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History, Chapter 6 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners, , 1. What kinds of cloth had a large market in Europe?, Ans- Cotton and Silk had a large market in Europe. Different varieties of Indian textiles like Chintz,, Cossaes or Khassa and Bandanna were sold in European markets., , 2. What is jamdani?, Ans-Jamdani is a fine muslin on which decorative motifs are woven on the loom, typically in grey and, white. Often a mixture of cotton and gold thread was used in this., , 3. What is bandanna?, Ans- Bandanna is any brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally, the term, bandhna referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying., , 4. Who are the Agaria?, Ans-Agaria are the Indian community of iron smelters., , 5. Fill in the blanks:, , (a) The word chintz comes from the word chhint., , (b) Tipu’s sword was made of wootz steel., , (c) India’s textile exports declined in the nineteenth century., , 6. How do the names of different textiles tell us about their histories?, , Ans-The names of different textiles tell us about their histories as mentioned below:, , (i) Muslin: European traders first saw fine cotton cloth from India carried by Arab merchants in Mosul, in present-day Iraq. Hence, they named all finally woven textiles as muslin., , (ii) Chintz: This name is derived from a Hindi word chhint, a cloth with small and colourful floral, designs., , (iii) Bandanna: This name is derived from the Hindi word ‘Bandhna' that is referred to a variety of, bright coloured and printed scarves for the neck or head., , (iv) Calico: When the Portuguese first came to India in search of spices, they landed in Calicut. The, cotton textiles which they took back to Europe came to be known as calico, which is derived from, Calicut., , 7. Why did the wool and silk producers in England protest against the import of Indian textiles in the, early eighteenth century?, , Ans- The wool and silk producers in England protested against the import of Indian textiles in the, early eighteenth century because they found themselves unable to compete with the Indian textiles, that were available in fine quality and at low prices in the market. The English wool and silk producers, wanted a ban on Indian textiles to secure their business in England., , 8. How did the development of cotton industries in Britain affect textile producers in India?, Ans- There were several challenges for textile produces in India:

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a. They had to compete with English cotton industries both in England and in India, b. British cotton industries expanded, which led to the shrinkage of Indian textile producers., , c. Thousands of Indian textile producers were out of employment because the British took over the, market with their industries., , 9. Why did the Indian iron smelting industry decline in the nineteenth century?, Ans- The Indian iron smelting industry decline in the nineteenth century due to the following reasons:, , i)Imposition of new forest laws prevented people from entering the reserved forests. Due to this,, Indian smelters were unable to get wood for charcoal and iron ore. Hence, many smelters abandoned, , their work and looked for some other jobs., , ii)lron smelters were asked to pay high taxes to the forest authorities for every furnace they used., This reduced their income., , iii) By the late nineteenth century, iron and steel was being imported from Britain. lronsmiths in India, began using the imported iron. This inevitably lowered the demand for iron produced by local, , smelters., , iv) By the early twentieth century, smelters faced competition from the iron and steel industries that, began to be set up in the country., , 10. What problems did the Indian textile industry face in the early years of its development?, Ans-The problems are given below:, , a. Competition — They had to face large British industries who were already present in the market., b. Export — It was a challenge for them to export to England due to the huge export prices., , c. Failure — English cotton textiles ousted Indian textiles from its parent markets like America, Africa, and Europe., , d. No Buyers — Europeans started avoiding the weavers of Bengal and did not buy from them, which, made the Bengal weavers the worst-hit., , 11. What helped TISCO expand steel production during the First World War?, Ans- The following reasons led to TISCO expansion:, , a. World War-I —- The war demanded a huge amount of iron and steel for the production of, ammunition, which was a demand that Britain had to entertain.

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b. Indian markets turned to TISCO for rail work to supply iron and steel., c. TISCO built shells and carriage wheels for World War-I, , d. By 1919, the British government started buying 90 per cent of the steel manufactured by the TISCO