Page 1 : FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Definition, Generation of computer, Function of a computer, Characteristic of a computer, Advantages & Disadvantages of a computer, Components of a computer, Storage devices, Number system, Software/Hardware, Windows

Page 2 : Definition of a Computer, A computer is a fast electronic device that, process the input data according to the, instructions given by programmer/user and, provide the desired information as output, , OR, , A computer is an electronic device which, take in data through input device, process, them with the help of cpu and produce the, result as output

Page 3 : FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS, •, •, •, •, •, , First Generation: Vacuum Tubes, Second Generation: Transistors, Third Generation: Integrated Circuits, Fourth Generation: Microprocessors, Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence

Page 4 : FIRST GENERATION: VACUUM, TUBES (1940-1956), • The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry, and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking, up entire rooms. These computers were very expensive to operate, and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first, computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of, malfunctions., • First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowestlevel programming language understood by computers, to perform, operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. It, would take operators days or even weeks to set-up a new problem., Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was, displayed on printouts., • The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation, computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer, delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Page 5 : SECOND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS, (1956-1963), • The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in, the second generation of computers. The transistor was, invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread, use in computers until the late 1950s., • The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,, more energy-efficient, and more reliable than their firstgeneration predecessors. Though the transistor still, generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer, to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum, tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched, cards for input and printouts for output., •

Page 6 : THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED, CIRCUITS (1964-1971), • The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark, of the third generation of computers. Transistors were, miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the, speed and efficiency of computers., • Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted, with third generation computers, through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with, an operating system, which allowed the device to run many, different applications at one time with a central program, that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time, became accessible to a mass audience because they were, smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Page 7 : FOURTH GENERATION:, MICROPROCESSORS (1971-PRESENT), • The microprocessor ushered in the fourth generation of computers,, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon, chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit, in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971,, located all the components of the computer from the central, processing unit and memory to input/output controls on a single, chip., • In 1981, IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in, 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved, out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life, as more and more everyday products began to use, microprocessors., • As these small computers became more powerful, they could be, linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the, development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw, the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

Page 8 : FIFTH GENERATION: ARTIFICIAL, INTELLIGENCE (PRESENT AND, BEYOND), • Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial, intelligence, are still in development, though there are, some applications, such as voice recognition, that are, being used today. The use of parallel processing and, superconductors is helping to make artificial, intelligence a reality., • Quantum computation and molecular, and nanotechnology will radically change the face of, computers in years to come. The goal of fifthgeneration computing is to develop devices that, respond to natural language input and are capable of, learning and self-organization.

Page 9 : Function of a Computer, 1. Input: the transfer of information into the system, (e.g., through a keyboard)., 2. Processing: the retrieval or manipulation of, information into a new form (e.g., results from, a search engine)., 3. Storage: the storing or preservation of information for, later use (e.g., files stored on a hard drive)., 4. Output: the presentation of information to the user, (e.g., on a screen).

Page 10 : Characteristics of a Computer, Advantages, 1., 2., 3., 4., , 5., , Speed: A computer can perform basic operations like addition,, subtraction etc. at a very fast speed., Accuracy: Computer are very accurate. If the data, we entered, into the computer is correct and if the set of instructions are, correct, then the result produced will be accurate., High Storage Capacity: A computer has a very large memory. It, can store a large amount of data in a very small space., Diligence: A computer does not suffer from boredom or lack of, concentration. Even if a millions of calculations are to be, performed by a computer, it will perform the last calculation with, the same accuracy and speed as the first one., Versatility: Computer can perform different types of jobs, efficiently. They can work with different types of data like, graphics, audio, video etc.

Page 11 : Disadvantages of a computer, A computer has lack of decision making abilities., It has no intelligence of its own. Each and every, instruction must be given to the computer for, doing a task.

Page 12 : Components of a computer, , Block diagram of a computer

Page 13 : Input Unit, • It is the unit responsible for, accepting data or instruction., This unit consist of the input, devices, attached to the, computer., e.g keyboard, mouse,, Joystick, MICR, OCR,, Trackball etc.

Page 14 : Function of Input unit, • Input unit takes the data and instructions and, converts it into binary from so that it can be, understand by the computer

Page 15 : Central Processing Unit(CPU), Central Processing Unit(CPU) is the main component of a, computer. It can be referred to the brain of a computer. CPU, perform all the processing of input data. It consist of primary, memory, arithmetic and logic unit(ALU) and Control Unit(CU), , Function: To fetch, examine and then execute the, instructions stored in the main memory of a computer.

Page 16 : Memory Unit(MU), It is known as primary memory or main memory., It is used for:, 1. Data are fed into the input storage area where they, are held until ready to be processed., 2. A working storage space used to hold the data that, is being processed and the intermediate results of, such processing., 3. An output storage area to hold the processed data.

Page 17 : Arithmatic and Logic Unit, (ALU), The ALU of CPU is responsible for all arithmetic, operations, like, addition,, subtraction,, multiplication, division as well as logical, operation such less than, greater than, equal to, etc. Actually, all calculations and comparisons, are perform in the ALU.

Page 18 : Control Unit(CU), The control unit is responsible for controlling the, transfer of data and instructions among other, units of a computer. Control unit manages and, coordinates all the units of the computer. So, it, is considered as the central nervous system of, computer. It obtains the instrctions from the, memory, interprets them and directs the, operation of the computer. It also performs the, physical data transfer between memory and, peripheral devices.

Page 19 : Storage Devices, There are two types of storage., 1. Primary storage/memory, 2. Secondary storage/memory

Page 20 : Primary Storage/Memory, Primary memory is one of the most important, part of the computer which stores the necessary, programs of system software that required to, execute user program. This memory is directly, addressed by the CPU. This memory is also, known as main memory.

Page 21 : Types of Primary Memory, There are two types of primary memory., 1. RAM (Random Access Memory, , 1. ROM (Read Only Memory)

Page 22 : RAM, RAM is read/write memory. Information can be, written into and read from RAM. It is volatile, memory. i.e. the information stored in the RAM, retains as long as the power is not switch off.

Page 23 : Types of RAM, There are two types of RAM:, 1. Dynamic RAM: The information stored in, Dynamic RAM has to be refreshed after every, few milliseconds, otherwise it is erased. DRAM, has higher storage capacity and is cheaper., 2. Static RAM: The information stored in static, RAM need not be refreshed, but it remains, stable as long as the power supply is provided., SRAM is costlier but has higher speed.

Page 24 : ROM, ROM is a permanent memory. Its contents are, not lost when power supply is switch off. A ROM, is a memory unit that performs only the read, operation. The user can not write into a ROM., ROM stores permanent programs and other, instructions which are needed by the computer, to execute user programs.

Page 25 : Types of ROM, 1. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), 2. Erasable PROM, 3. Electrically Erasable PROM

Page 26 : Data Representation in Memory, Information in a computer is stored in the form of strings of 0’s, and 1’s. These symbol is known as binary digit or bits., The memory of a computer can be divided into small parts called, locations. Each location has a unique address. Loaction is further, subdivided into cells. Each cell will have one bit either 0 or 1

Page 27 : Units of Memory, Bits = 0 or 1, 1 Byte = 8 bits, Nibble: = 4 bits, 1 Kilobyte(KB) = 1024 Bytes, 1 Megabyte(MB) = 1024 KB, 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB, 1Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB, 1 Petabyte (PB) = 1024 TB

Page 28 : Secondary Memory, Secondary Memory is a permanent type of, memory. It is used for large storage of program,, data and other information. Secondary memory, is non-volatile. i.e, the content of the memory is, not lost even if the power is switch off., e.g: Pen drive, Hard Disk, CD-ROM, DVD ROM, etc.

Page 29 : Number System, Four number systems are used in computer., 1. Binary number system, 2. Decimal number system, 3. Octal number system, 4. Hexadecimal number system

Page 30 : Binary Number System, The number system with base two i.e. 0 and 1 is, called binary system., Converting Decimal number to Binary number, system:, e.g: 25, 2 25, (25)10 = (11001)2, 2 12—1, 2 6– 0, 2 3– 0, 2 1– 1, 0– 1

Page 31 : Converting Binary System to Decimal, Number System, (11001)2 = (?)10, Ans:, 1 X 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20, =16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1, =25, (11001)2 = (25)10

Page 32 : Converting Binary System to Decimal, Number System(Easy Method), (11001)2 = (?)10, 16, 1, , 8, 1, , 4, 0, , 16 + 8 + 1 = 25, , 2, 0, , 1, 1

Page 33 : Octal Number System, The number system with a base 8. The symbols, of octal number are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7, Converting Decimal number to Octal, number:, e.g: (376)10 = (?)8, 8 376, 8 47-- 0, (376)10 = ( 570)8, 8 5–7, 8 0-- 5

Page 34 : Converting Octal to Decimal Number, (570)8 = (?)10, Soln: 5 X 82 + 7 X 81 + 0 X 80, =5 X 64 + 7 X 8 + 0 X 1, =320 + 56 + 0, =(376)10

Page 35 : Hexadecimal Number System, The number system with a base 16. The numbers, are: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F., Converting Hexadecimal number to Decimal, number:, e.g: (3BC2)16 = (?)10, Soln: 3 X 163 + 11X 162 + 12 X 161 + 2 X 160, = 3 X 4096 + 11 X 256 + 12 X 16 + 2 X 1, = 12288 + 2816 + 192 + 2, = 15,298

Page 36 : Software, A set of program written for a computer to, perform a certain type of work is called, software., There are three types of software:, 1., 2., 3., , System software, Application software, Utilities software

Page 37 : Software, , System, Software, , Compiler, /Interpreter, , Operating, System, , Utilities, Software, , Readymade, Software, , Application, Software, , Package, , User, written, software

Page 38 : Hardware, Any physical component in the computer system, is called hardware., e.g: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer etc.

Page 39 : Relation Between Hardware and, Software, Both hardware and software are dependent on, each other. A computer operate with a software., An analogy: “Brain” is a hardware but, “Memory” stored in brain is a software.

Page 40 : Windows, Windows is an operating system. It is the master, control program that runs the computer. It, controls the flow of signals from the CPU to, various parts of the computer. When the, computer is switch on, operating system is the, first program loaded into the computer’s, memory.

Page 41 : Different Versions of Microsoft, Windows, 1985: Windows1 –Dos, 1987: windows2.0, 1990: Windows3.0, 1993: Windows 3.11, 1993: Windows NT 3.1, 1993: Windows NT Workstation 3.5, 1995: Windows 95, 1996: Windows NT Workstation 4.0, 1998: Windows 98, 2000: Windows Millennium, 2000: Windows 2000 Professional, 2001: Windows XP, 2003: Widows 2003 server, 2007: Windows Vista, 2009: Windows 7, 2012: Windows 8, 2013: Windows 8.1, 2015: Windows 10, 2021: Windows 11

Page 42 : Thank You