried the injured player off the field., 4., The injured player was carry off the field., A new public library is being built., (Change to Active Voice), 1., A new public library is to be built., 2., We built a new public library., 3., They build a new public library., 4., They are building a new public library., We saw them go out. (Change the voice of the sentence ), 1., They had been seen to go out., 2., They had being seen to went out., 3., They were seen to go out., 4., They have been seen to go out., The old newspapers were thrown away by me. (Change to Active Voice), 1., I throw the old newspapers away., 2., The old newspapers are thrown away., 3., I am throwing away the old newspapers., 4., I threw away the old newspapers., He said to me, "I expect you to attend the meeting." (Change to Indirect Speech), 1., He told me that he had expected me to attend the meeting., 2., He told me that he expected me to attend the meeting., 3., He told that he has expected me to attend the meeting., 4., He told me that he expected me to attended the meeting., He promised them that he would do it as soon as he could. (Change to Direct Speech), 1., He said to them, "I promise I will do it as soon as I can.", 2., He said, "I can do it as soon I can.", 3., He told, "I will do it as soon as I could.", 4., He promised, "I would do it soon.", He asked me whether I could spare some money for him. (Change to Direct Speech), 1., He asked, "Could you spare some money ?", 2., He said, "Spare some money for me, can you ?", 3., He said to me, "Can you spare some money for me ?", 4., He told me, "Spare some money, can't you ?", His father says, "Slow and steady wins the race." (Change to Indirect Speech), 1., His father called slow and steady wins the race., 2., His father asked if slow and steady wins the race., 3., His father says that slow and steady wins the race., 4., His father exclaimed that slow and steady v the race., I worked as an extra artist before becoming a lead actor., (Choose the correct direct narration of the above sentence.), 1., He said that he did worked as an extra artist before becoming a lead actor., 2., He said that he had been working as an extra artist before a lead actor., 3., He said that he had worked as an extra artist before becoming a lead actor., 4., He said that he was working as an extra artist before becoming a lead actor., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 156

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 24. "I saw her the day before yesterday.", He said. (Change to Indirect Speech), 1., He said he had saw her two days before., 2., He said he had seen her two days before., 3., He said he has been seeing her two days before., 4., He said he had seen her the day before yesterday., 25. He said, "Where does she work ?" Choose the correct indirect narration of the above sentence., 1., He asked where did she worked., 2., He asked where she worked., 3., He asked where did she worked., 4., He asked where was she worked., Change the narration of the following sentences, (Tech. Edu. 19/03/2021), 26. The President of India said, "Covid-19 pandemic has taught the world that one cannot be safe if, others are at risk." (indirect), 27. The author says, "We are not answerable for what the characters feel in the story". (indirect), 28. He said, "Alas ! I have forgotten to complete the assignment." (indirect), 29. Mayank asked me whether I slept well the day before. (Direct), 30. 'You have come first in your class', my friend told me. (indirect), 31. She said, "If he were a doctor, I would marry him." (indirect), Choose the correct option in the following sentences to change the voice as directed., 32. People believe that Chinese is the most widely spoken language. (Passive), 33. Their parents thought that the teenagers were dancing at the disco. (Passive), 34. Please give me some more time., 35. When will you return the book ?, 1., 5., 9., 13., 17., 21., 25., , 2, 3, May, 2, 3, 3, 2, , 2., 6., 10., 14., 18., 22., 26., , 2, 1, Could, 3, 4, 3, , 3., 7., 11., 15., 19., 23., 27., , 1, must, 1, 2, 2, 3, , 4., 8., 12., 16., 20., 24., 28., , 3, Should, 3., 4, 1, 2, , Answer key, 26. The President of India said that Covid-19 pandemic had taught the world that one could not be, safe if others were at risk., 27. The author said that we were not answerable for what the characters felt in the story., 28. He exclaimed with sorrow that he had forgotten to, 29. Mayank said to me, "Did you sleep well yesterday ?", 30. My friend told me that I had come first in my class., 31. She said that if he were a doctor, she would marry him., 32. It is believed that Chinese is the most widely spoken language, 33. The teenagers were thought to be dancing at the disco, by their parents., 34.You are requested to give me some more time., 35. When will the book be returned?, Choose the correct Phrasal Verb in the following sentences:, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 157

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 36. Could you these things…………………from the table?, 1. account for, 2. clear off, 3. clear away, 4. do away, 37. Difficulties……………. any time. We must learn to anticipate these., 1. come up, 2. come out, 3. crop up, 4. come in, 38. Don't let your anger……………… you., 1., put on, 2., get the better of, 3., put forward, 4., run over, 39. He agreed to help but at the last moment., 1., take off, 2., backed out, 3., break off, 4., blew out, Choose the correct meaning of the underlined idioms (9 - 12) :, 40. His most trusted friend proved to be a snake in the grass., 1., an unreliable person, 2., low and mean, 3., a hidden enemy, 4., cowardly brutal, 41. Seeing the writing on the wall, he left the company just before it dissolved., 1., in black and white, 2., interpreting signs and indications, 3., gesture of the day, 4., order to be followed, 42. He was unable to digest the sudden news and …………, (Choose the correct idiom), 1., killed two birds with one stone., 2., ate the cake and had it too., 3., let the cat out of the bag., 4., had cold feet., 44. So far as hazards of pollution are concerned, the traffic policeman bear the burnt., 1., have to run the risking, 2., face the consequences, 3., are exposed to the danger, 4., suffer the most, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 158

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, Voice : Active and Passive, (High court LDC Exam 2016), 1. The students nominated him secretary of their club. (Change to Passive Voice), 2. They were carryting the injurned player off the field (Change to Passive Voice), 3. The applications were sent to the registar by the students. (Change to Active Voice), (RPSC LDC Exam-2016), Change the voice in the sentences given below by selecting the correct alternative4. We had to count the money., 5. Somebody has already used this towel., 6. they have proved all his calculations wrong., 7. Many serious accidents are caused by negligence., From the given options, select the correct passive form of the sentence given below:, 8. No one has climbed this moutain before. (Jr. Accountant-2016), Choose the correct opiton :9. Somebody has eaten all the biscuits. (Jr. Accountant-2016), 10. "Fetch me a glass of water," he said to Ravi. (Jr. Accountant 2015-16), Answer Key, 1. He was nominated Secretary of their club by the students., 2. The injured player was being carried off the field., 3. The students sent the applications to the Registar., 4. The money had to be counted., 5. This towel has already been used., 6. All his calculations have been proved wrong., 7. Negligence causes many serious accidents., 8. This mountain has not been climbed before., 9. All the biscuits have been eaten., 10. He asked Ravi to fetch him a glass of water., Choose the correct Passive Voice of the sentence given below :, (Do not mention the, agent), 11. Active Voice :- You will have to pull down this skyscraper as you have not complied with the, town planning regulations., (xzke lsod2016), 12. The passive voice form of the sentence - 'She will write a letter.' will be (RTET Level-2 Exam,, 2016), 13. The passive from of the sentence - 'Who will help you?' will be, (RTET Level-2 Exam,, 2016), 14. "I know him." The passive voice form of the sentence will be., (RTET Level-I Exam,, 2016), Select the sentece which is the correct passive voice version of the following sentence :, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 159

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 15. "Have you finished your work?", In the Sentence given below change into the passive voice by selecting the correct alternative 16. Why did your brother scold you?, (RPSC I Grade GK-2016), 17. The principal may sanction your leave today. (Change into passive Voice), (I Grade Teacher English 2015), Change the following sentence into passive from., 18. "How do people learn languages?", (I Grade Teacher English 2015), 19. Everyone calls him a peacemaker. (Change into passive voice) (I Grade Teacher English 2015), Chosse the correct passive voice of the given sentence., 20. "The child broke the mirror.", (RJS - 2016), 21. Send these letters by Registered post., (RJS-2016), In the next two question mark the correct passive voice of the given sentence., 22. Someone gave her a bull dog., (RJS 2015), 23. Mona was writing a letter to her father., (RJS-2015), Mark the passive voice which is correct :, 24. The Principal read the report., (RJS-2011), In these question, a sentence has been given in Active Voice/Passive voice. Out of the four, suggested alternative, select the one which best expresses the same sentence Passive/Active Voice, :, (SSC (10+2)& LDC 2015), 25. Both his parents approved of his decision., 26. Was the question answered?, 27. Close the door, 28. People say that he is a spy., 29. The boys were making kites., 30. I was obliged to leave., 31. I cannot trust him any more., 32. Who painted it? (laj{k.k vf/kdkjh ijh{kk&29-05-2019), Choose the correct option of the passive construction., (I Grade (English 10.01.2020)), 33. They poured water on us., 34. They are preparing the papers now., Choose the grammatically correct option that depicts the transformation given against each, sentence., 35. What makes these holes?, 36. When their mother was ill the children were looked after by their neighbours. (Active), 37. Give the correct passive from of the given sentence :- "We saw them go out.", (Ldwy O;k[;krk ijh{kk 03-01-2020), 38. She speaks English fluently. "The correct passive form of the sentence will be":, (Reet level-I Exam, 11.02.2018), 39. The passive voice form of the sentence - "Thieves broke into my house' will be:, (Reet Level-II Exam, 11.02.2018), 40. The passive voice from of the sentence "who wrote this poem?" will be:, (Reet Level-II Exam, 11.02.2018), , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 160

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 41. The payment was collected by the hardworking salesman. (SSC CHSL (T-1) 15 Jan. 2017 (III, ikyh)), (II Grade English 02.07.2017), 42. Negligence causes many serious accidents. (Change into the Passive voice. ), 43., 44., 45., 46., , My mother is preparing some delicious dish. (Change into the passive), You must never say that he was ungenerous. (Change the voice into the passive voice), Someone has picked my pocket. (Change the voice), Please help me. Change the voice, , (Highcourt LDC-23.07.2017), Identifly the appropriate choice in changing the voice of the following sentences., 47. India had eradicated smallpox by 1975, Identify the appropriate choice in changing the voice of the following sentences., 48. She was knitting a sweater at that time., 49. Manthan is waterring the plants. (Change into passive voice), 50. Have you heard the news? (Change into passive), Transform the given sentence as directed choosing the best option., 51. Someone seems to have made a terrible mistake (Change to passive), Transform the given sentence as directed choosing the best option., 52. The loan will be sanctioned by the bank. (Change to Active), Choose the correct Passive Voice, transformation of the given sentence., 53. They will inform the police., Chhose the correct Passive Voice transformation of the given sentence., 54. An old woman was helping the wounded soldier., Convert the following sentence into active voice from the options given below., 55. I have been invited to the party., (efgyk i;Zos{kd ijh{kk 06-01-2019), 56. Identify form the following which sentence is correctly written in the passive voice., (Tax Assistant Exam 14.10.2018), 57. Mark the passive voice which is correct : I shall help you., (Head Master 02-09-2018), 58. 'Blow the born'. The passive voice of the above sentence will be: (Stenographer 30.05.2013), 59. 'The room is being cleaned'. The active voice of the above sentence will be :, (Stenographer Exam 30.05.2013), Which sentence given below correctly changes the active voice into the passive?, 60. Some one has cut the telephone wires., Choose the correct form of Passive Transformation of the sentence given., 61. Who gave you the permission to write?, (LDC 09.09.2018), 62. The president gave him a reward., (LDC 16.09.2018), 63. The shepherd had lost six sheep., (LDC 16.09.2018), 64. They made him prince., (LDC 16.09.2018), 65. How do people learn languages?, (LDC 16.09.2018), , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 161

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 66. They ate the apple., (LDC 12.08.2018), 67. Shut the door., (LDC 12.08.2018), 68. The Vice-Chancellor kept the staff members waiting., (LDC 19.08.2018), 69. Anita saw a picture., (LDC 19.08.2018), 70. They speak Punjabi, (LDC 19.08.2018), Choose the correct Active voice of the following sentence from the options given below, 71. Can a cat be driven by her?, (LDC 09.09.2018), 72. Identify the correct from of sentence in the Active Voice, (LDC 09.09.2018), Choose the correct from of Active Voice of the sentence given., 73. He ought to have been told., (LDC 16.09.2018), Choose the correct active voice of the following sentence from the options given below:, 74. The teacher was chased., (LDC 19.08.2018), Choose the correct form of Active Tranformation of the sentence give., 75. They skuyscraper was engulfed in fire., (LdC 19.08.2018), Choose the correct option given below, 76. I am known to Mrs. Seema. (Change into Active), (LDC 19.08.2018), 77. Which of the following passive voice sentence is correctly structured?, , (LDC 12.08.2018), , Answer Key11. This skyscraper will have to be pulled down as the town planning regulations have not been, complied with., 12. A letter will be written by her., 13. By whom will you be helped?, 14. He is known to me, 15. Has your work been finished by you?, 16. Why were you scolded by your brother?, 17. Your leave may be sanctioned by the Principal today., 18. How are languages learnt?, 19. He is called a peacemaker (by everyone)., 20. The mirror was broken by the child., 21. Let these letter be sent by Registered Post., 22. She was given a bulldog., 23. A letter was being written by Mona to her father., 24. The report was read by the Principal, 25. His decision was approved by both his parents., 26. Was the answer to the question given?, 27. Let the door be closed., 28. It is said that he is a spy., 29. Kites were being made by the boys., 30. Circumstances obliged me to leave., 31. He cannot be trusted by me any more., 32. Who was it painted by?, 33. Water was poured on us., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 162

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., 43., 44., 45., 46., 47., 48., 49., 50., 51., 52., 53., 54., 55., 56., 57., 58., 59., 60., 61., 62., 63., 64., 65., 66., 67., 68., 69., 70., 71., 72., 73., 74., 75., 76., , The papers are being prepared now., What are these holes made by?, When their mother was ill their neighbours looked after the children., They were seen to go out., English is spoken by her fluently., My house was broken into by thieves., By whom was this poem written?, The hardworking salesman collected the payment., Many serious accidents are caused by negligence., Some delicious dish is being prepared by my mother., It must never be said that he was ungenerous., My pocket has been picked., You are requested to help me., Smallpox had been eradicated by India by 1975., A sweater was being knitted by her at that time., The plants are being watered by Manthan., Has the news been heard by you?, A terrible mistake seems to have been made., The bank will sanction the loan., The police will be informed by them., The wounded soldier was being helped by an old women., Someone has invited me to the party., Why was such a rude reply given by your sister?, You will be helped by me., Let the horn be blown, Someone is cleaning the room, The telephone wires have been cut., By whom were you given the permission to write?, He was given a reward by the President, Six sheep have been lost by the shepherd., He was made prince., How are languages learnt?, The apple was eaten by them., Let the door be shut., The staff members were kept waiting by the Vice-chancellor., A picture was seen by Anita., Punjabi is spoken by them, Can she drive a car?, I forgave him his fault., They ought to have told him., Someone chased the teacher., The fire engulfed the skyscraper., Mrs. Seema knows me., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 163

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Narration: Direct (High Court LDC Exam 2016), 1. She asked me how long I had worked there. (Change to Direct Narration) (), 2. She said, "You may need my help." (Indirect Narration), 3. The teacher said, "Have you submitted your form" (Change to Indirect narration), (RPSC LDC Exam 2016), Choose the correct Reported Form., 4. "Could you pass the sugar, please", she said., 5. She said, "Don't waid for me after seven.", 6. He said, "Sonia, when is the next train?", 7. "I have an English lesson this afternoon and I haven't done my homework yet", said the boy., (RPSC LDC Exam 2016), Choose the correct Direct form for the given Indirect Sentence :, 8. The policeman asked if I had seen the accident., (Jr. Accountant Exam-2016), Choose a sentence with the correct Indirect from of Narration :, Direction : "I will sell the TV set if you keep quarrelling about the programme. "said their mother.", 9. "No don't do that! we will never quarrel", said the childre., (BSTC Exam 2016), The correct indirect narration of the sentence10. The teacher said to students, "The earth is round"., Which of the following is the correct indirect narration of the following sentence:, 11. My mother said to me. "Don't waste your time.", The indirect narration of the sentence :, 12. She said to me. "Are you studying in Class X?", Choose the sentence with the correct Indirect form of Narration :, 13. Direct Speech : He said, " I met this man two days ago", (Woman Superviosr Exam, 2015), 14. He said, "I have been waiting for ages." He said that(school Lecture (Sans.), 04.08.2020), 15. Select the correct sentence in "Direct" speech from the given options, for the sentence below :, An old mouse asked who would bell the cat., (RPSC I Grade Teacher 2016), 16. "Have you submitted your report yet"? She said., (RPSC I Grade English Teacher, 2015), In the next three question, identify the correct indirect speech., 17. The policeman said to us "Where are you going", (RJS Exam 2015), 18. 'Call the firest witness', said the Judge., (RJS Exam 2015), 19. She said to me, "I shall play now.", (RJS Exam 2015), (SSC (10+2) & LDC Exam 2015), 20. The maid confessed to the police that it was she who had taken the diamond ring., 21. My father said to me, "Go now"., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 164

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., , The men said, "We are going to fly kites"., Kumar says, "It dosen't rain in January"., My brother told me that he would buy me a notepad the next day., The peon said to his officer, "Please forgive me"., Meera's mother told her not to forget to buy the milk., I said to him, "Do you definitely need the suit next week?", The teacher said, "The Earth moves round the sun.", Ashok said to me, "Your parents are waiting for you.", (SSC Stenographer (Grade, C&D)2014), 30. The Policeman said to the driver, "Do you have a licence?", 31. The teacher said to the students, "march quietly to the ground.", (SSC Stenographer (Grade C&D)2014), 32. I said, "Who knew that this would happen"!, 33. The customer asked the salesman whether he knew where the manager was., 34. "Bless his kind heart"! they cried., Change the narration, 35. "Must you go so soon?", I said, (Ldwy O;k[;krk ijh{kk 06-01-2020), 36. Marry asked if she could stay with us., (laj{k.k vf/kdkjh 29-05-2019), 37. "If I had the instruction manual, I would know what to do," said the passenger (Indirect)., (I Grade (English, 10.01.2020)), 38. Mohit said to Monu, "Where is your house?", (Highcourt LDC 23.07.2017), Choose the correct Passive Voice tranformation of the given sentence., 39. An old woman was helping the wounded soldier., Indentify the appropriate choice in change of narration of the following sentences., 40. Warner said, "I will be waiting here.", 41. Abhinav said to me, "Bring me a glass of water"(change into indirect speech), 42. The teacher said to us, "The sun rises in the East." (Change into Indirect Speech), Choose the correct option to transform as directed., 43. The clerk at the booking window inquired if I wanted a single or a return ticket. (change to, direct speech), 44. I advised them not to jump to conclusion untill the news was confirmed. (Chage into Indirect, Speech), 45. Indirect transformation of the sentence given below - 'My friend said to me,' "Have you, completed your project?", Choose the option which is the correct Indirect transformation of the sentence given below., 46. She said to her son, "What are you doing here?", (II Grade English 02.07.2017), 47. My cousin said, "My room-mate snores throughout the night". Change the narration., 48. "I don't know the way. Do you?" he asked. Change into the indirect speech., 49. The Captain said, "Hurrah! we scored a goal." Change the narration., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 165

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 50. He said to them. "Don't make a noise". Change the narration., 51. Rukmani siad to me, "I will do it now no never". Change the narration ., 52. "What happend?" She said. Change into the indirect speech., Convert the following sentence into direct speech from the options that follow :, 53. She asked if i would come with her., (Tax Assistant Exam 14.10.2018), Choose the correct direct speech of the following sentence from the options given below :, 54. She says that he can do it., Choose the correct indirect speech of the following form the given options :, 55. He said, "She was dancing.", (LDC 09.09.2018), Choose the correct indirect speech of the following sentence from the given options :, 56. He said, "They are in the class.", Choose the correct form of Indirect Narration for the given sentence :, 57. The lady said to the man, "Please lend me your pen.", Choose the correct indirect speech of the following sentence from the option given below :, 58. Hari said, "The doctor is coming.", Choose the correct indirect speech of the following sentence from the options given below:, 59. He said "When did she arrive?", (LDC-16.09.2018), Choose the correct Direct Speech of the following sentence from the options given below:, 60. She said that honesty is the best policy., Change the following sentence into direct speech :, 61. She siad that she was happy., Choose the correct Direct speech of the following sentence from the given options:, 62. She said to him, "Are you fine"., Choose the correct Direct speech of the following sentence from the given options :, 63. He says that the king will come., (LDC 12.08.2018), Choose the correct indirect conversion of speech from the question given below :, 64. He said to me, "What are you doing?", Choose the correct form of indirect Narration for the sentence give., 65. He said to his master, "Pardon me Sir, never will I do such a thing again.", Choose the correct indirect speech of the following sentence from the options given below., 66. The teacher said to the boy, "Sit down"., 67. Reeta said that her father had died the year before. (Change in to Direct), Choose the correct interrogative of the following from the given opions :, 68. She is the leader of the party., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 166

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (LDC 19.08.2018), 69. The principle said to the students, "Where were you yesterday?" (Chantge into Indirect), Change the following sentence form direct to indirect speech :, 70. He said, "Alas! I am undone.", Choose the correct option :, 71. "Don't go there", He said. (Change into Indirect), Change to Direct Speech., 72. Alice exclaimed that she was very clever. (Librarian Grade-II Exam 02.08.2020), Answer Key, 1. She said "How long have you worked here?", 2. She told me (that) I might need her help., 3. The teacher asked me if/whether I had submitted my form., 4. She requested me to pass the sugar., 5. She told me not to wait for her after seven., 6. He asked Sonia when the next train was., 7. The boy said that he had an English lesson that afternoon and (that he) hadn't done his, homework till then., 8. "Did you see the accident?" The policeman asked., 9. Their mother told that the TV set will be sold if they kept quarrelling about the programme., The children begged her not to do that assuring her that they would never quarrel., 10. The teacher told the students that the earth is round., 11. My mother advised me not to waste my time., 12. She asked me if I was studying in class X, 13. He said that the had met that man two days before., 14. He had been waiting for ages., 15. An old mouse said, "Who will bell the cat?", 16. She asked him if he had submitted his report till then., 17. The policeman enquired where we were going., 18. The judege commanded them to call the first witness., 19. She told me that she should play then., 20. The maid told the police, "It is I who have taken the diamond ring.", 21. My father ordered me to go now., 22. The men said that they were going to fly kites., 23. Kumar says that it dosen't rain in January., 24. My brother said to me, "I would buy you a notepad tomorrow.", 25. The peon requested his officer to forgive him., 26. Meera's mother reminded her, 'Don't forget to buy the milk.', 27. I asked him if he definitely needed the suit the following week., 28. The teacher said that the Earth moves round the sun., 29. Ashok told me that my parents were waiting for me., 30. The policeman asked the driver whether he had a licence., 31. The teacher instructed the students to march quiently to the ground., 32. I said that none knew that, that would happen., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 167

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., 43., 44., 45., 46., 47., 48., 49., 50., 51., 52., 53., 54., 55., 56., 57., 58., 59., 60., 61., 62., 63., 64., 65., 66., 67., 68., 69., 70., 71., 72., , The customer asked the salesman, "Do you know where the manager is"?, They blessed him for his kind heart., I asked him if he had to go so soon., Mary said, "Can I stay with you"?, (*), Mohit asked Monu where his house was., The wounded soldier was being helped by an old women., Warner said that he would he waiting there., Abhinav asked me to bring him a glass of water., The teacher told us that the Sun rises in the east., "Do you want a single or a return ticket?" said the clerk at the booking window., "Let's not jump to conclusions until the news is confirmed" I said., My friend asked me whether I had completed my project., She asked her son what he was doing there., My cousin said that her roommate snored throughout the night., He said that he didn't know the ay and asked me if did., The Captain exclaimed with joy that they had scored a goal., He ordered them not to make a noise., Rukmani told me that she would do that then or never., She asked what had happened., She said, "Will you come with me"?, She says, "He can do it.", He said that she had been dancing., He said that they were in the class., The lady requested the man to lend her his pen., Hari said that the doctor was coming., He asked when she had arrived., She said, "Honesty is the best policy", "I am happy", she said., She asked him whether he was fine., He says, "The king will come", He asked me what I was doing., He begged his master to pardon him and resolved never to do such a thing again., The teacher ordered the boy to sit down., Reeta said, "Her father died last year.", Is she the leader of the party?, The principla asked the students where they had been the day before., He exclaimed sadly that he was undone., He told them not to go there., Alice said, "How clever I am!", , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 168

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Articles and Determiners, 1. I don't have.................... money with me., (1) many, (2) a few, (3) a little, (4) much, 2. There isn't ............... truth in this statement., (1) some, (2) many, (3) most, (4) any, 3. Do you take .............. sugar in your cofffee?, (1) an, (2) a, (3) no article, (4) the, Fill in the blank with the correct option., 4. Only .......... of these apples are good., (1) many, (2) every, (3) a few, (4) a little, 5. He gave me ............ thousand rupee note., (1) the, (2) a, (3) an, (4) no article, 6. His father is .............. MLA., (1) an, (2) a, (3) no article, (4) the, Choose the correct set of articles to fill in the blank : (Use 'X', if therre is no article), 7. He said, "As ......... matter of ............ fact, there was ............. explosion in ............. last house I visted;, and Mr. Beans, ............. owner of ......... house, was burnt in ....... face.", (1) the; the; an; a; the X; a, (2) the; the; X the; a; a; the, (3) a; X; an; the; the; the; the, (4) the; a; an; X; the; the; the, Choose the correct connective for the blank in the following sentence., 8. Scarcely had he gone ............ a policemen knocked at the door., (1) that, (2) then, (3) when, (4) than, Fill in suitable determines :, 9. Only ......... of these are good., (1) much, (2) many, (3) a few, (4) several, 10. What does ........... notice say?, (1) an, (2) that, (3) a little, (4) much, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10, ans., 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, Fill in the blanks with the correct articles in the following sentences :, 11. My father is ............. S.P., (1) a, (2) an, (3) the, (4) zero article, 12. Insert 'a', 'an' or 'the' in the blanks in the following sentence from the options :, ............. man whom I spoke to is ............ citizen of New York., (1) The, the, (2) A, a, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 169

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (3) The, a, (4) A, a, 13. I go to school by ......... bus., (1) a, (2) zero article, (3) the, (4) an, 14. She is lucky. She has ............ problems., (1) a few, (2) few, (3) some, (4) little, 15. My friend has become ............. R.A.S., (1) a, (2) an, (3) the, (4) zero article, 16. He lost .......... umbrella (1) her, (2) his, (3) a, (4) the, 17. There is hardly ............. problem that unsettles., (1) many, (2) some, (3) any, (4) few, 18. .......... higher we go, ......... cooler it is, (1) X, the, (2) X,X, (3) The, the, (4) The, X, 19. ........ boy and girl should go to college., (1) All, (2) Enough, (3) Every, (4) Several, 20. Copper is ........... useful metal., (1) an, (2) a, (3) the, (4) Zero article, , ans., , 11, 2, , 12, 3, , 13, 2, , 14, 2, , 15, 2, , 16, 2, , 17, 3, , 18, 3, , 19, 3, , 20, 2, , 21. We could barely get any information at the airport. ........... people seemed to have ..........................., idea about the flights., (1) Many/any, (2) a lot of /any, (3) Only a few/some, (4) Any/no, 22. ............ teachers prefer a class that is fairly consistent in having pupils of the same level., (1) Most, (2) Neither, (3) Whole, (4) Every, 23. I have lost ............ toys I had(1) the few, (2) a, (3) any, (4) much, 24. Ann's looking for ........ new job., (1) a, (2) the, (3) an, (4) some, 25. ............ of the animals that live in the desert are nocturnal., (1) Much, (2) Some, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 170

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (3) Each, (4) Every, 26. I would like to have helped my friend but I had ......... time so I had to refuse her., (1) few, (2) plenty, (3) a little, (4) little, 27. The Amazon in Brazil is ............ longest river in ........... South America., (1) the, (2) -, the, (3) -,(4) a, the, 28. .......... Ramayana is our epic, (1) The, (2) A, (3) An, (4) Zero Article, 29. Jolly did not take ......... photos when she went on a holiday., (1) each, (2) every, (3) many of, (4) many, 30. There are ............ students who don't care for classes., (1) much, (2) many, (3) this, (4) a little, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, ans., 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 1, 1, 4, 31. The scheme was closed because ....... people were interested in it., (1) few, (2) a few, (3) a little, (4) none, 32. Why are you looking at ........ sky?, (1) a, (2) no article, (3) an, (4) the, 33. Neil armstrong was ...... first man to walk on the moon., (1) a, (2) an, (3) the, (4) zero article, 34. ............ students who attended the talk did not stay long., (1) A few, (2) The few, (3) Most of, (4) Most all, 35. There is .......... room left in the auditorium., (1), (2), (3), (4), 36. Do you know orwell's books? I haven't read .............., (1) much, (2) some, (3) more, (4) any, 37. Add ............. vowel after .......... last consonant., (1) an , the, (2) a, a, (3) an, a, (4) a, the, 38. Choose the correct option : ......... time has been wasted., (1) Few, (2) Many, (3) Much, (4) A few, 39. Don't forget to turn off ......... light when you go out., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 30, 2, , 171

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (1) the, (2) a, (3) both, (4) some, 40. Can you lend me ........ money?, (1) a few, (2) the, (3) some, (4) little, 41, 42, 43, 44, ans., 1, 4, 3, 2, , 45, 2, , 46, 4, , 47, 4, , 48, 3, , 49, 1, , 50, 3, , 41. There is hardly ............... reason to doubt his intensitions., (1) some, (2) much, (3) every, (4) any, 42. He is .......... last canditate to be interviewed., (1) a, (2) the, (3) very, (4) most, 43. ............ student will have to fill in a separate form., (1) All, (2) Much, (3) Each, (4) Few, 44. ........... people who came were also not interested in the programme., (1) The few, (2) Every, (3) Much, (4) Any, 45. ....... small shopkeepers are finding life increasingly difficult., (1) A, (2) An, (3) The, (4) Any, 46. ........... is known about the side effects of this durng., (1) Few, (2) Some, (3) Little, (4) None, 47. ............ rich should help .............. poor., (1) A,a, (2) The,a, (3) The, an, (4) The, the, 48. .......... pupil should obey his teacher., (1) A, (2) The, (3) An, (4) X, 49. Kalidas is .............. Shakespeare of India., (1) a, (2) an, (3) the, (4) X, 50. Hello ....... is Meera. Is ....... Rama?, Identify the correct pair of options for blanksin a telephonic converstion., (1) this, that, (2) that, this, (3) my, mine, (4) these, those, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, ans., 4, 2, 3, 1, 3, 3, 4, 1, , 49, 3, , 50, 1, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 172

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 51. Did you see ........ first half or ............ second half of the movie? Identify the correct pair of options, (1) the, the, (2) a, a, (3) few, fewer, (4) not, any, 52. I have quite ............ few books on art and culture., (1) the, (2) a, (3) many, (4) must, 53. There is nothing that .............. of us can do to help. (fill in the blank), (1) every, (2) much, (3) more, (4) any, 54. ............ his money has been stolen (Fill in the blank), (1) Most, (2) All, (3) Either, (4) Much, 55. There are ............... mistakes in this essay. ( Fill in the blank), (1) plenty, (2) the, (3) few, (4) a little, 56. That is ........... toy which I saw yesterday. (Fill in the blank), (1) an, (2) those, (3) little, (4) the, 57. She spent .............. useful hour in the botany garden. (Fill in the blank), (1) an, (2) a, (3) many, (4) some, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, ans., 1, 42, 4, 2, 3, 4, 2, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 173

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Preposition, (LDC 09.09.2018), Fill in the blank with the correct prepostion:, 1. She sat here ........... 8 O' clock, (1) in, (2) beside, (3) till, (4) besides, 2. She was blamed ......... the failure., (1) of, (2) on, (3) up, (4) for, 3. He lost control of the car and crashed .............. a wall., (1) into, (2) onto, (3) besides, (4) at, 4. The children ran ............. the room,, (1) into, (2) onto, (3) besides, (4) at, (LDC 16.09.2018), 5. Mary passed me ...... her bicycle., (1) at, (2) in, (3) above, (4) on, 6. It is terrible that some people are dying ........ hunger whil others eat too much., (1) of, (2) on, (3) in, (4) at, 7. Would you care .......a cup of coffee?, (1) of, (2) in, (3) about, (4) for, 8. Julia is studying chemistry ............university., (1) at, (2) on, (3) into, (4) by, (LDC 12.08.2018), 9. She travelled ............train to Delhi., (1) by, (2) after, (3) before, (4) in, 10. Hari killed the snake ............ a stick., (1) with, (2) by, (3) at, (4) over, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., ans., 3, 4, 3, 1, 4, 1, 4, 1, 1, (LDC 12.08.2018), 11. An amendment was made ..... the act., (1) through, (2) for, (3) since, (4) to, 12. We are accountable .......God .......... our actions., (1) to,for, (2) with,for, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 10, 1, , 174

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (3) with, to, (4) to, with, (LDC 19.08.2018), 13. There is a wall .........the house and the tree., (1) under, (2) in, (3) between, (4) after, 14. My younger sister was born ...... the eve of Diwali., (1) at, (2) in, (3) on, (4) by, 15. Don't walk .......... the railway line., (1) among, (2) out, (3) of, (4) across, (REET 2016), Fill in the blank with the appropriat preposition ., 16. He is angry ...........me., (1) on, (2) upon, (3) with, (4) at, (I Grade GK 2014), 17. He was very ill last year, but thank goodness, he pulled ...............(use the correct prepos;ition), (1) through, (2) off, (3) along, (4) on, (Librarian Grade-II Exam 02.08.2020), 18. ................ doing the cooking, I help Tom., (1) Beside, (2) Besides, (3) Also, (4) With, 19. How ................ you open my letter?, (1) may, (2) need, (3) dare, (4) used to, 20. Choose the correct preposition from the options below and fill in the blank, The Rule is applicable everyone., (1) to, (2) in, (3) on, (4) for, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, ans., 4, 1, 3, 3, 4, 3, 1, 2, 21. Those who count .......... other's help, generally lose the game., (1) about, (2) around, (3) by, (4) on, 22. 'An' article precedes ........ a vowel sound., (1) before, (2) with, (3) no preposition, (4) by, 23. He came back within an hour ...... the appointed time., (1) till, (2) untill, (3) of, (4) by, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 19, 3, , 20, 1, , 175

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 24. There is .............. infection from pollutants now than ever before., (1) much, (2) a lot, (3) more, (4) most, 25. I was tired ................ the end of the day. Fill in the blank with the appropriate option, (1) in, (2) at, (3) after, (4) with, 26. Warning! No unauthorized personnel ............... this point. (Fill in the blank), (1) about, (2) from, (3) beyond, (4) on, 27. I Prefer milk ...... tea for breakfast. (Fill in the blank), (1) to, (2) for, (3) than, (4) within, 28. It has been ages ............ I sang sang last. (Fill in the blank), (1) since, (2) for, (3) from, (4) by, 29. I must apologise ....... being late; my car broke down., (1) for, (2) upon, (3) to, (4) with, 30. The train is running ............. time., (1) behind, (2) after, (3) with, (4) between, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, ans., 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, , 30, 1, , 31. Correct the error relating to prepositions in the following sentence. 'Most of Leo Tolstoy's works, have been translated to Hindi and other Indian language.', (1) for, (2) from, (3) into, (4) besides, 32. Correct the error relating to prepositions in the following sentence., 'The economy was hit hard with the recession of the late 90s'', (1) according, (2) an, (3) by, (4) upon, 33. He was ashamed ............. behaving so badly., (1) to, (2) of, (3) by, (4) with, 34. Choose the correct option to fill in the blank., Open your books ............... page 35., (1) in, (2) by, (3) at, (4) the, 35. I'm not very clever ................ cooking. Fill in the blank with the appropriate option., (1) on, (2) at, (3) by, (4) in, 36. I want to convert ............. ancient castle into.............. awesome hotel., Identify the correct pair of options to fill in the blanks., (1) this, an, (2) these, a, (3) to much, too many (4) all, those, 37. They got married seventeen., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 176

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 38., , 39., , 40., , 41., , (1) above, (2) over, (3) into, (4) at, There is no cure ............ that disease., (1) of, (2) for, (3) to, (4) about, .............doing the cookin, I can help you with your computer work as well., (1) Beside, (2) Besides, (3) Except, (4) Also, He got to the station just ............ time to catch the 8.45 shuttle., (1) by, (2) in, (3) upon, (4) at, Due to heavy rains, the match was called ............, (1) of, (2) off, (3) down, (4) out, , ans., , 31, 3, , 32, 3, , 33, 2, , 34, 3, , 35, 2, , 36, 1, , 37, 4, , 38, 2, , Confusable Words, 1. This …………… is very suitable for a Housing Complex., (1) cite, (2) sigh, (3) sight, (4) site, 2. His manners are always ………………. When he is with friends., (1) descent, (2) decent, (3) dessent, (4) descend, 3. The ………. of the crime has been cordoned off., (1) seeing, (2) sence, (3) scene, (4) seen, 4. He ……….. to lend me money., (1) denied, (2) refused, (3) rejected, (4) excepted, 5. America was ……….. by Columbus., (1) invented, (2) founded, (3) discovered, (4) researched, Direction : Choose the correct option to complete the following Sentences :, 6. I cannot ………. It to you right now; tomorrow we will discuss about it., (1) demand, (2) disturb, (3) worry, (4) explain, 7. Despite his …….. he had to suffer., (1) punishment, (2) crime, (3) fault, (4) innocence, 8. In that queen’s ………. There was peace., (1) rein, (2) rain, (3) reign, (4) ran, 9. Not everybody shares my ………. ., (1) principals, (2) principalities, (3) principles, (4) personalities, 10. I don’t like his ……….. policy of pleasing people., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 39, 2, , 40, 2, , 41, 2, , 177

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (1) dual, (2) duel, (3) dwell, (4) doll, 11. The ……of the dress led to the misfit., (1) shrinkness, (2) shrinkful, (3) shrinkage, (4) shrinkhood, 12. I wish I had seen the show last night. I heard it was ……. A good performance., (1) quiet, (2) quit, (3) quite, (4) none, 13. She is ………. For the job., (1) legible, (2) eligible, (3) illegible, (4) illegal, 14. My parents …………… from Pakistan in 1947., (1) emigrated, (2) immigrated, (3) migrated, (4) exiled, 15. She has given her ………… to the proposal., (1) ascent, (2) assent, (3) accent, (4) adjacent, 16. The …….. is filled with water., (1) pale, (2) pail, (3) pall, (4) pal, 17. The government confirmed the ……… for the college building ., (1) sight, (2) cite, (3) site, (4) slight, 18. She invited everyone……… Tom., (1) expect, (2) accepted, (3) accept, (4) except, 19. Don’t ………. over the past., (1) veil, (2) wail, (3) vale, (4) well, 20. She must …… herself to her new surroundings., (1) adopt, (2) adapt, (3) adept, (4) adjure, 21. They generally ………. The timetable every year., (1) aliter, (2) altar, (3) halter, (4) alter, 22. He couldn’t ………. the cold., (1) bare, (2) beer, (3) bar, (4) bear, 23. The captain ………. The final charge in the battle., (1) led, (2) lead, (3) laid, (4) lied, 24. The ……… of the new medication was loss of appetite., (1) affect, (2) effect, (3) affect was, (4) effect was, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, Ans., 4, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, Ans., 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 21, 22, 23, 24, Ans., 4, 4, 1, 2, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 9, 3, 19, 2, , 10, 1, 20, 2, , 178

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Idioms/Phrases, 1. The idiom ‘break the ice’ means :, (1) removing the initial hesitation, (2) removing the dust, (3) clearing the dew, (4) insulting someone, 2. ‘To smell a rat’ means :, (1) to detect bad smell, (2) to misunderstand, (3) to suspect a trick, (4) to see hidden meaning., 3. ‘Achilles heel’ means :, (1) the strongest point, (2) a fatal weakness, (3) a big hill, (4) a folk dance, 4. “Salad days” means :, (1) days of one’s youthful inexperience., (2) days of one’s old age experiences., (3) days of abstaining from vices., (4) days full of hatred for all., 5. The idiom ‘At one’s fingertips’ means, (1) to take revenge, (2) matter of shame, (3) readily available knowledge, (4) balancing on fingers, In next two question, choose the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the idioam/, pharase., 6. ‘A man of weight’, (1) A fat person, (2) to truthful and trustworthy man, (3) a man of importance, (4) a notorious man., 7. ‘A fool’s paradise’, (1) Paradise of idiots, (2) A state of happiness for foolish reasons, (3) To live in the past, (4) To remain in the state of day dreaming., Choose the correct option to explain in idioms/phrases :, 8. To have a dig at :, (1) to weed out the grass, (2) to criticizes someone, (3) to sow seeds in a pot, (4) to praise someone, 9. By fits and starts :, (1) annoyingly, (2) angrily, (3) irregularly, (4) feverishly, 10. to come to light :, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 179

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (1) to lighten, (2) to show hidden anger, (3) to reveal, (4) to erase differences, 11. To brush up :, (1) to remove dust, (2) to wash with soap, (3) to hide, (4) to renew, 12. To break the ice :(1) to be a strong person, (2) to warm up something, (3) to break an awkward silence, (4) to crave out a passage in the, 13. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket(1) Avoid risky ventures if you want to be successful in life., (2) Don’t risk everything on the success of one venture., (3) One should try multiple things, at least one will succeed., (4) Those who are blessed with more children are happier., 14. Familiarity breeds contempt _, (1) Close association with someone leads to a loss of respect for them., (2) If you do an undesirable things daily then it becomes acceptable., (3) To many people living closely will eventually cause bitterness., (4) Routine has to be broken to bring excitement to life., 15. All bark and no bite –, (1) Children should only be scolded but never beaten., (2) To be full of big talk but lacking action, (3) The person who appears most scary will help you the most., (4) A person who talks a lot will never harm you., 16. A drop in a bucket., (1) As much as possible, (2) Nothing at all, (3) A handsome amount, (4) A very insignificant amount, 17. Draw a blank., (1) Paint something, (2) Find no favour, (3) Oblige someone, (4) Teach someone, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Ans., 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, Ans., 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 4, 2, , FCA-12, 45. Find the appropriate synonym for ‘Serene’., (1) Angry, (2) Strange, (3) Peaceful, (4) Agitated, 46. Fill in the blank space with suitable antonym., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 8, 2, , 9, 3, , 10, 3, , 180

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (1) transparent, (2) brittle, (3) smooth, (4) hard, 47. From the given choices fill in the blank with a suitable antonym., In the event of an attack the country must be prepared for ……….. (antonyms), (1) surrender, (2) escape, (3) defence, (4) revolt, 48. Which pair of words are similar in meaning?, (1) Lunatic-mad, (2) Guest-host, (3) Knowledge –ignorance, (4) Aversion – liking, 49., Choose the correct word to fill in the blank space :, One who believes in the existence of God is a/an ………….., (1) Stoic, (2) Atheist, (3) Theist, (4) Epicure, 50. ‘A person who only thinks about himself and talks only about himself’ is best defined by the, word., (1) Selfless, (2) Egoist, (3) dishonest, (4) Lazy, 51. Identify the sysonym of the word ‘Vigilance’., (1) Corruption, (2) Weird, (3) Vindictive, (4) Watchfulness, Choose the correct option to fill in the blank space (Q. 52-58), 52. A sound that cannot be heard is …………., (1) indelible, (2) innocuous, (3) invisible, (4) inaudible, 53 An …….. man is sure to be successful., (1) industrious, (2) indistrious, (3) industrees, (4) industreous, 54. The doctore ……. The woman that her son would recover., (1) assured, (2) ensured, (3) insured, (4) ensnared, 55. Could you please ………… an example to elucidate your point?, (1) site, (2) cite, (3) siet, (4) sight, 56. Students will go on an ……….. during the hodiday., (1) excusion, (2) ascursion, (3) excurtion, (4) excursion, 57. He is usually …….. about his appearance., (1) neglectfully, (2) neglect, (3) negligent, (4) negligible, 58. An infection affecting a disproportionately large number of individuals around the world at the, same time is (a/an) …………., (1) pandemic, (2) epidemic, (3) endemic, (4) outbreak, 59. “To make both ends meet” means:, (1) tie a rope at both points firmly., (2) bring two opposite things together., (3) to meet one’s day- to-day needs., (4) bring two contradictory ideas together., 60. “Cry over spilt milk” means., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 181

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (1) to weep over advantage., (2) waste time regretting something that can’t be undone., (3) worried over future losses., (4) spend precious time in a idle manner., 61. ‘A stitch in time saves nine’ means, (1) Stitching can save us, (2) Timely action prevents greater troubles., (3) Working is good., (4) To much worrying does not help., 62. Birds of the same feather flock together means, (1) Birds are lovely creatures., (2) All birds have feathers, (3) People are like birds., (4) People of similar tastes come together., 63. “To cut a sorry figure” means, (1) a bad artist, (2) to create poor impression, (3) to cry in vain, (4) fade away, 64. ‘To put one’s foot down’ means :, (1) to do something slowly, (2) to protest, to be firm, (3) to work leisurely, haltingly, (4) to act in an improper manner, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, Ans., 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 2, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, Ans., 2, 4, 3, 1, 3, 2, , 51, 4, 61, 2, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 52, 4, 62, 4, , 53, 1, 63, 2, , 54, 1, 64, 2, , 182

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Tense, Identify the correct option:., , (Acf and forest range officer – 2018), , 1. By the end of this year, I shall _______ here for ten years., 1. was being working, 2. is been working, 3. have been working, 4. has been working, 2. The old man was knocked down by a bus while he _______ the street., 5. Crosses, 6. Is crossing, 7. Was crossing, 8. Has crossing, 3. When the prime minister__________ the hall, the orchestra started playing the national anthem, 9. Was entered, 10. Is enter, 11. Has been entered, 12. Entered, 4. She ________ music while she was in Lucknow., 13. Studied, 14. Had been studied, 15. Is studied, 16. Was studied, Lecturer technical education exam – 2020, 5. Had my car been in a good working order I _______you to the station., 17. Would have drive, 18. Would have drived, 19. Would have driven, 20. Had droved, 6. The professor_______ an extraordinary man who _______ ordinary things., 1 . was, loving, 2. Was, was loving, 3. Is, love, 4. Was, loved, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 183

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 7. Tares said that he ___________ hard to make them believe him since the morning., 1. is trying, 2. have tried, 3. have been tried, 4. had been trying, 8. Mr. Bhandari said that unless they _________ to his plan of action, he would not leave., 1. were agreed, 2. agreed, 3. agreeing, 4. had agreed, 9. You may remember the evening when we first________ about_______to London., 1. Talk, going, 2. Talked, go, 3. talked, going, 4. talked, went, 10. If you________ for a few more days we can plan another holiday., 1. staying, 2. are staying, 3. will stayed, 4. have stayed, [School Lecturer (Sans): 04-08-2020), 11. He said that man ...mortal (be)., 1. were. 2. Is, , 3. Are., , 4. Might, , 12. The well _______dry., 1. is ran 2. was ran 3. has run, , 4. have run, , 13. We _____ you tomorrow (to see). (future continuous), (1) shall seeing., , (2) shall be seeing, , (3) will have seeing., , (4) can see, , 14. Our happiness or our sorrow _________largely due to our own actions., (1) were., , (2) is., , (3) has., , (4) have, , 15. Before we _______ our meal he ordered us back to work., 1. Had finished, , 2. Will finishing., , 3. Shall have been finishing, , 4. Finish, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 184

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, [High Court LDC Exam 2016], 16. How long you working in this office?, (1) How long have you working in this office?, (2) How long have you been working in this office?, (3) How long are working in this office., (4) How you working long in this office., 17. He never has, and never will take such a decision., (1) He never has taken, and never will take such a decision., (2) He never is and never will take such a decision., (3) He never and will never take such a decision., (4) He never take, and will took such a decision., 18. Her claim is .....on moral grounds., (1)justiced (2)justified (3) justifying (4) justify, 19. When I reached the station, the train....... (leave) already., 1. had left. 2. Was left., , 3. Has leaving., , 4. Has been left, , 20. Everyone _____ (come ) forward to help him in his hour of need., 1. Had coming 2. Be come 3. Is came 4. Came, 20. I________ to Agra before, so I don't wish to go there again., (1) had been, , (3) had gone, , 2) went., , (4) have been, , 21. Mohan_______ rather tired today., (1) seems. (2) is seeming, (3) is seem (4) do seems, Answer key, 1. 3, 9. 3, 17. 1, , 2. 3, 10. 2, 18. 2, , 3. 4, 11. 3, 19. 1, , 4. 1, 12. 2, 20. 1, , 5. 3, 13. 2, 21. 4, , 6. 4, 14. 3, 22. 1, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 7. 4, 15. 1, , 8. 2, 16. 2, , 185

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Tense, 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , 8., , 9., , 10., , She broke down when she .............. the news., (1) had heard, (2) was hearing, (3) heard, (4) was heard, I was sure that he ................ succeed., (1) will, (2) would, (3) shall, (4) should, It rained so hard that we .......... not go out., (1) could, (2) can, (3) may, (4) will, He kept looking at her, wondering where he ........... her before., (1) had seen, (2) have seen, (3) was seen, (4) was seeing, As soon as he ............ he went for a walk., (1) eats, (2) has eaten, (3) had eaten, (4) will eat, I ........... on this project since yesterday., (1) was working, (2) shall work, (3) work, (4) have been work, If you ......... hard, you will drill the nail in., (1) will hit, (2) hit, (3) are hitting, (4) have hit, I ............ him next month., (1) had visited, (2) have visited, (3) shall visit, (4) visited, She ....... your party if you had invited her., (1) would have gladly attended, (2) will gladly attend, (3) was to gladly attend, (4) would gladly attend, Identify the Tense in the sentences given belowI see flat stretch of ground., (1) Present simple, (2) Past simple, (3) Present perfect, (4) Present continuous, , Ans., , 1., 3, , 2., 2, , 3., 1, , 4., 1, , 5., 3, , 6., 4, , 7., 2, , 11. I get up early and eat my breakfast listening to the radio., (1) Present Continuous, (2) Present Perfect, (3) Present simple, (4) Present perfect continuous, 12. The Bible say love of money is the root of all evil., (1) Past simple tense, (2) Present simple tense, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 8., 3, , 9., 1, , 10, 1, , 186

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 13., , 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., , 18., , 19., , (3) Present perfect tense, (4) Past perfect continuous tense, It was very cold that night., (1) Past simple, (2) Past perfect, (3) Past continuous, (4) Past perfect continuous, He was looking ill., (1) Past simple, (2) Past continuous, (3) Past perfect, (4) Past perfect continuous, I have noticed this trait in many actors., (1) Past simple, (2) Past perfect, (3) Present perfect, (4) Present simple, I have often criticised the standards of cleanliness in the trains in India., (1) Past perfect, (2) Present perfect, (3) Present simple, (4) Past simple, I'm feeling tense and my head is aching., (1) Present Simple, (2) Present Perfect, (3) Present Continuous, (4) Past Continuous, The doctor had been working alone., (1) Past perfect continuous (2) Past perfect, (3) Past simple, (4) Present simple, Honey is sweet., (1) Present simple, (2) Present perfect, (3) Past simple, (4) Past perfect, , ans., , 11., 3, , 12, 2, , 13, 1, , 14, 2, , 15, 3, , 16, 2, , 17, 3, , 18, 1, , 19, 1, , Fill in the blank with the appropriate form of the tense/tense sequence., 21. By the time he returned, I ........ ten pages of my report., (1) typed, (2) typing, (3) had typed, (4) would have been typing, 22. Choose the correct tense from the options given below to fill in the blank in the given, sentence. It .......... when I got up., (1) isn't, (2) wasn't raining, (3) was not rain, (4) not raining, 23. From the given options, select the verb that agrees with the subject in the following sentence., (1) made, (2) make, (3) makes, (4) making, 24. 'What's that terrible noise? The neighbours............... a party'., (1) have been having, (2) had been having, (3) are having, (4) was having, 25. Unless you apologise......................, (1) I will praise you, (2) I would punish you, (3) I would have praised you (4) I will punish you, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 187

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 26. Ram ........... classes regularly since July., (1) Attended, (2) Had Attended, (3) Has been attending, (4) Attends, 27. Camels are peculiarly...............life in a desert., (1) adept at, (2) adapted to, (3) adapted at, (4) None of these, 28. ................., when a policeman knocked at the door., (1) Scarcely had he gone, (2) Scarcely did he go, (3) Scarcely would he go, (4) None of these, 29. He helped him more than he .............. his own children., (1) Helped, (2) Will help, (3) Will have helped, (4) Helps, 30. Fill in the blanks using the correct tense (of the verb): When I ........... (open)the door, I, .............. (see) a man on his knees. He .......... (listen) to our conversation and I .......... (wonder), how much he ............... (hear). Options :, (1) Opened; saw; has been listening; wonder; has heard., (2) Open; see; listens; wondered; heard, (3) Opens; see; listen; wonder; hears, (4) Opened; saw; had been listening; wondered; had heard., , ans., , 21, 3, , 22, 2, , 23, 2, , 24, 3, , 25, 4, , 26, 3, , 27, 2, , 28, 1, , 29, *, , 30, 4, , 31. Which part in the following sentence is wrong- Ram told me that he does not know me., (1) told, (2) that, (3) he, (4) does not, 32. Choose the incorrect sentence in the following.:, (1) The quality of the mangoes was not good., (2) Time and tide waits for none., (3) The horse and carriage are at the door., (4) Neither of the two-men was very strong., Choose the correct alternative for the blank in the following sentence., 33. Yesterday she ................ T.V. at this time., (1) watched, (2) had watched, (3) was watching, (4) has watched, Choose the correct Phrase to complete the sentence grammatically., 34. I look forward ....................., (1) to have seen you, (2) seeing you, (3) to seeing you, (4) to see you, Choose the correct helping verb to complete the sentence grammatically., 35. The population of the world .......................... risen very fast., (1) have, (2) has, (3) were, (4) none of these, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 188

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 36. Death rates form AIDS ................ fallen in the past ten years., (1) were, (2) have, (3) had, (4) has, 37. Death rates from cancer ............ fallen in the past twenty years., (1) were, (2) have, (3) had, (4) has, 38. He went to the Mail ..............., (1) to have seen you, (2) seeing you, (3) to seeing you, (4) to see you, 39. My friend ............... for me since 2 O' clock., (1) has been wating, (2) is waiting, (3) was waiting, (4) will be waiting, 40. By Diwali, I ........... working in the office for 10 years., (1) are, (2) shall have been, (3) had, (4) had been, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, ans., 4, 3, 3, 2, 4, 2, 2, 2, , 38, 4, , 39, 1, , 40, 2, , 41. The bird ..............for five hours., (1) was flying, (2) is flying, (3) flyed, (4) has been flying, 42. She will ............. my book on grammar., (1) break with, (2) brought, (3) has brought, (4) break out, 43. The principal ........... a nice person., (1) have, (2) had, (3) is, (4) were, 44. He ....... for American next year (leave), (1) was left, (2) left, (3) go, (4) is leaving, 45. It is fourteen year since I ........ him., (1) had seen, (2) see, (3) saw, (4) seeing, Correct the underlined part in the given sentence by choosing the most appropriate alternative., 46. I prefer riding on walking., (1) ride on walk, (2) riding from walking, (3) riding on walking, (4) none of these, 47. Every body ............... the importance of English., (1) knows, (2) know, (3) is knowing, (4) none of these, 48. No sooner did I take a cup of tea............... my friend came there., (1) but, (2) than, (3) then, (4) that, Choose the appropriate word that completes the sentence grammatically., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 189

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 49. He told me that he had waited for me..............., (1) tomorrow, (2) today, (3) the previous day, (4) the next day, 50. One who................poems is a poet., (1) is writing, (2) wrote, (3) writes, (4) will be writing, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, ans., 4, 1, 3, 4, 3, , 46, 3, , 47, 1, , 48, 2, , 49, 3, , 50, 3, , Choose the correct word to complete the given sentence., 51. My companion was a very ............. fellow who bored me with his endless chatter., (1) tiring, (2) tireless, (3) tiresome, (4) none of these, 52. Kusum speaks French .............. but makes mistakes in grammar., (1) loosely, (2) fluently, (3) fluidly, (4) currently, 53. The Home Minister had ordered a ............ enquiry in this case., (1) Judicious, (2) Justified, (3) Judicial, (4) Legal, Correct the underlined part in the given sentence by choosing the most appropriate alternative., 54. Please give him the another one., (1) the other one, (2) or other one, (3) the another, (4) an another one, 55. He ...........(teach) his boy to ride., (1) is teaching, (2) are teaching, (3) was teaching, (4) taught, 56. The roads were muddy. It .......... (rain) all night., (1) has been raining, (2) have rained, (3) had been raining, (4) rains, 57. I ............. (wear) my sung leasses today because the sun is very strong., (1) is wearing, (2) was wearing, (3) am wearing, (4) are wearing, 58. Sita ................. the match yesterday., (1) won, (2) win, (3) has won, (4) had won, 59. Identify the tense in - "I have lived twenty yours in Lucknow.", (1) Present Simple, (2) Present Perfect, (3) Past Perfect, (4) Past Simple, 60. Identify the tense in - "He is writing a letter"., (1) Present Continuous, (2) Present Simple, (3) Present Perfect, (4) Past Simple, , ans., , 51, 3, , 52, 2, , 53, 3, , 54, 1, , 55, 1, , 56, 3, , 57, 3, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 58, 1, , 59, 2, , 60, 1, , 190

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 61. Identify the tense in - "The roses in your garden are beautiful.", (1) Past Simple, (2) Past Perfect, (3) Present Perfect, (4) Present Simple, 62. Identify the Tense in sentences : "I had never been visited by him before.", (1) Past Perfect Tense, (2) Past Perfect Continuous Tense, (3) Past Indefinite, (4) Past Continuous Tense, 63. He ..........to Kolkata yesterday., (1) went, (2) she gone, (3) will be going, (4) was gone, 64. On the basis of the given sentence pick out the correct sentence converted in future tense, the, given options :, (1) A few scholars will left Karachi for abroad., (2) A few scholars shall leave Karachi for abroad., (3) A few scholars will leave Karachi for abroad., (4) A few scholars leave Karachi for abroad., 65. When Mrs. Singh ............ the baby cry, she ran to pick him up., (1) Heard, (2) Had heard, (3) Hears, (4) Was heard, 66. I ............. a car last month., (1) bought, (2) have bought, (3) would buy, (4) was bought, 67. At this time tomorrow, we .............. a film., (1) had been watching, (2) will be watching, (3) have been watching, (4) would have been watching, 68. I am learning English from my uncle., (1) Present Continuous, (2) Future Indefinite, (3) Past Continuous, (4) Present Perfect, 69. She reached the examination hall well in time., (1) Past Perfect, (2) Future Indefinite, (3) Present Perfect, (4) Past Indefinite, Identify the Tense in the following Sentences:, 70. "I have lived in Delhi for four years.", (1) Present Perfect Tense, (2) Present Indefinite Tense, (3) Present Continuous Tense (4) Present Continuous Tense, , ans., , 61, 4, , 62, 1, , 63, 1, , 64, 3, , 65, 1, , 66, 1, , 67, 2, , 68, 1, , 69, 4, , 70, 1, , 71. Identify the tense in the sentence given below:, 'At that time he had been writing a novel for two months.', (1) Past perfect tense, (2) Past continuous tense, (3) Simple past tense, (4) Past perfect continuous tense, 72. The Politicians had been making promisers along before election time. The statement is in, the......., tense., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , from, , 191

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (1) Past Continuous, (2) Present Perfect, (3) Present Perfect Continuous, (4) Past Perfect Continuous, 73. The verb Phrase 'have come' in the clause "Many doctors have come to the conclusion ..........", is in (1) Simple Present Tense, (2) Simple past tense, (3) Present Perfect Tense, (4) Past Perfect Tense., 74. Identify the tense of the following sentence., 'Will you call on me tomorrow?', (1) Present Indefinite, (2) Present Continuous, (3) Past Indefinite, (4) Future Indefinite, Look at the underlined part of sentence. Below each sentence are given three possible substitutions, for the underlined part. If one of them (1), (2) or (3) is better then the underlined part, indicate your, response on the Answer sheet against the corresponding number (1), (2) or (3). If none of the, substitutions improves the sentence, Indicate (4) as your response. i.e., "No improvement"., 75. Go North-East across the mountains till you will reach an island., (1) reached, (2) reach, (3) have reached, (4) No. improvement, 76. I shall be obliged if you could grant me an interview., (1) give, (2) allow, (3) permit, (4) No Improvement, 77. By 8.00 in the morning he wrote four letter to his friends., (1) had written, (2) had been writting, (3) was writing, (4) No improvement, 78. I was living in Chennai for ten year when I was a child., (1) had lived, (2) lived, (3) had been living, (4) No improvement, 79. I didn't go office because I was ill., (1) felt, (2) had come, (3) had felt, (4) No improvement, 80. "The man disappeared after has was rescuing a boy from drowing.", (1) has been rescued, (2) had rescued, (3) was rescued, (4) No improvement, , ans., , 71., 4, , 72, 4, , 73, 3, , 74, 4, , 75, 2, , 76, 4, , 77, 1, , 81. "No sooner had he completed his first novel than he fell seriously ill.", (1) he completed, (2) he had completed, (3) could he completed, (4) No improvement., Supply the correct from of the verb 'remember' in the following sentence., 82. "I ......... your name.", (1) am remembering, (2) remember, (3) was remembering, (4) have remember, Pick out the correct verb from83. "She was walking along the road, when she ........ him.", (1) met, (2) have met, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 78, 2, , 79, 4, , 80, 2, , 192

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (3) was meeting, (4) meet, Select the correct from of the verb84. She ....... the right answer., (1) knows, (2) know, (3) is knowing, (4) known, 85. The obligatory element of the Auxiliary is(1) Tense, (2) Aspect, (3) Mood, (4) Both mood and Aspect, 86. The most irregular verb in English is(1) Have, (2) Do, (3) Seem, (4) Be, 87. I ran as fast as I ..........................., (1) can, (2) could, (3) might, (4) may, 88. People who Live in glass houses ............... not throw stones., (1) would, (2) must, (3) should, (4) could, 89. The candidate .................... submit three copies of his thesis to the research section of the, university., (1) shall, (2) will, (3) may, (4) can, 90. People eat so that they ................ live., (1) can, (2) may, (3) will, (4) shall, , ans., , 81, 4, , 82, 2, , 83, 1, , 84, 1, , 85, 1, , 86, 3, , 87, 2, , 88, 3, , 89, 1, , 90, 2, , 91. The stores ............... stay open till 10 p.m., (1) shall, (2) will, (3) may, (4) might, 92. No sooner did the train ...................... at the plat from than the passengers rushed towards it., (1) arrive, (2) arrived, (3) will arrive, (4) had arrived, 93. Much ................. since they were here last, (1) has happened, (2) was happened, (3) would happen, (4) have happening, 94. She ............ the best apples from the basket., (1) choose, (2) chose, (3) was chosen, (4) choosing, 95. He ........... to the teacher about his homework., (1) lie, (2) lying, (3) laid, (4) lied, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 193

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 96. The prisoner was .............. to death ., (1) hung, (2) hanging, (3) hanged, (4) hunged, 97. The bell ................ at regular intervals., (1) ringing, (2) rings, (3) runged, (4) ringed, 98. The bus was ................ apart by the blast., (1) torn, (2) teared, (3) torned, (4) teered, 99. One of my books................. missing., (1) are, (2) is, (3) has, (4) was, 100. I tried to learn English for years, but I ...................., (1) have not succeed, (2) not succeeded, (3) have not succeeded, (4) has not succeeded, , ans., , 91, 2, , 92, 1, , 93, 1, , 94, 2, , 95, 4, , 96, 3, , 97, 2, , 98, 1, , 101.He ............. his watch while he was travelling., (1) losed, (2) lost, (3) lossed, (4) losted, 102. The house, with all its contents, ................... insured., (1) were, (2) was, (3) are, (4) has, 103. Either he or I ............... mistaken., (1) am, (2) are, (3) were, (4) is, 104 Everyone of the boys ................. to ride a bike., (1) loving, (2) love, (3) loves, (4) are loving, 105.He ................. in this house for twenty years., (1) living, (2) has lived, (3) has had live, (4) had has been living, 106. If I ............. wealthy, I should have many friends., (1) would be, (2) were, (3) should be, (4) had been, 107. If I ..............attended the training course, I would have learnt something., (1) had, (2) would have, (3) have, (4) should have, 108. This torch............ three batteries., (1) is holding, (2 holds, (3) hold, (4) holded, 109. Your English has improved ...................., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 99, *, , 100, 3, , 194

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (1) in 2010, (2) since she started teaching you, (3) since she would be teaching you, (4) since she could be teaching you, 110. I saw my parents .................., (1) for four days, (2) four days ago, (3) since four days, (4) since/for four days, , ans., , 101, 2, , 102, 2, , 103, 1, , 104, 3, , 105, 2, , 106, 2, , 107, 1, , 108, 2, , 109, 2, , 111. I went to the court because I a show cause notice., (1) received, (2) had received, (3) have received, (4) has received, 112. I ................ tea before I left for school., (1) take, (2) have taken, (3) had taken, (4) had been taken, 113. I ............ him for a doctor every time I met him., (1) am mistaken, (2) mistook, (3) have mistaken, (4) has mistaken, 114. The old paintings of Rajasthan ........fabulous prices in America., (1) fetch, (2) fetched, (3) is fetched, (4) is fetching, 115. All suggestion sent to the Chairman ................ in the next meeting., (1) are taken up, (2) will be taken up, (3) have been taken up, (4) is taken up, 116. The pick pocket ............red handed by the police., (1) has caught, (2) caught, (3) was caught, (4) was being caught, 117. Mica .................in Rajasthan., (1) found, (2) is founded, (3) is found, (4) founded., 118. Hundreds of books ............. every year but only a few of them are of use to students., (1) are written, (2) Were written, (3) have written, (4) had written, 119. The leader asked his followers .................... go away., (1) do not, (2) not to, (3) do not to, (4) shall not, Choose the right answer from the given alternatives :, 120. I don't necessarily want to ............... a crisis but I have some bad news to tell you all, (1) give, (2) bring, (3) start, (4) precipitate, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 110, 2, , 195

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , ans., , 111, 2, , 112, 3, , 113, 2, , 114, 1, , 115, 2, , 116, 3, , 117, 3, , 118, 1, , 119, 2, , 120, 4, , 128, 3, , 129, 2, , 130, 2, , 121. The leader asked his followers ................ go away., (1) do not, (2) not to, (3) do not to, (4) shall not, 122. They ............... eagerly for the result to be declared., (1) have be waiting, (2) have been waited, (3) have been wait, (4) have been waiting, 123. He you woken up earlier, you ............. seen a beautiful sunrise., (1) would have, (2) will have, (3) would be, (4) would have being, 124. She always ............. an umbrella., (1) carries, (2) have carry, (3) had carry, (4) would carried, 125. Until he ............... his work, he will not be allowed to go out., (1) finishing, (2) will have finish, (3) not finishes, (4) finishes, 126. Much ............... since you left this place., (1) happened, (2) was happened, (3) has happened, (4) be happening, 127. He said that he had not .................. a more enjoyable movie., (1) seeing, (2) seen, (3) saw, (4) see, 128. This dress in nearly .................. out., (1) wear, (2) wore, (3) worn, (4) wored, Identify the tense in the sentences given below., 129. He drinks tea every morning., (1) Present Continuous, (2) Present Simple, (3) Past Simple, (4) Present Perfect, 130. I ate my food., (1) Past Perfect, (2) Past Simple, (3) Past Continuous, (4) Present Simple, , ans., , 121, 2, , 122, 4, , 123, 1, , 124, 1, , 125, 4, , 126, 3, , 127, 2, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 196

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 131. I am reading a book., (1) Present Simple, (2) Past Simple, (3) Present Continuous, (4) Past Continuous, 132. I have read most of Dicken's novels, (1) Present Perfect, (2) Present Simple, (3) Past Perfect, (4) Past Simple, 133. When I arrived Anne had just left., (1) Present Perfect, (2) Present Continuous, (3) Past Perfect, (4) Past Continuous, 134. I have been writing letters since breakfast., (1) Present Perfect, (2) Past Perfect, (3) Past Continuous, (4) Present Perfect Continuous, 135. He had been trying to get her on the phone., (1) Past Perfect Continuous (2) Present Perfect Continuous, (3) Past Perfect, (4) Present Perfect, 136. How long have you been learning English?, (1) Past Perfect Continuous (2) Past Perfect, (3) Present Perfect, (4) Present Perfect Continuous, Fill in the blank with correct from of verb:, 137. Open the door so that we ................. come in., (1) can, (2) must, (3) need, (4) will, 138. I think you ............ to see a doctor immediately., (1) used, (2) need, (3) must, (4) should, 139. You ............. be tired after such a long journey., (1) dare, (2) have, (3) must, (4) ought, 140. Unless he ............ harder, he will not succed., (1) tried, (2) tries, (3) will tries, (4) is try, , ans., , 131, 3, , 132, 1, , 133, 3, , 134, 4, , 135, 1, , 136, 4, , 137, 1, , 141. ............. they left early, they would have reached by now., (1) Have, (2) Had, (3) Would, (4) Must, 142. Many of us have .............. since morning., (1) been waited, (2) been waiting, (3) been wait, (4) waiting, 143. ..................she go to the library everyday?, (1) Does, (2) Do, (3) Is, (4) Has, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 138, 2, , 139, 3, , 140, 2, , 197

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 144. If it rains, the college will .....................closed., (1) being, (2) be, (3) surely, (4) must, 145. He ............ Delhi in 2010., (1) has left, (2) was leaving, (3) had left, (4) left, 146. He ................ a line across the page., (1) drawing, (2) drawn, (3) drew, (4) drawed, 147. I have not .............. in tag., (1) see, (2) seen, (3) been, (4) gone, 148. One of my friends ............... going to America., (1) are, (2) is, (3) were, (4) have been, Fill the blank with correct from of verb., 149. Look, that man is ..................a photo of you., (1) takes, (2) will take, (3) took, (4) taking, 150. Someone has .............. my books., (1) steal, (2) stolen, (3) stole, (4) will steal, , ans., , 141, 2, , 142, 2, , 143, 1, , 144, 2, , 145, 4, , 146, 3, , 147, 2, , 151. Slow and steady.................. the race., (1) win, (2) will win, (3) wins, (4) won, 152. They ran past me and jumped into a car., (1) Past Perfect, (2) Past Continuous, (3) Past Simple, (4) Present Simple, 153. I am pleading for the preservation of trees., (1) Simple Present Tense, (2) Past Tense, (3) Present Continuous Tense, (4) Past Continuous Tense, Identify the tense in the given sentence 154. She has worked out all the sums., (1) Present Simple, (2) Past Simple, (3) Present Continuous, (4) Present Perfect, 155. I am reading a book., (1) Present Perfect, (2) Past Continuous, (3) Present Continuous, (4) Present Simple, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 148, 2, , 149, 4, , 150, 2, , 198

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 156. My sister saw a snake while she ............... in the garden., (1) was walking, (2) walks, (3) is walking, (4) were walking, 157. I was standing outside the post office., (1) Present Continuous, (2) Past Continuous, (3) Past Simple, (4) Past Perfect, Directions - Fill in the blanks from the words given below., 158. She deserved the accolades as she .................. for it., (1) hardly worked, (2) had hard worked, (3) was working hard, (4) had worked hard, Fill in the blank with suitable tense forms of the verb., 159. I ...............for my pen. Have you seen it?, (1) Look, (2) Am looking, (3) Will looked, (4) looking, 160. My younger daughter learnt in class yesterday that the Earth .............. around the sun. (Fill in, the, blank), (1) Revolves, (2) Is revolving, (3) Revolved, (4) Was revolving, , ans., , 151, 3, , 152, 3, , 153, 3, , 154, 4, , 155, 3, , 156, 1, , 157, 2, , 158, 4, , 159, 2, , 161. Where is he? I ................ for him since three O' clock!, (1) Am waiting, (2) Have been waiting, (3) Was waiting, (4) Had been waiting, Identify the tense in the following sentence;, 162. I ate three apples on last Wednesday., (1) Past Perfect, (2) Present Perfect, (3) Past Continuous, (4) Simple Past, Choose the option that grammatically meaningfully completes the given sentence., 163. The last train ............... at midnight everyday., (1) lefted, (2) had left, (3) leaves, (4) was left, Choose the option that grammatically and meaningfully completes the given sentence., 164. Neither of them complained, ..................they?, (1) didn't, (2) don't, (3) did, (4) do, Choose the correct from of the verb to fill in the blank in the sentence given below., 165. She ................... all the entries before the submitted her application form., (1) had revised, (2) was revised, (3) revises, (4) will have revise, Choose the best option 166. My friend, philosopher and guide ................going abroad., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 160, 1, , 199

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (1) are, (2) is, (3) being, (4) am, 167. A variety of beverages .................. flooded the market., (1) has, (2) hadn't, (3) have, (4) would, 168. A hundred and twenty kilo meters an hour ................ much too fast., (1) is, (2) are, (3) am, (4) being, Pick the correct option to till in the blank space., 169. The children.......................a good time out in the garden., (1) was having, (2) are having, (3) has had, (4) had been, 170. If I were an actress, I ................. Hollywood films too. Pick up the appropriate option to fill in, the blank space., (1) will sign, (2) would have signed, (3) would sign, (4) will have sign, , ans., , 161, 2, , 162, 4, , 163, 3, , 164, 3, , 165, 1, , 166, 2, , 167, 3, , 168, 1, , 169, 2, , 170, 3, , 171. .................. keep calm. Pick up the correct option to fill in the blank space., (1) Somewhere happen, (2) Whether happen, (3) If happening, (4) Whatever happens, 172. She wouldn't have owned such a big office if ................... the challenging contract. Pick the, appropriate option to till in the blank space., (1) she had not signed, (2) she not signed, (3) she does not sign, (4) she did not signed, 173. He is always ............ his temper. Identify the correct option to till in the blank., (1) lost, (2) losing, (3) had lost, (4) has been loosing, 174. Did the postman............ this morning? Identify the correct option to fill in the blank., (1) come, (2) came, (3) had came, (4) had been coming, 175. The train ............. in ten minutes, so hurry. (Fill in the blank), (1) has been leaving, (2) left, (3) was leaving, (4) leaves, Identify the correct option to fill in the blank., 176. He ..........faster than we did., (1) ran, (2) running, (3) run, (4) runs, 177. The news .......... true. (Fill in the blank), (1) is, (2) are, (3) had, (4) have, 178. Their means .............. simple. (Fill in the blank), , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 200

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, (1) are, (2) is, (3) has, (4) had, 179. A bunch of keys ................lying on the table., (1) is, (2) are, (3) were, (4) has, 180. All citrus fruits ................. a rich source of vitamin C. (Fill in the blank), (1) has, (2) are, (3) was, (4) is, , ans., , 171, 4, , 172, 1, , 173, 2, , 174, 1, , 175, 4, , 176, 1, , 177, 1, , 178, 1, , 179, 1, , 181. A word which gives impression both of verb and adjective is :(1) Noun, (2) Pronoun, (3) Gerund, (4) Particle, 182. He bought a dress as well as a watch. 'as well as', (1) A noun, (2) A preposition, (3) A conjunction, (4) An interjection, 183. A word that expresses some sudden feeling is called., (1) An interjection, (2) A conjunction, (3) A preposition, (4) A verb, 184. That which adds to the meaning of verb is(1) An adjective, (2) An adverb, (3) A conjunction, (4) An interjection, 185. ............... is lying on the table. (fill in the blank), (1) A new pair of glasses, (2) A new pair of lass, (3) A new pairs of glass, (4) New pair of glass, 186. Neither of the students.............. interested in extra classes. (Fill in the blank), (1) were, (2) have been, (3) are, (4) is, 187. Many a flower .................... born to bloom unseen., (1) are, (2) is, (3) being, (4) having, 188. One of my books ................. still missing., (1) are, (2) were, (3) is, (4) be, , ans., , 181, 4, , 182, 3, , 183, 1, , 184, 2, , 185, 1, , 186, 4, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 187, 2, , 188, 3, , 180, 2, , 201

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Phrases with a/ an, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , in a temper,, in a mood,, in a dilemma,, in a hurry,, in a fix,, in a rage,, in a nutshell,, at a loss,, at a discount,, at a premium,, at a stone's throw,, at a stretch,, as a matter of fact,, as a rule,, a short while ago,, make a noise,, make a fuss,, make a guess,, make a fool of oneself,, make a deal with,, have a cold., , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , have a headache,, have a fever,, have an opportunity,, have a pain,, have a cough,, have a rest,, have a sleep,, have a walk,, have a chance,, have a talk,, have a bath,, have a swim,, have a meal,, have a drink,, have an interest in,, have a pride in,, get a headache,, give a warning,, take an interest in,, take a vacation,, take a risk., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 202

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Articles – spotting the error, 1. Pacific Ocean is the deepest ocean in the world., 2. The only Indian to win the Nobel prize for the literature was Rabindranath Tagore., 3. Unless you are careful, you are bound to make mistake in your work., 4. The police asked us about our movements on a night of the crime., 5. Judge in him prevailed upon the father and he sentenced his son to death., 6. Children enjoy listening to ghost stories especially on Halloween night., 7. A milk can provide protein for a nutritionally balanced diet., 8. I know a doctor you are referring to., 9. This is most important lesson which we will have to study very carefully., 10. The Ganges is for North India what Krishna is for South India., 11. I like to travel by the air as I am a very busy., 12. The Chairman and the Trustee was removed from his post because he had, misappropriated the fund., 13. She found herself in a trouble when she saw the stalker following her persistently., 14. All the people of India know that Gandhi ji was a very wise and a noble., 15. The man is the only creature that is endowed with the art of humour., 16. It is very difficult to find out the number of the creatures living on the earth., 17. While climbing the hill, to his amazement, the poor man found the box., 18. Akbar became a heir to the throne., 19. Let judge in you decide what punishment should be given to him., 20. My teacher said that Sun is a star., 21. Due to its beauty Kashmir is known as Switzerland of India., 22. Second chapter of this book is very difficult., 23. Honest are always rewarded., 24. The Prime minister and President of the party is on a visit to the town., 25. Most of the people of Southern India do not know the Hindi., 26. He went for the lunch at 1 p.m. and then returned., 27. Every morning the Sun rises in east., 28. He is best player in India., 29. When I met him the couple of days back he was writing a new book., 30. It is pity that he does not behave humbly with his parents and friends, 31. Being M.A. only he could not be appointed to the post of a lecturer., 32. He always takes heavy breakfast because he generally skips lunch., 33. Please go and find out dog so that you may not lose it forever., 34. Snake we saw was very deadly though it left the kitchen quietly., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 203

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 35. Tonight I shall go to the bed early because I have to leave for Mumbai at dawn, tomorrow., 36. She lives in first storey of the house and she has to come down quite often, 37. It is said that he is a wise man. He can err Vedas., 38. Kapil Dev brought glory to India by winning World Cup in 1983., 39. It is futile to give an advice to a person who would not listen to you., 40. He has been sent to the prison several times but has not shown any sign of, improvement in his conduct., 41. He was watching the television when I called on him last night., 42. Tea we used to get in the Scouting Camp was never to our taste., 43. I shall never forget a good deed you did to me, when I was in crisis., 44. Higher you go, colder it is., 45. The old woman placed kettle on fire and come back to the bedroom., 46. Wisdom of Vikramaditya solved many riddles that pepole brought to him for, solution., 47. The Chinese is a very difficult language to understand for those who have never, been to China., 48. The doctor advised me to rest for few days., 49. This alloy is made from half a gold and half a copper., 50. Ganga is the longest river of India., 51. There are many types of microbes freely moving in universe., 52. I love to play the cricket whenever I am free., 53. I went to see the Taj Mahal and then the Humayun’s tomb., 54. Equator divides the earth into two hemisphere., 55. The English is a very popular Language., 56. He was pained to realise that he had little leisure left., 57. I was at loss and did not know what to do., 58. Ramesh said he would pack few things he had and vacate the room., 59. Mahatma Gandhi did not solve all the future problems but he did solve problems, of his own age., 60. To improve your vocabulary one thing that you should do is to read Economic, times., 61. You should be true to a word because it is a characteristic of a gentleman., 62. Higher you go, colder it is., 63. Child needs love and attention if he is to be brought up as a healthy young man., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 204

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 64. Rajputs belong to a martial race since they were organised into the force to fight, against the oppression of the invaders., 65. My brother is _________ solider. He is in ____________ army., 66. What a kind of fellow he is, if his enemies are to be believed., 67. He knows how to play flute. He learnt it while he was a student., 68. Do you take a sugar and if so, how much., 69. It is very difficult to get a taxi at such a hour as it is already 11 p.m., 70. we saw was very deadly though it left the kitchen quietly., 71. Those in hurry should realise that speed is no key to success in life., 72. William is a heir to the throne of the Great Britain., 73. What nice mother she is, because she takes care of every small need of her, children., 74. Surdas is often called Milton of India., 75. District magistrate possesses both the civil and the criminal jurisdiction., 76. A first European sailor who came to India was Vasco- da- Gama., 77. The more they earn, more they spend on luxury items., 78. He is same man that met me for a piece of work., 79. I have read many stories about great Prithviraj Chauhan., 80. The English is spoken by English all over the world., 81. Moon is smaller than earth., 82. Gita is my favorite philosophical book which I read daily., 83. One of the students said, “Professor is late today.", 84. Please give me cake that is on the counter., 85. ________energy sector has not been able to keep pace with ______rate of, economic development., 86. She is approaching _____age of 65 now and she still works 16 hours _____ day., 87. Sun is a hot ball of gases., 88. There are opportunities for both the rich and poor., 89. Please do not make noise., 90. The Valmiki’s Ramayana is one of the greatest epics of the world., 91. The North America has the Arctic Ocean on the north., 92. Do you deserve love of your parents., 93. Beauty from South Africa broke all the stereotypes., 94. Police must have little sensitivity., 95. The wright brothers invented aeroplane., 96. Gandhis are very popular in Indian politics., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 205

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 97. Older he gets, Weaker he becomes., 98. The doctors lost little hope, that they had, when they saw the victim., 99. Indian defence forces fought the enemy till the last soldier was standing., 100. Headmaster has instructed the teachers to follow the rules of the school., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 206

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Determiners – Spotting the errors, 1. He is an expert on languages, but he knows few about mathematics., 2. Unfortunately, I have few talent for music although I have always wanted to be a, famous singer., 3. I had to live in Paris and Madrid for many years because of my business but I don’t, like neither city much., 4. Both players in the tennis match have been warned by the referee but either of them, seems to take it seriously., 5. You can learn swimming if you have little patience., 6. She has eaten each / all the chocolates in the box, 7. We could barely get any information at the airport only a little people seemed to, have some idea about the flights., 8. I didn't have many / much trouble getting the passports. I only had a problem with, my photo because it was an old one., 9. There isn’t any/ some point at all in getting upset about it., 10.I do not have any / some information., 11.Very few/ a few people came so show was cancelled., 12.The teacher gave each/every of the students a piece of paper ., 13.Many/ much people were killed in the Tsunami., 14.I don’t know how much/ many hours she has spent on reading., 15.She knew my both children., 16.Her both brothers are living in Canada., 17.Both of my brothers don’t live at home any more., 18.Each of the children were reading a book., 19.I’ve seen two films about Churchill, every was very interesting., 20.I am not going to buy any/ some cake for tonight., 21.I am going to buy some / any cake for tonight., 22.Many a men has tried but few men have succeeded., 23.Many good man has been destroyed by booze., 24.Hardly anyone/ someone turned for the party., 25.Could I borrow some/ any money from you ?, , Preposition – spotting the error, 1. The knife by/ with which you are cutting is sharp., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 207

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 2. I can deal with/in any problem., 3. A soldier should value honour above/over life., 4. I can swim across/over the Ganga., 5. She achieved fame along with money., 6. His father deals with sugar., 7. The hotel is under/in construction., 8. Distribute these apples between all the children., 9. A lot of changes have taken place among the two world wars., 10. The examination will start at Monday., 11. Time is compared with a tide ., 12. Audi is compared to BMW., 13. The decline in Rajput empire started., 14. The decline of temperature has been noted., 15. He will reach here till tomorrow evening., 16. She is feeding the child with a spoon., 17. I have not gone there for Tuesday., 18. I sent this message from mistake., 19. The match is around to start., 20. The train is arriving upon platform number 8., 21. The answer are to be written with ink., 22. She is suffering by jaundice., 23. She died of loss of blood., 24. He died from Cholera., 25. I apologized ___ them., 26. I apologized _____ my mistake., 27. Political parties disagree _______ one another., 28. Political parties disagree_____ the question of reservation for high posts., 29. He deals _______ everyone in polite manner., 30. He is so bold and brave that he is compared _____ a lion., 31. He came despite of his busy schedule., 32. I met him in the way., 33. The four daughters divided the property between themselves., 34. On a holiday I prefer reading story books than visiting my friends., 35. India is in no way inferior than China., 36. The beautiful, young girl jumped in the river in a state of depression., 37. He stated that he prefers tea than coffee., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 208

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 38. He was killed with/by his servant with/by a knife., 39. The paper was signed with/ by him in/ with red ink., 40. 40 Beside being foolish, he is egoist too., 41. He was produced in front of the court., 42. Shoes are made from leather., 43. Amphibians are different than reptiles., 44. The bucket is filled with/from water., 45. He deprived me of/from my rights., 46. He is superior than me., 47. The train arrived prior than time., 48. I am annoyed at you., 49. I am annoyed with your idiocy., 50. I succeeded in my first attempt., 51. I am good in writing essay., 52. This luggage belongs to me., 53. Despite of working hard he failed., 54. His news channel aspires to have a million viewers until the weekend., 55. We were not invited lunch., 56. Write your name in the top of the page., 57. Children, By force of habit, are attracted................ any thing that glitters., 58. We had decided that would meet........ the way to the office., 59. They succeeded....... escaping from the prison., 60. The birds are sitting on the tree., 61. The birds are sitting in the branches of the tree., 62. He was sitting in a tree., 63. He was sitting under the shade of a tree., 64. The shirt is made from cotton., 65. The house is in construction., 66. The poet described about the spring season., 67. He attacked on me with a dagger., 68. He resembles to his father., 69. He came to visit is at / on Christmas., 70. He came at the late afternoon., 71. The conference will be held in Jaipur on 26th January., 72. When he was sleeping a thief entered into his house., 73. She is obedient for her parents., 74. He is responsible to the bank robbery., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 209

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 75. We are aware about our rights., 76. The teacher was angry at his student., 77. The U.N insists on better understanding between the countries of the world., 78. The flood affected people are looking forward with the visit of the governor., 79. The lawyer has been waiting for the prisoner since two hours., 80. We thought that the train would be late but it arrived exactly in time., 81. The train is passing in the tunnel., 82. The migrant laborers were in need of/for food., 83. Are you in need of/for help?, 84. There is no need of/ for further explanation., 85. The poor man is in need of /for warm clothes., 86. People in the flooded areas are in need of/for direct assistance., 87. A large sign near the entrance warns the visitors to beware about leopards., 88. She has been living here for ten years., 89. Put a blanket on the baby., 90. We shall have finished the syllabus till the end of next month., 91. I advised to him to go., 92. He did not reply me., 93. He returned India behind a long time., 94. He got a prestigious job through he was not worthy for it., 95. Emergency was declared in the night of 25th June 1975., 96. He went across the ., 97. He went across the forest., 98. After his death, his wife and children died of misery and starvation., 99. The meeting began at about 2 p.m. and he had arrived quite earlier., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 210

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Topics for paragraph writing, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Role of Media in Generating Public, opinion, Does Indian History Needs-to be Re, written?, National Healthcare, Nanotechnology, Human Cloning, Our Education System, Right to Education, Brain Drain, Distance Education-Its Future in India, Dowry-A Curse to Indian Society, India and China, India and Globalisation, Inclusive Growth in India, Reforming the Public Sector, Poverty in India, Population Explosion in India, , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , The Role of Multinationals in Indian, Special Economic Zone (SEZ), Disaster Management, Biodiversity, Gender discrimination, Social networking – blessing or curse, for the society, Consumer protection laws in India, Global population, Surrogate motherhood, Drug addiction, The lost childhood, Crime against women in india, Transparency in administration, Religion and politics, Trial by media, Right to information, Uniform civil code, Judicial reforms, Global Warming, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 211

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 212, , Answer key – Prepositions, 60., 61., 62., 63., 64., 65., 66., 67., 68., 69., 70., 71., 72., 73., 74., 75., 76., 77., 78., 79., 80., 81., 82., 83., 84., 85., 86., 87., 88., 89., 90., 91., 92., 93., 94., 95., 96., 97., 98., 99., , The knife with, Deal with, Honour above, Swim across, No error, Deals in, Under construction, Among all, Between the two world wars, On Monday, Compared to, Compared with, Decline of, Decline in, Here by, No error, Since Tuesday, By mistake, About to, At platform, In ink, Suffering from, From loss of blood, Died of, Apologized To, Apologized for, Disagree with, Disagree on, Deals with, Compared to, Despite his busy, On the way, Among, Replace than with to, Inferior to, Into the river, Tea to coffee, By his servant with knife, Signed by him in red ink., Besides being, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., , Produced before, Made of, Different from, Filled with, Deprived of, Superior to, Prior to, Annoyed with, Annoyed at, No error, At writing, No error, Remove of, By the weekend, Invited to, At the top, to, On the way, Succeeded in, In the tree, On the branches, Under, In the shade, Made of, Under construction, Remove about, Remove on, Remove to, At Christmas, In the late, At Jaipur, Remove into, Obedient to, No error, Aware of, Angry with, Among the countries, Looking forward to, For two hours, On time, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 41., 42., 43., 44., 45., 46., 47., 48., 49., 50., 51., 52., 53., 54., 55., 56., 57., 58., , Through the tunnel, Need of, Need of, Need for, Need of, Need of, Beware of, No error, Over the baby, By the end, Remove to after advised, Use to after reply, After a long time, Worthy of it, On the night, Through the forest, Differ with, Died from, 59. At 2 p.m.

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Answer key – Articles, 41., 42., 43., 44., 45., 46., 47., 48., 49., 50., 51., 52., 53., 54., 55., 56., 57., 58., 59., 60., 61., 62., 63., 64., 65., 66., 67., 68., 69., 70., 71., 72., 73., 74., 75., 76., 77., 78., 79., 80., , Use ‘The’ before pacific., Remove ‘the’ before literature (subject), Use ‘a’ before mistake., Replace ‘a’ with ‘the’, Use ‘the’ before judge. ( personality present, inside a person), Use ‘the ' before Halloween night., Remove ‘a’ before milk., Remove ‘a’ before doctor., Use ' the’ before most., Use ‘the’ before Krishna (river), Remove ‘the’ before air, Remove ' the ' before trustee., Remove ’a’before trouble., Remove ‘a’before noble., Remove ’the’ before man., Remove ‘the’ before creatures., Replace the with a., Use an before heir., Use ‘the’ before judge., Use ‘the’ before sun., Use ‘the’ before Switzerland., Use ‘the ' before second ( ordinal number)., Use ‘the’ before honest., Use ‘the’ before president., Remove ‘the’ before Hindi ( language)., Remove ‘the’ before lunch., Use ‘the’ before east., Use ‘the’ before best., Replace ‘the’ with ‘a’., Use ‘a’ before pity., Use ‘an’ before M.A., Use ‘a’ before heavy breakfast., Use ‘the’ before dog ., Use ‘the’ before snake., Remove ' the’ before bed., Use ‘the’ before first., Use ‘the’ before Vedas., Use ‘the’ before world cup., Remove ‘an’ before advice., Remove ’the’ before prison., , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., , Remove the before television., Use ‘the’ before tea., Replace a with the., Use the before higher and colder, Use ' the' before fire., Use ‘the’ before wisdom., Remove ’the’ before Chinese., Use a before few., Remove a before gold and copper., Use ‘the’ before ganga., Use ’the’ before Universe., Remove ’the’ before cricket., Remove ’the’ before Humayun’s., Use ‘the before Equator'., Remove ’the’ before English., No error., Use a before loss., Use ‘a’ before few., Use ‘the’ before problems., Use ‘the’ before Economic Times., Remove ’a’ before word, Use ‘the’ before higher and colder., Use ‘the’ before child, Use ‘the’ before Rajputs, A, the, Remove ‘a’ before kind., Remove ‘a’ before ., Use ‘the’ before flute., Use ‘an’ before hour., Use ‘the’ before snake., Use a before hurry, Use an before heir, Use a before nice., Use ‘the’ before Milton, Use ‘the’ before District magistrate, ‘The’ before first., Use ‘the’ before more, Use ‘the’ before same, Use ‘the’ before great, Remove ’the’ before English and use ‘the’, before English, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 213

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , 81. Use ‘the’ before moon and Earth., 82. Use ‘the’ before Geeta, 83. Use ‘the’ before professor., 84. Use ‘the’ before cake.., 85. Use ‘the’ before energy and rate., 86. Use ‘the’ before age., 87. Use ‘the’ before sun., 88. Use ‘the’ before poor., 89. Use ‘a’ before noise, 90. Remove ’the’ before Valmiki’s, 91. Remove ’the’ before North America, 92. Use ‘the’ before love., 93. Use ‘a’ before Beauty., 94. Use ‘a’ before little., 95. Use ‘the’ before aeroplane, 96. Use ‘the’ before Gandhis, 97. Use ‘the’ before older and weaker., 98. Use ‘the’ before little, 99. Use ‘the’ before Indian defence forces., 100. Use ‘the’ before headmaster., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 214

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Determiners, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., , Replace few with little., Replace few with little, Replace neither with either, Replace either with neither, A little, All, Few, Much, Any, Any, Few, Each, Many, Many, Both my, Both her, Neither of my brothers live at home anymore, Children was, Each was, Any, Some, Many a man, Good men, Anyone, Some, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 215

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION, S.N. WORD .................... fgUnh esa vFkZ ................Meaning in English, 1. Abattoir ................... dlkbZ[kkuk .................... Place where animals are killed for food., 2. Abbot ....................... eBkf/kdkjh@ eBk/kh'k ........ A man who is the head of a monastery or an, abbey., 3. Abbreviation ........... la{ksi@ y?kq:i ................ A shortened form of a word or phrase., 4. Abdication............... vkSipkfjd :i ls R;kx nsuk .. To formally give up., 5. Ablution .................. /kkfeZd Luku .................. Ritual washing of the body., 6. Abstruse .................. le>us esa eqf'dy ........... Hard to understand., 7. Abundance .............. vkf/kD;@ izpqjrk ............. A quantity that is more than enough., 8. Accentuate .............. tksj nsuk ...................... Give more force or importance to., 9. Accomplice .............. lg&vijk/kh .................. Helper in a wrong deed or crime., 10. Acronym .................. izFkek{kjh uke ................ Word formed from initial letters of a name., 11. Addendum ............... ifjf'k"V ....................... Thing to be added at the end of a book, etc., 12. Advertisement ........ foKkiu ....................... A public notice offering or asking for goods,, services,, etc., 13. Afforestation ........... oukjksiu ...................... The act of forestation by planting many trees., 14. Agenda .................... ?kks"k.kk i= .................... Items of business for consideration at a meeting., 15. Aggressor ................ vkØe.kdrkZ .................. Someone who attacks first., 16. Agnosticism.............. tkss bZ’oj dss vfLrRo ij 'kadk djs -Doubtful about the existence of God., 17. Alien........................ xSj ukxfjd ................... One who belongs to different country, race of, group., 18. Alimony................... rykd i'pkr~ dh thou o`fr . Allowance fixed after divorce to a wife., 19. Allegory ................... izrhd dFkk ................... Story in which ideas are symbolized as people., 20. Alliteration ............. vuqizkl ....................... Commencement of adjacent words with the same, letter., 21. Altruist .................... ijksidkjh...................... One who lives and works for the welfare of others., 22. Amateur .................. xSj is'ksoj ..................... Lacking professional skill or expertise., 23. Ambassador ............. jktnwr......................... A diplomatic representative of one country in, another., 24. Ambidextrous .......... nksuksa gkFkksa ls fuiq.k .......... Equally skillful with each hand., 25. Ambiguous .............. vLi"V@ nks vFkksZ okyk ....... Having more than one possible meaning, 26. Amnesia .................. foLej.k ....................... Partial or total loss of memory., 27. Amnesty .................. vijk/k{kek ................... A general pardon of political offenders., 28. Amphibian .............. mHk;pj ....................... Animals which live both on land and in water., 29. Amphitheatre .......... v[kkM+k@ jaxHkwfe .............. A designated section of seats in any part of a, theater., 30. Analgesia ................ nnZ dh vuqHkwfr u gksuk ...... The loss of ability to feel pain while still conscious., 31. Anarchist ................ vjktd ....................... One who wishes to destroy all established, overnment's, law and order., 32. Anarchy ................... vjktdrk ..................... The absence of government in a country., 33. Anecdote ................. fdLlk ......................... Short amusing story about some real person or, event., 34. Anniversary ............ lky fxjg .................... Yearly return of the date of an event., 35. Annual..................... lkykuk ........................ That which happens once in a year., 36. Anomaly .................. vlk/kkj.k ..................... Deviation or departure from common rule or, standard, or what is normal., 37. Anonymous ............. xqeuke ........................ A book or a work of art whose author is not known., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 216

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 38. Antagonist .............. fojks/kh......................... One that opposes other., 39. Antidote .................. tgj&uk'kd .................. A medicine to cure the effect of poison., 40. Aphasia ................... okpk?kkr ...................... Loss of ability to understand speech., 41. Apostate .................. /keZ R;kxh ..................... One who abandons his religious faith., 42. Aquatic .................... tyh; ......................... Animals which live in water., 43. Arbitrator/ Arbiter .. eè;LFk ........................ Someone chosen to judge and decide a disputed, issue., 44. Aristocracy .............. dqyhu ra= .................... A government by the nobles., 45. Armistice ................ ;q) fojke .................... The cessation of warfare before a treaty is signed., 46. Ascetic..................... lU;klh ........................ One who practices self denial as a spiritual, discipline., 47. Assassination .......... jktuSfrd dkj.k ls gR;k .... Killing or murder for political reasons., 48. Astrology ................. T;ksfr"k 'kkL= ................. Science of the influence of the stars on human, affairs., 49. Astronomy .............. [kxksy foKku ................. Science of universe with sun, moon, stars and, planets., 50. Atheist .................... ukfLrd ....................... A person who does not believe in the existence of, God., 51. Audience ................. Jksrk x.k ..................... An assembly of listeners., 52. Autobiography ........ vkRe thouh .................. The life-history of a man written by himself., 53. Autocracy ................ ,dra= ........................ A government by one person., 54. Avaricious ............... ykyph ........................ One who is greedy., 55. Bachelorhood .......... dqokajkiu ...................... The state of being unmarried (of a man)., 56. Bankrupt/Insolvent . fnokfy;k ...................... A person unable to pay his debts., 57. Bay .......................... [kkM+h .......................... A part of the sea/ lake enclosed by a wide curve of, the, shore., 58. Beach ...................... leqnz rV ...................... A stretch of sand/ stones along the edge of the, sea/, lake., 59. Bellicose ................. yM+kdw......................... A person who is fond of fighting., 60. Belligerent .............. ;q)jr ......................... Engaged in war/fight., 61. Benefactor .............. /keksZidkjh ..................... One who gives financial help to a school, hospital,, etc., 62. Bibliophile .............. iqLrd izseh ................... One who loves and collects books., 63. Biennial .................. f}o"khZ; ........................ That which happens once in two years., 64. Bigamy .................... nks fookg izFkk ................ The custom of having two wives or two husbands., 65. Bigot........................ dVV~j ......................... One who is filled with narrow and prejudiced, opinion., 66. Bilingual ................. f}Hkkf"k; ....................... One who can speak two languages., 67. Biography ................ thouh ......................... The life-history of a man written by someone else., 68. Biped ....................... nksik;k ......................... Animal with two-feet., 69. Blaspheme .............. bZ'oj ds f[kykQ cksyuk ..... Speaking irreverently about God or sacred, things., 70. Bliss ........................ pjelq[k ...................... Perfect happiness., 71. Bohemian ................ LosPNkpkjh .................... One who does not follow the usual norms of social, life., 72. Bookworm/Bibliophilic fdrkch dhM+k ................ One who is interested in reading books and, nothing, else., 73. Boorish .................... xaokj ......................... Person who is rough and ill mannered., 74. Botany ..................... ouLifr foKku ............... The science of vegetable life., 75. Brittle ..................... Hkaxqj ........................... A thing which can be easily broken., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 217

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 119. Dead ........................ e`r@ csdkj@ cstku ............ A language that is no longer spoken., 120. Demagogue ............. tuksÙkstd ..................... Political leader who delivers sentimental, speeches., 121. Democracy .............. yksdra= ....................... A government by the people, of the people, and, for, the people., 122. Denizen ..................., is, , fuoklh ........................ A person, an animal or a plant that lives, grows or, , often found in a particular place., Depraved ................. pfj= Hkz"V .................... Morally bad or evil., Deprecate ................ fojks/k djuk .................. Express earnest disapproval of., Dermatology ........... Ropk foKku .................. The medical study of the skin and its diseases., Despondency ........... fujk'kk......................... Loss of complete hope., Destitution ............. vHkkoxzLrrk .................. Lacking basic necessities of life., Detrimental ............ gkfudj ....................... Causing harm or damage., Dexterous ............... dq'ky ......................... Skilful at handling things., Diatribe ................... dVq&fuUnk ..................... Bitter and violent attack in words or writing., Dictatorship ............ rkuk'kkgh@ fujadq'krk ......... Government carried on by an absolute ruler., Diplomacy ............... dwVuhfr ....................... The skill and policy of a country’s statesmen and, politicians/ skill in dealing with people., 133. Discrepancy ............ folxafr ....................... Difference between two things that should be the, same., 134. Dissimulate ............ fNikuk ........................ To hide or disguise., 135. Diurnal .................... nfSud.......................... Of the daytime., 136. Draper ..................... tqykgk ........................ A shopkeeper selling cloth and clothing., 137. Draw ........................ vfuf.kZr ...................... The result of the match where neither party wins., 138. Dwarf ....................... ckSuk ........................... A person, plant or animal who/which is below the, usual size., 139. Dynasty ................... oa'k ............................ Succession of rulers belonging to one family., 140. Eavesdropper .......... pqids ls futh okrkZyki ..... One who witnesses secretly to private, 141. Economical ............. fdQk;rh...................... One who is careful in the use of money/fuel etc., 142. Edible ...................... [kkus ;ksX; ..................... That which is fit to be eaten., 143. Effeminate .............. vkSjrkuk xq.k gksuk............ A man who is womanish in his habits., 144. Egalitarianism ........ lerkokn ...................... Belief that all people are equal and have the same, rights and opportunities., 145. Egoist ...................... LokFkhZ@ vgadkjh .............. A lover of one’s ownself/supercilious., 146. Eligible ................... ;ksX; ........................... Fit to be chosen; qualified., 147. Emergency .............. vkikrdky ................... A sudden serious situation requiring immediate, action., 148. Emeritus ................. llEeku lsokeqDr O;fDr .... One who is honourably discharged from service., 149. Emigrant ................. izoklh ......................... A person who goes to another country to live., 150. Emissary ................. xqIrpj@ tklwl ............... A person sent on a mission (usually official)., 151. Epicure .................... vPNk [kkus dk 'kkSdhu ...... Person fond of delicious food., 152. Epidemic ................. laØked jksx .................. Disease affecting many people at the same place, and time., 153. Epilogue .................. ukVd ds ckn dk Hkk"k.k ..... A speech or a poem recited at the end of a play., 154. Episode ................... dM+h@ dFkka'k ................. Part of story (especially T.V. or Radio show, story), 155. Episodic .................. dHkh&dHkh gksus okyh ?kVuk . Happening only some times and irregularly., 156. Epistle..................... /keZi=@ dkO;i= ............. A letter., 157. Epitaph ................... dcz ij bafxr 'kCn ........... Words which are inscribed on the grave., 158. Epithet .................... mikf/k fo'ks"kd ............... Adjective added to a person’s name usually to, 123., 124., 125., 126., 127., 128., 129., 130., 131., 132., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 219

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, criticise or praise him., Epitome .................. lVhd mnkgj.k ............... A perfect example., Epitomize ............... lVhd mnkgj.k gksuk ......... To be a perfect example., Equanimity ............. /kS;Z ............................ Calmness of mind and temper., Erotica .................... v'yhy xzUFk ................. Books, pictures, etc. intended to arouse sexual, desire., 163. Erudite .................... fo}ku iq#"k ................... A learned or scholarly person., 164. Espionage ............... tklwlh ........................ Practice of spying., 165. Eternal .................... vuar .......................... Existing for ever — without any beginning or end., 166. Etymology .............. 'kCn fuekZ.k foKku ........... The science which deals with derivation of, words., 167. Euphemism ............. vkMacj 'kSyh .................. Bombastic style of writing., 168. Euphonious ............. lqjhyk ......................... Sounding pleasant., 169. Euphoria ................. vR;Ur [kq'kh .................. A strong feeling of happiness., 170. Evanescent ............. vLFkk;h ....................... Of a very short duration or period., / Ephemeral/Transient, 171. Explicable ............... foospukRed .................. That which can be explained., 172. Extempore .............. fcuk rS;kjh dk Hkk"k.k ........ A speech delivered without any preparation., 173. Extravaganza .......... vfr'k;h ukVd ............... Public activity which takes place in a very, elaborate,, colourful and expensive way., 174. Fallacy .................... Hkze ............................ False or mistaken belief., 175. Fanatic .................... dVV~j ......................... One who is filled with excessive and mistaken, enthusiasm., 176. Fastidious ............... u[kjsckt ...................... One who is hard to please., 177. Fatal or mortal........ tkuysok ....................... Resulting in death., 178. Fatalist ................... HkkX;oknh ...................... One who believes in destiny., 179. Fauna ...................... izkf.ktkr ...................... Animals of a certain region., 180. Feminist.................. ukjhoknh ....................... One who works for the welfare of women., 181. Fiasco ...................... iw.kZ vlQyrk................ Complete failure., 182. Flagstaff.................. èotn.M ...................... A long pole on which a flag is flown., 183. Flora........................ ouLifr ....................... All the plants of a particular area or period of, time., 184. Fluke ....................... vkdfLed lQyrk .......... Stroke of good luck., 185. Forgery .................... tkylkth ..................... Counterfeiting of document., 186. Fratricide ................ Hkzkr`gR;k ...................... Killing/killer of one’s brother., 187. Frenzy ..................... mUekn ......................... A state of extreme excitement., 188. Frostbite ................. 'khrna'k ........................ Injury to the nose, fingers or toes, caused by, extreme, cold., 189. Gallery .................... izn'kZuh LFky .................. A room or building for showing works of art., 190. Gamble .................... tqvk .......................... To play games of chance, etc. for money., 191. Gastronomy ............ mÙke vkgkj foKku .......... Science and art of preparing and appreciating, good, food., 192. Genocide ................. tu lagkj ..................... Extermination of a race or community., 193. Geology ................... HkwxHkZ foKku .................. The science of earth’s history and rocks., 194. Germicide ............... thok.kq uk'kd ................ A substance that kills germs., 195. Glutton .................... isVw............................. One who eats too much., 196. Gobble ..................... ykyph dh rjg [kkuk ....... Eat fast, noisly and greedily., 197. Gratis/Gratuitous ... fu%'kqYd ...................... Done or obtained without payment., 198. Gregarious .............. lewg esa jgus okys ........... Animals that live in flocks., 159., 160., 161., 162., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 220

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 199. Hallucinogen........... Hkzfer djus dh nok.......... A drug that causes one to hallucinate., 200. Hedonism ................ lq[kokn ........................ Belief that the most important thing in the world, is, pleasure., 201. Henchman ............... lsod.......................... Faithful supporter., 202. Herbivorous ............ 'kkdkgkjh...................... Animals which feed on vegetation., 203. Herculean ............... vfr ijkØeh ................. Having enormous strength or size., 204. Heterogeneous ........ fo"ke .......................... Things which contain elements of different nature., 205. Hexagon .................. "kV~dks.kh; ..................... A plane figure with six sides and angles., 206. Holocaust ................ iw.kkZgwfr ....................... Large scale destruction by fire., 207. Homicide ................. ekuo gR;k ................... Murder or murderer of a man., 208. Homogeneous ......... lekax.......................... Things which contain elements of the same, nature., 209. Honorary ................. voSrfud ..................... A post for which no salary is paid., 210. Horticulture ............ ckxokuh ....................... Art of growing vegetables, fruit, etc., 211. Hospitable ............... esgekuuokt .................. Fond of entertaining guests., 212. Hypochondria .......... dkYifud chekjh ............. Imaginary ailments., 213. Iconoclast ............... xSj&ijEijkoknh ............... One who opposes established institutions or, beliefs., 214. Idolatry ................... ewfrZ iwtu ..................... The worship of idols or images., 215. Illegal ...................... voS/k .......................... Contrary to law., 216. Illegible .................. viBuh; ...................... Incapable of being read., 217. Illicit ....................... voS/k .......................... A trade or act prohibited by law., 218. Illiterate ................. vui<+ ........................ One who does not know reading and writing., 219. Imaginary ............... dkYifud ..................... Existing only in the mind., 220. Immigrant ............... vizoklh ....................... A person who comes to one country from another, in, order to settle there., 221. Immune ................... izfrjf{kr ...................... Free from infection., 222. Impalpable .............. Li'kkZrhr ...................... Incapable of being perceived by touch., 223. Impenetrable .......... vizos'; ....................... That which cannot be penetrated., 224. Imperceptible .......... vn`'; ......................... That which cannot be perceived by sense., 225. Imperialism ............ lkezkT;okn .................... Policy of extending a country’s empire and, influence., 226. Impertinent ............ xqLrk[k ........................ Not showing proper respect., 227. Impiety .................... lEeku dh deh .............. Lack of respect or religious reverence., 228. Imponderable .......... vlkspuh; ..................... That which cannot be guessed or calculated., 229. Imposter .................. cgq:fi;k ..................... One who assumes a character or title not his own, to, deceive others., 230. Impracticable .......... vO;kogkfjd .................. Incapable of being practised., 231. Impregnable ............ vts;.......................... Too strong to be overcome or defeated., 232. Impregnable ............ vts;@ vHksí .................. That which cannot be taken by force of arms., 233. Impresario .............. la;kstd ....................... A manager or director of a ballet, a concert, a, theatre, or an opera company., 234. Impromptu .............. fcuk rS;kjh dk ............... Something said or done without preparation., 235. Impudent ................. #[ks O;ogkj okyk ........... Rude and not respectful., 236. Impunity ................. naM eqfDr ..................... Freedom from punishment., 237. Inaccessible ............ tgk¡ igq¡pk uk tk lds ...... Incapable of being reached., 238. Inadmissible ........... vLohdk;Z ..................... That which cannot be admitted or allowed., 239. Inaudible ................. tks lqukbZ uk ns ............... A sound that cannot be heard., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 221

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 332. Oligarchy ................ vYitukf/kiR; ............... A government by a small group of powerful, persons., 333. Omniform ................ lokZÑfrd .................... Having every form or shape., 334. Omnigenous ............ lc izdkj dk ................ Comprising all kinds., 335. Omnipotent ............. loZ'kfDreku .................. All-powerful (God)., 336. Omnipresent ........... loZfo/kk;eku ................. Present everywhere (God)., 337. Omniscient ............. loZKkuh ....................... Knowing everything (God)., 338., 339., 340., 341., 342., 343., 344., 345., war., 346., 347., 348., 349., 350., 351., 352., 353., 354., 355., 356., 357., 358., 359., 360., 361., 362., , Opaque .................... vikjn'khZ...................... That which cannot be seen through., Optimist .................. vk'kkoknh ..................... A person who looks to the bright side of things., Orator ...................... oDrk .......................... One who makes an eloquent public speech., Orchard ................... Qyksa dk cxhpk .............. A garden of fruits., Orphan .................... vukFk ......................... A child whose parents are dead., Ostracize ................. lekt ls fudkyuk ........... To turn out of society., Oviparous ................ vaM iztd .................... Bearing eggs and not young ones., Pacifist .................... 'kkfUr nwr ..................... A person who believes in the total abolition of, , 369., 370., 371., 372., 373., 374., 375., 376., 377., 378., 379., , Perspicacious .......... fr{.k cqf)okyk ............... Quick in judging and understanding., Perversion .............. foÑfr......................... Change to something abnormal or unnatural., Pessimist ................ fujk'kkoknh .................... A person who looks at the dark side of things., Philanderer ............. fnyQsd, a ....................... A man who amuses himself by lovemaking., Philanthropist ........ ekuork izseh .................. A lover of mankind., Philatelist ............... Mkd fVdV laxzkgd .......... Collector of stamps., Philistine ................ dyk ds izfr mnklhu ........ Person who is indifferent to art and literature., Philogynist ............. vkSjrksa ls izse djus okyk .... A lover of womankind., Philology................. Hkk"kk dk vè;;u............. Science of study of language., Pilgrim .................... rhFkZ;k=h ...................... One who travels to a sacred place., Pioneer .................... vxzlj ........................ One who leads others in any field., , Pageant ................... rek'kk@ yhyk@ uqekb'k ....... Elaborate public spectacle., Palatable ................. Lokfn"V ........................ Food or drink that has a pleasant taste., Panacea ................... jkeck.k ....................... A remedy for all kinds of diseases., Pandemonium ......... 'kksjxqy ........................ A wild and noisy disorder., Panegyric ................ iz'kalk i= ..................... Piece of writing full of praise., Pantomime ............. ewd vfHku; .................. Dramatic performance with dumb show., Paramour ................ ftl ls 'kkjhfjd lac/a k gks ... Sexual partner or lover., Parasite ................... ijthoh ........................ One who entirely depends on another., Parasol .................... jaxhu Nkrk .................... A lady’s umbrella., Parricide ................. ek¡ o firk dk gR;kjk ....... Killing of both the parents., Patricide ................. fir`gR;k ....................... Killing of one’s own father., Patrimony ............... iSr`d .......................... Inherited from father or male ancestor., Patriot ..................... ns'kHkDr ....................... One who loves one’s country., Patronymic ............. fir` uke ...................... Name derived from that of father or ancestor., Pauper ..................... daxky ......................... One who has no means of livelihood., Peculation .............. xcu ........................... Use of public money for one’s own benefit., Pedantic .................. Kku n'kkZus okyk ys[k ........ A style in which a writer makes a display of his, knowledge and learning., 363. Pedestrian .............. iSny ;k=h .................... One who walks on foot., 364. Peninsula ................ izk;}hi ........................ Area of land almost surrounded by sea., 365. Pentagon ................. iapHkqt ........................ A plane figure with five sides and angles., 366. Perceptible .............. bfUnz;xkspj .................... That can be perceived by the senses., 367. Peroration ............... milagkj@ urhtk .............. Concluding part of a speech., 368. Perseverance .......... yxu .......................... Constant efforts to achieve something., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 224

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 380. Piquant ................... elkysnkj@fnypLi ............ Pleasant or sharp to the taste/interesting., 381. Placard/Poster ........ foKkiu ....................... Written or printed notice pasted in public places., 382. Plagiarism .............. lkfgfR;d pksjh ............... The practice of borrowing words and ideas from, other authors and using them as one’s own;, literary theft., 383. Platitude ................. f?klh&fiVh ckr ............... Statement that is obviously true and hence dull, or, not stimulating., 384. Plutocracy ............... dqyhura=...................... A government by a rich and powerful class., 385. Polyandry ................ cgqifr izFkk ................... The custom of having more than two husbands, at, the same time., 386. Polygamy ................ cgq&fookg izFkk ............... The custom of having more than two spouses at, the, same time., 387. Polyglot ................... cgqHkk"kkfon~ .................... Person having command over many languages., 388. Polygon ................... cgqHkqt ........................ A figure with many angles or sides., 389. Posthumous ............ ej.kksijkar ..................... Received after death., 390. Postscript ................ i'pys[k ...................... Anything written in a letter after it is signed., 391. Predicament ........... nqnZ’kk .......................... Difficult or dangerous situation., 392. Prejudiced ............... iwokZxzgh ........................ Be biased against., 393. Premonition ............ iwokZHkkl ....................... Forewarning of an impending danger., 394. Prerogative ............. fo'ks"kkf/kdkj .................. Absolute right., 395. Prodigy .................... izfrHkk laiUu ckyd .......... A child with unusual or remarkable talent., 396. Prognostication ...... Hkfo";ok.kh .................... Act of forecasting by examining present, conditions., 397. Prologue .................. eaxykpj.k .................... A speech or a poem recited at the beginning of a, play., 398. Promiscuous ........... vfr dkeqd .................. Having a lot of different sexual partners., 399. Proponent ............... izLrkod ...................... Person who proposes something., 400. Propriety ................. e;kZnk ......................... State of being correct in behavior or moral., 401. Protagonist ............. leFkZd@eq[; ik= ............ An important supporter of an idea or political, system/Chief actor or character in a story or, drama., 402. Protectorate ............ lajf{kr jkT; .................. Country under the protection of a more powerful, country., 403. Prudent ................... le>nkj ....................... Wise., 404. Pseudonym ............. Ñf=e uke ................... Name taken by an author instead of his real name, 405. Punctitious ............. vfrf'k"Vkpkjh ................ Very careful to behave correctly., 406. Pyrotechnic ............. vkfr'kckth fuekZ.k&dyk .... Art of making fireworks., 407. Quadruped .............. pkSik;k ........................ Four footed-animal., 408. Rebel ....................... nzkg, s h ........................... One who takes up arms against the government., 409. Recapitulate ........... la{ksi esa nksgjkuk ............. Repeat the main points., 410. Recluse ................... ,dkaroklh .................... One who lives alone and avoids company., 411. Reconcile ................ esy&feyki djuk ............ Bring about harmony or agreement., 412. Reconnaissance ...... fdlh LFkku dk lSU; losZ{k.k .. Information gathering activity about enemy, forces., 413. Red tapism .............. yky Qhrk'kkgh ............... Too much official formality., 414. Redundancy ............ vuko';drk .................. When something is unnecessary because it is, more, than what is needed., 415. Regicide .................. jktk dh gR;k ................ Killing of a king., 416. Relegate/Demote ... ntkZ ?kVkuk .................... Reduce to a lower position., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 225

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 460. Suicide .................... vkRegR;k ..................... Taking of one’s own life., 461. Supercilious ............ ?keaMh ......................... Thinking oneself superior to others., 462. Sycophant ............... pkiywl ....................... Person who tries to win a favour by flattering, other., 463. Synagogue .............. ;gwnh miklukx`g ............. Place where Jews worship., 464. Talkative/Garrulous.. ckrwuh ......................... Person who is fond of talking., 465. Tantrum .................. vkos'k ......................... Fit of bad temper or anger., 466. Teetotaller .............. e|fu"ks/kh ..................... One who abstains from alcoholic drinks., 467. Theist ...................... vkfLrd ....................... A person who believes in existence of God., 468. Theocracy ............... iknjhra= ....................... A government by religious leaders., 469. Thermometer .......... rkiekid ;a= ................ An instrument for measuring temperature., 470. Traitor ..................... ns'knzkg, s h ........................ One who betrays one’s country., 471. Transgressor ........... ikih@ vijk/kh ................ One who violets a rule or law., 472. Transmigration ....... vkRek dk 'kjhj cnyuk ..... The passage of soul after death from one body, to, the other., 473. Transmogrification . dk;kdYi ..................... Complete change in appearance or character, (especially in a magical or surprising way)., 474. Transparent ............ ikjn'khZ ........................ That allows the passage of rays of light., 475. Truant ..................... dkepksj ....................... One who stays away from school/work without, permission., 476. Truism..................... Lor% fl) .................... A truth which is often repeated., 477. Turncoat.................. xíkj ........................... Disloyal., 478. Unanimous .............. ,der ........................ Consent of all., 479. Unavoidable ............ vifjgk;Z ...................... That which cannot be avoided., 480. Unique..................... vuks[kk ........................ The only one of its type., 481. Universal ................ fo'oO;kih .................... Belonging to all parts of the world., 482. Usurper ................... lEiÙkh gM+ius okyk .......... One who grabs somebody's else property or title., 483. Uxoricide................. iRuh gR;k .................... Killing of one’s wife., 484. Uxorious/Henpecked tks: dk xqyke ............. Foolishly fond of one’s wife., 485. Vacuous ................... cqf)ghu ....................... Suggesting absence of thought or intellect., 486. Vendetta.................. oa'kkuqxr@ iq'rSuh >xM+k...... Feud in which the relatives of the dead or, injured, take revenge., 487. Verbatim ................. 'kCn'k% ........................ Repetition of a writing, word for word., 488. Verbose ................... ckrksa ls Hkjk................... Using or containing more words than are, necessary., 489. Versatile ................. cgqeq[kh ....................... One who possesses many talents., 490. Verso ....................... okei`"B ....................... Any left hand page of an open book., 491. Vespers .................... 'kke dh izkFkZuk ............... Evening prayer in the church., 492. Veteran ................... vuqHkoh ....................... One who has grown old in or has long experience, of, (specially military) service or occupation., 493. Vincible ................... ftls thrk tk lds ........... That which can be conquered., 494. Vindictive/Vengeful .. izfr'kks/kh ...................... Having or showing a desire for revenge., 495. Virulent ................... tgjhyk ....................... Highly poisonous effect., 496. Viviparous ............... ltho iztd .................. Bearing living young ones and not eggs., 497. Volte-face ................ vkdfLed ifjorZu .......... Sudden change from one set of beliefs to other., 498. Voluntary ................ LosfPNd ...................... Of one’s own free will., 499. Voyage..................... leqnzh ;k=k .................... Journey by water or sea., 500. Vulnerable .............. vk?kkr ;ksX; .................. That which can be easily damaged or hurt., 501. Widow ..................... fo/kok ......................... A woman whose husband is dead., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 227

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 502. Widower .................. fo/kqqj .......................... A man whose wife is dead., 503. Wreathe .................. iq"igkj ........................ Flowers fastened in a circle., 504. Zealot ...................... erkxzgh ....................... Person who shows great and uncompromising, enthusiasm for a religion, party, cause, etc., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 228

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Letter writing, 1. Write a letter to the Commissioner of your Municipal Corporation, complaining about the, insanitary condition in your locality., 2. Write a letter to the editor of Newspapers, complaining against the increasing nuisance of beggars, in the city., 3. Write a letter to the Superintendent of Police of your district complaining against antisocial, activities as: thefts, eve-teasing, street quarrels and chain snatching law and order going on in your, locality., 4. You have visited the General Hospital of your city by chance. You find the condition of the hospital, very pathetic. Write a complaint letter to the CMHO of your district in this manner., 5. Write an application to the Director, School Education on applying for the post of a lecturer in, English., 6. Write a letter to the editor of the Times of India, New Delhi, regarding the pitiable condition of the, flood victims in your city., 7. Write a letter to the editor of the Times of India, New Delhi, expressing your suggestions on child, labour in India., 8. Write a letter to Rajasthan electricals, Jaipur asking for the settlement of an overdue account. This, letter will be from Jaipur furnitures, Jaipur., 9. Suppose you are Narendra living at E -15, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur. You purchased a air conditioner, from a dealer. Write a letter for its replacement., 10. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper on Pollution /Environment Pollution reduce it., 11. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper expressing your concern as many stray animals are on, the road during busy hours of day causing traffic jams as well as accidents., 12. Write a letter to the editor of the times of india about Preservation of Wild Life., 13. You are posted as the District Collector in a district, Flood has caused a lot of damage in the district,, submit a factual letter to the Chief Secretary of the State, stating therein the measures taken by you, to control the situation and your recommendations to assist the flood affected people., 14. Suppose you are Collector of a district. Submit a Letter to the Chief Secretary of the State in respect, to the drought situation in the district. Inform the remedial measures taken by you and what, further measures required to control the situation., 15. Write an application to General Manager of Vodafone. for the post of marketing Manager in, response to their advertisement in the newspaper., 16. Write a letter of appointment for the post of marketing Manager., 17. Report to the Inspector of Police Station, Jawahar nagar, Jaipur about the disappearance of your, younger brother., 18. Write a letter to the railway authorities bringing to their attention the danger posed by unmanned, railway crossing citing the example of recent tragic accidents., 19. A letter to the Editor about preserving the historical monuments in your town., 20. A letter to the Editor about water shortage., 21. Draft a claim letter to an Insurance Company to reimburse the repair expenses of your car, damaged in an accident. [RAS 2010], 22. You ordered a few computers for your office staff. When the supply arrived, you found two, computers in a damaged condition. Write a letter to the supplier giving details of the damage and, say what you want the supplier to do now. (RAS 2013), 23. Write a letter to the National Insurance Company Ltd. New Delhi, inviting them to survey your, premises for providing insurance cover for the premises and the goods against fire., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 252

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, 24. As Executive Engineer Rajasthan Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. write a letter to the Superintendent of, Police of your district regarding security of electric lines and transformers during Kisan Rally this, month., 25. As Cultural Secretary of the Student Union of your college, draft an invitation to all the local, colleges inviting them to participate in the cultural function (programme) organized by your, College Union on the eve of the Republic Day. (RAS 2008), , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 253

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Unseen Passage, Read the passage given below and answer the questions the followIng questions :It is no doubt true that we cannot go through life without sorrow. There can be no sunshine without, shadow. We must not complain the roses have thorns, but rather be grateful that thorns bear flowers., Our existence here is so complex that we must expect much sorrow and suffering. Many people distress, and torment themselves about the mystery of existence. But although a good man may at times be, angry with the world, it is certain that no man was ever discontented with the world who did his duty, in it., The world is like a looking glass; if you smile, it smiles if you frown, it frowns back. If you look at it, through a smoked one, it will look all dull and dingy. Always try then to look at the bright side of, things; almost everything in the world has a bright side. There are some persons whose smile, the, sound of whose voice, whose very presence seems like a ray of sunshine, and brightens a whole room., Greet everybody with a bright smile, kind words and a pleasant welcome., The world is like a looking glass; if you smile, it smiles if you frown, it frowns back. If you look at it, through a smoked one, it will look all dull and dingy. Always try then to look at the bright side of, things; almost everything in the world has a bright side. There are some persons whose smile, the, sound of whose voice, whose very presence seems like a ray of sunshine, and brightens a whole room., Greet everybody with a bright smile, kind words and a pleasant welcome., (a) What is the importance of sorrow in life?, (b) How can we avoid discontent in life?, (c) How can we become happy?, (d) How is it within our powers to make our life a comedy of tragedy?, (e) Give another word smilar in meaning to each of these, (i) suffering, (ii) torment, , Read the passage given below and answer the questions the followIng questions :-, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 254

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, There can be no greater example of mankind's creative genius, than for him to move off from his home, planet, and extend life throughout the solar system, by creating new abodes for life. Today with an, increasing population of more than six billion people and the fear of possible disaster, the need for an, alternate home for mankind has become urgent. Mars stands alone as the one planet in our solar, system-not including Earth--that might be able to support life as it has all of the ingredients necessary, for life, Though the average surface temperature on Mars is frigid and it is a desolate lifeless planet, Mars once, had an atmosphere thick and warm enough to allow for the flow of liquid water on its surface., If it is ever done at all, transforming a dry, desert-like Mars into a lush environment, where people,, plants and other animals can survive, will be a huge undertaking that could take several decades or, even centuries. Let us examine two methods that have been proposed., One method is placing large orbital mirrors that will reflect sunlight and heat onto the Mars surface., These mirrors would be directed at the polar caps of Mars and they would melt the ice. Over a period, of many years, the rise in temperature would release greenhouse gases and heat up the planet. Another, option would be to set-up solar-powered, greenhouse gas producing factories. These would imitate, the natural process of plant photosynthesis, inhaling carbon dioxide and emitting oxygen., The Mars atmosphere would slowly be oxygenated to the point that people on Mars would need only, a breathing apparatus. While we may reach Mars this century, it would take several millennia for the, idea of transforming it into a planet on which plants and animals can flourish., 1. What are scientists planning with regard to Mars?, 2. How are Mars and Earth similar to each other?, 3. Why is there a need for an alternate home for humans?, 4. Describe in your own words how orbital mirrors can raise the temperature of Mars., 5. What role would solar powered greenhouse factories play on Mars?, , Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts. All you need to do in order to become a, good conversationalist is to find a subject that interests you and your listeners. There are, for example,, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 255

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, numberless hobbies to talk about. But the important thing is that you must talk about the other fellow's, hobby rather than your own. Therein lies the secret of your popularity. Talk to your friends about, things that interest them and you will make your reputation for good fellowship, charming wit and a, brilliant mind. There is nothing that pleases people more than your interest in their interest, It is as important to know what subject to avoid as what subjects to select for good conversation. If you, don't want to be set down as a wet blanket or a bore, be careful to avoid unpleasant topics. Avoid, talking about yourself, unless you are asked to do so. People are interested in their problems not in, yours. Sickness and death bere everybody. The only one who willingly listens to such talk is a doctor,, but he gets paid for it. To be a good conversationalist you must know not only what to say but how to, say it. Be civil and modest. Don't ever emphasize your own happiness. Be mentally quick and witty,, but don't hurt others by your wit. Finally try to avoid mannerisms in your conversation. Don't bite, your lips, or click your tongue, or roll your eyes, or use hands excessively as you speak. Such gestures, detract from the conversation., 21. What subjects of conversation makes one popular?, 22. What topics must one avoid In a good conversation?, 23. What are the two good things a conversationalist must know?, 24. How should a good conversatinalist treat others?, 25. Find the word in the passage That have the same meaning as following A person who discourages, enjoyment, , Read the unseen passage and answer questions given below., I went to the Goddard Space Flight Centre (GSFC) at Greenbelt, Maryland. This Centre develops and, manages most of NASA's earth orbiting science and applications satellites. It operates NASA's tracking, networks for all space missions. Towards the end of my visit, I went to the Wallops Flight Facility at, Wallops Island in East Coast, Virginia. This place was the base for NASA's sounding rocket proranime., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 256

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, Here, I saw a painting prominently displayed in the reception lobby. It depicted a battle scene with a, few rockets flying in the background., A painting with this theme should be the most commonplace thing at a Flight Facility, but the painting, caught my eye because the soldiers on the side launching the rockets were not white, but dark-skinned,, with the racial features of people found in South Asia. One day, my curiosity got the better of me,, drawing me towards the painting. It turned out to be Tipu Sultan's army fighting the British. The, painting depicted a fact forgotten in Tipu's own country but commemorated here on the other side of, the planet. I was happy to see an Indian glorified by NASA as a hero of warfare rocketry, My impression of the American people can be summarized by a quotation from: Benjamin Franklin,, "Those things that hurt instruct !" I realised that people in this part of the world meet their problems, head on. They attempt to get out of the niche rather than suffer them., 21. Which place is the base for NASA's rocket programme?, 22. What is Kalam's observation about American people?, 23. Why was Kalam attracted towards the painting in the reception lobby?, 24. What is the irony being referred to by Kalam in the passage ?, 25. What does the word ‘noticable' mean in the passage ?, , Read the passage given below and answer the questions the followIng questions, An educated man should know what is first-rate in those activities which spring has creative and, intellectual faculties of human nature, such as literature, art, architectureand music. I should like to, add science and philosophy but in these two subjectsit is difficult for the expert to estimate quality and, many educated People have not the close knowledge necessary to judge their real worth. On the other, hand everyone has close and daily contact with the other four, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 257

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, Architecture surrounds him in every city, literature meets him on every book-stall, music assails his, ears on his radio set and from every juke-box; and art in its protean aspects of form and colour is a part, of daily life. The architecture may often be bad the literature and music often puerile, the art often, undeserving of the name; but that is all the more reason why we should be able in all of them, to, distinguish good from bad., To judge by the literature offered us in hotel book-stands, and by most of the music played on the radio, and by juke-boxes we might be more discriminating in these fields than we are. If it be said that music, and art and literature are not essentials of life but its frills. I would reply that if so, it is curious that, they are among the few immortal things in the world, and that should a man wish to be remembered, two thousand years hence, the only certain way is to write a great poem or book. Compose a great, sculpture, or build a great building, 1. What is it that it necessary for an educated person to know?, 2. Why does the author exclude science and philosophy from it?, 3. What makes it practically easy for an educated man to be able to know literature, art, architecture, and, music?, 4. How does exposure to ordinary literature and music help us?, 5. What is the author's argument to prove that music, art and literature are essentials of life?, , We do not realise adequately to what extent our minds are moulded by books we read especially in, youth. We have several means by which we acquire knowledge today i.e. radio, cinema, newspaper, and television etc. But reading of books is the most ancient and effective of them all. Reading a book is, different from mechanised instruction. We are never alone when we have books as our companions., A great writer has said that religion is what a man does with his solitariness. It is not merely religion, but art and literature, scientific discovery and technological invention that are the outcome of what a, man does with his solitariness. In the modern world we tend to be gregarious beings. When we have, a little leisure we run to parties, clubs or other social activities. We are afraid to be alone with ourselves,, afraid to stand and stare, much less to sit and think. We are happy with others not with ourselves., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 258

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, Pascal tells us that all the evils of the world arise from the fact that men are unable to sit still in a room., Reading a book gives us the habit of solitary reflection and true enjoyment., 1. What is the best means of acquiring knowledge?, 2. How has man produced great art, literature, scientific discoveries or technological inventions?, 3. What is man by nature and how does he use his leisure?, 4. What is the cause of evils in this world according to the author?, 5. What are the views of Pascal on the loneliness of man?, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 259

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Passage, It is no doubt true that we cannot go through life without sorrow. There can be no sunshine without, shadow. We must not complain the roses have thorns, but rather be grateful that thorns bear flowers., Our existence here is so complex that we must expect much sorrow and suffering. Many people distress, and torment themselves about the mystery of existence. But although a good man may at times be, angry with the world, it is certain that no man was ever discontented with the world who did his duty, in it., The world is like a looking glass; if you smile, it smiles if you frown, it frowns back. If you look at it, through a smoked one, it will look all dull and dingy. Always try then to look at the bright side of, things; almost everything in the world has a bright side. There are some persons whose smile, the, sound of whose voice, whose very presence seems like a ray of sunshine, and brightens a whole room., Greet everybody with a bright smile, kind words and a pleasant welcome., It is not enough to love those who are near and dear to us. We must show that we do so While, however,, we should be grateful, and enjoy to the full the innumerable blessings of life, we cannot expect to have, no sorrows or anxieties. Life has been described as a comedy to those who think, and tragedy to those, who feel. It is indeed a tragedy at times and comedy very often, but as a rule it is what we choose to, make it., (a) What is the importance of sorrow in life?, (b) How can we avoid discontent in life?, (c) How can we become happy?, (d) How is it within our powers to make our life a comedy of tragedy?, (e) Give another word smilar in meaning to each of these, (i) suffering, (ii) torment, , There can be no greater example of mankind's creative genius, than for him to move off from his home, planet, and extend life throughout the solar system, by creating new abodes for life. Today with an, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 260

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, increasing population of more than six billion people and the fear of possible disaster, the need for an, alternate home for mankind has become urgent. Mars stands alone as the one planet in our solar, system-not including Earth--that might be able to support life as it has all of the ingredients necessary, for life, Though the average surface temperature on Mars is frigid and it is a desolate lifeless planet, Mars once, had an atmosphere thick and warm enough to allow for the flow of liquid water on its surface., If it is ever done at all, transforming a dry, desert-like Mars into a lush environment, where people,, plants and other animals can survive, will be a huge undertaking that could take several decades or, even centuries. Let us examine two methods that have been proposed., One method is placing large orbital mirrors that will reflect sunlight and heat onto the Mars surface., These mirrors would be directed at the polar caps of Mars and they would melt the ice. Over a period, of many years, the rise in temperature would release greenhouse gases and heat up the planet. Another, option would be to set-up solar-powered, greenhouse gas producing factories. These would imitate, the natural process of plant photosynthesis, inhaling carbon dioxide and emitting oxygen., The Mars atmosphere would slowly be oxygenated to the point that people on Mars would need only, a breathing apparatus. While we may reach Mars this century, it would take several millennia for the, idea of transforming it into a planet on which plants and animals can flourish., 1. What are scientists planning with regard to Mars?, 2. How are Mars and Earth similar to each other?, 3. Why is there a need for an alternate home for humans?, 4. Describe in your own words how orbital mirrors can raise the temperature of Mars., 5. What role would solar powered greenhouse factories play on Mars?, , Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow :Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts. All you need to do in order to become a, good conversationalist is to find a subject that interests you and your listeners. There are, for example,, numberless hobbies to talk about. But the important thing is that you must talk about the other fellow's, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 261

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, hobby rather than your own. Therein lies the secret of your popularity. Talk to your friends about, things that interest them and you will make your reputation for good fellowship, charming wit and a, brilliant mind. There is nothing that pleases people more than your interest in their interest, It is as important to know what subject to avoid as what subjects to select for good conversation. If you, don't want to be set down as a wet blanket or a bore, be careful to avoid unpleasant topics. Avoid, talking about yourself, unless you are asked to do so. People are interested in their problems not in, yours. Sickness and death bere everybody. The only one who willingly listens to such talk is a doctor,, but he gets paid for it. To be a good conversationalist you must know not only what to say but how to, say it. Be civil and modest. Don't ever emphasize your own happiness. Be mentally quick and witty,, but don't hurt others by your wit. Finally try to avoid mannerisms in your conversation. Don't bite, your lips, or click your tongue, or roll your eyes, or use hands excessively as you speak. Such gestures, detract from the conversation., 21. What subjects of conversation makes one popular?, 22. What topics must one avoid In a good conversation?, 23. What are the two good things a conversationalist must know?, 24. How should a good conversatinalist treat others?, 25. Find the word in the passage That have the same meaning as following A person who discourages, enjoyment, , Read the unseen passage and answer questions given below., I went to the Goddard Space Flight Centre (GSFC) at Greenbelt, Maryland. This Centre develops and, manages most of NASA's earth orbiting science and applications satellites. It operates NASA's tracking, networks for all space missions. Towards the end of my visit, I went to the Wallops Flight Facility at, Wallops Island in East Coast, Virginia. This place was the base for NASA's sounding rocket proranime., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 262

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, Here, I saw a painting prominently displayed in the reception lobby. It depicted a battle scene with a, few rockets flying in the background., A painting with this theme should be the most commonplace thing at a Flight Facility, but the painting, caught my eye because the soldiers on the side launching the rockets were not white, but dark-skinned,, with the racial features of people found in South Asia. One day, my curiosity got the better of me,, drawing me towards the painting. It turned out to be Tipu Sultan's army fighting the British. The, painting depicted a fact forgotten in Tipu's own country but commemorated here on the other side of, the planet. I was happy to see an Indian glorified by NASA as a hero of warfare rocketry, My impression of the American people can be summarized by a quotation from: Benjamin Franklin,, "Those things that hurt instruct !" I realised that people in this part of the world meet their problems, head on. They attempt to get out of the niche rather than suffer them., 21. Which place is the base for NASA's rocket programme?, 22. What is Kalam's observation about American people?, 23. Why was Kalam attracted towards the painting in the reception lobby?, 24. What is the irony being referred to by Kalam in the passage ?, 25. What does the word 'prominently' mean in the passage ?, , Religion can be defined as a system of beliefs and practices by means of which group of people struggle, with the ultimate problems of human life. It is the refusal to capitulate to death, to give up in the face, of frustration and allow hostility to tear apart one's human associations, All men experience these unending difficulties to some degree. For some persons, however, they stand, out as the most significant experiences of life. These individuals are impelled to try to discover some, meaning in what seems to be senseless suffering, some find a road to salvation through the obstacles, of human life., The beliefs and rites that make up a religion are the expressions of those who have felt the problems, most intensively, who have been most acutely sensitive to the tragedies of death, the burdens of, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 263

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, frustration, the sense of failure, the disruptive effects of hostility, powered by the strength of their, feelings, such religious innovations have created solutions that frequently have burst the bonds of, man's sense and of nature, that have brought their adherents some relief. Thus religions are built to, carry the peak load' of human emotional need, Defined in this way, religion is and seems likely to remain an inevitable part of human life. Although, the ways of struggling with these ultimate problems are enormously diverse and seem destined for, continuous change, the problems themselves are universal. A society that did not furnish its members, with beliefs and practices that sought to deal with an enormous burden of tragedy unalloyed with, hostility unrestrained could not flourish, if need, it could survive at all., 1. How can religion be defined?, 2.What according to the writer, is experience as it is understood by some?, 3. What are the religious 'solutions' made in order to overcome the human problem?, 4. Why are religions built?, 5. Why are religious beliefs and rites called innovations in the paragraph?, , An educated man should know what is first-rate in those activities which spring han creative and, intellectual faculties of human nature, such as literature, art, architectureand music. I should like to, add science and philosophy but in these two subjectsit is difficult for the expert to estimate quality and, many educated People have not the close knowledge necessary to judge their real worth. On the other, hand everyone has close and daily contact with the other four, Architecture surrounds him in every city, literature meets him on every book-stall, music assails his, ears on his radio set and from every juke-box; and art in its protean aspects of form and colour is a part, of daily life. The architecture may often be bad the literature and music often puerile, the art often, undeserving of the name; but that is all the more reason why we should be able in all of them, to, distinguish good from bad., To judge by the literature offered us in hotel book-stands, and by most of the music played on the radio, and by juke-boxes we might be more discriminating in these fields than we are. If it be said that music, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 264

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, and art and literature are not essentials of life but its frills. I would reply that if so, it is curious that, they are among the few immortal things in the world, and that should a man wish to be remembered, two thousand years hence, the only certain way is to write a great poem or book. Compose a great, sculpture, or build a great building, 1. What is it that it necessary for an educated person to know?, 2. Why does the author exclude science and philosophy from it?, 3. What makes it practically easy for an educated man to be able to know literature, art, architecture, and music?, 4. How does exposure to ordinary literature and music help us?, 5. What is the author's argument to prove that music, art and literature are essentials of life?, , We do not realise adequately to what extent our minds are moulded by books we read especially in, youth. We have several means by which we acquire knowledge today i.e. radio, cinema, newspaper, and television etc. But reading of books is the most ancient and effective of them all. Reading a book is, different from mechanised instruction. We are never alone when we have books as our companions., A great writer has said that religion is what a man does with his solitariness. It is not merely religion, but art and literature, scientific discovery and technological invention that are the outcome of what a, man does with his solitariness. In the modern world we tend to be gregarious beings. When we have, a little leisure we run to parties, clubs or other social activities. We are afraid to be alone with ourselves,, afraid to stand and stare, much less to sit and think. We are happy with others not with ourselves., Pascal tells us that all the evils of the world arise from the fact that men are unable to sit still in a room., Reading a book gives us the habit of solitary reflection and true enjoyment., 1. What is the best means of acquiring knowledge?, 2. How has man produced great art, literature, scientific discoveries or technological inventions?, 3. What is man by nature and how does he use his leisure?, 4. What is the cause of evils in this world according to the author?, 5. What are the views of Pascal on the loneliness of man?, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 265

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , PRECIS WRITING, Make a precis of the following passage in about one third of its length:, (a) It is never easy to see why one hobby should be more popular than another as the, old writer said; there is no disputing about tastes. One of the most mysterious, illustrations of this saying is surely to be found in the love of maps. Manking may, be roughly divided into those who find a fascinating world within the covers of an, atlas and those to whom an atlas is no more than a book of reference. What is it that, decides to which category a particular person may belong?, It is not for example a matter of travel. There are those whose work or recreation, has sent them journeying around the world from one exciting country to another, but who seldom consult a map unless forced to do so by the sheer necessily of, discoverting how to get most quickly from one place to another. On the other hand, there are those who have never travelled outside their own immediate, neighbourhood and yet find great amusement in studying maps of all kinds., Perhaps it is mainly a matter of imagination. The genuine map-lover. Merely by, looking at his maps is transported beyond the walls of his room. If his map is of, some familiar territory, He is in his imagination is admiring this view. It it some, distant unvisited land he is peopling it with creatures he has read about or admiring, the charming scenry. Whatever tricks his imagination is up to it is the map which, has set him dreaming. It has furnished him with means of recreation and delight., (b) The real implication of equal distribution is that each man shall have the, wherewithal to supply all his natural needs and no e.g. if one man has weak, digestion and requires only a quarter of a pound of flour for his bread and another, needs a pound, both should be in a position to satisfy their wants. To bring this ideal, into being, the entire social order has got to be reconstructed., A society based on non-violence cannot nurture any other ideal. We may not, Perhaps be able to realise the goal, but we must bear it in mind and work, unceasingly To go near it. To the same extent, as we progress towards our goal, we, shall find contentment and happiness, and to that extent too, shall we have, contributed towards the bringing into being of a nonviolent society. It is perfectly, possible for an individual to adopt this way of life without having towait for others, to do so. And if an individual can observe certain rule of conduct, follows that a, group of individuals can do likewise, It is necessary for me to emphasise the fact that no one need wait for anyone else in, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 266

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , order to adopt right course. Men generally hesitate to make a beginning, if they feel, that the objective cannot be had in its entirety. Such an attitude of minds, is in, reality, a bar to Now, let us consider how equal distribution can be brought about, through non-violence. The first step towards it is for him, who has made this ideal, part of his being to bring about the necessary changes in his personal life. He would, reduce his wants to minimum, bearing in mind the poverty of India., (c) The cinema is a outstanding wonder of this modern age. Apart from the great, pleasure it gives us as a means of entertainment, it is many ways an education in, itself, nd no regular patron of the cinema can ever be called illiterate. The cinema is, also a valuable asset to educationists in imparting knowledge. The film companies,, from timeto- time, produce historical pictures and their pictures are of great, importance to the teacher of history,, A couple of hours spent in the company of historical personages dressed in the, proper dress of that period can teach us far more than we can learn from a whole, weak's browsing in a history text book. Even some of Shakespeare's dramas and, comedies have been filmed and we thereby gain a much better idea of the play than, would be possible from a casual reading of it. But, of the far greater importance is, the use of the film in the teaching of science and industry. There are educational, film companies, which devote their time to the filming of the habits and customs of, animals, insects, fishes, germs and numerous other branches of scientific life., We can see the hatching of the eggs of fish and their gradual development into large, fishes; we can watch the unceasing activity of many kinds of germs and their effect, on water, milk or blood. We can watch the opening and closing of flowers and, leaves, and the growth of grass and weeds. All these actions and movements are greatly, magnified on the screen. Such pictures are intensely interesting and are a great help, to the cause of education., (d) It is never easy to see why one hobby should be more popular than another: as the, old writer said. There is no disputing about tastes. One of the most mysterious, illustrations of this saying is surely to be found in the love of maps. Mankind may, be roughly divided into those who find a fascinating world within the covers of an, atlas and those to whom an atlas is no more than a book of reference. What is it that, decides to which category a particular person may belong?, It is not for example, a matter of travel. There are those whose work recreation has, sent or the journeying around the world from one exciting country to another but, who seldom consult a map unless forced to do so by the sheer necessity of, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 267

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , discovering how to get most quickly from one place to another. On the other hand, there are those who have never travelled outside their own immediate, neighbourhood and yet find great amusement in studying maps of all kinds., Perhaps it is mainly a matter of imagination., The genuine map-lover, merely by looking at his maps, is transported beyond the, walls of his room. If his map is of some familiar territory. he is in his imagination is, admiring this view. If it is some distant unvisited land, he is peopling it with, creatures he has read about or admiring the charming scenery. Whatever tricks his, imagination is up to it is the map which has set him dreaming. It has furnished him, with means of recreation and delight, (e) In the United States, they have opened their first rehabilitation centre for Internet, Addicts. De-addiction camps in China were in the news recently for the death of a, Teenager because of the brutal methods used to cure 'Internet Addiction' (IA). Our, country must seriously think about such centres that help de-addict compulsive, Internetusers, both young and old. IIA for now is a catch-all term that not only, stands for addiction to specific activities such as gambling or gaming, but also refers, to longer hours devoted to the computer network at the expense of other activities., Though the Internet is only a medium of communication and information, transmission and retrieval., A whole new world is just a click away with the Internet. It is a medium just like, books and television, but the amount of interaction it makes possible with others,, sometimes replacing the need for real-world interaction, makes it vastly different., Educators, neuroscientists and those others having public health concerns in all, developing and developed countries have woken upto this reality According to, expert neuropsychiatric opinion, IA is somewhere between obsessive compulsive, disorder and addiction due to substance abuse. Substance abuse led addiction, focuses on gratification, which this form of attachment provides though there is no, chemical ingestion., At the same time, the behavioural modifications are similar to those with obsessive, compulsive disorder., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 268

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Paragraph Writing, Previous year questions, ■ The future of English in India, ■ The effects of present day credit credit culture, ■ Travelling helps build personality, ■ Generation Gap, ■ Women Empowerment, ■ Swatch Bharat, Definition – A paragraph is a group of sentences related to one topic, Basic Structure:, • Introduction, • Main body, • Conclusion, Principles of paragraph structure, ■ 1. Unity, ■ 2. Order, ■ 3. Variety, ■ 4. Conclusion, Steps to write paragraph, ■ 1. Selection of topic, • Good knowledge, • Various dimensions, • Comprehensive view, Steps of paragraph writing, ■ 2. Brainstorming on chosen topic, • What is the topic dealing with?, • Which factors are involved in it ?, • Who are the parties involved in it ?, • How has the problem/ situation has arisen and it’s possible solution, • Whose interests are involved in it?, • Where : local, state, national and international scenario?, , Steps of Paragraph writing, Try to develop points on following dimensions, • Historical, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 269

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Political, International, Geographical, Cultural, Psychological, Scientific, , Steps of paragraph writing, ■ 3. Organising ideas, ■ 4. Write the introduction, Steps of paragraph writing, ■ 5. Writing the main body, ■ 6. Final checklist, ■ 7. Conclusion, Globalism vs Nationalism, “In a global world, nationalism is a fantasy, and it’s poison.”, The idea of belonging and attachment is at the root of the human identity. History of human, civilization narrates the story of this belonging and attachment that developed in the form of familial,, tribal and regional affinities. The thread of belonging is the root of social identity for individuals and, the same has also been the reason for some major conflicts in the human history. This nationalism saw, its rise in the idea of nation-states of 17th and 18h centuries and became the defining feature of the, modern political order of the world., Dawn of the 20th century marked a new world order by integrating the world market and making the, market, a global phenomenon sublimating the national boundaries. This new world order came to be, known as Globalism. Globalism has been in forefront challenging the nationalistic idea and a similar, counter challenge has been posed by nationalism against globalism., Phenomenon of modern nationalism is of European origin. It became a general European movement, and one of the most explosive political philosophies that rule the world today. The colonial tendency, of the European powers created an atmosphere of competition, rivalry and reached its zenith in the, form of Nazism and Fascism. The world saw two great wars in human history in the form of World, War I and World War II., The supporters of nationalism claim that the fluidity between national boundaries poses a threat to, the distinct identity and culture of a community. According to sociologist Peter Evans, "Products and, idea developed in rich countries shape the value and ideas of citizens poor countries"., Media as Fourth pillar of democracy, Whoever controls the media, controls the mind., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 270

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, With the advancement and progress of democracy, the media has developed at an accelerated pace, around the world. Its freedom has become the barometer of the liberty and freedom of speech and, expression of the society. Media is an institution that brings the suppressed voice of a common man to, the forefront and strengthens his voice in the democracy., Media plays an important role as an informative bridge between governing bodies and the general, public. In a democracy, media acts as a watchdog for the society at large and the citizenry in particular., The prime duty of the media is to make the people aware of the affairs and actions of the government, of the day., In case, if the government fails to perform its duties and obligation then media is the first critical analyst, which does the post-mortem e the whole affairs. Media by this act puts the whole story before the, public in a very communicable way so that the public could evaluate the government and its actions, and policies. Also, the media puts the plans and policies of the government before the people so that, the people could judge the plans and policies and conclude whether the government is catering to the, needs of the people., So far, the media, at the same time, has been accused of not performing its expected duties. Instead of, acting as an unbiased information provider, the news channels today can be seen dancing to the tune, of the business houses and politicians. Politicians have made Indian news channels nothing less than, hostage to their power. In the anticipation of getting higher TRPs and caring their revenue, many, channels, pay no attention towards uncovering the truth. If a policy is not at par, the media censures, it., This fourth pillar needs to be strengthened more and draw the attention of the government and the, governed towards any failure in the governance. It is media that may generate public opinion,, influence it and even change it. Therefore, the media has a great responsibility towards the society, and must be conscious and sensitive as per the requisites of democracy so that its status as the fourth, pillar of democracy could sustain legitimacy., RTI in India: Achievements and Challenges, The Right to Information Act, a milestone legislation, allowed the Indian citizens to file requests for, information from government bodies. It became operational on 12th October, 2005., RTI has empowered Indian citizens to seek information from public authorities, thus making the, government and its functionaries more accountable and responsible. Unlike many other countries,, which took several years to operationalize the Act post enactment, India took only a few months to, bring it into force. The biggest achievement of the RTI, is that it tells the most powerful people that,, they are not beyond the reach of the common man., Along with providing information, RTI Act has also served as an effective watchdog. The Act has, made, all those coming in the purview of the Act, extremely cautious about their work, rules, and, regulations. The officials are now more conscious in doing their work according to the rules and, avoiding irregularity., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 271

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, Non-availability of basic infrastructure and low use of information technology tools also creates, hurdles in the functioning of RTI. Another loophole is that, the political parties and the judiciary have, been exempted from the purview of RTI. The judiciary's primary concern here is that its independence, might be at stake if the details are e disclosed., However, many activists argued that in the appointment and transfer of Judges the disclosure of, information would strengthen the judiciary in the eyes of people. It will increase its credibility and, public trust. It would help to prevent any kind of political or other interference., Undoubtedly, the Right to Information Act is historic, and has the potential of changing, forever, the, balance of power in people disempowering government and other powerful institutions and, distributing this power to the people., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 272

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Letter, Letter Writing, Written message conveyed form one person to another, Sender writer receiver, , Letter, Types, , Formal letters impersonal, , Personal, , 4 languages is formal, , Informal letter, , 1. Official letter, 2. Letter to editor, 3. Job application, , To family, Relative and friend, Language is friendly and, relaxed, , 4. Business letter, , Previous year questions, • Write a letter to the zonal Manager, Northwester Railway, Delhi, describing the, discomforts you experienced during a recent journey., • Write a letter to the Municipal Commissioner of your city complaining about the, poor sanitary conditions of your locality and the mosquito-menace caused by this., • Write a cover letter in support of your qualifications for the post of assistant, professor address letter to the Register, University of Hyderabad, , Parts of Letter, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 273

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Heading, , 2. Sender’s Address, -----------------------------------------------------5th November, 2002, , Salutation, Body, , Sir/My dear Ram/Dear, Introduction, , -------------------------------------, , Main content, , --------------------------------------, , Summary, , ---------------------------------------, , Subscription, , Your Faithfully, , Signature, , Name, , Official Letter (Format), Addressed to government officials and to., request government to fulfill duties, , Sender’s address, ---------------------Date, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 274

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , ---------------------Receiver’s Post, Receiver’ s Add, Purpose/Obj., , ←, , Solution, , Subject - For/about/to, ←, , Body, , Sir,, , With due respect I would like to draw your, attention to --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I shall appreciate an early actions., , Complimentary, , ←, , Thanking you, , Subscription, , ←, , Yours faithfully, , Signature, , ←, , Senders’ Name, , Write a letter to the Municipal Commissioner of your city complaining about the poor, sanitary conditions of your locality and the mosquito-menace caused by this., Sector 11, C Scheme, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 275

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Jaipur, 26th October, 2020, , The municipal Commissioner, Municial Corporation, Jaipur, , Subject – About the poor sanitary conditions and mosquito menace, Sir,, With due respect I would like to draw your attention towards poor sanitary condition, and mosquito menace in my locality. Due to chocked drains and heaps of garbage, mosquitoes are breeding everywhere. There is danger of breaking out of malaria and, dengue., Despite our repeated complaints, no action has been taken yet. On behalf of my locality, I request you to take immediate action., , Thanking you, , Yours faithfully, Name : xyz, , Letter Writing, Business Letter, Formal letter, Types, Business, , Complaints, , Business to Customer, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 276

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , to business, , Business dials, , Firms ← Firms, , Information, , Firm ← Customer, , →, , →, , Format, Customer to business, Inquiry/supply/complaint, Sender, , Customer Name, Address, Date, , Receiver, , Name of firm, Address, , Subject :Dear Sirs/Sir, , ---------------------------------------Dear sirs → Firm, Dear sir → individul, , About the supply of product, or, For the enquiry about ----------, , We are a leading firm at above mentioned address. We need (name of items) for office, use. We resquest you to quote rates and terms of supply for the following items, , 1., 2., , Items, , Quantity, , XYZ, ABC, , 10, 15, , As we are ordering in bulk, we would expect discount on the bulk purchase. We, expect a reply at the earliest possible a long with acceptable term and conditions., Thanking you, Yours faithfully, XYZ, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 277

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Write a letter to any firm for supply of furniture for your home, Sector 10, Bapu Nagar,, Jaipur, , The Jaipur Furnitures, Sitapura Industrial Area, Jaipur, , Subject - About the Supply of furniture., Dear Sir,, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 278

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , In reference to the above mentioned subject that I need supply of following items for my home, at above mentioned address. Details are given below, Items, , Quantity, , 1. Chairs, , 10, , 2. Dinning Table, , 1, , 3. Tea table, , 1, , 4. Double bed, , 3, , Looking forward to getting quick response from you., Thanking you, , Yours faithfully, Ramesh Sharma, , Business to Business letter format for making enquiry/order, Sender’s, , Name of firm, , Address, , Address, , Ph. No, Email, Date ..................., , Ref. No. : ..................., , Receiver, , Name of firm, Address, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 279

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , For making, enquiry about--or, About the, supply of --------, , Subject, Dear sirs/sir, In reference to the above mentioned subject that we are a leading, company at above mentioned address. We need following items for, our office use. I request to kindly quote your rates and terms of, supply for the following items., 1. XYZ, 50 units/packets/dozens, 2. ABC, ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", ", We expert a reply at the earliest possible along with acceptable, terms and conditions., Thanking You, Your Faith fully, Marketing Manager, Ramesh Sharma, , As Jaipur furnitures, Sitapura Industrial Area, Jaipur write a letter to the Rajasthan, Electricals, Aatish Market, Jaipur for making enquiry about air conditioners and fans., , Jaipur Furnitures, Sitapura, Industrial Area, Jaipur, November 2, 2020, , Ref. No. : 108/JF/2020, , The Rajasthan Electricals, Aatish Market, Jaipur, Subject – For making enquiry about air conditioners and fans., Dear Sirs,, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 280

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , In reference to the above mentioned subject that we are leading furniture company at above, mentioned address. We need following items for office use. I request you to quote your rate, and terms of supply for the following items:, 1. Air conditioner, , -, , 10 units of 1.5 ton, , 2. Fans, , -, , 15 units, , We expect a reply at the earliest possible along with acceptable terms and conditions., , Thanking You, , Yours faithfully, Admin Manager, Ramesh Sharma, , As Ganpati Telecommunication, Jaipur write a a letter to the Rajasthan Stationery, Ltd. Jaipur making enquiry about stationery items., Ganpati Telicommunications,, Jaipur, Date : 15th December 2020, , Ref. No. : GT/102/2020, , Rajasthan Stationery Ltd., Jaipur, , Subject : for making enquiry about stationery items., Sir,, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 281

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , We are a leading stationery company and we need following items in bulk for office, use I request you to kindly quote you rates and terms of supply for the following items, :, 1. Blue gel pen, → 12 Dozen, 2. Bond paper, → 15dozen reams, 3. Computer paper, → 20 dozen reams, 4. Computer carbon nibbons → 2 dozen packets, 5. File coner, → 12 dozen, 6. Pencil, → 10 dozen, As we are ordering in bulk, we would expect discount on the bulk purchase. We expect a reply, at the earliest possible along with acuptable terms and conditions., Thanking you, Yours Faithfully, Name : XYZ, (Purchase manager), Complaint Letter (Format), "Customer to Business", Customer’s address, Date, , Receiver firm name, Address, , Subject - About damaged (Producted name)., Sirs/sir,, I had purchased (product name)/availed serives from your shop located at (address of outlet), on, , (Date, , of, , purchase)., , The, , receipt, , number, , of, , purchase, , is, , …………..……………………….............., ………………………………………………………………………………………………......, ....., (Description of damage), ………………………………………………………………………………………………......, ....., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 282

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , I would be grateful if you could look into this matter and make an arrangement for (refund of, my purchase amount)/repair or replacement of product), I shall appreciate an early action in this regard., , Thanking you,, , Yours faithfully, Name ………………., , Write a letter to the dealer from whom you bought a refrigerator last month, complaining, that the refrigeratior is not working propertly. Ask them to get it checked and repaired, or replaced., Sector 10, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur, November 12,2020, , Ganesham Electronic, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, Subject – Complaint regarding Samsung refrigerator, , Dear Sirs,, I had purchased Samsung refrigerator from your shop located at Gaurav Tower on October, 11,2020. The receipt number of purchase is R-54267. I am regretful to inform you that it’s, cooling system has not been working properly. Its guarantee period is two years., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 283

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , I would be grateful if you could look into the matter and make an arrangement for service, engineer to check and repair it or replace it., I shall appreciate an early action in this regard., Thanking you, Yours faithfully, Name, , Format, Business to Business, (Complaint Letter), Sender Firm Name, Address : .........................., Date : ..............................., , Ref. No. : ........................, Reciver firm name, Address, Subject - Damaged (Product), Dear Sirs/Dear Sir, It is to inform you that product with quantity supplied by you as per order No………….. dated, ………….have arrived in damaged condition (Description of Damage), It appears the damage was caused during transit. This fact was brought to the notice of the, transporters and they have singned note, accepting this position. I am enclosing this note for, your information., I shall be grateful if you will make necessary arguments in the bill I also request you to send the, replacement soon., Thanking you, Yours faithfully, Name, (Sales Manager), A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 284

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , You ordered a few computer for your office staff. When the supply arrived, you found, two computers damaged in damaged condition. Write a letter to the supplier giving details, of the damage., Genpact, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Ph. No- 0141-250000, Email : Jaipur. [email protected], October 10, 2020, Ref-105/Gen/2020., Hp Computers, Business Park, Noida, Subject – About damaged Computers., Dear Sir,, It is inform you that out of the of the twenty computers, Model No.56, supplies by you, as per order No. Gen/JP/10-10/20 dated October 10,2020 two have arrived in, Damaged condition. Their screen is damaged. It appears thate damaged was caused, during transit. This fact was brought to the notice of the transporters and that have, signed note accepting this position. I am enclosing this note for your information., I shall be grateful if you will make necessary adjustments in the bill. I also request you, to send replacement soon., Thanking You, Yours faithfully, Ramesh Meena, IT Manager, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 285

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , JOB APPLICATION, Write a cover letter in support of your qualifications for the post of assistant, professor. Address letter to the Registrar, University of Hyderabad, Sector - 10, Bapu Nagar,, Jaipur, November 2, 2020, , The Registrar, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Subject: To apply for the post assistant professor., Sir,, I came across the advertisement dated November 1, 2020 published in Hindustan, Times and came to know that the post of assistant professor is lying vacant in your, organisation. I hereby apply for the post., I have all the essential qualifications and work experience required for the job. I possess, excellent communication and teaching skills., I have enclosed my biodata for your review. I am available for the interview at your, earliest convenience. I would be grateful, if I am considered for the aforesaid post and, I assure you that I shall work with utmost sincerity and dedication., Thanking you, Yours Faithfully, Xyz, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 286

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , LETTER OF APPOINTMENT, Larsen & Turbo, New Delhi, 5th May, 2020, Our Ref: AP/PH/IC-4, , Mr. Suresh Kumar, 3/12, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, Subject. : Appointment for the post of Marketing Manager, Sir,, With reference to your application dated 6th April, 2020 for the post and subsequent, interview on 21st April 2012, we feel pleasure in offering you appointment for the post, of Marketing Manager in our organisation., We are enclosing an appointment letter in original along with a duplicate copy. Please, keep the original copy with you and return us the duplicate copy duly signed by you, as a token of your acceptance of our terms and conditions mentioned therein. We have, offered you very attractive and lucrative terms and conditions to enable you to devote, your best capabilities to the job. You are requested to report for duty on 1st June, 2020., Thanking you., Yours faithfully, For: Larsen & Turbo, XYZ, General Manager, Enclosure: Letter of appointment, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 287

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR ABOUT PRESERVING, HISTORICAL SITES IN RAJASTHAN, The Heritage Society of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 10th April, 2020, , The Editor, The Hindustan times, Jaipur, , Subject: For preserving historical sites., Sir,, Through this esteemed column of your prestigious newspaper, I would like to draw, attention of Archaeological department of India towards the deteriorating condition of, historical sites in Rajasthan. Many historical buildings are being, neglected and all, these places are of historical importance. As per government records, ASI at present is, working after 150 buildings, including forts and places of archaeological significance., The inclusion of more monuments in the category of protected buildings. It will help, to developed more tourism in state. So, it is suggested that ASI should include more, historical sites in the category of protected buildings in order to conserve and restore, them., I shall be highly obliged to you if you publish the above mentioned matter in yours, Newspapers., Thanking You, Yours faithfully, XYZ, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 288

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , WRITE A LETTER TO THE EDITOR OF A NEWSPAPER HIGHLIGHTING, THE INCREASING INCIDENTS OF EVE-TEASING, Sitapura Industrial area, Jaipur, November 3, 2020, , The Editor, The Hindustan's Times, Jaipur, , Subject - About the increasing incidents of eve-teasing in locality., Sir,, I would like to bring to the notice of civic authorities and public, the sorry state of Law, and order in our locality and increasing incidents of eve teasing through newspaper. It, has become unsafe for women to go out in day light. There are some boys, they make, abusive comments to the girls and make them feel uncomfortable. The negligence of, local police is also responsible for increasing incidents of molestation in Public places., The Police department should introduce, helpline number for girls. This should, increasing patrolling near collages. Poor street lights should be repaired. The residents, of locality should remain more vigilant and strict action should be taken against those, indulge in harassment of women., I shall be highly obliged to you if you publish the above mentioned matter in your, newspaper., , Thanking You, Yours truly, XYZ, , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 289

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , REPORT WRITING, Water Logging, Severe - Hkkjh] Pedestrians - iSny ;k=h] Stronded - Qal, Optium - vuqdqyre] Accumulated - tek gksuk, , gq,] Blamed - ftEesnkj Bgjk;k], , Rajasthan Patrika, 15th July severe rains lashed Jaipur on Saturday evening leading to, water logging and traffic jams at many places., Shipra path road had about a foot deep water causing many vehicles to stop. Many, vehicles particularly two wheelers got stuck and sank in the accumulated water near, the bridge. Even traffic lights Stopped working. It was difficult for the pedestrians to, pass through knee-deep water. The passengers on the Bus stand were stranded., When contacted, the District Magistrate blamed the unusual heavy rain in the city., According to him, every drainage system has an optimum capacity beyond which, it, cannot handle rain water. He denied that the municipal authorities maintained the, drains poorly., According to him, whenever it rains, the additional load affects the sewers and when, they are full, the rain water starts spilling over to drains and streets. However, water, logging is a common sight during rainy season. Non-functional street lights add to the, number of accidents on roads. Drainage and Sewerage system coupled with damaged, roads pose a serious threat to the life and property of the citizens., Town planners have miserably failed on this account. They make promises every year, and by next rainy season, they are transferred. There is lack of accountability on the, part of the authorities., Problem of Smog in North India, Grappling - tw>uk] Foxce - fo"kSys] Measurs - mik;] Motoined - eksVj, , pkfyr jksx, , Kilns - HkV~Vs, The Times of India, 20th December., Delhi is the centre of global attention, grappling with toxic smog. But 22 other cities in, north India are also experiencing ‘severe’ pollution while the air quality is 'very poor', in 13 other cities. According to Scientists, government measures such as a ban on, stubble burning and restrictions on the use of firecrackers are not enough to deal with, air pollution in north India because these are episodic and limited to few times a year., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 290

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Various studies have shown that the key sources that contribute to air pollution in NCR, are motorised road transport, dust on roads and construction sites, brick kilns,, polluting industries, coal fired power plants and biomass burning., According to the WHO, air pollution causes about seven million premature deaths, every year, largely as a result of increased mortality from stroke, heart disease, chronic, obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory infections., Rajasthan water crisis, Rajasthan Patrika, 15th June, The slow progress of the monsoon is causing worry in Rajasthan, as only 14 of the 33, districts in the state have received normal rains so far. With the rainfall 9 per cent below, normal in the state, several areas are facing an acute drinking water crisis. State capital, Jaipur is facing a grim water situation as the Bisalpur dam has little reserves left. The, dam, which supplies water to Jaipur, Ajmer and Tonk districts, has water left for just a, few more weeks. The government is reportedly planning to supply piped water to, homes here once in two days., Similarly, Jawai dam in west Rajasthan, the only source of drinking water for Pali, district, has just three feet of water left, sufficient to supply water only until July 28., People in Pali are getting piped water once in four days, and if the situation does not, improve quickly, trains will be used to bring water from Jodhpur., Jaipur collector l said, “We have completed all arrangements to use water trains in, Jaipur and set up a special pump in Jaipur., Pathetic condition of Jaipur Zoo, Rajasthan Patrika Jaipur, 15th June The Jaipur zoo, is once again facing the ire of animal, lovers and activists, who say there is no improvement in the living condition of, animals, birds and reptiles housed in the zoo. The Plant and Animal Welfare Society, (PAWS), Jaipur, has written to the Jaipur Municipal Commissioner and Member, Secretary of Central Zoo Authority (CZA), urging them to derecognise the zoo., Pathetic - n;uh; Ire - xqLlk] The Zoo - j[ks x;s] derecognise - ekU;rk jn~n] Urging - vkxzg], Insetad - ctk;] Natural Habitat - izkÑfrd vokl] barly - eq'dr] Exhibit Neurotic - izn'kZu, fof{kIr] Abnormal Behaviour - vlkekU; O;ogkj] Zoo Personnel - dfeZ;ksa tkpdrkZvksa, The activists have said that instead of providing the animals a natural habitat, the zoo, authorities have constructed a selfie point. Some cages are so small that the animals, A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 291

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , can barely move. Many animals exhibit neurotic and abnormal behaviour, including, pacing, head-bobbing and extreme agitation. Some animals have visible injuries and, are clearly ill. Visitors were seen feeding the animals with no zoo personnel in sight., Our investigators saw some visitors teasing and taunting animals and throwing rocks, and debris., Students Demonstrates Against Fee Hike, The Hindustan Times, Jaipur, 29th August, The students of Rajasthan University, JLN road walked out of their classes and held, massive demonstration against the hike in college fees, They raised voice against the, government decision of increasing fees and abolishing the compartmental, examinations altogether. They were seen waving hand bills and many posters. They, demanded restoring of compartmental examination and maintaining the status quo in, the matter of college fees. This peaceful processor proceeded towards the office of the., The police tried to disperse the students but they did not budge even a single inch., There was complete chaos that resulted into heavy traffic jam. The minister arrived on, the spot and had discussion with the students lead and assured the students of a, prompt and positive action. The situation was thus controlled and then the students, left the place willingly and peacefully, Communal Riots, The Times of India Jaipur, 19th July, Last evening, communal riots broke out in Ramganj locality. Most of the people living, in this locality are Muslims. Last evening, a rumour spread like wild fire that a city, mosque has been desecrated. The rumour kept on doing the rounds of the city. About, 20 youths gathered the mosque and started shouting anti Hindu slogans. Gradually,, the group of youth took the form of agitated mob and marched towards Shiv Mandir, in the Hindu dominated locality. They shouted provocative slogans. The Hindus of the, locality also came out of their homes., On receiving the information, the police immediately swung into action. They pacified, the Muslims and persuaded them to go back and verify the facts. They had themselves, sent a police party to the mosque and had received the report that there was no act of, desecration as alleged by anti-social elements wanting to disturb the communal, harmony in the city. When the Hindus came out they shouted anti Muslim slogans and, hurled stones at the Muslim mob., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 292

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , The police re-enforcement was ordered by the District Magistrate. Tear gas shells were, fired to disperse the crowd. In turn, the police were also attacked. The mob stoned the, policemen and as a result two policemen were injured. The situation was getting out, of control. The reports of killing and stabbing from other areas started pouring in. The, police at once imposed curfew in the city. There was heavy patrolling in the area. The, DM Jaipur claimed that the situation was under control., Traffic jams and reckless driving, Jaipur, 20th January, During the peak hours of traffic in the morning and evening, the conditions of roads, are worse. Encroachments are the order of the day. The congestion on the roads is, caused by disobeying the rules of the road. In the last two years, three flyovers have, been constructed to make travelling safe and comfortable. As a matter of fact, the traffic, police do not take stern action against illegal parking and encroachments and reckless, driving. The condition of the roads adds more problems to traffic jams., Peak Hours - pje] Worse - cnrj] Encroachments - vfrØe.k] disobeying Stern Action - dM+h dkjokbZ] Reckless Driving - ykijokg, , vogsyuk], , No wonder, accidents, mostly fatal, make one wary of driving School boys and girls are driving, vehicles without license. They are reckless drivers. Being young, they don't care about the hazards they, pose to others. School authorities and traffic police need to conduct training classes in schools for, teaching the young the traffic rules. The training, they are supposed to get, will have lasting impression, on their minds Ultimately, the safety on the road depends on the police as to how they enforce law, Strict checking and stringent enforcing of already existing law can instill fear in citizens. Otherwise,, the chaotic conditions on roads are likely to continue., , Hazards - [krjks] LastingImpression - LFkk;h izHkko] Ultimately - varr%] Enforce law ykxw] instill - iSnk] Already existing law - igys ls ekStwn] Strict Checking - l[r tk¡p], Otherwise - vU;Fkk] Chaotic - vjktd, All that glitters is not gold (or) Appearances are deceptive. It denotes that Appearances are often, deceiving, and so becomes the way we tend to look at things and form a perspective about them., Generally, people give value to the external appearances. But the external appearance cannot be always, reliable. For example, Gold is a precious metal and it shines brightly. But, just because some other, metals also shine, they cannot be as valuable as gold. That is, all that glitters is not gold. People get, deceived by the outward appearances. A person who appears very innocent may prove cruel. A dress, which appears very costly because of its over shining may actually be a cheap one. Hence, we must try, to know the inner quality of a person or a thing to assess his/ its value. We must not fall in the trap of, external attraction., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 293

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , Elaboration Writing, Time and tide wait for none, It denotes the importance to time. It means the tide does not wait for anyone in the, same way time also does not wait for anyone. Time is fleeting, so it should not be, wasted because the time once went never returns., Opportunities occur without any notice and pass quickly just like a tide which never, waits for any sailor. Time is more precious than money because we can earn money, in any sphere of our life but we cannot earn time which has been already passed., Someone one has correctly said the procrastination is the thief of time., Only those, who realize the truth, succeed in life. If we want to know the value of a, minute, we should ask the person who just missed the train and to understand the, value of one second, ask the athlete who got second position., It we waste minutes; we may be wasting hours and years in cumulative. Thus this, proverb teaches us to learn the regularity and continuity. We should always be on, time., If winter comes, can spring be far behind?, It denotes nothing is permanent in life mistortunes of life are bound to vanish and give, place to happier day again. Just as dawn comes after dark night and cloudy sky gives, place to sunny day. Optimism encourages man to face adversity boldly and convert, mistortunes into success., Miseries will be dispelled by good times. This is universal truth of life and those, struggling in adversity should gain hope from failures of life. To define happiness if, has to be compared with sadness. Therefore, an optimist drives hope from failures., A person has to change his attitude towards pain and misery by accepting them as, essential part of human life. Thus, this proverb teaches us that if harddhip surround, us and make us unhappy we should not lose hope and courage but wait eagerly for, the onset of spring which brings us light, warmth and happiness, Where there is a will, there is a way, It means if someone is determined to do something, he will find a way to accomplish, it regardless of obstacles. A man of will is never discouraged by physical infirmity., A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 294

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SPRINGBOARD ACADEMY, Join Click t.me/RAS_Missions, English Notes, , poverty or lack of support. He can mould inhospitable circumstance to favourable, conditions, Determination is the driving force for anyone to achieve success. Therefore, without, determination and strong will power, a man connot achieve anything. It helps a, person to overcome all the difficulties in life., Behind every success story is strong will power accompanied by efforts. The, achievements of manking are the products of strong determination and will power., Whether it is conquest of Moon or the Mt. Everest., This proverb teaches us one should have a positive approach towards one’s goal in, life. There are many who undergo failure and defeat but their determination to win, takes them forward., , A-1 KeshavVihar, Riddhi-Siddhi Chouraha, Gopalpura Bypass,, Jaipur- 302018 Mob.: 0141-3555948, 9636977490, 8955577492, , 295