Page 1 : B.Sc. NURSING [Post Basic (1st year)], , NURSING FOUNDATION, August-2012, M.M.: 35, , Time 2 hrs., Note: Attempt all questions., , Q.1. Explain briefly any Two of the following:, , (32-6), , (a) Criteria for recognition of nursing as a profession., a), , (b) Factors affecting health and illness., concepts of nursing theories., Q,2. Describe the developmental stages in Pre-schooler and explain, , (c), , Common, , the role of nurse in promoting health and preventing illness., , (7), Q.3. (a) Define nursing process., (6) List the steps of nursing process,, (c), , Explain in detail the assessment process., , Q.4., , Explain in briefany two of the following:, , Q.5., , Tools and techniques for evaluating nursing, Effects of stress., (c) Importance of standard in quality car., Write short notes on any two:, , (a), (b), , (a) Nurisng codes of ethics., (b) Nursing records., ), , Quality assurance., , (d) Team nursing., , 89, , (1), (2), 4), (3% x2-7), care., , (4x2-8)

Page 2 : Basic B. Sc. Nursing, SES Post, , (1st Year, , 90, , SOLVED PAPER, QUESTION-1, Explain briefly any, , (a), (b), (c), , Two, , of the following:, , of Nursing as, Criteria for recognition, health and illness., Factors affecting, Common, , concepts of nursing, , a, , profession., , theories., , ANSWER-1 (a), Nursing is, , a Profession, , with ethical components, that, , Profession is defined as an occupation, and social welfare., devoted for the promotion of human, , is, , is considered as a profession like other professions, all the following characteristics of profession., , Nursing, , because it includes, , Nursing as Profession:, 1. Body of knowledge:, In, a. Profession constantly enlarges the body of knowledge., nursing profession, nurses continuosly get updated know, edge from various sources., , Criteria for, , b. t makes the use of well defined and well organized body of, specialized knowledge in its practice., , c. Profession applies its bodyofknowledge in practical services, which are vital to human and social welfare. After acquiring, knowledge, nurses apply it in their practice., , d. It entrusts the education of its practioners, from its institu, tions of higher education. Nurses are getting higher (Spe, , 2., , cialty courses) position through deputation., e. It attracts individuals of intellectual and, personal qualities., Code of ethics : Members of profession adheres to the code, o, ethics. All nurses are following code of ethics, given by prote, , sional bodies., 3., , Professional membership, a., , Professional members, , participate in professional activnu, Nurses actively participate in various health, programme

Page 3 : Nursing Foundation (August-2012), , 91, , b. Professional members are autonomous and self regulatory., Nursing profession also have regulatory bodies such INC,, , state registration counsel., c. Profession develops, evaluates and uses theory as a basis for, , practice.There are many nursing theories given by nursing, personnels and these theories are applied in the nursing, , practice., d. Members of profession participate actively in research., , Nurses also conducting various types of research in clinical, area, in educational institutions etc. They also follow evidence, based practice., , ANSWER 1 (b), Factors Affecting the Health and llness, Health, the process through which a person seeks to maintain an, equilibrium that promotes stability and comfort, is a dynamic process, that varies according to a person's perception of well-being., llness is the inability of an individual's adaptive responses to, maintain physical and emotional balance that subsequently results in, an impairment of functional abilities., Factors affecting the health and illness are mentioned below:, 1., 2., 3, , Lifestyle, Perceived locus of control, Perceived ease or difficulty in accomplishing a task (self-efficacy), , 4., , Health care attitudes, , 5., , Self-concept, , 1., , Lifestyle : Lifestyle consists ofa person's, , usual, , daily activities, , and routines that are acceptable practices in the person's life., Such routines and habits influence health status. For example,, of caffeine, cigarette smoking,, Consistent intake of high-fat foods and a sedentary routine can, modifications are, adversely affect health status. When lifestyle, health, many individuals have difficulty, , consumption of large, , necessary, , 2., , to, , amounts, , improve, , implementing the suggested changes., , Locus of control: Locus of control refers to individual's sense, or Control over events and situations affecting their lives. A per-

Page 4 : SES Post Basic B.Sc., , 92, son, , with, , an, , Nursing (1st, , Year, , victim, , wit, , control fels like, external locus of, , a, , it, , However, a person with an, over life events., little, if any, control, able to influence significant event, internal locus ofcontrol feels, that is, they see themselves a, and occurrences affecting self,, lives. Thus, those with an internal, , responsible for their own, make lifestyle, cus of control are more willing to, will lead to wellness., , changes that, , 3.3. Self-efMicacy: It is an individual's perceptionofone'sown ability, to perform a certain task. Self-efficacy has a powerful impac, , on initiating behavior change. When clients are able to make, , informed decisions about their health behaviours and feel that, they are successful in these areas, they are more likely to attemp:, , behaviour change. Self-efficacy is a form of self-confi-dence, , 4., , that leads to successful behaviour performance., Health care attitudes: Beliefs are powerful shapers of behavior., Health behaviours are based on beliefs. Attitudes about health, , and personal vulnerability (which are initially learned in the famil, , unit) greatly influence behaviour. Socialization (which occurs, , abou, , within the family) influences the development of beliefs, health care. These beliefs determine the person's willingness to, , participate in health care., 5., , Self-concept: Self-concept is an individual's perception of sel, It includes self-esteem (an individual's, perception of selfworth, , and, , body image (pe. ception, , between, , of physical, , self-concept and, , self). The relationshi, , health is strong. Self-concept intn, ences individuals' health behaviours, in that people who thins, highly of themselves will tend to take care of themselves. On t, other hand, a person with a negative self-concept will, , reckless or self-destructive behaviours, , Common Concepts, , Theories are a set of, , engage, , that, , endanger health., , ANSWER-1(¢), of, , Nursing Theories, , interrelated concepts that give a systematic vie, phenomenon (an observable fact or event) that is, explana, and predictive in nature., of, , a, , ator

Page 5 : 93, , Nursing Foundation (August-2012), , Nursing theory is, , a, , set, , of concepts, definitions, relationships,, , derived from nursing, and assumptions or propositions, , models or from, , view of phenoother disciplines and project a purposive, systematic, the, among concepts for, mena by designing specific interrelationships, and /or prescribing., purposes of describing, explaining, predicting,, involve images., are basicaly vehicles of thought that, , Concepts, Concepts are words that describe objects, properties,, , or events and, , are basic components of theory., Common, , Concepts, , in, , Nursing, , Four concepts common in, mine nursing practice are, , 1., , The person (patient), , 2., , The environment, , 3., , Health, , Theories, , :, , deternursing theory that influence and, , 4. Nursing (goals, roles, functions), Each of these concepts is usually defined and described by a nursing, common to all, theorist, often uniquely; although these concepts are, is that of, nursing theories. Of the four concepts, the most important, the person. The focus of nursing, regardless of definition or theory,, is the person., , QUESTION-2, Describe the developmental stages in pre-schooler and explain, the role of nurse in promoting health and preventing illness., , ANSWER-2, Nurse's Role in Health Promotion and Prevention of illness, Health promotion is a process undertaken to increase the levels of, wellness in individuals, families, and communities. It involves activities, , and programmes provided by nurses and other health care providers, to foster lifestyle behaviours conducive to optimum health status., , Nurses identify high-risk individuals and determine and strengthen, their social support, thus encouraging disease prevention. Clients who, , are attempting to adopt health promotion activities are holistic in naure is that they target physical and emotional health concerns., , Nurses play a key role in promoting health and wellness. Through, calth promotion and risk reduction, the individual develops behaviour

Page 6 : SES Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing (1st Yes., ar, , 94, , and reduce the risk of di, ease. The challenge for nurses is to find ways to motivate clients an, , patterns that promote, , a, , healthy lifestyle, , families to develop health-promoting behaviours. When behavior, , that once worked for the individual are no longer effective, the clie, must give up the old behaviours to be ablex to adopt new, healthie, ones. Client teaching is a major intervention for promoting health. A, essential component of teaching is encouraging clients to make net., , essary lifestyle changes to promote health. Motivation is a key co, ponent of achieving and maintaining health. Nurses can better hei;, , clients engage in healthy behaviours by considering the client's be, liefs and experiences when planning care. Many factors help client, , feel motivated to change health behaviours, 1. Perception of self as able to succeed (self-efficacy)., 2. Beliefthat health status will improve., 3., , Response to their attempts to change in the form offeeling healthie, and receiving confirmation of these changes from others., , QUESTION-3, (a) Define nursing process., (b) List the steps of nursing process., , (c) Explain in detail the assessment process., , ANSWER-3(a), Nursing Process, Nursing process is defined as an orderly, systematic way of identityine, the clients problem, make, plans to solve them, initiating or implementn, the plans and, evaluating to which extent the plan was effective, resolving the problem identified. Nursing process is a, delibera, , problem identification and problem solving, , care, , and, , nursing needs of patients., , approach to meet the hea, , ANSWER-3 (b), , Steps of Nursing Process:, 1., , Assessment: Systematic, collection of data, patient's, status, , 2., , to, , health, and to identify, any actual or potentiai, problem., Formulation of nursing, , diagnosis., , th, , determinheal

Page 7 : 95, , Mursing Foundetion (August-2012), , 3., 4., 5., , Planing: Development of goal and a, , plan of care., , Implementation: Actualization ofthe plan of care through nursing intervention or supervision of others to do the same., Bvaluation: Determination ofthe patient's responses to nursing, intervention., , ANSWER-3 (, of data, Assessment is the deliberate, systematic and logical collection, before the, that are helpful to identify and define client's problem, nurse proceeds to plan his care., , Purposes of Assessment:, 3., , To gather information about client's health, To determines client's normal function., To organize collected information., , 4., 5., , To enhance investigations of nursing problems., To frame nursing diagnosis., , 1., 2., , Types of Assessment:, 1., 2., 3., , Initial assessment, Ongoing assessment, Emergency assessment, , 4., , Time lapsed assessment, , The Steps of Assessment aree, , ., 2., , Conduct the health history., Perform the health assessment by following these techniques:, auscultation., Inspection, palpation, percussion,, , Methods of Assessment:, 1., , Inspection, , 2., 3., 4., , Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation, , means to look at the, 1., Inspection : In medical terms, "inspection'", is the visual examination of the, patient or body part. Inspection, , physical exam., , Client. It is the first step in, , a, , Guidelines, , Inspection, , a., , for Effective, , Be systematic., , :

Page 8 : SES Post Basic B. Sc., , 96, , Nursing (1st, , Yean, , b. Fully expose the area to be inspected; cover other body part,, to respect the client's modesty., c. Use good light, preferably natural light., d. Maintain comfortable room temperature., e. Observe color, shape, size, symmetry, position and move, ment., , f., 2., , Compare bilateral structures for similarities and differences, Palpation: Palpation is a method of feeling with the hands dur, , ing a physical examination. The nurse touches and feels the, , patienf's body to examine the size, consistency, texture, loca, tion, and tenderness of an organ or body part., Palpation uses the, sense of touch to assess various, parts of the body and helps to, , confirm, , findings that are noted on inspection., The hands, especially the, finger tips are used to assess skin, , temperature,, , check, , ness, or pain., , pulses, texture, moisture,, , masses, tender, , Ask the client for, permission first and, to, what you intend to examine. Establish explain your client, client trust with being, Please, professional., remember to use warm hands., Any tender, areas should be, palpated last., , Types of Palpation:, a., Light Palpation: To check muscle tone and assess for, ten, derness., , b., , Deep Palpation: To identify, nal masses., , 3., , abdominal organs and abdomi, , Percussion: Percussion is the, , short, sharp strokes in order to striking of the body surface with, , palpable vibrations and, characteristic sounds. It is usedproduce, to determine the, location, size., shape and density of, underlying structures; to detect the pres, ences of air or, fluid in a body, space and to elicit tenderness., Types of Percussion, a., , Direct, , Percussion : Percussion in which one, striking finger of the examiner toucheshand is used, the surface, being percussed., , and the, b., , Indirect, , Percussion: Percussion, , used and the, , plexor strikes the, , in, , which two hands a, , finger of the examiner's oln, , er

Page 9 : Nursing Foundation (Augus-2012), , 97, , hand, which is in contact with the body surface being, , percussed., , c. Blunt Percussion: Percussion which the ulnar surface of, the hand or fist is used in place of the fingers to strike the, , body surface, either directly or indirectly., Percussion Sounds: Percussion of a body part produces a, , sound-like playing a drum-that indicates the type oftissue, , within the organ:, a., , Lungs sound hollow on percussion because they are filled, , with air., b. Bones, joints and solid organs such as the liver sound solid., c. The abdomen sounds like a hollow organ filled with air, fluid, or solids., , Other Sounds are:, a., , Resonance: A hollow sound., , b. Hyper resonance: A booming sound., c. Tympany: A musical sound or drum sound like that produced by the stomach., dense structurés such, d. Dullness: Thud sound produced by, or a full bladder., as the liver and enlarged spleen,, dull sound like that produced by, e. Flatness: An extremely, such as muscle or bone., very dense structures, , 4., , Auscuitation, a., , of the, is the method of listening to the sounds, a tool called a stethobody. Auscultation is usually done using intestines in order, lungs, heart and, listen, , Auscultation, , patient's, scope to, number and, to evaluate the frequency, isiensity, duration,, quality of sounds., of normal and abnormal, b. It is used to detect the presence, terms of loudness, pitch, qualsounds and to assess them in, ity, frequency and, , C., , duration., , to the heart sounds of unborn, It may also be used to listen, with a stethoscope or with, infants. This can be performed, It can also be used, sound waves (called Doppler ultrasound)., feet. Auscultation is a skill, to hear pulses in the hands and, substantial clinical experience, a fine stethothat, , requires, skills., scope and good listening

Page 10 : 98, , SES Post Basic B.Sc., , Nursing (1st Year, , QUESTION-4, Explain, , in brief any Two of the, , following, , (a) Tools and techniques for evaluating nursing care., , (b) Effects of stress., (c) Importance of standard in quality care., , ANSWER-4(a), Tool and, , Techniques, , instrument used, , to, , for, , Evaluating Nursing Care, , evaluate the, , Tool is, , an, , provided. nursing,, following tools are used for evaluating the nursing care: commonly, 1., 2., , Observation checklist, Rating scale, , 3., , Likert scale, , 4., 5., , Nursing round, Incidental reporting, , 6., 7., , Case study/presentation, , care, , In, , Client's satisfaction scale, , Technique is the process of evaluation. Observation, questioning and, record analysis, , are, , commonly used techniques, , in nursing evaluation., , ANSWER-4 (b), Efffects of Stress : Stress is the, stimulus that evokes a change., , body's physiological reaction to any, , Physiological Effects:, ., , Cardiovascular/respiratory effects, , Increased pulse, Increased blood pressure, , Rapid, shallow breathing, 2., , Neurologic effects:, Dizziness, , Headachees, , Dilated pupils, 3., , Gastrointestinal effects, Nausea, , Altered appetite, , Diarrhea or constipation

Page 11 : Nursing Foundetion (August-2012), , 4.4. Genitourinary effects:, Polyuria, 5., , Musculoskeletal effects, Tension, , Twitching, 6., , Endoerine effects, , Increased levels of blood glucose and cortisol, , Psychological:, 1., 2., , Iritability, Increased sensitivity (feelings are easily hurt), , 3., 4., , Sadness, depression, Feeling "on edge", , Cognitive, 1., , Impaired memory, , 2., , Confusion, , 3., 5., , Impaired judgment, Poor decision making, Delayed response time, , 6., , Altered perceptions, , 7., , Inability to concentrate, , Behavioral, 1., , Pacing, , 2., , Sweaty palms, , 3., , Rapid speech, , 4., , Insomnia, , 5., , Withdrawal, , 6., , Exaggerated startle reflex, , Spiritual, 1. Alienation, 2., , Social isolation, , 3,, , Feeling of emptiness, ANSWER-4(), , mportance of Standard in Quality Care : Standard is a perf, nance model that results from integrating criteria with norms anc, , Sed to judge quality of nursing objectives, orders and methods.

Page 12 : 100, , SES Post Basic B.Sc., , Nursing (1st Year, , Purposes of Standards:, 1., , 2., 3., , Provide baseline for evaluating quality of nursing care., To improve the documentation of nursing care., Help supervisors to guide nursing personnel to improve perfor, mance., , Give direction and provide guidelines for performance of nurs, , ing personnel., Sources of Standards:, 1., 2., , Professional organizations (TNAI), Licencing bodies (INC)), , 3., , Institutions/health care agencies, , 4, , Universities, , 5., , Govt: National, state and local level individuals, , Nursing, , standard must be, , 1., , Appropriate, , 2., , Accessible, , 3, 4., , Acceptable, , 5., , Effective, Efficient, , 6., , Equity, , :, , Elements of Nursing Standard, , Structure, process and, , outcome., , defined as, All activities that contribute, to all defining designing assessing, monitoring and improving the qua, , Quality assurance can be, ity of care.", , Thus, standard sets the criteria/guidelines upon which the quan, the criteria upon which quality is assurcu, is checked. Standard, , gives, , QUESTION-5, Write short notes on any two, (a) Nurisng codes of ethics., (b), , Nursing records., , (c), , Quality assurance., , (d) Team nursing.

Page 13 : 101, , Nursing Foundation (August-2012), , ANSWER-5(a), Code of Ethics, , based, , on a, , body, , Ethics are the distinction between right and wrong, is set of, of knowledge, not just based on opinions. Ethics in nursing, care. The, moral codes of professional behaviours towards holistic, members of proethical code is a set of guidelines formulated by the, fession with the help of specialists in the field of nursing leaders,, advocatellawyers at times members from the society., , Ethics for Nurses in India:, , Code of, 1., , The, , respects the uniqueness of, , nurse, , individual in, , provi-, , sion of care., , Nurse:, a., , Provides, , care, , for individual without consideration of caste,, , creed, religion, culture, ethnicity, gender,, , socio-economic and, , other grounds., status, personal attributes, or any, values and, b. Individualize the care considering the beliefs,, , political, , cultural sensitivity., , C., , individualize in the family and, Appreciates the place of, of significant others in, community and facilities participation, , the care., d., , Develop and promotes trustful, , e., , Recognizes uniqueness, , relationship with individuals., , to response of individuals to inter-, , ventions and adapts accordingly., 2., , The, , nurse, , care, , and, , of individuals, respects the rights, , help, , in, , making, , as, , partners in, , informed choices., , Nurse, to make decisions about thei, a. Appreciates individual's right, information, , and, and therefore gives adequate, informed choices., for enabling them to make, individuals regardingthei, b. Respects the decisions made by, accurate, , care, , care., C., , Protects the public from, , misinformation, , tions., d., , Advocates special provisions to protect, , als/groups., , and misinterpreta, , vulnerable individu

Page 14 : SES Post Basic B.Sc., , The nurse, , respects individuals right, , confidentiality, , and shares information, , Nurse :, a., , Respects, , the individual's, , information., b., , to, , right, , to, , Nursing (1st Yean, ean), , privacy maintajin., , judiciously., , privacy, , of their, personal, , Maintains confidentiality of, privileged information except in, life threatening situations an uses, discretions in, , sharing in., , formation., , C., , Takes informed consent and, maintains, , formation, , is, , required, , reasons., , d. Limits the access, , for, , quality, , anonymity when in, , assurance/academic/legal, , computerized to authorize persons only., , Nursing maintains competence, nursing care., , in order to, , render quality, , Nurse:, a., Nursing care must be provided only by, nurse., b. Nurse, strives to maintain quality nursingregistered, care and upholds, the, standard of care., , c., , Nurse values containing education initiates and, utilize all op, portunities for self development., , d. Nurse values, The nurse is, , research adhering to ethical, , principles., , obliged to practice within framework of ethical, , professional legal boundaries., , Nurse, a. Adheres, , code of ethics an code, of professional, for nurses in India, conduc, developed, Indian, by, b. Familiarizes, nursing council., with relevant laws and, in accordan e, with the law of the, practices, state., Nurse obliged to, work, to, , health team., , harmoniously, , with members, , of, , Nurse, a., , b., , Appreciates the team efforts in, rendering care., Cooperates,, coordinates, and, the, health team to, , meet the, , collaborates with memb, , needs of, people., , o

Page 15 : 103, , Nursing Foundation (August-2012), , 7., , reciprocate the trust, profession by society., Nurse combines to, , invested in, , nursing8, , Nurse:, , a. Demonstrate personal etiquettes in all dealings., b. Demonstrate professional attributed in all dealings., , ANSWER-5 (b), Nursing Records, aschart, temperature chart, nursing, record register etc. in nurssessment sheet, nrogress sheet, nursing, A record is the pering. Recording it is the process of recording., relevant, , Nursing, , records include vital, , manent written communication, , that documents information, , to a client's health care management., , CHARACTERISTICS OF RECORDSs, , Current, , Accurate, , Importance, 1., , of Nursing Records, , important role for making, making : Recording play, future planning, even, data,, the, previous, based, upon, decision,, , Decision, , decisions, , 2., , Organized, , Complete, , Factual, , can, , be made., , client, , Planning, nursing care, , care:, , to the, , Records, , are, , patients., , very, , helpful for planning, , tu conveying, Recording is very important, to the, well, the employees, employer as, to, information, the, are very important., public, records and reports, is very helpful for the legal, documentation: Recording, , Communication:, , Legal, , purposes, , especially in, , MLC, , cases.

Page 16 : 104, 5., , SES Post Basic, , B.Sc. Nursing (1st Year), Education: Recording is helpful for, teaching the nursing as, well as medical students. Medical, records of the, , 6., , 7., 8., , students learn from the previous, , patients., , Research: Records are the secondary source for data, , While conducting research,, the activities he/she, , collection., , investigator did the recording of all, performed during data collection., Auditing: Auditor needs records for doing the auditing. Without, records, auditing can not be successful., Quality assurance monitoring : Records also used for moni-, , toring the quality assurance., 9., , Vital statistics, , :, , Records, , are, , mortality and morbidity rate., 10. Financial, , important., 11., , used, , especially, , for, , assessing, , billing: For embarrassment purpose, records are very, , Accrediting, patient care,, , and, , licensing: Record keeping is basis of good, so should be, integral to all our practices., , Principles of Record Writingg:, 1., , 2., 3., , 5., , As, , records, , legal document, they should be written, clearly, accurately, appropriately and legibly., All entries should be signed by the individual who, writes them., serves as, , Care to be taken not to make any errors on the records., Ifanything, is crossed out, it should be dated and initiated., Records should be written in chronological order as to date and, time, while giving medicine, treatments, note the exact time and, date on which they are carried out., Records are written continuously with no blank, spaces. If any, is, left, space, out, it should be crossed outdated and signed., , 6., , Lengthy corrections of records are written as amendmerts., , 7., , Each page of the record should be properly identified with the, name, age, CR No, bed no, ward, date etc., Use only standard abbreviations., Records should be truthful, brief and complete. It should include, , 8., , 9., , all the services given to patients, the observations made on the, , patients from day to day and the results of treatment etc., , Principles of Maintaining Records, 1., , There must be standars framed for record keeping that focuses, on content quality.

Page 17 : 105, , Nursing Foundstion (August-2012), , 2., , Record should be for a specific purpose which should be clearly, understood., , 3., , Records should contain only relevant information and records, should not be duplicated., , 4, Items on forms and in registers should be conveniently grouped, so as to make their completion as easy as possible., , 5., , The woding should be easily understood, and where doubt is, likely to arise, instructions to facilitate interpretation should be, included., , 6., , Records which are required by the teachingstaffshould be easily, , 7., , accessible to them., Persons responsible for maintaining records should be áware of, their particular responsibility and every effort should be made to, , keep records, , 9., , up to date and accurate., , A simple system should be used for keeping records., There should be an accurate supply of stationary to permit records, , to be maintained on the proper forms and in the proper registerss, at all times., 10. There should be sufficient number of filling cabinets and appropriate equipments to operate a filling system which is simple and, , safe and requires the minimum possible time., 11. There should be provision for periodic review of all records., 12. There should be adequate, safe and fireproof storage arran-, , gements., 13. Records should be audited by trained peer auditors at regular, , interval., , ANSWER-5c, , Quality Assurance, , It is.judging the actual with the preset criterion, whether it is a product, or service. It is the degree to which health services for individuals, and populations increase the likelihood of desired outcomes and are, , consistent with current professional knowledge., the dynamic, in nursing, "Quality Assurance is, PEOCess through which nurses assume accountability for quality of, , uality, , assurance, , provided, E they provide. It is a guarantee to the society that, by nurses are being regulated by members of the profession.", services

Page 18 : SES, , 106, Quality, , can, assurance, , to all defining, , Post Basic, , "All, be defined as,, , designing assessing,, , B.Sc., , Nursing (1st vea, ar, , activities, , that contrih, , oute, , thequali, monitoring and improving, , of care.", Principles, 1., 2., 3., 4., , of Quality, , Assurance:, , Developing public support., curiosity., Stimulation of professional, , Training students., , Gaining, , the, , to the side of, institutional administrators, , qualin, , assurance., , Elements, , of Quality, , 1., , Ethics, , 2., 3., , Integrity, Trust, , 4., 5., , Training, Teamwork, , Assurance:, , 6. Leadership, 7., , Communication, , 8., , Recognition, , Quality Assurance Process:, ., , Set the standard for care., , 2., 3., 3., , Evaluate the care providers which is based on standards., Take actions to bring about change when care does not meer, , standard., , ANSWER-5 (d), Team Nursing, , A decentralized system in which the care of a patient is distrib, among the members of a group working in coordinated effor., charge nurse delegates authority to a team leader who must, , professional nurse. Basic, , to team, , the, , fullest extent and, , be, , nursing are the team conifere, , nursing care plan and leadership skills., Objective of Team Nursing: To give the, patient care by utilizing the, , T, , 'uality, , best, , abilities of every, , by providing close, care and of the, individual who give it., , possible qu, , s t a t, , member ofthe, th ofpa, , supervision bou, , n

Page 19 : 107, , Nursing Foundetion (August-2012), , Functioning of Team Nursing, are, The two important points of functioning, 1., , The head nurse must know at all times the condition ofthe patients, and the plan for their care and must be assured that assignments, , and workmanship contribute to quality nursing., 2., , The team leader must have freedom to use her initiative and the, unencumbered by the, opportunity to nurse, supervise and teach, responsibility for administrative detail., a team leader and, a. In the team nursing, RN functions as, coordinates the small group (no more than four or five) of, , ancillary personnel to provide care to a small group of patients., b. As coordinator of the team, the RN must know the condition, and needs of all patients assigned to the team and plan for the, individualised care for each patient (Marquis and Huston,, , 2003)., c., , The team leader is also, , responsible, , for encouraging, , a, , cooperative environment and maintaining clear communication, among all team members., , d. The team leader's duties include planning care, assigning, duties, directing and assisting team members, giving direct, , patient care, teaching and coordinating patient activities., , e. The team leader assigns each member specific responsibilities, , dependent on the role., , f. The members of the team report directly to the team leader,, who then reports to the charge nurse or unit manager., 8. Communication is enhanced through the use ofwritten patient, the, the, of regularly scheduled team conferences to discuss, care., status and formulate revisions to the plan of, , assignments, the development of nursing care plans, and, use, , patient, , h., , leader must, However, for team nursing to succeed, the team, have strong clinical skills, good communication skills, delto creegation ability, decision-making ability and the ability, , ate a co-operative working environment., , Channels of Communication in Team Nursing:, 1., , Reports, , .Work or assignment conference

Page 20 : SES Post Basic 8 Sc, 3, , Nursing (1st, , Year, , Patient care conference, Written nursing care plan, , 4, , The greatest single, , distinguishing feature of team nursing is the team, , conference. In general, there, , three parts to the conference, Reporn by each team member on her patients., Planning for new patients and changing plans as needed for, others, Planning the next day's assessment., , 1., 2, 3, , are, , Advantages, ., , High quality comprehensive care can be, relatively high proportion of ancillary staff. provided despite, , 2, , Each member of the team is able to, participate in decision making, and problem solving., , 3., , Each team member is able, , 4, , expertise or skills in caring for the, patient., Improved patient satisfaction., , to, , contribute his, , or, , her own specia, , Onganizational decision making occurring at the lower, , 6. Cost-effective system because, unlicensed to licensed, , it works with, , level., expected ratio, , personnel., Team nursing is an effective, method of patient care, has been used in most, inpatient and outpatient health delivery, , Disadvantages, ., , care, , Establishing, , a, , team, , takes time, effort, and, , personnei. Merely assigning people to, them 'goup or, a, , 2, , concept, , "tean, , Continuity, , of care may suller, if the, , and, , settings, , constancy o, , group does, , Unstable staifing patterm make, team, All personnel must be, client centred. nursing difticult., There is less individual, responsibility and, , Dursing functions, 5, , a, , o, , not, , make, , independence regarding, , daily team, and the patient is contr, onted with many, assignments var, The leam leader, diferent, may not have the, caregivers, skills required te, effectively direct the lean and creale a, "leam, , leadership, , Insufficient time for, , o, , unclear goals., , fragmented, , care, , spirit", planning and communication, , Theretore, responsibilities and, , care, , may lead, , may become