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Page 2 : r, , ( HISTORY), , 1. THE GREAT MUGHALS, Farghana in Central Asia. He was, the eldest son of Umar Shaikh, Mirza. Babur was a descendant, from his father's side of Timur, the, Turk, and mother's side of, Chengizkhan, the Mongol. After, the death of his father in A.D.1494 ,, Babur became the king of Farghana, at the early age of 11years., , India on the eve of Babur's, Invasion, On the eve of Babur's invasion,, India was divided into numerous, mutually warring states. In the, North, there was no political unity., The Delhi Sultanate was not strong., Ibrahim Lodi, the last Sultan of Delhi, had lost his control over his nobles., Rana Sanga, the head of the, Rajputs was not only powerful but, also ambitious to capture the throne, of Delhi., Meanwhile Babur, received invitations from Alam, Khan, the uncle of Ibrahim Lodi and, Daulat Khan Lodi, the Governor of, Punjab, to invade India. In South, India, there were two major, independent kingdoms namely the, Vijayanagar Empire and the, Bahmini Kingdom. But they mutually, quarrelled with each other. Under, these circumstances, Babur, , CONQUESTS, FIRST BATTLE OF PANIPAT, (A.D. 1526), Accepting the invitation from, Daulat Khan Lodi, Babur made an, elaborate preparations for the, conquest of India. He met Ibrahim, Lodi in the historic plains of Panipat, on 21st April 1526. His artillery, worked wonders, inspite of the, superior numerical strength, Ibrahim, Lodi was defeated and killed in the, battlefield. It brought the rule of Delhi, Sultanate to an end. Babur laid the, foundation for the Mughal Empire in, , invaded India., , India., , -, , Activity Find out more details about, Babur's military tactics at the first, Battle of Panipat., , LU, VJ, , Z, , The victory at Panipat did not, make Babur the ruler of India. He, had to deal with a formidable foe,, Rana Sanga of Mewar. Rana Sanga, was defeated in the battle of, Kanwah in A.D 1527. Medini Rai of, Malwa was defeated in the battle of, Chanderi in A.D 1528. Muhammed, Lodi was also defeated in the battle, , LU, , M, V), , LJ, , O, LO, , BABUR, BABUR (A.D1526-A.D1530), Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad,, Babur was born in A.D.1483 at, 242

Page 3 : Humayun's brothers were ambitious, to occupy the throne of Delhi., The Rajputs wanted to drive the, Mughals out of India. Bahadur Shah, of Gujarat also threatened, Humayun. Sherkhan of Bengal and, Bihar was a great challenge to, Humayun. Thus Humayun was, surrounded by enemies on all sides., , of Gaghra in A.D 1529. Thus Babur, founded the Mughal Empire in India ., His Empire extended from Bihar in, the East to Punjab, Kabul,, Kandhahar and Badakshan in the, West. However, he did not live long, to enjoy the fruits of his success. In, A.D 1530 at the age of 47, Babur, died of illness, after nominating, Humayun as the successor., , Sherkhan defeated Humayun in, the battle ofChausa inA.D 1539 and, again in the battle of Kanauj in, A.D. 1540. Humayun managed to, escape and became a homeless, wanderer for 15 years. He married, Hamida Banu Begum and Akbar, was born at Amarkot in A.D 1542., With the support of Shah of Persia,, Humayun recovered Kabul and, Kandhahar from his brother, Kamran. He recaptured Delhi and, Agra in A.D 1555, and became the, king after 15 years of his exile., , HIS PLACE IN HISTORY, , Babur is one of the most, interesting figures in the history of, Medieval India. He was a great, warrior, scholar and poet. He wrote, his Autobiography, "Tuzuk-i-Babri",, populary known as "Memoirs of, Babur" in Turkish language. Babur, was the most brilliantAsian Prince of, his age. There is no doubt that, Babur laid the foundation for the, mighty Mugal Empire that ruled, India forever 200 years., , "Humayun" means "fortunate",, but he was an unfortunate son of, Babur. As a king, he failed. "If there, was any possibility of falling,, Humayun was not a man to miss it"., According to Lanepoole, "He, tumbled through life and tumbled out, of it". Finally, he met his tragic end in, A.D 1556. Before his death, he, nominated his son Akbar as his, successor and Bairam Khan as the, guardian., , HUMAYUN (A.D.1530-A.D.1540, and A.D 1555- A.D 1556), Humayun, the eldest son of, Babur, succeeded to the throne in, A.D 1530 after the death of his, father. He was born in Kabul in, A.D. 1508. He had three brothers, namely Kamran, Askari and Hindal., At the age of 20, he was appointed, as the Governor of Badakshan., , The throne inherited by, Humayun was not a bed of roses. He, had faced many difficulties. Babur, had no time to consolidate his, empire. As there was no law of, primogeniture, (elder son, succeeding the throne), war of, succession arose after the death of, , SHER SHAH SUR (A.D.1540-1545), The original name of Shershah, Sur was Farid. He was the son of, Hussain. Farid was born in A.D, 1472. He entered into the services of, the Afghan Governor of Jauripur,, who conferred on him the title, , \Babur., 243, , CA, , O, M, , >, , r(A, , Ci, M, , m, Z, m

Page 4 : "Sherkhan" the "Lion King" for his, brave killing of a tiger (Sher) on a, hunting expedition. He took up the, services under the Governor of, Bengal. Later, he became the ruler, of Bihar and called himself, 'Shershah'. The dynasty founded by, him was known as "Sur Dynasty"., , LL), , O, , z, , LU, , M, , VJ, V), , VJ, , o, <J), , Insha incharge of royal, proclamations and despatches., ProvincialAdministration, For the administrative, convenience, he divided his empire, into number of Sarkars. It was, further divided into number of, parganas. Each pargana comprised, of a number of villages. The village, was the lowest unit of provincial, administration., , CONQUESTS, In the battle of Chausa in, A.D 1539, Sherkhan defeated, Humayun. After this victory, he, began to dream of capturing the, throne of Delhi. He declared himself, the king of Bengal and Bihar. In, the battle of Kanauj in A.D.1540,he, once again defeated Humayun and, occupied Delhi and Agra and called, himself, Sher Shah. Then he, conquered Sindh and Multan. Later, on, Malwa, Raisin and Marwarwere, brought under his control. His, last expedition was against the fort, of Kalinjar in Bundlekhand. He was, injured by the explosion of gun, powder and died in A.D 1545., Shershah's Administration, Central Administration, Shershah was the architect of a, brilliant administrative system. He, was not only an autocratic but also, enlightened and vigorous. He did, not listen the advise of Ulemas. He, even looked into small details of, administration. He was assisted by a, council of ministers. There were four, important ministers. Diwan-i- Wizarat, incharge of income and, expenditure, Diwa-i-Ariz incharge of, recruitments, organization of army,, Diwan-i-Rasalat incharge of, ambassadors and envoys, Diwan-i-, , Revenue Administration, The land revenue system of, Shershah occupies an important, place. Land was measured and the, tax was fixed according to the fertility, of the soil. Land Tax was important, source of income. The share of the, state was fixed as one-third of the, average produce of the land. He, issued "Patta" to the cultivators. He, introduced the "Ryotwari System"., Many of the reforms of Shershah, were followed later by Akbar., Hence Shershah has been called as, the Fore-runner of Akbar., Military Administration, Shershah was a great warrior, and military genius. He followed, the main principles of Ala-ud-din, Khilji's military system.He had a well, organized army. His army consisted, of infantry, cavalry, artillery and, elephantry, but great emphasis was, laid on cavalry. He appointed the, Afghan soldiers in higher posts. He, introduced the Dagh" system (or), "branding the horses" to avoid false, musters. He also maintained a, descriptive roll for the soldiers., , 244

Page 5 : Judicial Administration, Shershah was a fountain-head, of justice. He had a strong sense of, justice. All were treated as equal, before the law. He was the highest, court of appeal. He was assisted by, chief Qazi. No one could escape, from punishment on account of his, status., OTHER REFORMS, Intelligence Department, Shershah revived the Dakchauki, the espionage system. This, system worked efficiently and, Shershah was able to get, information from all parts of his, dominion., Roads, Shershah improved the means, of communication and paid great, attention towards restoring old, roads and building new ones. Four, important roads were laid by him to, connect all the four corners of, his kingdom. He built caravan sarais, all along the roads for the benefit of, , Estimate, , Shershah was a great empirebuilder. He was an administrative, genius. He also contributed more to, the field of architecture. His, mausoleum built at Sasaram in, Bihar is a marvel of Indo-lslamic, architecture. He also built Purana, Qila at Delhi. He was one of the, greatest rulers of India. It is said that, if Shershah had been spared, the, mighty Mughals would not have, appeared in the history of India., AKBAR THE GREAT, (A.D.1556-A.D.1605), Akbar, the Great was one of the, greatest rulers of India. Jalaluddin, , the people., , Currency Reforms, , Shershah abolished old and, mixed currency. He fixed the ratio, between copper and silver coins. He, issued silver and gold coins. These, coins bore his name in Devanagiri, scripts. This currency was useful to, improve the general economic, condition of the nation. Hence, Shershah has been called as the, father of modem currency"., , V, , AKBAR, , Muhammad Akbar was bom at, Amarkoton 23rd November 1542., Humayun made Bairam Khan, Akbar's guardian as he was only 13, years old when he was crowned, Emperor, , CONQUESTS, SECOND BATTLE OF PANIPAT, (A.D. 1556), The throne inherited by Akbar, was not a bed of roses. The, , 245, , U), , O, , C*, , in, Ci, , M, , m, Z, m

Page 6 : Jodhpur. His empire extended from, Bengal in the East to Afgariisthan in, the West, from Himalayas in the, North to Golkonda in the South., , immediate problem facing Akbar, was to deal with the rising power of, Hemu, the Prime Minister of, Muhammad Shah of Bengal. Hemu, tried to capture Delhi. The armies of, Akbar and Hemu met at the historic, plains of Panipat inA.D.1556. Hemu, was defeated and killed. Akbar, consolidated the Mughal rule, strongly in Delhi and Agra., , RAJPUT POLICY, Akbar followed cordial relations, towards the Rajputs who were, honest and brave. He married, Jodhbai, the princess of Jaipur. The, rulers of Bikaner and Jaisalmar also, gave their daughters in marriage to, Akbar. Akbar appointed the Rajputs, in higher positions. Raja Mansingh,, Raja Bhagawan Das, Raja Todar, Mai and Birbal were the notable, ones. Akbar abolished 'Jizya' and, 'Pilgrimage taxes' which were, collected from non-Muslims., , Akbar was under the control of, Bairam Khan for 4 years. After four, years Akbar wanted to become the, real ruler of India. Hence he wanted, to get rid of Bairam Khan. In, A.D.1560he sent Bairam Khan on a, pilgrimage to Mecca but he was, killed by his commanders. Later, Akbar's foster mother Maham, Anaga controlled the affairs for two, years. The period of her rule was, also known as "Petticoat, Government". As Maham, Anaga proved to be unscrupulous,, Akbar wanted to do away with her., So, he killed her son Adam Khan., Maham Anaga also died of grief., LaterAkbar becamethe real ruler., , DECCAN POLICY, To extend his kingdom and to, check the rising power of the, Portuguese, Akbar turned his, attention towards Deccan. Ahmed, Nagar was being ruled by Chand, Bibi. Akbar defeated her and, annexted it. Berar and Khandesh, were also captured by him., LITERARY WORKS, Though an illiterate, Akbar, patronized scholars. Raja Todar Mai, translated Bhagavata Purana into, Persian. Abul Fazal and his brother, Abul Faizi translated several, Sanskrit works into Persian. Abul, Fazl wrote Ain-i-Akbari and, Akbar Nama. Abul Faizi translated, Ramayana and Mahabaratha into, Persian from Sanskrit. Tansen was a, great musician who adornedAkbar's, Court., , Other conquests, LU, , O, , z, , LU, , M, , VJ, , V), , VJ, , O, <S), , Akbar extended his empire by, many conquests. He annexed, Chunar and Malwa. Bihari Mai of, Amber (Jaipur) accepted his, overlordship. He gave his daughter, iri marriage to Akbar. Jahangir was, born to them. Akbar annexed the, Rajput state of Gondwana, Rani, Durgavathi, offered a stiff, resistance, but she was defeated., After that he conquered some, territories like Bikaner, Jaisalmer and, , V, , 246

Page 7 : required to sign a qubuliyat (Deed of, Agreement)., , RELIGIOUS POLICY, (DIN-I-ILAHI), Akbar was not an orthodox, Muslim. He was very tolerant., Akbar's father was a Sunni Muslim, while his mother was a Shia. His, guardian Bairam Khan was a Shia,, Sheikh Mubarak, his tutor was also a, Shia. All these made Akbar tolerant, towards all religions. In 1575, he, constructed a building known as, Ibadat Khana. He invited religious, leaders of various faiths and had, discussions. He issued the famous, "Infallibility Decree" which made, Akbar as the religious head as well, as the King. Finally in 1582, Akbar, promulgated a new religion called, "Din-i-llahi" (Divine Faith). Its object, was to establish a National Religion, based on universal toleration. It, comprised of the good principles of, all religions. Akbar never compelled, anyone to follow his new religion., After Akbar's death, Din-i-llahi, began to disappear., , MANSABDARI SYSTEM, The Mansabdari system of the, Mughals was the basis of civil and, military administration of the, country. It was introduced by Akbar, which he borrowed from Persia. The, word 'Mansab' means 'Grade' or, 'Rank'. The Mansabdars were to, recruit their troops and help the, emperor when required. Each, Mansabdar was given a piece of, land according to his rank. The, Mansabdars drew their salaries, from the revenue of the land., This system worked well under, Akbar but later on it deteriorated., Contribution in the field of art and, architecture, Akbar's period witnessed a, remarkable growth in the field of art, and architecture. He built the Buland, Darwaza, an imposing gateway at, Fatehpur Sikri to commemorate his, Gujarat conquest. He constructed a, new palace at Fatehpursikri. The, Akbari Mahal, Jahangiri Mahal, the, Lahore Fort.Panch Mahal, Jodh Bai, Palace etc., were built in Red sand, stone., AKBAR'S PLACE IN HISTORY, Akbar died in 1605 A.D., after a, glorious rule of 50 years. He, occupies a unique position in the, history of India. He has been, regarded as the real founder of the, Mughal Empire in India., JAHANGIR (A.D. 1605 -A.D. 1627), After the death of Akbar, his, eldest son 'Salim' assumed the title, , Din-l-llahi was the Brain-Child, of tolerant Akbar., Land- Revenue Reforms of Akbar, , Shershah was the forerunner of, Akbar in the field of land revenue, system. With the help of Raja, Todarmal, Akbar im proved, land revenue system. Survey, of land was made and the state, revenue was fixed as 1/3 of the, actual produce. The ryots could pay, their tax either in cash or in kind., Loans were provided to them which, could be repaid easily by annual, instalments. Every cultivator was, g.iven a 'patta' (Title Deed) and, , 247, , CO, , O, , Pi, , in, , Oi, M, , m, Z, m

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Page 9 : Jahangir (or) "conqueror of the, World" and became the emperor of, India inA.D 1605.After a few months, of his accession, his eldest son,, Prince Khusru revolted against, him. Khusru received the blessings, of Guru Arjun Dev the 5th Sikh Guru., But Khusrau was defeated, arrested, and blinded. Later on he was put to, death. Guru Arjun Dev was also not, spared. He was also put to death, and his property was confiscated., This incident strained the, relationship between the Sikhs and, theMughals., , BRITISH TRAVELLERS, During Jahangir's reign, captain, William Hawkins and Sir Thomas, Roe from England visited his court., Sir Thomas Roe obtained, permission from Jahangir in, A.D.1615 to trade at Surat., , Recall some other travellers, who visited India at various times., ÿ<, , *, , Which ruler in Ancient Tamil, country introduced the chain of, justice during his reign?, , ROLE OF NURJAHAN, The story of NurJahan occupies, an important place in the history of, the Mughals. She was the daughter, of Mirza Ghias Beg. Her original, name was Mehr-un-Nisa. She was, extremely beautiful. She was, married to Sher Afghan who was, killed by Jahangir. In A.D 1611,, Jahangir married her and gave her, the title "Nur Mahal" or "Light of the, Palace". Later on she was called as, Nur Jahan or "Light of the World"., She was an intelligent, educated, and cultured woman. During, Jahangir's reign, she exercised the, real power. The period between, 1611-1626 may easily be called as, "the Age of NurJahan". However,, after the death of Jahangir in, A.D. 1627, she lost her importance, and died in A.D. 1645., , LITERARY WORKS, Jahangir was a great scholar, and a good writer. He wrote his, autobiography. "Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri",, which gives an account of his reign., He was a lover of poetry and art., , JUSTICE, Jahangir was famous in the field, of justice. He ordered for the setting, up of a "Chain of Justice" between, Shah Burji palace in the fort of Agra, and a stone pillar fixed on the banks, of the river Yamuna for enabling the, aggrieved persons to pull the chain, and ask for justice., , Name the first woman ruler, of Medieval India., , ESTIMATE, Jahangir was a kind and, generous ruler. He laid out beautiful, gardens. At Srinagar he laid out the, Shalimar and Nishat Gardens. He, had a great interest in the field of, architecture. Some of his, remarkable buildings are Akbar's, Tomb at Sikhandara, Itmad-uddaula's Tomb near Agra and the, Great mosque at Lahore., 249, , CA, , O, , Oi, , M, , >, , CO, , Ci, , H, , m, Z, , m

Page 10 : /£SHAH JAHAN, , Whose period was known as, "The Golden Age" inAncient India?, , (A.D.1628-A.D 1658), , Shah Jahan was the son of, Jahangir. His original name was, Khurram. He was born in A.D. 1592, at Lahore of a Hindu, mother., When Jahangir died in A.D. 1627,, Nur Jahan summoned her son-inlaw Shahriyar with a view to put him, on the throne. At that time, Khurram, was in Deccan. NurJahan, proclaimed Shahriyar as the, Emperor. Asaf Khan, the father-inlaw of Khurram (Shah Jahan) sent, forces against Nur Jahan and, Shahriyar, defeated them and, placed Shah Jahan "King of the, World on the throne of Delhi., , Prince of Builders, Shah Jahan has been called as, the "Prince of Builders", and, "Engineer King". Shah Jahan was, the founder of the Mughal cities in, Red sandstone and left them in, white marble. He built a new capital, "Shahjahanabad". He built the Red, fort in Delhi which consisted of Rang, Mahal, Moti Mahal, Diwan-i-Kham and, Diwan-i-khas, "Paradise on Earth"., Jama Masjid, It was built by Shah Jahan at, Delhi in white marble. It is, considered to be one of largest, mosques in the world., , CONQUEST, , LU, U, , Z, , LU, , M, , VJ, , </), , VJ, , o, vo, , ShahJahan fought with the, Portuguese. He sent MahabatKhan, towards Deccan to conquer Ahmed, Nagar. It was annexed with the, Mughal empire in A.D. 1636. Hetried, to recapture Khandhahar and made, three attempts but failed. It exposed, the weakness of the Mughal army., He defeated the rulers of Bijapur and, Golkonda. He made Aurangazeb,, the Governor of Deccan., , The Taj Mahal, The Taj Mahal is the most, famous building of Shah Jahan. It, , Golden Age of the Mughals, The reign of ShahJahan has, been considered as the "Golden Age, of the Mughals". The power and, prestige of the Mughal empire, reached its height during his time., There was both prosperity and, poverty during his period. His, architectural wonders tell about, prosperity while poverty is known, through the accounts of foreigners., , Taj Mahal, , was built at Agra on the banks of, river Yamuna, in memory of his, beloved wife Mumtaz.The Taj Mahal, has been considered as one of the, seven wonders of the world and a, dream in marble. It was built by, Ustad Isa, the chief architect of that, time. The estimated cost was about, ?20 lakhs and took nearly 22 years to, 250

Page 11 : ShahJahan fell ill inA.D. 1657 a war, of succession started among the, four sons of ShahJahan namely,, DaraShuko, Shahshuja,, Aurangazeb and Murad. On hearing, Shahjahan's illness Aurangazeb, who was in Deccan rushed to Delhi., He ascended the throne in A.D., 1658 after killing his three brothers, and imprisoning his father. He, assumed the title of "Aiamgir*., , complete it. He also built Moti Masjid, or "Peart Mosque" at Agra and the, Tomb of Jahangir. He had a grand, collection of precious stones. It, included the 'Peacock Throne' and, , the valuable Kohinoor Diamond., The peacock throne is a, crowning example of Mughal, Jewellery. The Persian invader, Nadir Shah took it away in, A.D.1739., , Do you know the place where the, Peacock is now?, Fine arts like music, painting and, literature reached high level of, development during the reign of, Shah Jahan. He was a great patron, of arts and letters., Shah Jahan fell ill in A.D. 1657., A war of succession broke out, among his four sons. Shah Jahan, was imprisoned in A. D.1658 and, remained in prison till the last days of, his life. He passed away in, A.D. 1666., , Aurangazeb, , Religious Policy, , Aurangazeb was a pious,, orthodox Sunni Muslim. He regularly, read the "Koran". He hated not only, the non-muslims but also Shia, muslims. He reimposed Jizya, a tax, on the non-muslims and pilgrimage, tax. He took away all the Hindus, from the state service.As a result he, had to face the revolts of Rajputs,, Jats, Satnamis, Sikhs and, Marathas., Compare Akbar and, Aurangazeb as two extremes in, their religious policy., , ESTIMATE, Undoubtedly, Shahjahan was, one of the greatest rulers that India, had ever produced. The travellers, who had visited India during his, period i.e., Bernier and Travernier,, the Frenchmen and Manucci, an, Italian adventurer had left behind, good records about Shahjahan's, reign., , AURANGAZEB, (A-D,1658-A.D, 1707), Aurangazeb was the last Great, Mughal emperor. He was the third, son of ShahJahan. When, , AURANGAZEB AND THE SIKHS, The Mughal-Sikh relations, became strained after, , Jahangirÿ, , 251, , Co, , o, , a>, , Co, , r\, , m, Z, r>, , m

Page 12 : Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh, Guru protested the anti-Hindu policy, of Aurangazeb. Aurangazeb was, annoyed and the Guru was, summoned to Delhi and compelled, to embrace Islam. As the Guru, refused to do so, he was tortured, and beheaded. This infuriated the, Sikhs. Guru Gobind Singh who, succeeded his father as the tenth, Guru, determined to avenge the, mughals. He organized the Sikhs, into a military brotherhood against, the Mughals., The military, organization of the Sikhs was called, the "khalsa"., , his continued stay in the Deccan, the, administration went out of gear. He, could see his own empire declining., His endless wars emptied the, treasury. Enemies arose on all, sides. It was the "Deccan ulcer" that, ruined Aurangazeb. He died in, A.D.1707., , ESTIMATE, Aurangazeb was chiefly, responsible for the disintegration of, the Mughal empire. His strict, religious policy, long stay in the, Deccan, vastness of his empire and, his suspicious nature not only ruined, himself but also paved the way for, the downfall of the mighty Mughal, empire. Aurangazeb was a, successful Musalman, but as a king,, he thoroughly failed., MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION, Central Administration, The Mughal administrative, system was in the nature of a military, rule and was a centralized, despotism. The Emperor (or), Badshah had all the powers in his, hands. He was an absolute ruler. He, was regarded as the "shadow of, God on Earth". He was assisted by a, council of ministers. The most, important among them was the, Wazir(or) the Prime Minister., ProvincialAdministration, For the administrative, convenience the empire was divided, into a number provinces known as, "Subas". Each Suba was under a, Subedar (or) Governor. During the, Akbar's time, there were 15 Subas., The Subedar was incharge of the, , Who was the founder of, Sikhism? Identify "5 'K's in, "Khalsa"?, , AURANGAZEB AND THE, MARATHAS, , VJ, , Aurangazeb sent Shaista Khan,, the Governor of Deccan to suppress, Shivaji, the great Maratha leader., Shivaji attacked Shaista Khan with a, band of 400 soldiers in his residence, at Poona. In this attempt, Shaista, Khan escaped but lost one of his, fingers. Later Aurangazeb sent Jai, Singh against Shivaji and peace, was made. Shivaji accepted an, invitation to visit the Mughal court, but was not received properly, by Aurangazeb. Later on, Sivaji was imprisoned. But he, escaped from the prison and, continued to be a constant enemy, to the Mughals., , w, , DECCAN POLICY, , LL), , <0, , z, , LU, , M, , VJ, , —<, J, , M, , o, , Aurangazeb spent about 25, Vÿyears in the Deccan. On account of, 252

Page 14 : Subas. The Subas were further, divided into Sarkars and Sarkar into, "Parganas. Village was the lowest, unit of provincial administration., , mansabdars were to help the, emperor in times of war. In return for, their help they were given fixed, salary., , RevenueAdministration, The main source of income of, the state was land revenue. Raja, Todar Mai, the famous Revenue, Minister helped Akbar in this field., He had already worked under, Shershah. Akbar made, improvements on Shershah's land, revenue system. Mainly due to this, Shershah had been called as the, "Forerunner of Akbar. Akbar, introduced "Zabti" system. All the, lands were measured with an, uniform standard of measurement., On the basis of the fertility of the soil, and the yield of the crops, lands, were classified into three, categories. One third of the average, yield was fixed as the land tax. It, could be paid either in cash or in, kind. In times of famine or floods, tax, remissions were given. The officers, were instructed to be kind to the, , Judicial Administation, The king was the fountainhead, of justice. He was assisted by the, Chief Qazi. Cases were tried, according to Quaranic Law., Punishments were severe., Mutilation was an ordinary, punishment., Causes for the downfall of the, Mughal Empire, Aurangazeb's religious policy, was the most important cause for, the downfall of the Mughal Empire., His ill-treatment of the Hindus, the, Rajputs and the Sikhs made them, deadly enemies against the, Mughals. As the Mughal Empire, became vast, it was very difficult for, the Mughal rulers to control the, distant parts of the empire. So, revolts broke out in many parts. The, successors of Aurangazeb were, very weak. They could not check the, disintegration of the empire. The, absence of the law of primogeniture, was another cause for the downfall, of the empire. After the death of each, mughal emperor, there was a war of, succession among his sons and it, paved the way for their own, downfall. There was deterioration, and demoralization in the Mughal, army., The soldiers cared more about, their personal benefits than winning, the battles. The Marathas emerged, powerful under the dynamic, , peasants., , LL), , <o, , z, , LU, , M, , VJ, , <, M, , VJ, , O, , w, , Military Administration, The Mughal army was consisted of, infantry, artillery, cavalry and, elephantry. Cavalry was an, important branch of the army. Akbar, introduced a new system called, "Mansabdari system" "Mansab", means "rank" or "place". Each, mansab was valued on the basis of, the number of horsemen they had., TherewasagradeofMansabdars. It, ranged from 10 to 10,000 mansab., Besides horses, they were to, maintain foot soldiers also. The, 254

Page 15 : leadership of Shivaji and proved to, be deadly, enemies of the, Mughals. The coming of the, Europeans also paved the way for, the deterioration of the Mughal, empire. Last, but not the least, the, invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad, Shah Abdali gave a serious blow to, the already tottering Mughal Empire., , The mighty Mughal dynasty founded, by Babur, consolidated by Akbar, began to disintegrate even during, the reign of Aurangazeb. Thus the, Mughal Dynasty came to an end., , EXERCISE, I) Choose the correct answer., 1. The first Battle of Pariipat was fought in A.D, a) 1536, b) 1526, c) 1506, 2. Sher Shah has been called as the Forerunner of, c) Shah Jahan, a) Akbar, b) Humayun, 3., set up a "Chain of Justice", b)Jahangir, c) Babur, a) Aurangazeb, 4. Guru Arjun Dev was the _ Sikh guru, a) Fifth, b) ninth, c) tenth, II) Fill in the blanks., , 1. Humayun means _ ., 2. In the Second Battle of Panipat, Akbar defeated _ ., 3. The reign of_ has been called an the "Golden Age of the, Mughals", 4. Tansen lived in the court of, III) Match the following., 1. Rana Sanga, 2. Din-l-llahi, 3. Second Battle of Pariipat, 4. RajaTodarmal, , 1582, , (J), , o, M, , >, , Revenue system, , r-, , Ruler of Mewar, , CO, , 1556, , m, Z, m, , IV) Answer in one word., 1. When was the Battle of Kanwah fought?, 2. What is Jahangir's autobiography known as?, 255, , Ci, M

Page 16 : 3. Who was Akbar's guardian?, 4. Who was known as the "light of the world"?, , V) Answer the following questions briefly., , 1. How did Babur establish the Mughal empire in India?, 2. Sketch the role of NurJahan in Mughal history., , 3. Write a note on the currency reforms of Shershah, 4. List any four causes for the downfall of the Mughal Empire in India., VI) Answer in detail., , 1. Whose period is known as the "Golden Age of the Mughals" - why?, 2. Give a brief account of the administration of the Mughals., , VII) Activity., 1. Make an album by collecting pictures of art and architecture of the, Mughals., VIII) Map work., , 1. On the out line map of India draw the extent of Akbar's Empire and, mark the places conquered by him., 2. On the outline map of India, draw the extent of Aurangazeb's empire, and mark the places conquered by him., , ( Formative Assessment, , LU, , z, VJ, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , Prepare an Album by collecting pictures of Baburto Aurangazeb., Draw a chart on Mughal rulers., Draw a Timeline chart showing Important events of the Mughal period., The Taj Mahal, one of the wonders of the world - discuss., Prepare a rotating disk depicting literary contributions of the Mughals., Anti- reactionary religious policy of Auragazeb resulted in the downfall of, Mughal Empire - Discuss in the class room., , V, 256

Page 17 : 2. RISE OF THE MARATHAS, His mother was Jija Bai. Later on,, Shahji Bhonsle marriedTukabai and, neglected his first wife Jijabai and, Shivaji. Hence he was brought up by, his tutor and Guru Dadaji Khonda, Dev. During his childhood he, learned the Puranic legends and, stories of the Ramayana and the, Mahabharatha through his mother., As a pious lady, his mother did a lot, to mould the character of her son., His Guru trained him in horse-riding,, warfare and also taught him the art, of administration., , Marathas were people who, lived in the hilly region of Deccan in, and around Maharashtra. The, physical features of the Maratha, region developed certain special, qualities among the people. They, worked under the Shia kings of the, Deccan. The hill forts and the, hillocks provided them excellent, protection against their enemies., They developed a peculiar type of, Warfare called "Guerilla Warfare"., , -, , S, , N, , "GuerillaWarfare" means "Irregular, Warfare", whereby the Marathas, used to hide amidst the mountains, and suddenly make an attack on, enemies., , The Marathas had developed, hatred against the Muslims for their, atrocities. The spread of the Bhakti, Movement created a spirit of, oneness among the Marathas. The, important leaders of the Bhakti Cult, likeTukaram, Ramdass, Eknathand, Vaman Pandit taught them about, devotion to God and the need to, create a strong nation. Under such, circumstances, there emerged a, strong leader called "Shivaji". Under, his leadership, the Marathas, became strong and resisted the, mughalsauthority., , (A, , Shivaji, , Conquests, Shivaji wanted to establish an, independent kingdom of his own. He, conquered the forts of Purandhar,, Raigarh, Torna and Kalyan from the, sultan of Bijapur inA.D.1646., , SHIVAJI (A.D. 1627-A.D. 1680), Shivaji was born in A.D.1627 at, Shivner hill fort near Poona. His, father was Shahji Bhonsle who, worked under the Sultan of Bijapur., , Shivaji and Bijapur Sultan, , To subdue Shivaji, the Sultan of, Bijapur deputed Afzal khan to bring, 257, , O, , Pi, M, , >, r~, (/>, , Pi, , M, , rn, Z, p>, , m

Page 18 : Shivaji, ("Mountain-Rat") dead or, alive in A.D.1659. When Shivaji, got to know about Afzal's, Khan's treacherous plan he, made his own preparations to, meet him. At the appointed, place, Afzal khan met and embraced, Shivaji and tightened his grip. With, his right hand, he tried to kill Shivaji, but the Maratha chief tore Afzal, khans bowels open with the help of, the "Tiger Claws" (Baghnakh) Afzal, Khan cried out in agony and fell, down. This event led to an increase, in the powerand prestige of Shivaji., , LL), , <o, , z, LU, , M, , VJ, , <, M, , VJ, , O, , w, , Shivaji a "Mountain-Rat". After the, great escape Shivaji became the, bitter enemy of Aurangzeb., , In A.D.1674, Shivaji got himself, coronated at Raigarh and assumed, the title of "Chatrapati". A new, Maratha Empire came into existence., The coronation ceremony cost the, Royal treasury dearly. Due to the, financial crisis, he was compelled to, invade the Carnatic region. He, captured Jinji, Vellore and many, other important forts. His kingdom, included a large part of Mysore,, Konkan and Maharashtra., Unfortunately, he did not live long., His reign lasted only for six years., HediedinA.D.1680 at Raigarh., , Shivaji and Mughals, In A.D.1660 Aurangazeb sent, Sayistakhan, the Governor of, Deccan to check the activities of, Shivaji. Sayistakhan camped at, Poona. At night, Shivaji entered the, house intheguiseof a marriage party, and attacked Sayistakhan, who was, fast asleep. Sayistakhan escaped, losing his thumb., Aurangazeb again sent Raja Jai, Singh to deal with Shivaji. Shivaji, was surrounded on all sides. Finding, himself helpless, Shivaji agreed to, come to terms with Jai Singh. In, A.D.1665, Treaty of Purandhar was, signed between them. Jai Singh, persuaded Shivaji to meet, Aurangazeb in his court. When, Shivaji and his son Sambaji reached, Agra in A.D.1666, they were not, respected properly. Shivaji was, upset and when he opposed it, he, was imprisoned byAurangzeb. But, Shivaji pretended to be ill and, escaped from prison by hiding, himself in a large basket filled with, Aurangazeb, apples., called, , Administration of Shivaji, S h i vaj i was a great, administrator. He always had the, welfare of his people in his mind. He, had a council of eight ministers, called "Ashtapradhan" to assist his, administration., In whose court were the, "Ashtadiggajas"? "Navarathnas"?, 1. Peshwa, 2. Mantri, 3. Sachiv, 4. Sumant, 5. Senapathi, 6. Amatya, 7. Pandit Rao, 8. Nyayadhish, , Prime Minister, , Chronicler, Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary, Commander-in-chief, Finance Minister, Ecclesiastical Head, Chief Justice, , Each minister was in charge of a, department. The kingdom was, divided into several provinces. They, were further divided into Parganas, , 258

Page 19 : played a very important role and, they were considered as Mother"., Soldiers were paid regularly in cash, and even after their death, their, families were taken care of. Women, were not permitted in the military, camps. Standing corps were not, destroyed. Soldiers were given, strict orders not to kill or torture, women, children and the aged., , and villages. The territory under, Shivaji was known as "Swarajya"., RevenueAdministration, Shivaji abolished the Zamindari, system. He had direct contact with, the ryots (cultivators). The land was, assessed after a careful survey. 2/5, of the produce was fixed as the, share of the state. It would be paid, either in cash or in kind. Loans were, provided to the farmers in times of, famine. His land revenue system, resembled the system followed by, Raja Todar Mai under Akbar. The, state also collected custom duties, and professional taxes. The two, other important taxes collected, during his time were Chauth and, Sardeshmuki., , Estimate, Shivaji was a born leader., Though an illiterate, he understood, the complicated problems of the, and, tackled, them, state, diplomatically. His greatness lies in, creating a strong nation for the, Marathas. He continued to be a, formidable foe to the Mughals who, were scared of his diplomatic, moves. Shivaji took the glory of the, Maratha kingdom to its zenith with, firm determination., Successors of Shivaji, , List some taxes that we pay, to our Government., , JudicialAdministration, Justice was administered, according to Hindu Laws., Panchayats settled the disputes in, the villages. Patel, an officer equal to, the present day Tahsildar, enquired, the criminal cases. All civil and, criminal appeal cases were, enquired by 'Nyayadhish, who was a, member of Ashtapradhan., Military Administration, , After the death of Shivaji, his, eldest son Sambhaji ascended the, throne. He was not as efficient as his, father. Aurangazeb arrested, Sambhaji and his son Sahu after, capturing Bijapur and Golconda., Sambhaji was put to death., Rajaram, another son of Shivaji, became the Chatrapathi. When he, died in A.D. 1700, his wife Tara Bai, began to rule the empire on behalf of, her minor son Shivaji-ll. After, Aurangazeb's death, Bahadur Shah I, became the emperor. He released, Sahu. A civil war broke out between, Sahu and TaraBai. Tara Bai was, defeated and Sahu became the, Maratha king in A.D. 1708. His, , Shivaji was a great warrior and a, military genius. He maintained a, standing army with great discipline., His army consisted of infantry,, cavalry, artillery, elephantry, camel, corps and even a navy. The cavalry, was the most important force. Forts, , 259, , (J), , O, , Ci, , in, Ci, , H, , m, Z, m

Page 20 : Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, (1740 A.D-1761 A.D.), He was the 3rd Peshwa. He had, the able guidance of his cousin, Sadasiva Rao and the Maratha, power attained its zenith in 1758, A.D. The Marathas occupied Punjab, and the Maratha flag was unfurled, over the fort of Attock. In 1761 A.D., the Maratha power reached its, climax but they received a severe, blow at the hands of Ahmad Shah, Abdali., , success was mainly due to Balaji, Viswanath, whom he appointed as, the "Peshwa" or "Prime Minister". As, the successors of Shivaji were, weak, the Peshwas became the, actual rulers of the Maratha Empire,, and proved to be efficient, administrators., , LU, O, , z, , LU, , M, V), , VJ, , O, , Peshwas, The Prime Minister of the, Maratha Empire was called the, "Peshwa". Their rule started from, A.D.1713., Peshwa Balaji Viswanath, (1713 A.D-1720 A.D.), He became the first Peshwa, under the Maratha emperor Sahu., He was called as the founder of the, Peshwa rule. He made Peshwaship, hereditary. He appointed the feudal, chiefs to collect the taxes like, Chauth and Sardeshmuki. He, revived the greatness of the, Marathas. He died in 1720A.D., Peshwa Baji Rao, (1720 A.D-1740 A.D), After the death of Balaji, Viswanath, his son Baji Rao became, the Peshwa. On account of his great, ability, he was generally regarded as, the "greatest of the Peshwas". He, wanted to expand the Maratha, power in the north and followed a, "Forward Policy". He compelled the, Nizam of Hyderabad to sign a peace, treaty. He captured Bassein from the, Portuguese and captured Thana, and Salsette. He died in 1740 A.D., The Maratha empire became, powerful in India during his period., , V, , The Third Battle of Panipat, (A.D. 1761), The conquest and occupation of, Punjab by the Marathas had brought, them into conflict with Ahmad Shah, Abdali, the king of Afghanistan. He, made huge preparations to invade, India with the help of, Nazib-ud-daulah ofRohilkhand and, Shuja-ud-daulah of Oudh. He met, the Maratha forces led by, Sadasiva Rao plains of Panipat, in 1761 A.D. It was called third, battle of Panipat. Sadasiva, Rao over estimated his artillery, strength. Abdali was able to cut off, the line of communication of the, Marathas. Initially, the Marathas had, an upper hand but ultimately they, were defeated. This battle decided, the fate of Marathas. It lowered their, prestige and paved the way for the, rise of the British., Causes for the defeat of the, Marathas, Maratha's policy of aggression, and plunder brought their downfall., The Marathas lost the sympathies of, their own religionists, Rajputs, Jats, 260

Page 21 : and Sikhs. Ahmad Shah Abdali's, army was well trained and, disciplined than the Maratha army., The Marathas failed to get their, regular supplies. The Maratha, leaders were no match to Ahmad, ShahAbdali., , 20 crore of rupees as promised by, the Mughal emperor. Hestayedfor15, days at Delhi and plundered it., Thousands of residents of Delhi, were killed. He did not spare the, Mughal emperor and deprived him, of the famous Kohi-noor Diamond, and the Peacock Throne. After two, months, Nadir Shah returned to his, country with huge booty. However, he was killed by his own soldiers in, A.D.1747., , After the third battle of Panipat,, the Maratha empire continued to be, ruled by inefficient peshwas. This, led to the disintegration of the, Maratha empire and paved the way, for their downfall in the history, of India., , Results, The invasion of Nadir Shah gave, a death blow to the Mughal empire, and hastened its downfall. It, exposed the weakness of the, Mughal empire to the world., The weakness of Mughals led to the, rise of many powers like the, Marathas, Jats, Sikhs, Rohillas etc., India was deprived of much of its, wealth. In short, the invasion of, Nadir Shah left the country quite, "prostrate and bleeding"., Invasion of Ahmad Shah Abdali, (A.D.1761), Ahmad Shah Abdali was the, head of the Abdali tribe of the, Afghans. He was made as the, general by Nadirshah. On the, demise of Nadirshah, Abdali, became the ruler of Afghanistan. He, invaded India many times from A.D., 1748toA.D. 1767., , Invasion of Nadir Shah (A.D.1739), Nadir Shah was one of the, greatest warriors of Persia. He was, a mere shepherd who rose into, prominence because of his abilities., In A.D.1 739, he invaded India for a, variety of reasons., He wanted to plunder the, immense wealth of India. He also, wanted to earn name and fame by, conquering the distant territories. He, came to know that India was ruled by, a weak and incompetent ruler,, Muhammad Shah., , Events, He had sent an envoy to, Muhammad Shah requesting him, not to provide shelter to the Afghans, fleeing from Khandhar and Ghazni., As Muhammad Shah did not, reply,, Shah, Nadir, invaded, India in A.D.1 739. After capturing, Peshawar, he faced the Mughal, army at Karnal. The Mughal, emperor was defeated and, Nadirshah marched towards Delhi, to receive the huge war indemnity of, , Causes, Like Nadirshah, Abadali too, wanted to plunder the abundant, wealth of India. He also wanted to, earn name and fame for himself, through his invasions., 261, , CA, , O, M, , >, rCO, , Ci, M, , m, Z, m

Page 22 : Maratha's Empire, , Mumbai, , Bellary, , Chennai, Bay of Bengal, , uhanjavur, Arabian Sea cf, , Indian Ocean, , 262

Page 23 : Results, The invasion of Ahmad Shah, Abdali gave a severe death blow to, the Maratha empire. The wealth of, India was plundered and thousands, of people were killed. Due to Abdali's, invasion, confusion prevailed in, Punjab, which provided a golden, opportunity to the Sikhs to establish, their power. Ahmad Shah Abdali, gave a crushing blow both to the, Maratha and the Mughal emperors., It cleared the way for the British to, establish their sovereignty in India., , Events, Before facing the Marathas in, the Third Battle of Panipat in, A.D.1761, Abdali had invaded India, for four times. After conquering,, Punjab, he reached Delhi and, plundered the city., He had looted Mathura, Agra, and several other places. In the, Third Battle of Panipat in A.D.1761,, he came out successful against the, Marathas and shattered, their power. In 1767, he invaded Punjab, against the, Sikhs. But he could not proceed too, far and returned to Afganisthan., , EXERCISE, I) Choose the correct answer., , 1. Shivaji's tutor was _, a) Dadaji Khonda dev b) Shahji Bhonsle c) Baji Rao, 2. Shivaji had a council of _ ministers called "Ashtapradhan"., a) seven, b) eight, c) nine, 3. The first Peshwa was _ ., a) Balaji Viswanath, b) Balaji Baji Rao c) Baji Rao, 4. Treaty of Purandhar was signed between _ and Shivaji., a) Raja Jaisingh b) Afzal khan, c) Shaistakhan, , (J), , o, M, , >, , II) Fill in the blanks., 1. The Marathas adopted, , warfare., , 2. The Sultan of Bijapur sent __ to subdue Shivaji., , 3. The Prime Minister of the Maratha Empire was called _, 4. After Aurangazeb's death _ became the Mughal, Emperor., , 263, , rCO, , Ci, M, , m, Z, m

Page 24 : Ill) Match the following., , 1. Baji Rao, 2. Nadir Shah, , Persia, Ashtapradhan, , 3. Nyayadhish, , king of Afganistan, , 4. Ahmad Shah Abdali, , Forward policy, , IV) Answer in a word., , 1. When was the third Battle of Panipat fought?, 2. In which year did Nadir Shah invade India?, , 3. When was the treaty of Purandhar signed?, 4. Who was known as "Mountain - Rat?, , V) Answer the following questions briefly., 1. Explain briefly the conflict between Shivaji and Afzal khan., 2. How did Shivaji attack Shaista Khan?, 3. What were the causes for the defeat of the Marathas in the third, battle of Panipat?, 4. Write a note on the invasion of Nadirshah., , VI) Answer in detail., 1. Explain why Shivaji was such a powerful ruler of the Marathas., 2. Describe the factors that led to the downfall of the Maratha Empire, under the Peshwas., , Formative Assessment, , LU, O, , z, , LU, , M, , 1. Divide the class into groups and enact scenes from the life of Shivaji, from birth to death., , V), , 2. Find out more about Guerilla warfare and discuss other countries that, have adopted these tactics., , 3. Draw a time line to show the important events of the Maratha regime., , to, , V, , 264

Page 25 : 3. ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS, India had commercial contact, with European countries from time, immemorial. With the arrival of, Alexander the Great these relations, became still more intimate. There, was a great demand for Indian, goods like silk, spices, muslin and, handloom fabrics in Europe. India, exported pepper, cloves, chillies,, cinnamon, ginger, coconut, canesugar, indigo etc to western, countries through three main trade, routes., , scientific navigation. Due to his, interest and enthusiasm in the field, of Navigation, he has been called, "Henry, the Navigator"., Bartholomeu Diaz, He was the first sailor from, Portugal who set out on his voyage, in 1487 A.D. He came upto the, southernmost tip of Africa. As there, was a strom when he reached there, he named it the Cape of Storm., Later on, the Portuguese King, renamed it, The Cape of Good Hope, with a definite hope of discovering a, sea route., Vascodagama, On 27th May 1498, a Portuguese, sailor, Vasco-da-Gama crossed the, Cape of Good Hope and reached, Calicut in India. He was given a, warm reception by the Hindu ruler, king Zamorin of Calicut. In 1501 he, came to India for the second time, and set up a factory at Cannanore., Thus the Portuguese established, their factories at Calicut, Cochin and, Cannanore, on the West Coast of, India., , The three important trade routes, were,, 1.Through Afghanistan, Central, Asia and the Caspian Sea and, terminating at the Black Sea Coast., 2. Through Persia and Syria, leading to the port of Alexandria on, the Mediterranean coast of Europe., , 3. The Sea route passing, through the Arabian sea, Persian, Gulf and the Red Sea., But in 1453 A.D. the Ottoman, Turks captured Constantinople and, troubled the European merchants., They blocked the land route through, Afghanistan. The other two routes, were also closed as a result of the, Arab conquest in the 8th century A.D., So the Europeans were forced to, discover a new sea route to India., , Francisco-de-Almeida, (1505-1509 A.D.), Francisco-De-Almeida was the, first viceroy of the Portuguese, possessions in India. During his, period the Portuguese defeated the, Arab traders. His policy was to, increase the Portuguese naval, power so that they might become, the masters of the Indian Ocean., This policy of controlling the, , The Portuguese, The Portuguese were the first to, discover a new sea route to India., Prince Henry of Portugal started a, school for training seamen on, 265, , CO, , o, Ci, in, , Oi, M, , m, Z, Ci, m

Page 26 : LU, , VJ, , Z, , LU, , M, , O, , If), , VJ, , O, <S), , settlement by naval force was known, as the "Blue Water Policy". In 1509, Almeida was defeated and killed by, the Egyptians., Alfonso-De-Albuquerque, (1509-1515A.D.), Albuquerque was the second, viceroy of the Portuguese in India., He was a great conqueror. He, captured Goa from the Sultan of, Bijapur in 1510 and made it the, capital. He also strengthened his, relationship with the Vijayanagar, Empire. In 1511, he captured, Malacca in the Far East and in 1515, he built the port of Ormuz in the, Persian Gulf. He can be rightly, called the Real Founder of, Portuguese Power in India. He was, a good administrator. He treated the, Hindus well and opened schools for, their education. The Muslims, became an enemy of the, Portuguese because of their, religious policy. He encouraged, marriages between the Portuguese, and the Indian women. He died at, Goa in 1515. After the death of, Albuquerque, the Portuguese, conquered Diu, Daman, Bombay,, Ceylon, Salsette, Bassein and, Hughli. After about a century the, Portuguese power declined., , Their religious policy created enmity, of the Muslims. The Portuguese, maintained a good relationship only, with Vijayanagar kingdom., Therefore the fall of Vijayanagar, kingdom in the battle of Talikotta, 1565 A.D. was a great blow to the, Portuguese. In 1580, Portugal came, under the rule of Spain. The arrival, of the Dutch and the English, weakened the Portuguese power in, India., , The Dutch, After the decline of the, Portuguese power, the Dutch, arrived India. The Dutch people of, Holland founded the Dutch East, India Company in 1602 and began, to trade with Eastern countries., They concentrated on, East, Asia called "Spice Islands". The, Dutch company established its, trading centres at Chinsura,, Nagapattinam, Surat and, Masulipatnam. They founded, Pulicat near Madras in 1610 and, built a fort there. They also, established trading centres at Surat,, Broach, Cambay, Ahmedabad,, Patna and Kazimbazaar., Meanwhile the English also sent, their merchants to do the spice trade, but the Dutch did not like the British, interference over there. They made, a plan against the English, merchants and killed many of the, English merchants at Amboyna in, 1623 A.D. which came to be known, as Amboyna Massacre. This, incident created enmity between the, English and the Dutch. Then the, English left the spice Islands and, , Causes for the decline of the, Portuguese power in India., Albuquerque's successors were, weak. They could not strengthen the, Portuguese hold over India. The, Portuguese often indulged in piracy, against the Indian merchants. The, Portuguese often forcibly converted, the natives to Christianity. They also, destroyed some temples in India., 266

Page 27 : concentrated their trade in India., In India the English had grown, very powerful and the Dutch were no, match for them. In 1759 the English, captured Chinsura from the Dutch, and a little later they also captured, Nagapattinam. Thus the Dutch, power in India came to an end., , 1668 Charles II gave Bombay on, lease to the English East India, Company on a nominal rent of £ 10., In 1699 they got permission from, Aurangazeb and set up a factory at, Calcutta. Later they built a fort and, named it Fort William after King, William III., , The British, In 1588, the English defeated, the Spanish Armada and, consequently they became the most, important naval power of Europe., Then they thought of establishing, colonies in the Eastern countries. So, the English East India Company, was started by 100 London, merchants who received permission, from Queen Elizabeth-I on, December 31st 1600 to carry on, trade with the East. In 1608, King, James I of England sent Captain, William Hawkins to the court of the, Mughal Emperor Jahangir to obtain, permission to establish a factory at, Surat. However permission was not, given as the Emperor was influenced, by the Portuguese. In 1615, Sir Thomas, Roe arrived at the court of Jahangir, and succeeded in getting, permission to set up their trading, centres at Agra, Broach and, Ahmedabad. In 1639, Francis Day,, bought a piece of land from the Raja, of Chandragiri and laid foundation, for modern Madras for a small rent., In 1640 the English built Fort, St.Georgeto protect their trade., Charles II the king of England, married Catherine the daughter of, the king of Portugal.He got Bombay,, a small village as a part of dowry. In, , Then they established factories, Balasore, Hughli and, Hariharpur,, at, Kazimbazaar. The British, settlements soon developed into, centres of commercial activities., Thus the English East India, Company expanded its influence, and control over India till 1858, when, the administration of India was taken, over by the British Crown from the, East India Company., , The Danish, The people of Denmark were, known as Danish. They began to, trade with India. In 1620 they, established their trading centre at, Tranquebar and in 1676 at, Serampore in Bengal. But they, never concentrated in India and sold, their trading centres to the British, and left India., The French, Like other European countries,, France too realized the importance, of trading with India. The French, East India Company was, established in 1664 by Colbert, the, minister of Louis XIV, the king of, France. They set up their factories at, Surat in 1668 and Masulipatnam in, 1669. In 1674 they got a place to the, south of Madras from the ruler of, Tanjore and laid the foundation of, 267, , CO, , O, , Pi, , in, , Oi, M, , m, Z, m

Page 28 : ', , European Settlements in India, The Portuguese, the Dutch, the British, the Danish and the French, N, A, , DtU, , (Portuguese], Daman, , (Portuguese)!, , (British), , Goai, (Portuguoso), , Arabian Sea, , IMadfB5(Briti5h), , Sadras (Dutch), yPondtcherry(French), " Karaikal(French), 'ranquebar(Danish), ÿÿagapattinam (Dutch), , LL), , O, , z, , LU, , M, , VJ, , it (Portuguese), , ., , Cochin (Dutch)!, , V), , VJ, , O, if), , Indian Ocean, , 268, , Bay of Bengal

Page 29 : 2., , Pondicherry, which became the, headquarters of the French, settlements in India. In 1690 they, established their settlement at, Chandranagore. They got Mahe in, 1725 and Karaikal in 1739. Dupleix, came to India 1742 as the Governor, of the French possessions. Under, him the French increased their, influence all around., , Under such circumstances there, was bound to be a conflict between, the Frenchand the English to establish, supremacy in India. The clash of, trade interests between the two, ultimately led to a series of wars, called the Carnatic Wars. Finally the, English came out successful and, established their power in India by, sending the French out of India., , EXERCISE, , I) Choose the correct answer., , _was captured by Ottoman Turks, , 1. The great trading centre, in 1453A.D., a)Afghanistan, , b) Constantinople c) Baluchistan, , _ was the first Viceroy of Portuguese possessions iri India, b) Alfonso-de-Albuquerque, , a) Francisco-de-Almedia, c) Barthalomeo Diaz, , 3. The English East India Company was started in _ ., a) 1600A.D., b) 1644A.D, c)1664A.D., , 4. _ became the head quarters of the French settlements in, India., , a) Chandranagore b) Pondicherry, , c)Mahe, , II) Fillin the Blanks., , 1. The Portuguese captured Goa from the Sultan of _, 2. Captain William Hawkins visited the court of the Mughal emperor, , U), , O, , 3. Sir Thomas Roe arrived India in, 4., , came to India in 1742 as the Governor of the, French possessions., , Ci, M, , Ill) Matchthe following., 1. Vasco-da-Gama, 2. Mahe, 3. Spice Islands, 4. King James I, , CO, , England, French settlement, Portuguese Sailor, East Indies, , 269, , m, Z, m

Page 30 : IV) Answer the following in a word., , 1. When was the French East India Company formed?, 2. Who was Francis Day?, 3. In which city is Fort St. George located?, , 4. In which continent is the Cape of Good Hope located?, V) Answer the following questions briefly., , 1. Write any three causes for the decline of the Portuguese power in, India., 2. Howdid the English East India Company acquire Bombay?, , 3. What were the trading centres of the French East India Company in, India., 4. Write a note on Albuquerque., VI) Answer in detail., , 1. Give an account of the English East India Company in India., 2. Write about the establishment of trading centres by the Dutch and the, French in India., , VII) Activity., 1. On the Rivers map of India mark the places occupied by the, Portuguese, Dutch, the English, the Danishand the French, 2. Make a visit to Fort St.George, LU, qj, , o, , Formative Assessment, 1. On an outline map of the world, a) Mark the countries that established trade relations with India in the 17th, and 18th centuries., b) Trace the routes of the important European travellers., 2. Collect pictures and write notes on 5 important forts established by the, British., , 270

Page 31 : -, , 4. ANGLO FRENCH STRUGGLE (CARNATIC WARS), Dupleix, the French Governor of, Pondicherry had an ambition to, establish the French power in India., , The English and the French East, India companies were established, with the motive of trading with India., In course of time their competition, turned into rivalry and both the, powers tried to remove the other, from the Indian scene. Their trade, interest was also diverted towards, politics. Making use of the situation, and the rivalry among the native, rulers, the English and the French, tried to capture power in India and to, establish their supremacy., , Course, Dupleix wanted to make the, French Power supreme in South, India. When the war started in, Europe, Dupleix sent an appeal to, La Bourdonnais, the Governor of, Mauritius to capture Madras. He, besieged Madras and captured it in, 1746., The Nawab of Carnatic,, Anwaruddin did not like this. So he, sent an army against the French. At, Santhome on the banks of the river, Adayar, Anwaruddin's army was, defeated., Then Dupleix tried to capture, Fort St. David from the English but, failed. Later the English attacked, Pondicherry but the French, successfully defended the city. In, 1748 the war of Austrian Succession, came to an end in Europe. So the, Carnatic war also came to an end in, India., Results, The First Carnatic war came to, an end by the treaty of Aix-laChappelle (1748) As a result the, English got back Madras., The Second Carnatic War, (A.D.1748- A.D. 1754), Causes, The second Carnatic war was, connected with the succession, disputes between the Nizam of, , Between 1740-1763 the rivalry, between the English and French led, to three wars in India. These wars, were known as Carnatic Wars as, they were fought in the Carnatic, region. Carnatic was originally a, Mughal Province under the Nawab., It was ruled by Anwar-ud-din, the, Nawab of Carnatic. The Nawab, as, an, ruled the territory, independent ruler. Arcot was the, capital of Carnatic., The British and the French, exploited the region to strengthen, their power. In the end, the British, drove the French out of India by, 1763 and established their, supremacy over the Carnatic region., The First Carnatic War, (AD.1746-AD.1748), Causes, This war was an echo of the, Austrian war of succession. In this, First Carnatic war, the English and, the French took opposite sides., They began to fight in India in 1746., , 271, , CO, , O, , Pi, , in, , Oi, M, , m, Z, m

Page 32 : Hyderabad and the Nawab of, Carnatic., , recalled in 1754 and was succeeded, by Godeheu., , The Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf, Shah died in 1748. There arose a, competition between his son, NasirJung and his grandson, Muzzafar Jung. At the same, time the Nawab of Carnatic, Dost AN, dispute, died. There was a, between Anwar-ud-din and his sonin-law Chanda Sahib for the throne, of Arcot. The French supported, Muzzafur Jung and Chanda Sahib., Hence Nasir Jung and Anwarud-din, were forced to seek the assistance, of the English. So a war broke out, ', in 1748., , Results, The Second Carnatic war came, to an end with the Treaty of, Pondicherry in 1755. By this treaty, both the sides agreed not to interfere, in the internal affairs of the Indian, princely states and returned each, others territories captured during the, war. Mohammad AM was, acknowledged as the Nawab of, Carnatic., The Third Carnatic War, (AD 1756-AD 1763), Causes, In 1756 the Seven Years war, broke out in Europe and the same, war echoed in India as the Third, Carnatic war., Course, The French General Count de, Lally captured Fort St. David. Bussy, the French General at Hyderabad, was asked to attack Madras which, was a great blunder committed by, the French. When Bussy left, Hyderabad the British captured, Hyderabad. Count de Lally and, Bussy together attacked Madras., But the British general, Sir Eyre, Coote defeated both the French, generals at the battle of Wandiwash, in 1760. In the next year 1761 Countde-Lally surrendered Pondicherry to, the British., Results, The war came to an end with the, Treaty of Paris in 1763. Pondicherry,, Karaikal, Chandranagore and Mahe, were returned to the French but, , Course, , LL), , <0, , z, , LU, , M, , VJ, , —<, J, , M, , VJ, , o, w, , With the help of the French,, Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib, defeated and killed.Anwar-ud-din at, the battle of Ambut in 1749. But, his son Mohammad AN took refuge, in the fort of Trichirappalli. Chanda, Sahib became the Nawab of, Carnatic. In Hyderabad, both Nasir, Jung and Muzzaffar Jung were killed., General Bussy, the French, Governor made Salabat Jung the, Nizam of Hyderabad. In return for, the French help, he handed over the, Northern Circarstothe French., The condition of the English, became very critical. Robert Clive a, clerk in the English East India, Company changed the course of the, war. He attacked Arcot, the Capital, of Carnatic. He defeated Chanda, Sahib and made Mohammed AN,, the Nawab of Arcot. Clive was called, as the "Hero of Arcot". Dupleix was, , 272

Page 34 : their trade privileges. It enraged the, Nawab. Siraj-ud-daulah marched, with his army and captured Calcutta., One hundred and forty six, British soldiers were taken as, captives and they were locked up in, a very small room. Most of them died, due to suffocation. Only twenty three, of them were survived. This incident in, history is called as the Black Hole, Tragedy. On hearing about this, tragedy, Admiral Watson and Robert, Clive were sent to Bengal. They re, captured Calcutta., Course, , they were not allowed to fortify, them. The French lost all their, prestige and influence in India., British became more powerful in, India., , Causes for the Success of the, British, Britain was commercially, superior and the British in India were, supported by the Home, Government. The naval power of the, British was far superior to that of the, French. There was full co-operation, among the English Officers. The, mistakes committed by Count -de, -Lally enabled the British to capture, Madras. The British could, concentrate on wars as there was, peace in England while the French, were too busy fighting wars in, Europe., , On 23rd June 1757 Siraj-uddaulah met Robert Clive in a village, called Plassey near Calcutta. Within, a few hours, the Nawab was, defeated and killed. British appointed, Mir jafaras the Nawab of Bengal., , Establishment of British, Supremacy over Bengal, , LL), , <o, , z, , LU, , M, , VJ, , <, M, , VJ, , O, , w, , Battle of Buxar, After few years Mir Jafar was, removed and Mir Qasim was made, Nawab of, the, Bengal., A misunderstanding developed, between Mir Qasim and the British., Mir Qasim was also removed, so he, entered into an alliance with Shujaud-daulah the Nawab of Oudh and, Shah Alam II the Mugal Emperor, against the British and invaded, Bengal. A battle between the, combined army of Indian rulers and, the British took place at Buxar on, October 22, 1764. In this battle,, Mir Qasim and others were, defeated. Mir Qasim fled from, the battlefield while Shuja-ll, surrendered to the British., , Bengal a very rich province of, the Mughal Empire developed into, an independent kingdom under, Alivardi Khan After his death, his, grandson Siraj-ud-daulah became, the Nawab of Bengal. The Battle of, Plassey was a result of a quarrel that, arose between Siraj-ud-daulah and, the British in 1757., Battle of Plassey (AD 1757), Causes, , The English and the French, were strengthening their fortification, in Bengal. Siraj-ud-daulah, Nawab, of Bengal asked them not to fortify, their Forts. The French obeyed, but the English refused to do so., More over the British were misusing, , V, , 274

Page 35 : Dindigul. The king of Mysore asked, his help. After arriving at Mysore, he, over for threw the king and ascended, the throne of Mysore. Though he, was an illiterate, he was very, intelligent. He treated both the, Hindus and the Muslims alike. He, was known for his impartial Justice., , Results, , The Treaty of Allahabad was, signed in 1765 between the English, on one side and Shah Alam-ll and, Shuja-Ud-Daulah on the other side., Shuja-ud-Daulah was asked to pay, a war indemnity of 50 lakhs to the, British and also gave Kara and, Allahabad to the British.The Mughal, Emperor was given an annual, pension of rupees 26 lakhs. Shah, Alam II granted the Diwani rights of, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the, English. Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and, Carnatic practically came under the, control of the British. The Battle of, Buxar made the English East India, Company a sovereign power in, India., After the Battle of Buxar, Robert, Clive became the Governor of, Bengal in1765.A.D., , The First Anglo-Mysore War, (A.D.1767-A.D.1769), Causes, Mysore under Hyder AM, emerged as one of the most, powerful kingdoms. Hyder Ali's, growing power and his friendly, relations with the French became a, matter of concern for the English, East India Company. This led to the, First Anglo-Mysore War., Course, In 1766, the British, the, , HyderAli, HyderAli was born in 1722. He, was the son of a Faujdar and he, started his career as an ordinary, soldier. He rose to the position as the, chief of the Army due to his hard, work. When a Civil War broke, out in Mysore, Hyder was in, , HyderAli, , 275, , Marathas and the Nizam formed a, coalition against Hyder Ali. But, Hyder Ali was very clever and he, bribed the Marathas and the Nizam, and won over their support. But in, 1767 Hyder Ali and Nizam were, defeated at Changma by the British., But Hyder Ali captured Ambur,, Mangalore and established his rule., Then he captured Baramahal,, Karur, Tanjore and Cuddalore. He, then besieged Madras which forced, the English to sign the Treaty of, Madras in 1769., Results, The Treaty of Madras was, signed in 1769. Both the sides, agreed to restore places. The first, Mysore war ended in favour of, HyderAli., , cn, , o, c>, in, Ci, , M, , m, Z, Pi, m

Page 36 : Robert Clive, Robert Clive became the, Governor of Bengal in 1765. During, his first tenure as a governor he was, known for his conquests and during, his second tenure for his, administrative reforms., Administrative Reforms, The servants of the company, were forbidden to receive any gift, from Indians. They were forbidden, to indulge in private trade. He, increased the salaries of the, company's servants. Robert Clive, gave double Bhatta (field, allowances) to the officers in times, of peace. He set up a Fund known as, Lord Clive's Fund with a view to, help poor servants of the company, , and widow's of those who died in, service. After receiving the Diwani, (Civil) and Nizamat (cirminal) rights, from the Mughal emperor Shah, Alam II, Robert Clive introduced a, new system called Dyarchy or Dual, or Double Government. According, to this system, the British enjoyed all, powers but no responsibility. The, Nawab was reduced to a position of, all responsibility and no power., In this system of Government,, neither the Nawab, nor the English, cared for the welfare of the people., The Dual Government was finally, abolished in 1772. Bengal was, brought under the direct rule of the, company., , EXERCISE, I) Choose the Correct answer, , ., , 1.The Carnatic Wars were fought in_, a) 1736-1744, , b) 1740-1744, , c) 1746-1763, , 2. The battle of Plassey was fought in _ ., a) 1764, , b) 1757, , c) 1765, , 3. The founder of the British Empire in India was _ ., , a) Robert Clive, , LL), , VJ, , b)Dupleix, , c)MirJafar, , 4. Count-de-Lally was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote at the battle of, , 2, , UJ, , M, , a) Madras, , VJ, , b)St.Thomas, , c) Wandiwash, , V), , II) Fill in the blanks., 1.The capital of Carnatic was, , VJ, , 2. TheHeroofArcotwas _, 3. The Battle of _, made the English East India company a, sovereign power in India., , O, if), , V, , 276

Page 37 : 4. La Bourdonnais was the French Governor of, , III) Matchthe following., 1. First CarnaticWar, 2. Third CarnaticWar, 3. Plassey, 4. Battle of Buxar, , Treaty of Allahabad, Village near Calcutta, Aix-la-chappelle, , Treaty of Paris, , IV) Answer in one word., 1. Name the treaty which was signed at the end of the First AngloMysore war., 2. Whowasmade the Nawab of Bengal afterthe battle of Plassey?, 3. When did the battle of Buxartake place?, V) Answer the following questions., 1. What do you know about Black Hole Tragedy?, 2. Write any three causes for the success of the British in India., 3. What do you know about Robert Clive's Dual system of Government?, 4. What were the causes for the FirstAnglo Mysore War?, VI) Answer in Detail., 1. Give an account of the causes, course and the results of the second, and third Carnatic Wars., Formative Assessment, 1. On the outline map of India mark the important places of Carnatic wars., 2. Write an essay (about 15 lines) on why you think that The Battle of, , in, , O, , Ci, , Plassey was a turning point in the History of India., 3. Prepare a time-line chart to show the establishment of British rule in India, , 277, , m, Z, m

Page 38 : r, , \, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, STANDARD EIGHT, TERM II, , 143, , J

Page 39 : f, , N, , history!, , !RULE OF THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY, FROM A.D.1773-A.D.1857, LORD WARREN HASTINGS, (A.D1772-AD 1785), , *An Executive Council, consisting of four members was set, up to assist Governor General., , Warren Hastings became the, Governor of Bengal in 1772.Later he, was raised to the position of Governor, General of Benga/. As soon as he, assumed office, he had to face many, difficulties. In 1772 a terrible famine, affected Bengal. The Dual, Government had ruined the, economy of Bengal. The farmers, and artisans led a miserable life. The, officials of the English East India, Company were misusing their, privileges and amassing great, wealth. The administration was, crippled. So the company had to ask, the British Government for a huge, amount as a loan. At this stage, the, British Government decided to, interfere in the affairs of the, Company. To regulate the affairs of, the East India Company in 1773 the, British Parliament passed the, Regulating Act in 1773. This was the, first landmark Act in the, Constitutional development of India., , Defects of the RegulatingAct, , The Regulating Act did not, clearly define the jurisdiction of the, Supreme Court or the powers of, the Governor General and the, members of his executive Council., The members of the executive, council of the Governor General, often created problems. The, Governors of Bombay and Madras, did not obey the orders of the, Governor General of Bengal. This, Act made the position of the, Governor General weak., In order to remove the defects of the, Regulating Act, the British Prime, Minister William Pitt, the Younger,, passed the Pitts IndiaAct in 1784., , Provisions of the Pitts India Act, The Governor General was to be, appointed with the approval of the, British Crown., The number of members in, Governor General's Council was, reduced from four to three., For administrative purposes, a, Board of Control consisting of six, members was established in Britain, to monitor the affairs iri India., The Governor General was, made the Commander-in-Chief of, the British troops in India and was, given total control over the, Presidencies of Bombay and, Madras., This Act helped the British, , -, , The Regulating Act 1773, Provisions, 'Appointment of a Governor, General in Calcutta who was, superior to the Governors of, Bombay and Madras., , 'Provision was made to set up, a Supreme Court in Calcutta with a, chief justice and three judges. Sir, Elijah Impey was the first Chief, Justice., 144

Page 40 : Government to have control over the, company's affairs., , Educational Reforms, Warren Hastings was also a, great patron of learning. In 1781 he, founded the Calcutta Madarasa for, the promotion of Islamicstudies., , Reforms of Warren Hastings, Administrative Reforms, He put an end to the Dual, Government introduced in Bengal, by Robert Clive. The East India, Company took over the, administration of the provinces. The, treasury was shifted from, Murshidabad to Calcutta., , The RohillaWar (A.D. 1774), The Rohillas were Afghans and, were frequently attacked by the, Marathas. They sought the help of, the Nawab Oudh to subdue the, Marathas. The Nawab demanded, Rs.40 lakhs and the Rohillas, accepted the demand. When the, Marathas appeared in Rohilkhand in, 1773, they saw the forces of Nawab, of Oudh behind the Rohillas, so the, Marathas retreated without fighting, Shuja-ud-daulah. The Nawab of, Oudh demanded the promised 40, lakhs from the Rohillas. The Rohilla, Chief refused to pay the money. The, Nawab of Oudh approached the, English for help. He even agreed to, pay 40 lakhs to the British. So, warren Hastings send an army, against the Rohillas. Rohillas were, defeated and their territory was, annexed to Oudh., The Second Anglo-Mysore War, (A.D.1780-A.D.1784), The treaty of Madras was signed, in 1769 between Hyder Ali and the, British, both agreed to help each, other against the common enemy-The, Marathas. But in 1771,when the Marathas, invaded Mysore, the English did not, come forward to help Hyder Ali. The, English also captured the French, port Mahe which was of great, importance to Hyder Ali so he, protested and declared war against, British. In 1781 the British army, under Sir EyreCoote defeated Hyder, , Judicial Reforms, Two courts of Appeal namely the, Sadar Diwani Adalat (Civil) and the, Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal), were established at Calcutta. Civil, and criminal courts were set up in, each district. A digest of Hindu and, Muslim law was compiled., Commercial Reforms, A Board of Trade was set up to, buy quality goods for the company., Company servants were not allowed, to carry on private trade. In order to, encourage Indian trade, he reduced, the customs duty by 2.5%to merchants., Many of the customs houses were, abolished and he set up only five, customs houses at Calcutta, Dacca,, Hoogly, Patnaand Murshidabad., Revenue Reforms, A Board of Revenue was set up, at Calcutta to look into the revenue, administration. English Collectors, were appointed in every district. The, land was given for 5 years to the, highest bidder. The land owners got, the right to collect land revenue and, pay it to the Government, , 145

Page 41 : Raja Chait Singh of Benares. On his, refusal to pay the revenue, Hastings, deposed the ruler. Similarly he took, away the personal treasures of the, Begums of Oudh. Warren Hastings, is also believed to have been, responsible for sentencing a person, called Nanda Kumar to death on, false charges of forgery. Warren, Hastings was criticized and later on, impeached by the British Parliament, for hisactions.Later he was acquitted, from all charges because he had, rendered great services to British, power in India., , Ali at Porto Novo and at Ami in 1782., Hyder Ali died of cancer during the, course of the war. Hyder Ali's son, Tipu Sultan continued the war. In, 1784 Tipu Sultan and the English, signed the Treaty of Mangalore by, which the conquered territories were, restored to both the parlies., The FirstAnglo-Maratha War, (AD 1775-AD 1782), Warren Hastings declared war, against Marathas in A.D.1775. This, war came to an end with the signing, of the Treaty of Salbai in, 1782. Madhava Rao Narayan became, the Peshwa after the signing of the, treaty., , Impeachment of Warren Hastings, The First Anglo-Maratha war put, the English under a great financial, strain. So Warren Hastings, demanded additional revenue from, , EXERCISE, I) Choose the correct answer., 1. Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor of Bengal in, a) 1772, , c)1774, , b) 1773, , 2. The lstChief Justice of British India was _ ., a)SirThomas, , b) Sir Elijah Impey c) Sir Morse, , 3. Under the Regulating Act, the Supreme Court was set up at, , a) Calcutta, , b) Madras, , c) Bombay, , 4. _ was the son of HyderAli, , a)DostAli, , b)MirQasim, 146, , c) Tipu Sultan

Page 42 : II) Fill in the blanks., , 1. In 1772 a terrible famine affected _ ., 2. The British Prime Minister_ passed the Pitts India Act in, 1784., , 3. Warren Hastings put an end to the Dual Government introduced by, 4. The second Anglo - Mysore War came to an end by the treaty of, , III) Matchthe following., 1. NawabofOudh, 2. HyderAli, , Civil Court, , 3. SadarDiwaniAdalat, , Ruler of Benares, Ruler of Mysore, , 4. Raja Chait Singh, , Shuja-ud-daulah, , IV) Answer in a word., 1. Name theAct passed by the British Parliament in 1773., , 2. Name the Act that removedthe defects of the RegulatingAct?, 3. What was set up to buy quality goods for the company?, V)Answerthe following questions., 1. What were the defects of the RegulatingAct?, 2. Why did HyderAli declare war on the English in 1780?, 3. What were the provisions of the RegulatingAct?, 4. Write a short note on the RohillaWar., , VI) Answer in detail., 1. Describethe reforms introduced by Warren Hastings., 2. What were the features of the regulating Act? Howdid the pitt's IndiaAct, overcome its defects?, , J, , 147

Page 43 : FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, 1. Debate:, The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first step towards development of, the Indian constitution - conduct a debate in your class., , 2. In your scrapbook write and stick pictures of Warren Hastings and the, reforms he introduced., 3. Write about the famine of Bengal of 1770-1772., , V, , 148

Page 44 : "N, , -, , 2. LORD CORNWALLIS (A.D. 1786 A.D. 1793), Demerits, 1) Zamindars became the, masters of the land and were, benefited., 2) The worst affected people, were the cultivators who were left at, the mercy of the zamindars., Lord Comwallis, , 3) To meet the increasing, expenses the government had to, increase the tax in other provinces., , Lord Comwallis became the, Governor General of India in 1786., He tried to follow the policy of non¬, intervention., , 4) The government had no direct, contact with the people., , In 1793, Comwallis introduced, the Permanent Settlement of, Bengal. The Zamindars were, required to pay a fixed amount in, cash on a fixed date as land revenue, to the treasury, irrespective of what, they could collect. Slowly the, Zamindars brought more areas, under cultivation and made more, money while they paid the same, fixed amount to the company. Many, Zamindars benefited more than, either the company orthe peasants., , Administrative Reforms, Comwallis introduced a new, administrative civil service system., The civil servants were appointed to, administer the British territories, effectively in India. He introduced, strict regulations, raised their, salaries and gave promotions on the, basis of merit. The employees were, not permitted to carry on private, trade. All high posts were reserved, only for the English. Indians could, only be selected for subordinate, posts., , Merits, This system was beneficial to, the Zamindars. They were the, owners of the lands and they, became very loyal to the company., This system secured a fixed and, stable income for the company. This, settlement avoided the evils of, , Police Reforms, Lord Comwallis created a, permanent police force in India. In, 1791 a Commissioner of Police was, appointed in Calcutta. The districts, were divided into Thanas. Each, , periodical settlements., , 149

Page 45 : educated and a great soldier. He, was against the presence of British, in India.Hebuilt many strong forts like, Dorrg to defend his kingdom. He, was a lover of art and architecture., , Thana was headed by a Daroga., As in the civil services in the, police department too, the, Indians were excluded from the, higher posts., Judicial Reforms, Lord Cornwallis improved, the judiciary. The collector was, relieved of his judical duties. He was, responsible for revenue collection., Civil and Criminal Courts were set, up at the district level. Provincial, courts of appeal were set up at, Dacca, Calcutta, Murshidabad, and Patna. Cornwallis increased the, salary of the judges to check bribery, and corruption. He abolished the court, fees. A new code of regulations, known as "Cornwallis code" was, compiled in 1793 by Sir George, Barlow., Revenue Reforms, He reorganized the Revenue, Department. In 1787 the province of, Bengal was divided into many areas, and each area was placed under a, collector. He established the Board, of Revenue to supervise the work of, the collectors., Commercial Reforms, Cornwallis revived the old, practice of making direct contact, with the Indian merchants and, improved trade and commerce., , A, , M ÿ>, t, , r, , »', , <L. $, \ J, V, , \, , Vx, , /, , (, , ', , A.'>, , Tipu Sultan, , The Third Anglo - Mysore War, (AD 1790-AD 1792), Tipu wanted to improve his, position by driving the English out of, India. Therefore he sought help from, Turkey and France. Cornwallis, believed that Tipu, having allied with, the French, would strike against the, English. To check Tipu Sultan the, English formed alliances with the, Nizam and the Marathas. Tipu, attacked Travancore a friend of, British. So the English declared war, against Tipu Sultan in 1790. Tipu, was defeated at Srirangapatnam, and the third Mysore war ended with, the treaty of Srirangapatnam signed, by Cornwallis and Tipu Sultan in, 1792., , Tipu Sultan, Tipu Sultan was bom in 1753, near Mysore. He was an industrious, ruler like his father. He was well, , 150

Page 47 : r, Tipu Sultan was called the "Tiger, of Mysore". The Tiger emblem was, sculpted on his throne and the, military uniforms also bore the Tiger, emblem. He was buried at, Srirangapatnam., , maintain British troops in his state,, either by giving some of his territory, or by paying for the maintenance of, the troops., The Indian ruler could not fight or, sign treaties with any other power., This system allowed the British to, maintain a large army at the, , LordWeilesley, (AD 1796-AD 1805), , expense of the local rulers., Merits, It helped the Company to, maintain a large army at the, expense of the Indian rulers. The, English became the supreme power, in India. They began to control the, foreign policy of the native states., The French influence was, excluded from the Indian States., The extent of British Empire in India, increased., , *dlh, Lord Wellesley, , After Cornwallis, Sir John Shore, became the Governor General of, India. He followed the policy of non¬, intervention. He was succeeded by, Lord Wellesley. He followed the, policy of expansion and extended, the British territories through, Subsidiary Alliance., , Demerits, , The native rulers lost their, prestige and dignity. Both the British, and the native rulers neglected the, welfare of the people., States which entered into the, subsidiary Alliance, , Subsidiary Alliance, , The Nizam of Hyderabad was, the first to enter into the subsidiary, Alliance with the English. He gave, Bellary, Cuddapah, Ananthapur and, Karnool to the British. The Nawab of, Oudh was forced by Wellesley to, enter into the Subsidiary Alliance.He, ceded half of his territories,, Rohilkhand, Gorakpur and the, territories between the Ganges and, , Lord Wellesley introduced the, system of Subsidiary Alliance to, bring the princely states under the, control of the British., Main features of the Subsidiary, Alliance, In the subsidiary alliance, system, an Indian ruler had to, , 152

Page 48 : the Yamuna to the British. Peshwa, Baji Rao-ll also entered into the, subsidiary Alliance with British., , member of the old Hindu royal family, from whom Hyder AN had captured, the throne of Mysore. Tipu's family, was sent to Vellore fort. This war put, an end to Muslim rule in Mysore and, made the British the strongest, power in South India., , -, , The Fourth Anglo Mysore War, (1799), Causes, The fourth Anglo-Mysore war, was fought in 1799 between the, British and Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan, wanted to recover his territories, which he lost in the Third, Mysore War and he, did not, accept the Subsidiary Alliance. He, wanted to take revenge on the, English. Tipu Sultan sent emissaries, to Kabul, Constantinople, Arabia, and France to get their support, against British. So war became, inevitable between Tipu and the, British., , The Second Anglo-Maratha War, (1803), Peshwa Baji Rao-ll, accepted the Subsidiary Alliance, with the British and signed the, Treaty of Bassein in 1802. The, Maratha leaders Scindia and, Bhonsle refused to acknowledge, this treaty. So they joined together, and attacked the British., , In 1803 Arthur Wellesley, defeated the Marathas. As a result, Maratha Power was weakened and, the English expanded their power, and authority., , Tipu was defeated at Malavalli., He died on 4th May 1799 while, defending his capital, Srirangapatnam. With his death, the, war came to an end in 1799., , Estimate, Wellesley was one of the, greatest governor generals of the, English East India Company. He, defeated Tipu Sultan and humbled, the Marathas. He transformed the, trading English East India Company, into a strong political power in India., , The important territories of, Kanara, Coimbatore and, Srirangapatnam were annexed by, the British. A small part of the Mysore, Kingdom was restored to Krishna III, a, , V, , 153

Page 49 : 3., , EXERCISE, , I) Choose the correct answer., 1.Lord Cornwallis becamethe Governor General of Bengal in _ ., a) 1786, , b) 1787, , c)1788, , 2. During the Third Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu attacked _ a, Hindu State in South India., a)Oudh, , b)Travancore, , c)Carnatic, , _ is called the Father of Indian Civil Service., , a) John Shore, , b) Cornwallis, , c)Wellesley, , 4. The FourthAnglo - Mysore war was fought in_ ., a) 1789, , b) 1799, , c)1779, , II) Matchthe following., , 1. Permanent Revenue Settlement, , Lord Wellesley, , 2. Subsidiary Alliance, , Treaty of Seringapatnam, , 3. Sir John Shore, , Lord Cornwallis, , 4. Third Anglo - Mysore War, , Non-intervention, , III) Fillin the blanks., I.The permanent land revenue settlement was introduced in, 2., , created a permanent police force in India., , 3. A new code of regulations known as Cornwallis code was compiled by, 4. Lord Wellesley becamethe Governor General in_, , IV) Answer in a word., 1. Who were the worst affected by the 'permanent settlement'?, 2. What policy did Wellesley follow?, , 3. Who was the first Indian ruler to join the subsidiary alliance?, , 154

Page 50 : V) Answer the following questions briefly., , 1. How did Lord Cornwallis improve the judiciary?, 2. What were the causes forthe fourth Anglo -Mysore war?, , 3. Write a short note on Tipu Sultan., , VI) Answer in detail., 1. Describethe reforms introduced by Lord Cornwallis., 2. Give an account of Permanent Revenue Settlement of Lord, Cornwallis., 3. Write a note an the Subsidiary alliance system of Lord Wellesley and, mention its merits and demerits, Activity., 1. The Indian Civil Service was called the backbone of the British Rule of, India. Prepare a report on the Indian Civil Service tracing its growth from, its inception to its current form as the IndianAdministrative Service., 2. On the river map of India, mark the extent of British Empire under, Wellesley., , V, , 155

Page 51 : >, FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, , 1. Prepare a scroll:, Prepare an information scroll about the reforms of Lord Cornwallis., , 2. Report:, Prepare a report on why Tipu Sultan was called as "Tiger of Mysore"., , 3. Complete the given table:, Prepare a chart on the four Mysore wars., , War, , Year, , Causes, , Events, , V, , 156, , Treaty, signed, , Results

Page 52 : 4. Debate:, , The subsidiary system of Lord Wellesley curbed the independent, nature of native rulers - Debate in your class., 5. Trace the growth of the British Rule in India from the 17th to 20th, centuries., , - Entry into Indiatrade, -Acquisition of a few trade areas and warehouses., -Acquisition of trading stations and settlements., , - Control of Indian states, - Complete subjugation of India., Usethe above hints and write a few sentences on each., , y, , V, , 157

Page 53 : -, , 3. MARQUESS OF HASTINGS (A.D. 1813 A.D. 1823), Western education was provided to, the Indians., , Marquess of Hastings better, known as Lord Hastings became, Governor General in 1813. He, completed the work begin by Lord, Wellesley. When he became the, Governor General, the Gurkhas of, Nepal, the Pindaris and the Maratha, chiefs wanted to overthrow the, British power. But Hastings boldly, faced all these problems and made, the English the paramount power, in India., , The Gurkha War, (AD 1814-AD 1816), The Gurkhas of Nepal were a, great challenge to British. They, captured Sheoroj and Butwal in, 1814. The British regarded it as a, challenge and declared war on, them. The English defeated the, Gurkha leader Amarsingh. The, Gurkhas were compelled to sign the, treaty of Sagauli in 1816 with, English. Thus the war came to an, end., , During his tenure the Charter, Act of 1813 was passed by the, British Government., , ThePindariWar, (AD 1816 -AD 1818), The Pindaris were the gang of, robbers in Central India. The, important leaders of the Pindaris, were Amirkhan, Wasil Muhammad,, Karim Khan and Chettu. Hastings, sent a huge army to subdue the, Pindaris. Thus Hastings, exterminated the Pindaris and, relieved the people of Central India, From their suffering., The Fourth Anglo-Maratha War, (AD 1817- AD 1818), The Marathas were jealous of, the growing power of the English., Peshwa Baji Rao II tried to form a, confederacy of all the Maratha, Chiefs against the English. In 1817, the Peshwa attacked the British, residency at Pune. It resulted in, , Provisions of the Charter Act of, 1813, , The Charter Act of 1813, renewed the trading rights of the, East India company for another, twenty years. The company was, deprived of its monopoly to trade, with India. The British Government, allotted one lakh rupees every, year for the development of, education in India. The Act made, provisions for the appointment of a, Bishop and three Arch Deacons, [Priests] to look after the welfare of, the Europeans in India. The British, merchants and missionaries were, allowed to settle in India after getting, licence from the Board of Control., Importance of the Charter Act of, 1813, , The monopoly of the company's, trade came to an end. The, missionaries preached Christianity., , Fourth Anglo-Maratha war. The, Marathas were completely defeated, after this war., , 158

Page 54 : Results, The office of the Peshwa was, abolished. Baji Rao II was paid an, annual pension of 8 lakh rupees., The small kingdom of Satara was, created and one of the descendants, of Chatrapathi Shivaji, Pratab Singh, was placed on the throne. Thus the, mighty Maratha power lost its power., The British became the paramount, power in India., , the people. In 1817 a college was, opened in Calcutta for the, development of the English, Language. He removed the, restrictions on the press. The first, vernacular (Regional) newspaper, 'Samachar Patrika' was published., He appointed Indians to higher, posts in administration. During his, period the Ryotwari system of, revenue collection was introduced in, the Madras Presidency. It was a, settlement between the ryots and, the British. This system made ryot, the owner of the land as long as, he paid the revenue without default., , Reforms of Lord Hastings, Hastings passed the Bengal, Tenancy Act in 1822 to protect the, interests of the tenants. He took, efforts to promote education among, , EXERCISE, I) Choose the correct answer., 1. Lord Hastings completed the work started by Lord_ ., a) Warren Hastings, b) Wellesley, c) Minto I, 2. The Charter Act was passed in_ ., a) 1813, b) 1814, c)1815, 3. The fourth Anglo -Maratha war began in_ ., a) 1817, b) 1718, c)1870, 4. The _ system of revenue was introduced during the, period of Lord Hastings., a) Mahalwari, b) Ryotwari, c) Permanent, II) Fillin the blanks., 1.The Bengal tenancy Act was passed by., 2. The war between the Gurkhas and the English came to an end by the, treaty of _ ., , 3. Charter Act of 1813 allowed the missionaries to popularize, in India., 4. The Gurkhas were the inhabitants of, 159

Page 55 : Ill) Match the following., 1. Amar Singh, 2. Marquess of Hastings, , Pindari leader, capital of Nepal, , 3. Amir khan, , Gurkha leader, , 4. Kathmandu, , Governor General, , IV) Answer the following in a word., 1. To whom was the state of Satara given?, 2. Name the first vernacular newspaper published during the time of, Lord Hastings., 3. Which Act allowed the British missionaries to settle in India?, V) Answerthe following questions briefly., 1. Mention the causes for the Gurkha war?, 2. What was the result of the fourth Anglo-Maratha war?, 3. Write a note on the reforms of Marquess of Hastings., VI) Answer in detail., 1. Give an account of the Charter Act of 1813., 2. Describethe wars fought by Marquess of Hastings., , V, , 160

Page 56 : N, , /, , FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, _, , >, , /, , 1. Discuss:, Discuss in your class about the provisions of the Charter Act of 1813., , 2. Make a table:, , Form a tabular column on the Permanent Land Revenue System and the, Ryotwari System - Bring out the difference between the two., 3. Project:, Prepare a project how the Charter Act of 1813 was the first step towards, the development of Indian Education System., , V, , 161

Page 58 : (, , HISTORY ), , 1. Lord William Bentinck (A.D.1828-A.D.1835), Lord Hastings was succeeded by, Lord Amherst. During his period, the, Burmese tried to capture Assam. So,, in 1824, Lord Amherst declared war, on Burma. This war was called the, First Burmese war. The English, defeated the Burmese. The war, came to an end by the Treaty of, Yandaboo in 1826. The English got, Arakan and Tenasserim., , commander-in-chief of the army and, introduced several reforms. He, abolished Persian as the court, language and introduced vernacular, languages. A new post of law, member in the executive council of, the Governor-General was created, by the Charter Act of 1833. Lord, Macaulay was made the first law, member., , Lord Amherst was succeeded by, Lord William Bentinck. He followed a, policy of non-interference with, regard to the dependent Indian, states. He is famous for his reforms., He is considered to be one of the, greatest Governors General of India., His reforms can be classified as, follows., , Social Reforms, Abolition of Sati, Among all the evils that, prevailed in the Indian society, the, cruel practice was sati. As per sati, a, Hindu widow burnt herself alive on, the funeral pyre of her deceased, husband. At first it was a voluntary, act but as days went on, the widow, was forced by the relatives to die. It, was prevalent mostly among the, Rajputs., , Financial reforms, , Lord Bentinck could not tolerate, such an inhuman act. So Sati, Prohibition Act was passed in 1829, with the help of Raja Ram Mohan, Roy, a social reformer. Lord, Bentinck declared sati as a criminal, and illegal offence. As per the Act,, everyone who forced a woman to, perform sati would be given capital, punishment., , Judicial reforms, He abolished the provincial, courts of appeal and he set up a, Sadar Diwani Adalat [civil court] and, a Sadar Nizamat Adalat [criminal, court] in Allahabad., , Abolition of female infanticide, Another evil practice that existed, among the tribes of Rajaputana and, Kathiawarwas female infanticide. It, was the practice of killing the female, children at the time of their birth,, mainly to avoid economic burden., , Administrative reforms, He combined the office of the, Collector with that of the Magistrate., \H e took charge of the, , 167, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , In order to improve the finance of, the East India Company, he reduced, the salaries of the civil servants. He, appointed several Indians on low, salaries. He regulated the opium, trade and increased the income of, the company. He reduced the bhatta, or allowance of the military officers of, the company.

Page 59 : So Bentinck abolished this evil, practice and declared it as a crime., , a medium of instruction in India. He, opened a medical college at, Calcutta and established Elphinston, college at Bombay., , The wild tribes of Odesa, followed the practice of human, sacrifice, to please their Gods., Lord, Bentinck declared that, any person who practised this, barbarous act would be treated as a, murderer., , The Charter Act of 1833, , The Charter Act of 1833 was, passed during the time of Lord, William Bentinck. Accordingly, monopoly of the company was, abolished. Governor General in, Bengal became the Governor, General of India. This Act added a, law member to the executive council, of the Governor General. The, Bishops of Bombay, Madras and, Calcutta were to be appointed for, the benefit of the Christians in India., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , SCIENCE, , Suppression of Thugs, The Thugs were gang of robbers, who lived in central India. They used, to loot and plunder. They robbed the, innocent travellers and put them to, death. Lord William Bentinck, decided to stop this evil practice., Under Major Sleeman a new, department was set up to suppress, the Thugs. The thugs were caught in, large numbers; They were either put, to death or punished severely., , Estimate, He carried out many useful, reforms in the social, administrative,, financial and judicial fields. For his, sympathetic attitude towards the, Indians, he can be compared to, Lord Ripon. He promoted English, education in India and did a lot for, the welfare of the people., , Educational reforms, Bentinck decided to use the, money sanctioned by the Charter, Act of 1813 to promote western, education through the medium of, English. As a result English became, , EXERCISE, I) Choose the correct answer., 1. Lord Amherst was succeeded by, General of India., a) William Bentinck, , as the Governor, , b) Lord Hastings c)LordCurzon, , 2. Lord William Bentinck is famous for his _ ., , a) appearance, , b)wars, , c) reforms., , 3. The use of _ as court language was abolished., , a) English, , b) Persian, 168, , c) Sanskrit

Page 60 : 2.3., , 4. Human Sacrifice was practiced by, a) Wild tribes of Odesa b) Rajputs, , c) people of Central India, , II) Fill in the blanks., , 1. The first Burmese war came to an end by the Treaty of_ in, 1826., _ is considered to be one of the greatest Governors, General of India., _ was made as the first law member in the executive, council of the Governor General., , 4. The evil practice that prevailed in the Indian society was, , III) Match the following., , 2. Major Sleeman, 3. RajaRam Mohan Roy 4. Macaulay, 1. Abolition of Sati, , English Education, , 1829, Suppression of Thugs, , Social reformer, , IV) Answer in a word., , 1. When did Bentinck become the Governor General of India?, 2. Where was the Elphinston College established?, 3. Who reduced the Bhatta of Military officer?, , 1. What do you know about the First Burmese War?, 2. Mention the educational reforms of Lord William Bentinck?, 3. What do you know about the administrative reforms of Lord William, Bentinck?, , VI) Answer in detail., 1. Give an account of the social reforms of Lord William Bentinck., , 169, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , V)Answerthe following questions briefly.

Page 61 : FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, , 1. Discuss, “Welfare of the state is based on the welfare of the people under the, rule” this statement is proved by Lord William Bentinck - Discuss., 2. Write an essay, Write an essay on the reforms of Lord William Bentinck., 3. Oratorical competition, Topic suggested: “The increasing social evils in Indian society”, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 4. Group Discussion, “Education Policy of Lord Macaulay” - Discuss., , 170

Page 62 : 2. Lord Dalhousie (A.D.1848-A.D.1855), Lord Dalhousie became the, Governor General of India in, A.D.1848. To expand the British, Empire in every possible way, he, adopted three methods. They were:Annexing the states, a) By Doctrine of Lapse, , Multan was a part of Sikh kingdom., The Sikhs under the leadership, of Mulraj revolted against the British., So Lord Dalhousie declared a war, against the Sikhs in 1848. The sikhs, were defeated. Punjab was, annexed by Lord Dalhousie in 1849., , b) Through wars, , The second Burmese war, (A.D.1852), , c) on the grounds of misgovernment., , After the first Burmese war the, British merchants were allowed to, carry on trade and settle down in, Burma. But they were ill-treated., They appealed to Dalhousie for, help. So Dalhousie sent an army to, attack Burma. Thus the second, Burmese war broke out in 1852. The, Burmese were defeated. By this war, the whole of lower Burma came, under the control of British., , Annexation by Doctrine of Lapse, , Lord Dalhousie adopted a new, policy known as Doctrine of Lapse to, extend British Empire. According to, Doctrine of Lapse "if the ruler of a, dependent state in India died, without male issue, his adopted son, would not succeed him but the state, would pass back to the British and, the adopted son would inherit only, the personal property of the, deceased"., On the basis of the Doctrine of, Lapse, Dalhousie annexed the, states of Satara, Jaipur,, Sambhalpur Udaipur, Jhansi and, Nagpur. This policy of Doctrine of, Lapse was bitterly opposed by the, Indians and it was one of the root, causes for the sepoy mutiny. (Great, revolt of 1857)., , Annexation on grounds of, misgovernment, , Reforms of Lord Dalhousie, , Dalhousie was not only a great, conqueror but also a great, administrator. He introduced many, reforms in India., , Annexation by war, The second Anglo-Sikh war, (A.D.1848-A.D.1849), , The second Anglo-Sikh war was, fought during the time of Lord, Dalhousie. Though the Sikhs were, defeated in the First Anglo-Sikh war,, they were not completely crushed., , Administrative reforms, The Governor-General of India, also acted as the Governor of, Bengal. But during the time of, , 171, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , The Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali, Shah was deposed from the throne, in A.D.1852 on the pretext of misgovernance. Oudh was annexed, with the British Empire. Tanjore was, also annexed with British Empire.

Page 63 : Dalhousie, Lieutenant Governor, was appointed to look after the, affairs of Bengal. Provinces were, divided into districts and each, district was put under a Deputy, Commissioner. Simla was made as, the summer capital while Calcutta, remained as the winter capital. He, introduced uniform system of, administration in the provinces of, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras., , Commercial reforms, , Lord Dalhousie introduced free, trade. Madras, Bombay and, Calcutta ports were improved. He, improved several harbours with, modern facilities. He encouraged, the trade relations between India, and England., Social reforms, , He tried to abolish sati which, was practiced in some parts of the, country. He also supressed the, Thugs. In 1856 the Hindu widow re¬, marriage Act was passed. He, encouraged the widow re¬, marriages. He allowed a person to, inherit his ancestral property even if, he changed his religion., , Introduction of Railways, Dalhousie is credited with the, introduction of railways in India. The, first railway line was laid in 1853, between Bombay and Thana. In, 1854 a railway line was laid from, Howrah to Ranikanj. In 1856, a, railway line was laid from Madras to, Arakonam. The railways increased, the volume of trade. It was easy for, the British government to send the, troops, goods and raw materials, easily from one place to another., , Public works department, Lord Dalhousie set up a Public, Works Department. Many canals,, roads and bridges were built and, several other welfare works were, made. The Grand Trunk road, (pucca) connecting Calcutta to, Peshwar was refurnished. The, Ganga canal was also dug., , Lord Dalhousie was called the, 'Father of Indian Railways', , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , Post and Telegraph, , Educational reforms, , Post and telegraph offices were, set up throughout the country. He, appointed a Director General to, supervise the work of the post, offices in all the presidencies., Dalhousie also introduced a uniform, postage system. For the first time,, the postal stamps were used in, India. He introduced V2 Anna (3, paise) postal system. Telegraph, lines were also laid down. Thus, communication system received an, impetus under Dalhousie., , During the period of Dalhousie,, Sir Charles Wood's Despatch in, 1 854 introduced several, educational reforms in India. The, department of public instruction was, setup in every province. A number of, educational institutions from primary, to university level were established., Training institutions were also, established to provide training to the, teachers. The universities of, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were, established to provide higher, , 172

Page 64 : 2.2., , Education to the people. An, engineering college was also, established in Rurkee. The system, of grants - in aid to affiliated schools, and colleges was also introduced., , Estimate, Lord Dalhousie was the, youngest Governor-General of, India. His period is ever, remembered for the introduction of, railways, posts and telegraphs., Hence he is called as the 'Maker of, Modern India'., , Military reforms, , Gurkhas were encouraged to, join the Indian army., Army headquarters were shifted, from Calcutta to Simla., , The headquarters of Bengal, artillery got shifted from Calcutta to, Meerut., , EXERCISE, , I) Choose the correct answer., 1. Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by, a) Lord Dalhousie b) Lord Amherst, , c) Lord Hastings., , _ was annexed by Lord Dalhousie due to misgovernment, a) Satara, , b) Jhansi, , c) Oudh, , 3. The Hindu Widow Re-Marriage Act was passed in _ ., , a) 1853, , b) 1855, , c) 1856, , 4. The first railway line was laid between Bombay and _ ., , a) Madras, , b) Thana, , c) Pune, , II) Fill in the blanks., , _ was the first kingdom to be annexed by the, , British under the Doctrine of Lapse., , 3. Ganga canal was constructed during the reign of -, , III) Match the following., 1. First railway line, , 2. Woods Despatch, 3. Nana Sahib, , 4. Wajid Ali Shah, , - adopted son of Baji Rao, - NawabofOudh, - 1853, - 1854, 173, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 1. Lord Dalhousie became the Governor General of India in

Page 65 : IV) Answer the following in one word., 1. When was the second Anglo-Sikh war fought?, 2. Who set up public works department?, 3. Name the universities set up during the period of Dalhousie, , V) Answer the following question briefly., , 1. What was the Doctrine of Lapse?, 2. What principles were adopted by Dalhousie to expand the British, empire in India?, , 3. Name the states annexed through the Doctrine of Lapse., 4. Dalhousie was called the 'Father of Indian Railways'- Justify., VI) Answer in detail., , 1. Describe the reforms introduced by Lord Dalhousie., , Activity, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 1. On the outline map of India, mark the extent of British empire during, the period of Lord Dalhousie., , 174, , \

Page 66 : FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, , 1. Discuss, “Steps taken by Lord Dalhousie to modernize India” - Discuss., 2. Oratorical competition, Topic suggested: “If you were an adopted child of Navab, how would you, be affected by the Doctrine of Lapse introduced by the British”., 3. Tabular chart preparation, Prepare with data of Educational policy introduced by, East India Company., 4. Data card preparation, Prepare a data card regarding the railway zones in India., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 175

Page 67 : 3. The Great Revolt of 1857, The biggest challenge to British, authority came in 1857. The revolt of, 1857 began with a mutiny of the, soldiers but soon people from all, sections of the society joined with, them. It was not a sudden, occurrence. It was a culmination of, the accumulated grievances of the, Indian people against the British, rule. The revolt occurred during the, Governor Generalship of Lord, Canning. There are differences of, opinion among the historians, regarding the nature of the Great, Revolt of 1857. The English, historian regard it as a mere sepoy, mutiny, with selfish interest. The, Indian historians called it as "The, First War of Indian Independence"., , people lost their employment. All, high posts were reserved only for, the English. It created ill feeling, againstthe English., Social and religious causes, The introduction of railways,, telegraphs and western education, created suspicion in the minds of the, people, who thought that the British, would convert them to Christianity., The Christian missionaries began to, effect the wholesale conversion of, the Indians. The English has begun, to interfere in the religious affairs by, abolishing sati and child marriage, and encouraging widow re¬, marriage. The Hindu law of property, was changed with a view to facilitate, the conversion of the Hindus to, Christianity., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , Causes of the Revolt of 1857, Political causes, , Military causes, , The British policies of, annexation and expansion created, suspicion in the minds of the, Indians. Lord Wellesley's., Subsidiary Alliance and Lord, Dalhousie's "Doctrine of Lapse, made the Indian rulers as the dead, enemies of the English., , The Indian Sepoys had, numerous grievances against the, British. They asked for better pay, and good treatment by British, officers. The General Service, Enlistment Act passed in 1856, during the time of Lord Canning, created great bitterness among, Indian soldiers as they were, reluctant to go overseas. Moreover, in order to make the sepoys look, smarter, the sepoys were asked to, trim their moustaches and beards., They were also ordered to remove, their caste marks on their forehead, and to replace the turban with, leather hat. The Hindus and the, , Economic causes, , Under the British rule, the, economic condition of the people, had deteriorated. All trade and, commerce of the country went into, the hands of the English. The, introduction of machine made goods, by the British destroyed the, indigenous industries. Hundreds of, 176

Page 68 : Muslims felt that it was against their, religion. The Sikhs never trim their, hair or beard. This hurt them deeply., , Then Bahadur Shah-ll, the old, Mughal Emperor was declared as, Emperor of India., , Immediate cause, , The English troops under Sir, John Nicholson laid siege to Delhi, and occupied Delhi. A large number, of people were killed mercilessly., Bahadur Shah II the Mughal, emperor was caught and charged of, rebellion and sent to Rangoon for life, imprisonment where he died in, 1862. With his death the mighty, Mughal dynasty came to an end., , The immediate cause of the, revolt of 1857 was the introduction of, greased cartridges in the new, Enfield Rifle. These cartridges had, to be bitten by the sepoys in order to, fit them in the New Rifles. A rumour, spread that these cartridges were, greased with the fat of the cow and, pig. Both the Hindus and the, Muslims refused to use this greased, cartridges. The sepoys got, infuriated and refused to use them, as cow was considered sacred by, the Hindus and the pig was detested, by the Muslims., , Kanpur, , Main events of the Revolt, , Lucknow, , The main event started from, Meerut on 9th may 1857. On the very, next day of 10th May the sepoys broke, into open revolt, shot down their, officers, released the prisoners and, set English bungalows on fire, then, they marched to Delhi., , Begum Hazarat Mahal of Oudh,, wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah led the, revolt at Lucknow. She declared her, son Birjis Kadar as the Nawab of, Oudh. The Mutineers killed Sir, Henry Lawrence. Later General, Outram and Havelock recaptured, Lucknow in March 1858. A large, number of its inhabitants were, mercilessly massacred., , Delhi, When they reached Delhi, the, sepoys of Delhi also joined with them, and they soon occupied Delhi after, killing a large number of Europeans., , Central India, , In central India, the revolt was, led by Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, , 177, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , The first soldier to protest, against the greased cartridge was, Mangal Pandey, the Brahmin Sepoy,, at Barrackpore in Bengal. He, refused to use the cartridges and, shot his officer dead on April 18th, 1857. He was arrested and hanged, to death., , AtKanpurthe leader of the revolt, was Nana Sahib, the adopted son of, the last Peshwa Baji Rao II. With the, help of Tantia Tope, Nana Sahib, captured the fort of Kanpur and, declared himself as the Peshwa., Colonel Havelock and colonel, O'Neil entered Kanpur and defeated, the rebels and recaptured Kanpur, on 17th July 1857. Nana Sahib, however managed to escape to, Nepal where he died after some, years.

Page 69 : The lack of resources both in men, money, very, proved, and, disastrous to the freedom fighters., The telegraphic network and postal, systems helped the British in, communications. The railways, could transport the soldiers quickly., A great part of the English army, including the Sikh, Rajput and the, Gurkha battalions remained faithful, to the British Government. The, British troops were led by good, generals. But the Indian Generals, were no match for them. The British, had mastery over the seas and so, they could get men and materials, from England into India. South, Indian remained calm., , and Tantia Tope. She encouraged, even women to fight against the, British., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , These two great freedom, fighters offered a tough resistance to, the English. When the English, forces under Sir Hugh Rose laid a, siege to the fort of Jhansi, Lakshmi, Bai fought bravely but could not, defend the fort. She escaped to, Kalpi. At Kalpi she was helped by, Tantia Tope and both of them, captured Gwalior. When the British, attacked it, she fought bravely till her, death. Tantia Tope however, managed to escape but he was, captured and put to death. With his, death the revolt came to an end., Even though the revolt ended in, failure, it sowed the seed for India's, Independence., , Results of the revolt of 1857, , The revolt of 1857 put an end to, the rule of the English East India, Company. The administration of, India was taken over by the British, Crown. Queen Victoria's, Proclamation was issued on, November 1, 1858. The Board of, Control and the Court of Directors, were abolished and the office of the, Secretary of the State for India and, Indian Council was created. The, Governor General of India now, came to be called as Viceroy of, India. The Indian army was, thoroughly reorganized. Complete, religious freedom was guaranteed, to the Indian people. The policy of, annexations was given up and the, Indian Princes were given an, assurance that their states would, not be annexed with the British, Empire., , Lakshmi Bai, , Causes for the failure of the revolt, of 1857, There was no unity among the, Indians. The ideals of nationalism, and unity was not developed among, the Indian masses. The revolt was, not widespread all over the country., , 178

Page 71 : 3.1., , Queen's Proclamation of 1858, , The office of a Secretary of State, was created. He was assisted by a, Council consisting of fifteen, members. The Doctrine of Lapse, was cancelled. A general amnesty, (or) pardon was granted to the, rebels except those who were, directly involved in killing the British, subjects., , A Royal Durbar was held at, Allahabad on November 1st 1858,, where Queen's Proclamation was, declared. It was read at the Durbar, by Lord Canning who was the last, Governor General and the first, Viceroy of India., , Features, , The Act laid down that India shall, be governed by and in the name of, the Queen. It abolished the Board of, Control and the Court of Directors., , EXERCISE, , I) Choose the correct answer., , 1. The Great Revolt of 1857 took place during the period of Lord, , a)Bentinck, , b) Canning, , c)Dalhousie, , 2. The sepoy mutiny first broke out in_ ., , a) Barrackpore, , b) Delhi, , c)Kanpur, , _ was the first soldier who refused to use the greased, cartridge., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , a) Mangal Pandey b) Nana Sahib, , c) Bahadurshah, , 4. The main political cause for the great Revolt of 1857 was, , a) Heavy Taxes, , b) Dual government, , c) Doctrine of Lapse., , II) Fill in the blanks., , _ was a culmination of the accumulated grievances of, , the Indian people against the British rule., , 2. The Great Revolt of 1857 is also known as _, , ÿ, , 3. The immediate cause of the revolt of 1857 was the introduction of, , 180

Page 72 : 4. The English troops under Sir John Nicholson captured, , III) Match the following., 1. Mangal Pandey, , central India, , 2. TantiaTope, , Barrackpore, , 3. Lord Canning, , commander of Nana saheb's forces, , 4. Rani Lakshmi Bai, , The first viceroy of India., , IV) Answer in one word., 1. By whom was the revolt of 1857 started?, 2. Which state was annexed on the pretext of misgovernment?, 3. Who joined with Rani Lakshmi Bai during the revolt of 1857?, 4. Who undertook the administration of British India after the Great Revolt, of 1857?, , V) Give short answers., , 1. Why was Mangal Pandey hanged by the British?, 2. Write a short note on the nature of the Great Revolt of 1857, 3. Write a short note on Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi., , VI) Answer in detail., , 1. Analyse the various causes for the Great Revolt of 1857., , 3. Discuss the result of the Great Revolt of 1857 and Queen Victoria's, Proclamation., , Activity, Use the outline map of India and, mark the important centres of, sepoy mutiny., , 181, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 2. What were the causes for the failure of the Great Revolt of 1857.

Page 73 : FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, , 1. Group discussion, Conduct a group discussion on the topic “the revolts against the British, rule”., 2. Drama, Act as Jansi Rani / Rani Lakshmi bai who are the icons of Bravery., 3. Discuss, Discuss the reasons for claiming that the Sepoy mutiry, 1857 evoked the, patriotic feeling in the mind of Indians though it was defeated by the British., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 4. Essay Writing, Indian Magna Carta - write an essay., , 182

Page 74 : c, , ", , 4. The Nayak Rule in Tamil Country, , >, , a tax called kaval pitchai as, remuneration., , The expansion of Vijayanagar, Empire finally brought the Nayak, rule in Tamil country. The word, Nayak means Leader, Chief or, General. The Nayaks were the, agents of the Vijayanagar rulers,, who ruled over the territories, granted to them. They considered, themselves as the imperial, successors. They ruled from, Madurai, Tanjore and Senji., , Viswanatha Nayak was, succeeded by several rulers. Among, them Thirumalai Nayak was the, most important ruler., , Thirumalai Nayak, , The Nayaks of Madurai, Madurai formed the part of the, southern mandalam of Vijayanagar, Empire. Viswanatha Nayak was, appointed as the viceroy of Madurai, by Krishnadeva Raya in 1529. This, date was taken as the date of, Nayakship of Madurai., , Vishwanatha Nayak, Vishwanatha Nayak was the, close friend of Krishnadeva Raya., He was sent to Madurai to suppress, the rebellion. He came out, successful and became the master, of Madurai., Viswanatha Nayak is known for, his peaceful effective, administration. He introduced new, administrative arrangement with the, assistance of his minister, Ariyanatha, known as "palayakar, system". He appointed poligars to, maintain peace and security in his, empire. They were incharge of, military, police and revenue, administration. Kaval was the most, important work and the people paid, , 183, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , Immediately after the accession, of Thirumalai Nayak, the forces of, Mysore marched across Madurai., But they were defeated at Dindigul, by Thirumalai Nayak. Unni, Keralavarman of Travancore, refused to pay the tribute., Thirumalai Nayak sent an army,, defeated and made him to pay the, tribute regularly. Thirumalai Nayak, was mainly responsible for the, Muslim attack in Tamil country., When Sri Ranga III, the ruler of, Vijayanagar marched against, Madurai, Thirumalai Nayak made an, alliance with Nayaks of Senji and, Tanjore. But he was betrayed by the, Nayaks of Tanjore. Thirumalai, Nayak sought the help of ruler of, Golconda and induced him to invade, Vellore. The Muslims captured, Vellore and threatened Madurai. So, Thirumalai Nayak sought the help of, ruler of Mysore. The ruler of Mysore, sent his army. They got victory at, Sathyamangalam and reached, Dindigul. The Mysore army cut off, the noses with upper lips of their, enemies. This barbarious practice, alarmed the Madurai people., Thirumalai Nayak attacked Mysore

Page 75 : of Madurai. Diplomatically she, saved the kingdom. She, encouraged Christian missionaries., She provided more facilities to, pilgrim centres. Roads were made, safe. She planted shady trees, built, choultries and made journey easy, and comfortable. She made rich, endowments to temples. She paid, more interest on irrigational, projects. 'Uyyakkondan Canal', speaks about her contribution to, irrigation., , army and practised the same, method of cutting the noses of the, enemies. This strange event was, termed as "war of noses"., , Meenakshi, Vijayaranga died without a male, issue. His wife Meenakshi became, the successor. She adopted Vijaya, Kumara and started her rule as a, regent. Bangaru, father of, Vijayakumara conspired against, Meenakshi to occupy the throne. So,, Meenakshi sought the help of, Chanda Sahib, the Nawab of, Carnatic and promised to offer a, crore of rupees. Chanda Sahib, defeated Bangaru and saved, Meenakshi. Later Chanda Sahib, showed his true colour and threw off, the promises and imprisoned, Meenakshi in her own palace at, Trichy. The heart-broken Queen, took poison and died. Chanda sahib, became the master of the Nayak, State of Madurai and thus the Nayak, rule came to an end inA.D 1736., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , Other works of Thirumalai Nayak, , Thirumalai Nayak established, an efficient system of, administration. He maintained, peace and security. He gave a free, hand to the Portuguese and the, Dutch. He shifted his capital from, Trichy to Madurai. He repaired many, temples. The temple administration, came under his direct control. He, gifted a number of villages for the, maintenance of the temples. The, Pudhu mandapam, Mariamman, Theppakkulam and Thirumalai, Nayak Mahal were constructed, during his period. He patronized the, renowned Sanskrit scholar, Neelakanda Dikshidar., , The Regency of Queen, Mangammal, , The Nayaks of Tanjore, , Mangammal was the wife of, Chokkanadhar and grandmother of, Vijayaranga Chokkanadhar. She, became a regent of 3 years old child, Vijayaranga Chokkanadhar. The, regency of Queen Mangammal was, remarkable in the history of Nayaks ., , Tanjore formed a part of the, Vijayanagar Empire. Thimmappa, Nayak was in charge of Tanjore. He, was succeeded by his son Sevappa, Nayak., , 184

Page 80 : FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, , 1. Write an essay, Write an essay on the Rule of Nayakars in Tamil Nadu., 2. Drama, Dramatise the life history of “Rani Mangammal”., 3. Know yourself, Know about the life histroy of Raja Desingu from your teacher., 4. Picture Collection, Prepare an album of “Gingee Architecture”., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 189

Page 81 : r, , 5. THE RULE OF THE MARATHAS OF THANJAVUR, (A.D.1676-A.D.1856), , Chokkanatha Nayak of Madurai, invaded and captured Thanjavur, and appointed his half-brother, Alagiri as Governor of Thanjavur., But he quarrelled with Chokkanatha, and sought the help of Bijapur, Sultan to appoint Sengamaladass, as the Nayak of Thanjavur. So the, sultan sentVenkaji (Ekoji)to capture, Thanjavur. He succeeded and, captured Thanjavur and established, Maratha rule. They ruled Thanjavur, from 1676 to 1856A.D., , death of Tukaji a war of succession, arose. In the war of succession,, Pratap singh ascended the throne of, Thanjavur with the help of Nawab of, Arcot and maintained unity and, stability in Thanjavur., Tuljaji ascended the throne of, Thanjavur in 1763. During his rule,, boundary disputes started between, Ramnad and Thanjavur. Ramnad, sought the help of the Nawab of, Arcot. So the Nawab invaded, Thanjavur and in 1773 Thanjavur, came under the control of the, Nawab of Carnatic. When it was, brought to the notice of English East, India Company, the Company, Directors, directed the governor of, Madras to restore Tuljaji as the king, of Thanjavur. Tuljaji was crowned as, the ruler of Thanjavur and became a, nominee of company and kept an, English army to maintain peace at, Thanjavur., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , Ekoji alias Venkoji, Ekoji was the son of Shaji, Bhonsle and Tuka Bai. In order to, plunder the wealth and to spread, Hindu faith in the South, Shivaji led, an expedition against Carnatic, region. He captured Golkonda and, Senji. He marched towards, Thanjavur and demanded his share, from Venkoji which ended in failure., So Shivaji captured Coleroon and, put Shantaji as his Viceroy and, returned. After his return, Venkoji, recaptured all the territories and, ruled Thanjavur., , Amarsingh and Serfoji-ll, Tuljaji's adopted son Serfoji-ll, became the ruler in 1787 A.D. Amar, Singh became the regent. He, claimed the throne as Serfoji-ll was, an adopted son which was unlawful., English were in favour of Amar, singh. As a result Amar Singh, became the ruler. He ruled in an, arbitrary manner. So the governorGeneral Cornwallis removed Amar, singh and Serfoji-ll was made as, the king. But during the time of, Wellesley, Seforji-ll was reduced as, a pensioner. The British controlled, , Shaji-ll, Shaji-ll was son of Venkoji. He, was a brilliant and able ruler. He, annexed Madurai. He was a great, patron of scholars. He opened, hospitals and invited physicians, from Hyderabad and Arabia. He was, harsh towards the Christians. He, was succeeded by his brother, Serfoji-I and he was succeeded by, \Tukajiji. Tukaji had no son. After the, 190

Page 82 : the affairs of Thanjavur and Serfoji-ll, and Amar Singh received pension, from the British., , established their supremacy in the, south. The Nawab of Arcot acted as, their representative in carnatic. He, acquired the right of collecting taxes, from the poligars. He could not, collect taxes properly. Moreover he, borrowed money from the East India, company. In 1792 company made a, treaty with Nawab and acquired the, right to collect taxes from the, poligars and appointed English, collectors for tax collection. They, followed rough and ruthless, methods to collect taxes. The, poligars opposed the British., Kattabomman was the first man who, raised his voice against the British., , Shivaji-ll, Shivaji II was the son of, Serfoji-ll. His rule lasted till 1855., He had no son. According to the, doctrine of Lapse of Dalhousie, the, tributary state without a male, successor would lapse to the British., So in 1856 Thanjavur was annexed, with the British Empire. Thus the, Maratha rule in Thanjavur came to, an end., , Tamil country underthe Marathas, The Marathas ruled Thanjavur, from A. D. 1676 to 1856 A.D., Thanjavur was the fertile land of, Tamil country. Agriculture was their, main occupation. Prohits occupied, high position in the administration., They patronized great scholars., Rambhadra Dikshit and Baskara, Dikshit were great Sanskrit poets., Aluri Kuppanna who was called as, Andhara kalidasa was a great, Telugu poet patronised by Tuljaji., Tuljaji paid a great interest on, painting, music, philosophy,, astronomy and dancing. Thanjai, Saraswathy Mahal was established, by Serfoji-ll, which serves as a, centre of higher learning and, research. It is one of the biggest, libraries in South India consisting of, books in English, French, German,, Marathi(Modi), Greek, Sanskrit and, many palm-leaf manuscripts., , Vira Pandya Kattabomman, The ancestors of Kattabomman, belonged to Andhra. They migrated, to Tamil country during the 11th, century A.D. As a feudatory under, Pandyas, Jagavira pandya, Kattabomman ruled Virapandya, puram. Panchalamkuruchi was its, capital. He became a poligar under, the Nayaks. He was succeeded by, his son Virapandya kattabomman., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , The Poligars Revolt (A.D.1799), , After the decline of the, Vijayanagar Empire, the Mughals, Kattabomman, , 191

Page 83 : SOCIAL SCIENCE, , Virapandya Kattabomman was, born inA.D. 1761 and came to power, in A. D. 1790. His wife was, Jakkammal and his brother was, Umathurai. Virapandya, Kattabomman did not pay the tribute, regularly and it fell arrears. Jackson,, the Collector of Ramnad wrote a, letter asking him to meet and to, pay the arrears in full. But, Kattabomman disobeyed and said "it, rains, the land yields, why should we, pay tax to the English"? It enraged, the Collector. Later Kattabomman, decided to meet the Collector and, settle the issue amicably. Jackson, was on tour in Thirunelveli district., Kattabomman went to Tirukutralam, but Jackson refused to meet him., After 23 days, Kattabomman and his, ministers met Jackson. But, Kattabomman was insulted., Jackson tried to arrest, Kattabomman but he escaped with, the help of his brother Umathurai., , Kattabomman and his brother, escaped to Pudukottai. But the Raja, of Pudukkottai Vijaya Ragunatha, Thondaiman captured, Kattabomman and handed over to, Bannerman. An enquiry was made., Kattabomman was found guilty. On, 16th oct 1799 Kattabomman was, hanged at Kayatharu. Even at the, last moment of his life, he, demonstrated his courage and, patriotism. His relatives were, captured and severely punished, but, the struggle was not totally crushed., The South Indian Rebellion, (1800-1801), The South Indian Rebellion was, the outburst of the accumulated, hatred and anger against the, company's rule., Causes, , The, the, interference of, company in the matters of local, principalities reduced the power and, prestige of the local rulers. The, princes and the poligars lost their, dignity and respectable status in the, society. The oppressive policy in, administration, the rude means of, collection of taxes and the, superiority complex of the British, severely affected the people. By, following the mercantile policy of, gain, they increased taxes and, collected it in a high-handed manner., Kattabomman was humiliated and, hanged. Their relatives were, subjected to severe punishments., These made the revolt inevitable., , After this, Kattabomman, decided to overthrow the, overlordship of the British and made an, alliance with Marudhu Pandyar of, Sivagangai. Many poligars joined, with Kattabomman. The activities of, Kattabomman greatly alarmed the, British. So they decided to wage war, against Kattabomman. Major, Bannerman was sent to defeat, Kattabomman. He reached, Thirunelveli and directed, Kattabomman to meet him. But, Kattabomman refused. Enraged, Bannerman fell upon, Panchalamkurichi. At Kallarpatti the, poligar's army was defeated., , 192

Page 85 : 3. Vira Pandiya Kattabomman was humiliated by the British, collector_ ., 4. In the year_ Kattabomman was hanged., , II) Match the following., 1. Baskara Dikshit, , British collector of Ramnad, , 2. Jackson, , 1801, , 3. South Indian Rebellion, , British commander, , 4. Bannerman, , Partonished by the Marathas of Thanjavur, , III) Write brief answers for the following questions., 1. Write a note on Shaji-ll., 2. Give a brief account on Serfoji-ll., 3. Explain the causes for Panchalankuruchi battle., , IV) Answer in detail., , 1. Write briefly about Vira Pandiya Kattabomman., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 2. Write an essay on South Indian Rebellion., , 194

Page 86 : FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT, , 1. Preparation of Album, Prepare an album of Tanjore Architecture., 2. Discuss, “Saraswathi mahal is a crown of Marathas” - Discuss., 3. Act as, Act as Kattapomman / Umaithurai to reveal their Bravery., 4. Group Discussion, “The revolt of Palayakars and Maruthu Brothers was controlled but not, totally terminated”., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 195

Page 87 : 6. VELLORE MUTINY - 1806, The South Indian rebellion was, over by A.D.1801. But the rude, shock was not erased from the, minds of the people. The English, East India Company emerged as, unopposed ruler of Madras, Presidency from 1801 A.D. Lord, William Bentinck was governor of, Madras Presidency and John, Cradock was commander-in-chief., His army reforms invited a mutiny at, Vellore. The Vellore Mutiny of 1806, was the first instance of a mutiny by, Indian sepoys against the East India, Company. It is one of the significant, events not only in the history of Tamil, Country but also India. It took place, in the south Indian town Vellore. As it, was led by the sepoys of Vellore fort,, it was called as the Vellore Mutiny. It, was presumed as a prelude to the, Great Revolt of 1857., , Indian people. Most of the sepoys, were from the Palayams after the, death of their great leaders like, Pulithevan, Kattabomman,, Marudhu brothers. It left deep scar in, the hearts of the rebels. The sepoys, were from both Tamil and Kanada, speaking regions and they, exchanged betel leaf in order to find, themselves together for the, attainment of a common goal., The strict discipline, new, weapons, new methods and, changes in dress code introduced, by the British created resentment, among the sepoys. Hindus were, prohibited from wearing ornaments, like earings and caste marks on their, forehead. Muslims were required to, shave their beard and trim their, moustache. This also created a, strong resentment among the, soldiers., , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , Causes for the Revolt, The mutineers were influenced, by the family of Tipu Sultan who, were confined to the Vellore fort after, the death of Tipu Sultan., , The immediate cause was the, introduction of the Agnew Turban, designed by General Agnew. It, resembled the European hat, bearing different colours affixed by a, badge with the symbol of the cross, on it. This annoyed both the Hindu, and Muslim sepoys. Those sepoys, who refused to wear the Turban, were punished by 500 - 900 lashes, and they were also terminated from, the service., , ÿ, , pi, Vellore Fort, , Course of the Rebellion, , The rebellion was instigated by, the sons of Tipu Sultan and they, secretly planned the revolt. On Julyy, , The recruitment of a large, number of Indians in the army, created suspicion in the minds of the, , 196

Page 88 : 9th 1806, Tipu's daughter's wedding, , Causes for the Failure of the, Mutiny, , celebrations were going on inside, the fort and the sepoys gathered to, attend the function. Amidst the, celebrations in the early hours of, July 10th, the sepoys suddenly, attacked the British officers and the, British troops. By dawn, the, mutineers took complete control of, the fort and hoisted the flag of Tipu at, the Vellore fort and proclaimed his, son Fateh Hyderasthe king., , There was no proper leadership., The revolt was not well organised., Tipu's sons did not have proper, training in warfare as they spent, most of their life time in prison. The, sepoys could not get the support, and supplies on time from the native, rulers., , Results, Many Indian soldiers were, arrested and imprisoned. Tipu's, family was taken to Calcutta and, kept in prison for more than six, years. The Mutiny revealed the, patriotic and the revengeful attitude, of the Indians towards the British., Though the mutiny failed, it became, a prelude to the First War of Indian, Independence of 1857., , Major coots who was outside the, fort rushed to Arcot to inform, General Gillesby who in turn, returned with a huge army and, entered the unarmed fort and, attacked the mutineers. More than, 800 sepoys were shot dead and, some of them were hanged to death., Thus the uprising was brought to an, end by General Gillesby. Peace was, restored at the fort and the English, brought Vellore fort under their, control., , EXERCISE, I) Choose the correct answer., , a) 1806, , b) 1807, , c) 1808, , 2. The sepoys were influenced by _ ., , a) English officers, , b) Tipu's family, , c) Native rulers, , 3. The Governor of madras presidency at the time of Vellore sepoy, mutiny was_ ., a) Wiliam Bentinck, , b) Caronwallis, , c) Robert Clive, , II) Fill in the blanks., 1. The Indian sepoys refused to wear the _ which led to the, mutiny., 197, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 1. The Vellore mutiny took place in the year_ .

Page 89 : 2., , _ was outside the fort when the mutiny started., 3. The mutiny was suppressed by_ ., , Ill) Match the following., , I.Tipu'sson, 2. Agnew, , 3. Sepoys, 4. Governor of Madras, , -, , Turban, Mutineers, , Bentinck, Fateh Hyder, , IV) Answer the following questions briefly., , 1. When and where did the mutiny start?, 2. Why did the sepoys Vellore revolt?, , 3. What was the immediate cause for the revolt?, , 4. Mention the results of the revolt?, V) Answer in detail., , 1. What were the causes for Vellore Mutiny?, , SOCIAL SCIENCE, , 2. Trace the course of the mutiny? Why did the mutiny fail?, , 198