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History ch-2socialism in Europe &the Russian revolution

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AGE OF SOCIAL CHANGE, The French Revolution of 1789 gave momentum to the ideas of freedom and equality in Europe. , In India, Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Henry Louis Vivian Derozio popularized the ideals of the French Revolution., Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Henry Louis Vivian Derozio

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But not all people were in favour of complete transformation of society ., Responses varied from those who accepted that change was necessary to those who wanted to restructure the society radically. , The 3 categories of people included :, EUROPE, LIBERALS, RADICALS, CONSERVATIVES

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LIBERALS , , They were opposed to the absolute power of the monarch. , Wanted to safeguard individual rights through an elected parliamentary system of government & independent judiciary. , They did not believe in universal adult franchise. , Wanted voting rights for men of property only., RADICALS , , They were opposed to concentration of power in few hands. , They were opposed to privileges of landowners & wealthy factory owners. , They were not against the existence of private property. , They wanted a nation in which government was based on majority of the country’s population. , Favoured women’s suffragate ., CONSERVATIVES , , They were opposed to the liberals and radicals. , They accepted some change was inevitable in 19th century. , They believed the past had to be respected & change had to be brought about through a gradual process.

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INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY AND CHANGE, This was the period of industrialization when new cities and new industrial regions developed, railways expanded and the Industrial Revolution started . , Men , women and children worked in the factories., The working hours were long and wages were low., The main problems faced were : , 1. Unemployment 2. Housing 3. Sanitation , The Liberals and Radicals who were factory owners opposed , the privileges enjoyed by the aristocracy on the basis of birth. , They stressed that the benefits of industrialization should be, passed on to the workers.

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COMING OF SOCIALISM TO EUROPE, The idea of Socialism attracted widespread attention in mid 19th century Europe. , Socialists were against private property and saw it as the root of all social evils. , Socialists had different visions of the future., Robert Owen sought to built a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana (U.S.A.). , In France, Louis Blanc wanted the government to encourage co- operatives to replace capitalist enterprises. , Co-operatives were associations of people who produced goods together and divided the profits amongst the members according to the work done by them., ROBERT OWEN, LOUIS BLANC

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COMING OF SOCIALISM TO EUROPE, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels added their own ideas., Karl Marx argued that industrial society was capitalist, where the capitalists owned the capital invested in factories. They were the ones who earned all profits., Marx argued that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation , workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. , This would be a Communist Society – considered as the natural society of the time., KARL MARX, FREDERICK ENGELS

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SUPPORT FOR SOCIALISM, By the 1870s, Socialist ideas spread throughout Europe. , To co ordinate their efforts, Second International – an international body was formed. , Workers in England and Germany began to form associations to fight for better living and working conditions. , They demanded reduction of working hours , and the right to vote., Example –Social Democratic Party in Germany, Labour Party In England in 1905, Socialist Party in France in 1905

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RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

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RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1914, In 1914, the Russian Empire was ruled by Tsar Nicholas II, who was a corrupt & oppressive ruler. , The Russian empire included Moscow, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. , Russian empire stretched to the Pacific and comprised Central Asian states like Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan., The majority religion was Russian Orthodoxy Christianity. , Empire also included Catholics, Protestants, Muslims & Buddhists., TSAR NICHOLAS II

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economy and SOCIETY, At the beginning of the 20th century, 85% of the Russian population were agriculturists. , Russia was a major exporter of grain. , Prominent industrial areas were Moscow and St. Petersburg. , In 1890s Russia’s railway network expanded and foreign investment in industry increased ., Industries were controlled by industrialists., Workers were divided into groups on the basis of their skill. , Women made up 31% of the factory labour force by 1914. , Despite divisions, workers united to strike work when they were unhappy with the working conditions and working hours. , Frequent strikes took place in textile industry during 1896-97, and in the metal industry during 1902., WORKERS ON STRIKE

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RUSSIAN PEASANTS, In the countryside, peasants cultivated most of the land., The Russian peasants had no respect for the nobility. , They refused to pay rent. , They wanted lands of the nobles to be given to them. , The peasants even murdered the landlords, particularly in 1902 and 1905., Russian peasants unlike the European peasants pooled their land together periodically and the commune (Mir) divided it according to the needs of the individual families., RUSSIAN MIR

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SOCIALISM IN RUSSIA, All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914., The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898., It struggled to give peasants their rights over land that belonged to the nobles., As land was divided among peasants periodically, it was felt that they were the natural socialist and they were the main source of the revolution. , Socialists founded the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900., But the Social Democrats disagreed with Social Revolutionaries about peasants being one social group & were divided over the strategy of organisation. , The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was divided into 2 groups .

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THE 1905 REVOLUTION, Russia was an autocracy., The Tsar was not subject to the Parliament., The liberals wanted to end this state of affairs. , They worked towards demanding a Constitution during the Revolution of 1905.

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BLOODY Sunday, Prices of essential goods rose so quickly by 1904 that the real wages declined by 20 %., During this time, 4 members of the Putilov Iron Works were dismissed. , There was a call for industrial action. , Over 110,000 workers went on strike demanding a reduction in working hours and increase in wages. , The procession was led by Father Gapon. , The procession was attacked by the police and Cossacks. , Over 100 workers were killed and 300 wounded. , This incident known as Bloody Sunday started a series of events that became known as 1905 Revolution., FATHER GAPON

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revolution of 1905, People demanded the creation of a Constituent assembly. , The Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma., The Tsar dismissed the First Duma within 75 days and announced the election of a Second Duma., RUSSIAN DUMA

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FIRST WORLD WAR & RUSSIAN Empire, In 1914, First World War broke out between 2 European alliances- Central Powers and Allied Powers . , Central Powers – Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, Allied Powers – England, France, America and Russia ( later Italy and Romania). , In Russia, the war was popular at the beginning and people rallied around the Tsar. , But later the support grew thin, There were 7 million casualties and 3 million refugees in Russia. , Anti German sentiments ran high. , Russian armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 , & 1916 .

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FIRST WORLD WAR & RUSSIAN Empire, The first world war (1914-18) had a severe impact on industry., By 1916, railway lines began to break down. , Able bodied people were called up to the war. , Large supplies of grain were sent to feed the army., So bread and flour became scarce in the cities. , By 1916, bread riots became a common feature., BREAD RIOTS

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FEBRUARY REVOLUTION IN PETROGRAD IN 1917, In the winter of 1917, conditions in the capital Petrograd (St. Petersburg) were grim. , In February 1917, acute food shortages were felt in the worker’s quarters. , On February 22, a lockout took place at a factory on the right bank of the River Neva. , Workers of 50 other factories joined in sympathy., Women also led and participated in the strikes. This came to be called the International Women’s Day.

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FEBRUARY REVOLUTION IN PETROGRAD, On 25th February, 1917 the government suspended the Duma., On 27th February,1917 the police headquarters were raided. , The streets were crowded with people raising slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy. , On 2nd March, the Tsar finally abdicated his power and the Soviet and Duma leaders formed a Provisional government for Russia.

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EFECTS OF FEBRUARY REVOLUTION 1917, Restrictions on public meetings and associations were removed. , Soviets like the Petrograd Soviet were set up everywhere., No system of election was followed., In April 1917, the Bolshevik leader Lenin returned to Russia from his exile., He made three demands known as the April Theses . These demands were - , 1 . War should be brought to an end. , 2. Land should be transferred to the peasants., 3. Banks should be nationalized., LENIN ADDRESSING THE WORKERS

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Slowly, the Bolshevik party was becoming powerful . , To reduce its power, Provisional Government arrested Bolshevik leaders. , Hence many Bolshevik leaders had to go into hiding or flee., EFFECTS OF FEBRUARY REVOLUTION, PRO BOLSHEVIK DEMONSTRATION

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On 16th October ,Lenin persuaded Petrograd Soviet and Bolshevik party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. , A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviets to organise the seizure., The uprising began on October 24, 1917., Sensing trouble, Prime Minister Alexander Kerenskii left the city to summon troops., Military men loyal to the government seized the buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers. , Pro government troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace. , Military Revolutionary Committee ordered to seize government offices and arrest the ministers., OCTOBER REVOLUTION,1917, KERENSKII, LENIN

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OCTOBER REVOLUTION IN 1917, Aurora ship shelled the Winter Palace in Petrograd., Other ships sailed down the Neva river and took over strategic points. , By night , the city was under the Committee’s control and the ministers had resigned. , All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd approved the Bolshevik action., AURORA SHIP, WINTER PALACE

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effects OF OCTOBER REVOLUTION, Most industries and banks were nationalized in November 1917., Land was declared as social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility. , Use of old aristocratic titles was banned. , New uniforms were designed for the army and the officials. , Russia became a one party state. , Trade unions were kept under party control. , The Secret Police ( called Cheka first, later OGPU and NKVD) punished the anti Bolsheviks., BUDEONOVKA

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CIVIl war, When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution, the Russian army began to break up., Non Bolshevik socialists, liberals, supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. , The Socialist Revolutionaries formed their troops and were called Greens, who would fought against Bolshevik Red. , The Pro Tsar Whites controlled most of the Russian empire. , They were supported by French, American, British and Japanese troops. , All these fought a war with the Bolsheviks. , By January 1920, the Bolsheviks controlled the former Russian Empire., In 1922, the Bolsheviks created the Soviet Union (USSR) from the Russian empire in Dec 1922.

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MAKING OF A SOCIALIST SOCIETY, A process of centralized planning was introduced., Five Year Plans were introduced. , This led to economic growth., Industrial production increased., An extended schooling system was developed ., Arrangements were made for factory workers and peasants to enter universities. , Collectivisation of farms started.

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STALIN AND COLLECTIVE FARMING, By 1927-28, towns in Soviet Russia were facing acute problem of food shortage., Stalin who headed the party after Lenin introduced firm emergency measures. , He believed that rich peasants and traders stocked supplies to create the shortage of grains., Hence Stalin introduced collectivization programme. , Kulaks (well to do peasants ) were eliminated., From 1929, peasants were forced to cultivate in collective farms ., Bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. , Those farmers who resisted collectivization were punished, deported or exiled. , Inspite of collectivization, production did not increase., In fact bad harvests of 1930-33 led to severe famines., JOSEPH STALIN

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GLOBAL INFLUENCE of Russian revolution & USSR, Russia became the first country to establish a communist state. , Bolsheviks encouraged colonial people to follow their experiment. , Many non Russians participated in the Conference of the Peoples of the East (1920) ., Bolshevik founded Comintern, an international union of pro Bolshevik socialist parties. , By end of 2oth century, international reputation of USSR as a socialist party had declined., But socialist ideas still enjoyed respect among people.

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