Page 3 : GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA, , INFORMATION AND, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, (ICT), Support Material, , 8, EIGHTH STANDARD, , LEVEL III, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, No-8, M.S.B -1, 6th and 7th Floor, Cunningham Road,, Bengaluru – 560 052

Page 4 : PREFACE, M.R. Hiremath K.A.S, Executive Director, KREIS, Bengaluru-20, Computers have become a way of life in the present day world. Everyone need to be, educated about the implications of this technology. Now the Karnataka Residential, Educational Institutions Society (KREIS) has proposed a course/textbook in this regards. The, course outlined for this textbook is an attempt to design a generally friendly course that, would not only be contemporary but also leaves sufficient scope for expansion into unknown, realms of computer activity that may emerge in future., The National Curriculum Framework 2005 recommends that theoretical component of, Higher Secondary stage should emphasise on problem-solving methods and that the, awareness of the historical development of key concepts be judiciously integrated into the, content of a subject. It also recommends that given the pervasive impact of information and, communication technology (ICT), a course related to this, should address this infrastructure, challenge seriously and explore viable and innovative alternatives with regard to hardware,, software and connectivity technologies appropriate for rural schools., NCF 2005 speaks about the tremendous effectiveness of the information and, communication technology in shaping modern society which has created the need for an, educated public that can utilise such technology most effectively for the betterment of society, and humankind. This book is aligned with these broad guidelines of NCF., The book has been conscientiously designed and is the result of the renewed efforts of, the textbook team comprising of computer teachers and subject experts. Some of the, members worked at the advisory level while others worked towards the actual developmental, activity. It is hoped that the students will appreciate the beauty and logic of information and, communication technology. It has truly been a team work., A conceptual coherence is derived with the pedagogy, the use of easily, understandable language, simple mathematical formulations in a logical fashion. This book, has some features which, we earnestly hope will enhance its usefulness to the students. Each, chapter is provided with learning outcomes in the beginning and the worksheets at the end of, each chapter.

Page 5 : I thank Dr. Shalini Rajanish,, , I.A.S,, , Principal Secretary, Former Department of, , Backward Classes and the then Vice Chairman, KREIS, Bengaluru, a National awardee on, Sakala and Panchayat Raj whose spontaneous and continuous support for initiating this work, with distinct guidelines and made it happen. We express our gratitude to Sri E.Venkataiah Retd, I.A.S,, , Former Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and the east while Vice, , Chairman of KREIS, Bengaluru who was the path maker for KREIS. Sri Gangaram Baderiya, I.A.S,, , Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and Vice Chairman, KREIS,, , Bengaluru. Sri Naveen Raj Singh, I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Department of Backward Classes, and Dr. S.C Sharma, Former Vice Chancellor, Tumkur University, Karnataka, Prof. Rajaram, Sharma, Joint Director, CIET, NCERT, New Delhi, Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint, Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, New Delhi and also to the Director, DSERT, for, supporting us with the task of preparing these textbooks. I thank our core team of computer, teachers who worked restlessly for formulation of these text books in the leadership of Sri., A.T Chamaraja, Retd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education, Mr. Santosh Elemmi,, Mr. Sunil C.S and Mr. Keerthi Kumar H.M., We welcome suggestions and comments from our valued users, especially students, and teachers. We wish our young readers a happy journey to the exciting realm of ICTSupport Material., (M.R. Hiremath K.A.S)

Page 6 : FOREWORD, A N Ramachandra, Formerly- Joint Commissioner Acad, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti,, Min of HRD, Govt of India, [email protected], It is well said by Sir Winston Churchill that “Men occasionally stumble over truth,, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing ever happened”. Computers, have entered into classrooms so naturally than expected. While a decade ago teaching the, school children about the use of computers was a challenge. Now children in even remote, areas also know that a lot of fun can be understood by the touch of mobile screen. The 21 st, century digital children are at par with the pace of the Technology and its multiple, dimensions affecting all spheres of their life., What is planned to teach the children through this support material is to engross the, children towards understanding the computer and its functional competency. This effort, surely enhances the learning pattern and desired outcomes. Parting computer in the school, curriculum brings paradigm shift from teaching to learning and also:, a., b., c., d., , Use of computer by teacher increases their efficiency and quality of teaching., Integration of ICT in curricular activities makes children learning a joyful event, Inter-disciplinary approach in learning brings higher order concepts, Computer aided learning gives impetus to Multiple Intelligence such as; Creative, thinking and problem solving skills., , Let me also caution that this support material does not contain material to learn, specific software. Further, learning computers is not designed as a substitute for learning core, subjects. However, by association with the computer and with the help of this set of support, material students will be able to explore the possibilities of using computer as a tool in, enhancing knowledge, understanding of subjects and skills and concepts dealt in core, subjects. I am happy to be associated with the team in developing this material to assist the, teachers and children in Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society (KREIS)., The team involved in this work has also taken into account the constraint like availability of, time of the children in the Residential school pattern. Hence, lot of activities could be, planned to be conducted after the class hours through a formal interaction with the computer, teacher and the subject teachers, using the techniques explained in this support material. With, this material it is expected to enhance collaborative activities and interdisciplinary, approaches. The support material in this series has links from level to level. Over a period of, 5 years students are expected to integrate ICT tools in their core subjects at ease. Although, teachers can use their own methods to evaluate themselves the efficacy of use of this material, from time to time , learning concepts explained in this set of support material is not expected, to be evaluated through a formal set of examinations. The fun of learning the skills is, incorporated in various exercises and activities recommended.

Page 7 : Special features maintained in series of support material are:, , , , , , , , Minimum skills required at the age group for operation have been attempted to be, incorporated, Time share of 100-120 periods (80 hrs per year) is planned, Exercises and materials are designed in such a way that children Learn through, independent operation and collaborative work, Play-way/Conversation /interactive approaches are adopted, Brand neutrality is maintained to avoid specific alignment to any particular brand, Kannada compliant inputs are exhaustively attempted, , I wish that teachers will make use of this material more informally to have full, participation of the students in productive manner. I thank the Karnataka Residential, Educational Institutions Society (KREIS) for reposing confidence in our entire team in, developing the material. Thanks are also due to the team members who have invested, valuable time and expertise., , (A N Ramachandra)

Page 10 : Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 8th Standard, , HOW TO USE THIS BOOK, This book is prepared for teaching about the computer to children. The teachers’ role is, primarily that of a facilitator encouraging active learning. Specific guidelines can be found in the, Teachers’ Corner at the end of the book. The teachers’ should read all the books in a series before, starting any class and understand the flow of content to ensure that the contents are comfortably, transacted inside the classroom. Ensure that the conceptual understanding is mastered before, proceeding to the skills. Use the Group Activities and Projects to stimulate creativity and knowledge, sharing. The book can easily be covered in one year, with four classes (40 minutes) per week. See the, table below for an overview of the concepts, objectives covered in each lesson along with periods., Sl, No, , Topic Name, , 01, , Overview of, Level II, , 02, , Classification of, Computers, , 03, , Computer, Organization, , 04, , Introduction to, Word Processor, , 05, , Formatting in, Word Processor, , 06, , Introduction to, Spreadsheet, , 07, , Formatting in, Spreadsheet, , Concepts, 1., 2., 3., 4., 1., 2., 3., 4., , Generations of computer, Hardware and Software, Operating System, Typing Skills, Introduction, Analog Computer, Digital Computer, Hybrid Computer, , 1., 2., , Block Diagram of Computer, Computer Memory, , 1., 2., , Introduction, Structure of Word Processor, Window, Closing/ Exit From Word, Comparison of Word Processor, Introduction, Clipboard, Formatting text, Aligning the text, Bullets and Numbering, Paragraph, Find and Replace, Checking Spellings & Grammar, Introduction, Starting with Spreadsheet, Copying Cell content, Data selection and Data Entry, Worksheet Modification, Getting Help, Formatting Cells, Cell Alignment, Number Format, Functions Library, , 3., 4., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 1., 2., 3., 4., , Objectives, , Periods, , , , Recall and apply what was learnt in Level II., , 10, (5+5), , , , , , Classify computers based on data handling., List the features of different computers., Compare Analog and Digital Computers., , 12, (10+2), , , , , , Write Block diagram of a computer., Identify different input, memory and output device., Compare primary and secondary memory, , 14, (12+2), , , , , , Open a Word Processor., Create and Save document., Print document., , 22, (6+16), , , , , , , Format and align the document., Insert bullet and numbering., Find the particular word., Check spellings and grammar., , 30, (6+24), , , , , , Create workbook., Enter and edit data., Manage worksheet., , 22, (6+16), , , , , Read data given in a spreadsheet., Enter data and do basic calculations using a, spreadsheet., Enter formula to compute average in a spreadsheet., , 30, (6+24), , , , II

Page 11 : Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 8th Standard, , CONTENTS, SL.NO, , NAME OF THE LESSON, , PAGE NO, , 01, , Overview of Level II, , 01, , 02, , Classification of computer, , 08, , 03, , Computer Organization, , 15, , 04, , Introduction to Word Processor, , 26, , 05, , Formatting in Word Processor, , 33, , 06, , Introduction to Spreadsheet, , 43, , 07, , Formatting in Spreadsheet, , 53, , III

Page 12 : 8th Standard, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, Input Unit, , Word Processor – Editing Text Document, , ALU, , Software, , CU, , Spread Sheet – Data Handling, , Block, Diagram, , CPU, , MU, Output Unit, Computer, Organization, RAM, ROM, HDD, CD, DVD, , Safety and Security, Hardware, Care and Handling, , Primary, Computer Memory, , Usage Skills, , Secondary, , Familiarity with Computer, , 8th Standard, Level III, , Computer Classification, Analog Computer, Digital Computer,  Mini Computer,  Micro Computer,  Mainframe Computer,  Super Computer, Hybrid Computer, , Helpline, Word Processor Help, Spread Sheet Help, , Word Processor,  Format, font Style, Size & Color,  Alignment – Left, Right, Center,  Inserting Bullets & Numbering,  Paragraph, Line Spacing,  Find & Replace, Spread Sheet,  To Create and Save Spreadsheet,  Data Selection & Data Entry,  Worksheet Modification,  Inserting & Deleting Rows and, Columns,  Font, Alignment, Number Format,  Doing Simple calculations like, sum, average etc on given data., IV

Page 13 : Chapter 1: Overview of Level II, , Inside, Revise the topics learned in the previous class., ,  Generations of computer,  Hardware and Software,  Operating system,  Typing skills, , Learning Objectives:, After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:, , , Recall and apply what was learnt in Level II.

Page 14 : Chapter 1: Overview of Level II, , , , 8th Standard, , Generations of Computer, ,  First Generation of Computer (1945-1956): It is started with using vacuum tubes as the, basic components. The speed of these computers was very slow, storage capacity was very, less and these computers were large in size. Example ENIAC, UNIVAC., ,  Second Generation of Computer (1956-1963): In this generation transistors were used, in place of vacuum tubes. These machines were much faster, more reliable than their, earlier machines. It generates less heat and consumed less electricity as compared to first, generation computers. Example IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC.,  Third Generation of Computer (1964-1971): In this generation Integrated Circuits, (IC's) were used in place of transistors. These IC’s were increased the speed of processing, and storage capacity. These computers were more reliable, smaller in size and faster., Example IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series.,  Fourth Generation of Computer (1971-1980): In this generation microprocessors were, used in place of Integrated Circuits (IC’s). The fourth generations of computers were, marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. These computers were, smaller in size. Example Mini Computer and Mainframe computer.,  Fifth Generation of Computer (1980-till date): In this generation computer involved, the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) which made the computer think like human, beings. This generation uses VLSI (Very Large Scale integration) and ULSI (Ultra Large, Scale Integration) technology. Example Desktop, Laptop, Notebook and Robot., , , , Hardware and Software, There are four parts in a computer system. They are:, ,  Hardware: The physical parts of a computer system called as hardware. Example, Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, RAM, CPU etc.,  Software: A Set or collection of programs is known as software. The software is a, computer program written using some computer programming languages to operate the, computer. Example Operating System, TUX Paint, Office Packages, Nudi, Adobe Reader,, Computer Games etc.,  Data: Data is the raw information or basic facts that computer can process. Example all, the information fed by the user.,  User(s): People who use the computer are called users., Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 2|Page

Page 15 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 1: Overview of Level II,  Difference between Hardware and Software, , Hardware, , Software, , Physical components of a computer are Set of programs is called Software., called Hardware., Hardware can touch, see and feel., , The software can not touch and feel., , Constructed using physical materials or Developed, components., language., , , , by, , the, , programming, , Not affected by computer viruses., , Affected by computer viruses., , User cannot make copies, , User can make copies, , Example: Monitor, Keyboard, RAM, , Example: OS, Text Editor, Nudi, , Operating System, “An operating system (OS) is a system software that manages computer hardware, , and software resources and which acts as an interface between the user and the computer”., Example DOS, UNIX, Windows (XP, Windows7), Linux, Mac, Android, etc., , , , DOS, MS-DOS is a computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for, , "Microsoft Disk Operating System". DOS is a command - line based operating system,, meaning that a user works with a keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text., DOS commands are divided into two types, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 3|Page

Page 16 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 1: Overview of Level II, ,  Internal Commands: These commands are combined together and stored in, Command.com file, which is an executable command file. Examples: CLS, DIR, DATE,, MD, RD etc.,  External Commands: These commands are commonly external because either they require, large requirements or not commonly used commands. Example: EDIT, LABEL, TREE,, SORT etc.,  Open the Command Prompt window, 1. Click Start, , button, , 2. Select Programs, 3. In that go to Accessories, 4. Click on Command Prompt, , , , Differences between DOS and UNIX, DOS, , UNIX, , Single user operting system, , Multi User operting system, , Simple and Basic, , Powerful and customizable, , Not Case sensitive, , Case sensitive, , DOS has command prompt, , UNIX has a Shell, , DOS has batch file, , UNIX has shell scripts, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 4|Page

Page 17 : Chapter 1: Overview of Level II, , , , 8th Standard, , Windows, Windows is a GUI based operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation to run, , Personal Computers. Currently, Windows is the most popular operating system used in, Personal Computers., ,  Exploring Desktop, , A typical Windows desktop screen contains – Icons, Start button, Taskbar, System, tray., ,  Icons: These are the small picture / buttons that represent a file, or a folder, program,, application. Clicking on these buttons respective software or files will be open., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 5|Page

Page 18 : Chapter 1: Overview of Level II, , 8th Standard, ,  Start button: The button with the Windows logo on the left corner of the taskbar is called, Start Button. It is used to access files, folders programs and settings through the Start, Menu.,  Taskbar: It is a horizontal bar located at the bottom of the screen. The Taskbar allows, the user to locate and launch programs through the Start Button or view any program that, is currently open as small buttons.,  Changing the Desktop Background:, 1. Click the Desktop Background option, in the bottom left corner of the, Personalize window., 2. Click on the desired picture., 3. Click Save changes button.,  Changing the Screen Saver, 1. Click the Screen Saver option in the bottom, right corner of the Personalize window., 2. Choose the desired screensaver from the, drop-down menu., 3. Click Apply and then OK button, , , , Keyboard, The keyboard is a standard input device used for typing the text. The layout of the, , keyboard is like that of the traditional typewriter. Most companies use the standard PC, keyboard of 104 keys., The keys on keyboard are broadly divided into 5 types, they are,  Alphabet Keys: A keyboard has 26 alphabet keys from A to Z. These keys help in typing, the data in the form of text.,  Numeric Keys: These keys are used for typing the numbers. They are marked with the, digits from 0 to 9.,  Symbolic Keys: These keys are used to enter the Special Symbols into the text document., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 6|Page

Page 19 : Chapter 1: Overview of Level II, , 8th Standard, ,  Functional Keys: The functional keys are used for the special task. They are marked from, F1 to F12. They are placed on top of the keyboard.,  Cursor Control Keys: Cursor is a blinking symbol that appears on the screen. The cursor, control keys are used to move the cursor in any one of the four directions, i.e., up, down,, left or right.,  Special Keys: Special keys are used to perform some special effects to be added to the text, like giving space between words, for entering new line, delete selected text etc.,, , , , Basics of typing, , Now you have learnt about the keys on a keyboard, let us learn the basics of typing.,  Place the tip of the small finger of your left hand on the alphabet key “A”,  Place the other three fingers of your left hand on the alphabet keys “S, D and F”.,  Your forefinger of the left hand is used for both F and G.,  Place the small finger of your right hand on the “ ; ” key,  Place the other three fingers of your right hand on the alphabet keys “ L, K and J”,  Your forefinger of the right hand is used for both “J and H”, All these steps were shown in the below figure., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 7|Page

Page 20 : Chapter 2: Classification of Computer, , Inside,  Introduction,  Analog Computer,  Digital Computer,  Mini Computer,  Micro Computer,  Main Frame,  Supercomputers,  Hybrid Computer, , Learning Objectives:, After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:, , , Classify computers based on data handling., , , , List the features of different computers., , , , Compare analog and digital computers.

Page 21 : Chapter 2: Classification of Computer, , , 8th Standard, , Introduction, Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They are classified according, , to purpose and data handling., According to purpose, computers are classified into general purpose and specific, purpose. General purpose computers are designed to perform a range of tasks. They have an, ability to store numerous programs but lack in speed and efficiency. Specific purpose, computers are designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a specific task., According to data handling, computers are classified into three types, 1. Analog Computers, 2. Digital Computers, 3. Hybrid Computers, , , , Analog Computers, Analog computers work upon continuous data., , Computations are carried out with the physical quantities,, such as voltages, length, current, temperature etc. The, device that measures such quantities are analog devices., Analog computer operates by measuring rather than, counting. The main advantage of analog computers is that, all calculations take place in parallel and hence these are faster., , , , Digital Computer, The digital computer works upon discontinuous data. They convert the data into digits, , (Binary Digit 0 and 1) and all operations carried out on these digits at extremely fast rates. A, digital computer basically knows how to count the digits and add the digit. Digital Computers, are much faster than an analog computer and far more accurate. Computers used for business, and scientific applications are digital computers. Digital computer can be classified into four, types:, 1. Mini Computers, 2. Micro Computers, 3. Main Frames, 4. Supercomputers, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 9|Page

Page 22 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 2: Classification of Computer,  Mini Computers, , This type of computers are usually designed for real-time dedicated applications or as, high performance, multiple user applications. Today’s typical mini computer is a, multiprocessor system running some flavor of UNIX for an operating system., Example: Digital Alpha, IBM RS/6000, IBM 8000 series, Sun Ultra and PDP 11, , Features of Mini computers, , , They have less memory & storage capacity is less than mainframe computers., , , , They offer a limited range of peripherals., , , , Limited range of software’s can be used by them., , , , The end users can directly operate it., , , , They are not very sensitive to the external environment and hence are more, generalized., , , , They are used for data processing., ,  Micro Computers, Also, know as PC (Personal Computer), this, is the most prevalent form of computers. Sitting in, front of a standard desktop(or laptop), today PC’s, are, , single/Multiprocessor, , systems, , which, , can, , perform simple tasks such as word processing or, spreadsheet calculations or demanding task such as, graphic., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 10 | P a g e

Page 23 : Chapter 2: Classification of Computer, , 8th Standard, , The first PC was built by IBM; today’s PCs are built by a variety of vendors such as, Dell, HP, HCL, and Lenovo or by users who build their own customized PCs using their, preferred components., Example: Desktops (PC, Macintosh), Laptops, Notebooks, Tablets, Palmtops, Smart, Phones, etc., Features of Micro computers, , , They brought revolution in the history of computers., , , , They are cheap and user-friendly., , , , The main components are Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse, Speakers, Modem,, and Printer., , , , They are having limited peripherals attached to them., , , , This type of computers can use a wide range of software’s., , , , They are used as desktops either in offices or even in homes., , , , Their operation can be easily learned by anyone having the logical aptitude., , , , Children enjoy playing games & watching movies in these computers., , , , Most popular microcomputers processing chip manufacturing company is Intel., ,  Main Frame, Applications which require high performance and generate and process a large, number of truncations are generally hosted on mainframes. As an example, you can imagine a, large amount of transactions that a major bank would have to process on a daily basis. To, process a high volume of ATM, Cheques and electronic transactions. Most major banks rely, heavily on mainframes., Example: CDC 6600, IBM ES000 series, IBM S/390 etc., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 11 | P a g e

Page 24 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 2: Classification of Computer, Features of Main Frame, , , They are big computer systems sensitive to temperature, humidity, dust etc., , , , Qualified & trained operators are required to operate them., , , , They have a wide range of peripherals attached., , , , They have large storage capacity., , , , They can use a wide variety of software’s., , , , They are not user-friendly., , , , They can be used for more mathematical calculations., , , , They are installed in large commercial places or government organizations., On May 11, 1997, an IBM computer called IBM Deep, Blue defeated, , the, , world, , chess, , champion, , Gary, , Kasparov after a six-game match: two wins for Deep, Blue, one for the champion and three draws.,  Supercomputers, Supercomputers are designed for ultra-high performance tasks such as weather, analysis, encryption cracking, and the creation of animation. Supercomputers are large,, expensive, massively parallel-processing machines usually owned by government agencies or, large corporations., Example: IBM Roadrunner, IBM Blue Gene, PARAM Padma, etc., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 12 | P a g e

Page 25 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 2: Classification of Computer, Features of Supercomputers, , , They are huge computers installed in space centers, nuclear power stations etc., , , , They are used for performing complex mathematical calculations., , , , Only scientists and mathematicians can operate them., , , , They are having huge memories & tremendous processing speed., , , , They are used for weather forecasting, animation graphics etc., ,  Supercomputing in India, India's supercomputer program was started in the late 1980s because Cray, supercomputers were denied for import due to an arms embargo imposed in India, as it was a, dual use technology and could be used for developing nuclear., PARAM 8000 was India's first supercomputer. It was indigenously built in 1990, by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing and was replicated and installed at ICAD, Moscow in 1991 under Russian collaboration., , , , Supercomputer, , Organization, , Anupam, , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), , SAGA-220, , Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), , EKA, , Computational Research Laboratories, , Vikram-100, , Physical Research Laboratory, , PARAM Yuva, , Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, , Hybrid Computers, Hybrid computers incorporate the measuring feature of an analog computer and, , counting feature of a digital computer. For computational purposes, these computers use, analog components and for storage, digital memories are used., In these computers, some calculations take place in analog manner and rest of them, takes place in a digital manner. Hybrid computers are best used in the hospital where the, analog part is responsible for measurement of patient’s heart beat, blood pressure, temperature, and other vital signs and then the operation is carried out in a digital fashion to monitor, patient’s vital signs. Hybrid Computers are also used in weather forecasting., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 13 | P a g e

Page 26 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 2: Classification of Computer, , , , Differences between Analog & Digital computers, Analog Computer, , Digital Computer, , Operates on continuous values of data, , Operates on discrete values of data, , They give only approximate results, , They give accurate results, , Processing is slow, , Processing is fast, , They have very limited use, , They are versatile, , They have small memory & less reliable, , They have large memory & more, reliable, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 14 | P a g e

Page 27 : Chapter 3: Computer Organization, , Inside,  Block Diagram of Computer,  Input Unit,  Central Processing Unit,  Memory Unit,  Output Unit,  Computer Memory,  Primary Memory,  Secondary Memory, , Learning Objectives:, After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:, , , Write block diagram of a computer., , , , Identify different input, memory and output device., , , , Compare primary and secondary memory.

Page 28 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 3: Computer Organization, , , Introduction, Computer Organization refers to the Operational units and their interconnections that, , realize and recognize the specification of Computer. Computer Organization includes, Hardware details transparent to the user between computer and peripherals and the memory, technology used., , , , Block diagram of a computer, A computer is designed using four basic units. They are:, 1. Input Unit, 2. Central Processing Unit(CPU), , , Control Unit, , , , Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), , 3. Memory Unit, 4. Output Unit, , Memory Unit, , Input Unit, , Control Unit, , Output Unit, , Arithmetic &, Logic Unit, CPU, , Fig: Block Diagram of Computer, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 16 | P a g e

Page 29 : Chapter 3: Computer Organization, , , 8th Standard, , Input Unit, Computers need to receive data and instructions in order to solve a problem. The Input, , unit performs this operation. The Input Unit basically links the external world or environment, to the computer system. The input unit may consist of one or more input devices. The, Keyboard and mouse of a computer are the most commonly used input devices. Some of the, input devices are given in the picture:, , Input unit performs the following functions:, a) It accepts the instructions and data from the user., b) Converts those instructions and data into computer understandable format., c) Supplies the converted instructions and data to CPU for further processing., , , Central Processing Unit (CPU), It is the main part of a computer system like the heart of a, , human being. Most computers are identified by the type of CPU, that is present in them. The function of the CPU is to interpret the, instructions in the program and execute them one by one. It, consists of two major units., The CPU is known to be the brain of the Computer System as it, follows the instruction of the software/program to manipulate, Know This!, , data into information., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 17 | P a g e

Page 30 : Chapter 3: Computer Organization, , 8th Standard, , 1. Control Unit: How does the input unit know it is time to input data? How does the, computer know that the execution of a job is complete? Why is it that, only the, required output is displayed on the output unit and not everything?, , Definition, , Control Unit refers to functioning unit which carries out four, basic operations, these are,  Fetches an instruction.,  Decodes the instructions.,  Executes the instruction.,  It stores the result., , All this is possible because of the control unit. It controls and directs the transfer of, program instructions and data between various units. The main activity of the control unit is to, maintain order and direct the operations of the entire system., 2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Arithmetic and Logic Unit performs arithmetic, and logical operations and controls the speed of these operations. Arithmetic, operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division (+,-,*, /) and logical, operations like AND, OR, NOT and relational operations like (<,>, <=,>=) are being, carried out in this unit., , , Memory Unit, The data and the instructions required for processing have to, , be stored in the memory unit before the actual processing starts., In a similar manner, the results generated from processing has to, be preserved before it is displayed. The memory units thus, provide space to store input data, intermediate results and the final, output generated., Secondary storage devices are additional memory (storage) devices such as floppy disks,, magnetic tapes, Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Compact Disk (CD), Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), etc., which are used to store huge information for future use. The input unit, an output unit,, and secondary storage devices are together known as Peripheral Devices., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 18 | P a g e

Page 31 : Chapter 3: Computer Organization, , , 8th Standard, , Output Unit, It is used to print or display the results, which are stored in the memory unit. The, , actual function of the output unit is just the reverse of the input unit. Thus, the output unit, links the computer to the outside world. The Monitor and Printer are the most commonly used, output devices. Some of the output devices are given in the picture:, , Output unit performs the following functions:, a) It receives the results from the CPU., b) Converts those results into the human understandable format., c) Supplies the converted result to the user., , , , Computer Memory, A computer contains a number of components such as CPU, input devices, and Output, , devices and so on. We also use a number of other things such as instructions, programs and so, on. All these are no use if you do not have data to work with. Data can be stored only in the, memory of the computer., Memory is an essential component of any digital computer. It is storing device. It stores, programs and data, which is required by the CPU, and the results generated after processing., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 19 | P a g e

Page 32 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 3: Computer Organization, , Computer Memory, , Secondary Memory, , Primary Memory, , ROM, , RAM, , HDD, , CD/DVD, , Pen Drive, , There are two kinds of memory are commonly used in computers., 1. Primary Memory (Semi-Conductor Memory), 2. Secondary Memory ( Magnetic Memory), The storage capacity of a computer is measured in terms of Bytes. One byte includes a, total of 8 individual units called as bits. One bit can store either a 0 or 1 in it. The table below, gives the storage capacities., , , , Unit, , Symbol, , Byte, , B, , Binary, Value, 20, , Kilobyte, , KB, , Megabyte, , No. of Bytes, , Equal to, , 1, , 1B, , 210, , 1,024, , 1,024 B, , MB, , 220, , 10,48,576, , 1,024 KB, , Gigabyte, , GB, , 230, , 1,07,37,41,824, , 1,024 MB, , Terabyte, , TB, , 240, , 10,99,51,16,27,776, , 1,024 GB, , Petabyte, , PB, , 250, , 1,12,58,99,90,68,42,624, , 1,024 TB, , Exabyte, , EB, , 260, , 11,52,92,15,04,60,68,46,976, , 1,024 PB, , Zettabyte, , ZB, , 270, , 1,18,05,91,62,07,17,41,13,03,424, , 1,024 EB, , Yottabyte, , YB, , 280, , 12,08,92,58,19,61,46,29,17,47,06,176, , 1,024 ZB, , Primary Memory, The Primary memory is the main memory of the computer. It stores the programs and, , data, which are currently needed by the CPU. The size of the main memory is comparatively, much smaller than that of the secondary memory because of its high cost., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 20 | P a g e

Page 33 : Chapter 3: Computer Organization, , 8th Standard, , The CPU communicates directly only with the main memory. As the CPU works at, very high speed, its matching memory must be very fast. Only primary memory devices can, provide the matching speed. RAM and ROM’s are used as the main memory of the computer., Functions of the Primary memory include:, 1. To contain a copy of the main software program (Operating System). This, program is loaded into primary memory when the computer is turned on., 2. Temporarily store a copy of the application program that is currently being, executed., 3. Temporarily store the data input from the keyboard, which is required for, processing., 4. Temporarily store the result, which is generated from processing until it is, transferred to an output device., Primary memory is of two types, 1. RAM (Random Access Memory), 2. ROM (Read Only Memory),  Random Access Memory (RAM), RAM is also called as the main memory of a, computer. The user can write information into Ram, and read information from it. RAM is accessible to, users. The user enters his program and data into RAM,, It has random access property. In a Random access, memory, any memory location can be accessed in a, random manner directly without going through any, other memory location. The access time is same for, each memory location., RAM is a volatile memory. The information written into it is retained in it as long as, the power supply is on. As soon as the power supply goes off (or is interrupted) its stored, information is lost. The user has to reload his program and data into the RAM when the power, supply is resumed., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 21 | P a g e

Page 34 : Chapter 3: Computer Organization, , 8th Standard, ,  Read Only Memory (ROM), When the computer is put on for the first time it has to perform a, number of operations to start off such as checking the functioning of all the, hardware components and the loading of the operating system into to the, primary memory., How does the computer know what to do? How does it know that all the hardware has, to be checked for proper functioning? How does it know from where the operating system has, to be loaded? Instructions to perform all these operations are present permanently in a, memory called as the ROM., ROM stands for “Read Only memory”. It is nonvolatile, i.e., the information stored, in it is not lost even when the power supply goes off. It is used for permanent storage of, information., , , Secondary Memory, Since the storage capacity of the primary memory is not very large, it cannot hold a, , large amount of data, including programs, which may be needed for processing. Thus,, secondary storage devices are necessary. Any additional storage used on a computer other, than the primary memory may be classified as secondary memory or storage., The secondary memory is used as auxiliary memory. The information, which is not, being currently processed, resides in the secondary memory. The information, which is, needed by the CPU for current processing, is transferred from the secondary memory to the, main memory. The size of the secondary memory is normally large and the cost is also, reasonable., The secondary memory is used for bulk storage or, mass storage of programs, data, and other information. It, has much larger capacity than main memory. The, secondary memory retains the information once stored on, it. The magnetic memory such as Hard Disk Drive (HDD),, Compact Disk, Pen Drive, Memory cards is the most, commonly used secondary memory in the computer., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 22 | P a g e

Page 35 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 3: Computer Organization, , , , Primary Memory, , Secondary Memory, , Semiconductor memory., , Magnetic or Optical memory., , Volatile(Temporary), , Non-Volatile(Permanent), , Expensive, , Less Expensive, , Faster, , Slower, , Also called as Main Memory, , Also called as Auxiliary Memory, , Example: RAM, ROM, , Example: HDD, Pen drive etc., , Cache Memory, The cache memory (pronounced as cash) is placed in between the CPU and Main, , memory. It is a very high-speed semiconductor memory. Its access time is much less, compared to that of the main memory. The cache memory is an intermediate memory and is, not accessible to users. It stores instructions and data, which are to be immediately executed., It is used to reduce the average access time reading data, which normally stored in the main, memory. Thus, the cache memory increases the operating speed of the system. But it is much, costlier than main memory., , CPU, , Cache, Memory, , Primary, Memory, , , , Care and Handling of Removable Media, , , , Optical Disks, , Secondary, Memory, , , , Handle discs by the outer edge or the center hole. Don’t touch the surface of the disc., , , , Don’t bend the disc; use a non-solvent-based permanent marker to mark the label, side of the disc., , , , Store discs upright (book style) in plastic cases specified for CDs and DVDs. Don’t, Store discs horizontally for a long time (years). Return discs to storage cases, immediately after use., , , , Store discs in a cool, dry, dark environment in which the air is clean. Don’t expose, discs to extreme heat or high humidity., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 23 | P a g e

Page 36 : Chapter 3: Computer Organization, , , 8th Standard, , Check the disc surface before recording. Don’t write or mark in the data area of the, disc (the area the laser “reads”)., , , , Flash Drive, , , When not in use, it must be kept in a secure place., , , , Away from high temperature., , , , Keep the connector (the metal portion inserted into the USB port) covered so that, dust and dirt will not accumulate inside., , , , After use, do not remove the flash drive immediately from the USB port. Make it a, practice to always use “safely remove” procedure before pulling it out of the USB, port., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 24 | P a g e

Page 37 : Explore!, ATM, ATM (Automated Teller Machine), now it’s making people's life very easy as they get, their money when they need. To get rid of this burden they need to deposit money in the bank, by opening an account and then the bank will be given a Card i.e. an ATM card with a PIN, number to them. By using that they can withdraw money from any ATM machine of that, bank. When they insert the card into the machine and the PIN number the machine will show, few instructions on the screen. By that time verification (PIN Number and Account Number), will be done with the main bank computer as they are connected. If the verification is correct, then the user will choose an instruction and the ATM will dispense money to the card holder., Internal Structure of ATM, In the pictures, we have the internal structure of two, different type of ATM machine. And also, it can be divided into, two different parts: Upper Unit and Lower Unit., In the upper unit, it has the CPU that processes and, validates customer details by connecting to the bank computer, after the customer has entered ATM card. This ATM has few, layered boxes in the lower unit of it. These boxes are called, currency boxes or cassettes where currencies are kept for, withdrawal or the deposited money to be kept. A rubber roller is, there to check if more than one banknote is moving and also a, sensor to see that more than one banknote or bill stuck together or, not when cash is dispensing. There is a receipt printer as we see in the figure to print, current statistics of the cardholder’s account or every times cardholder withdraws cash., , , , , , , , , , Card Reader: Customer inserts their card into it when, there is written “Please Insert your card” on the screen., Keypad: Use for PIN code input, choices, the amount of, money etc as the input to the ATM machine., Display Screen: This screen shows all the instructions or, options for the customers’ convenience., Screen Buttons: When options are given on the screen, one user can choose any of the options accordingly by the, use of a button on the left or right side of the screen. These, buttons select the option from the screen., Cash Dispenser: Withdrawal money is given by this slot., Deposit Slot: To deposit money this slot is used., Speaker: Speaker provides the facilities to customer by giving auditory feedback., Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 25 | P a g e

Page 38 : Chapter 4: Introduction to Word Processor, , Inside,  Introduction,  Structure of Word Processor Window,  Operation on Word document,  Creating a new document,  Saving a new document,  Open the existing document,  Printing the document,  Closing/ Exit from Word,  Comparison of Word Processor, , Learning Outcomes:, After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:, , , Open a Word Processor., , , , Create and Save a document., , , , Print a document.

Page 39 : Chapter 4: Introduction to Word Processor, , , , 8th Standard, , Introduction, Word processor is an application program that allows you to create letters, reports,, , newsletters, tables, form letters, brochures, and Web pages. Using this application program,, you can add pictures, tables, and charts to your documents. You can also check spelling and, grammar., Word processor provides much more flexibility than a text editor, and would generally, be used when one wishes to create a document to be read by others. There are many flavors of, Word Processor programs like Microsoft Word, Open Office Writer, Libre Writer etc,, , , Main features of Word Processor, , , You can create documents fast, using built-in and custom templates., , , , You can easily manage large documents using various features like the ability to, create a table of contents, index, and cross-references., , , , You can work on multiple documents simultaneously, , , , With the help of mail merge, you can quickly create merge documents like mass, mailings or mailing labels., , , , The print zoom facility scales a document on different paper sizes and allows you to, print out multiple pages on a single sheet of paper., , , , , You can export and save your word documents in Portable Document Format (PDF)., , Starting with Word Processor, Following steps show how to start Microsoft Office Word:, Step 1: Click the Start Button - then Start Menu appears, Step 2: Select All Programs, Step 3: Go to Microsoft Office, Step 4: Select Microsoft Office Word, , , , Structure of Word Processor Window, Let us discuss the important components of the startup screen of Word Processor:, , , Office button: The office button is located on the upper-left corner of the window. It, contains a menu of file related commands such as New, Open, Save, Print, Exit, etc, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 27 | P a g e

Page 40 : Chapter 4: Introduction to Word Processor, , , , 8th Standard, , Title Bar: Title Bar is the top most bar in the Word Window. It displays the name of, the currently active Word document. It also contains three buttons namely minimize,, restore and close button at the right corner., , , , Ribbon Tab: It is located just below the title bar. It has several tabs such as Home,, Insert, View, Page layout, etc., , , , Scroll Bar: It is used to move the window viewing area like up, down, left and right., Horizontal and Vertical Scrollbar are used to move the window., , , , Ruler Bar: It is located below the toolbars. There are vertical and horizontal rulers., The ruler bar allows you to format the vertical and horizontal alignment of the text in, a document., , , , Workspace: The workspace is the area in the document window where you, enter/type the text., , , , Status Bar: It appears at the left bottom corner of the window. It indicates current, page, section number and a total number of words in a document., , A blinking vertical line on screen is called cursor “|”, Definition, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 28 | P a g e

Page 41 : Chapter 4: Introduction to Word Processor, , , , 8th Standard, , Operations on Word Processor document, The Word Processor basic operations are,  Creating a New Document,  Saving New Document,  Open the Existing Document,  Printing the Document,  Closing/ Exit From Word, , , , Creating a new document, The steps involved in creating a new document are, 1. Click the Office button, 2. Click the New option and then select Blank Document., , , , Saving the document, To reuse the document we have to save the file., 1. Click the Save button on the title bar. (Or), 2. Click the Office button, 3. Select the Save option, , , The file in a word processor will have the extension “.odt”,, “.docx”, “.sdw”, ,  By default, the file will be stored in a folder named, Know This!, , , Documents, , Opening existing document, If you have to open an existing document, then follow any one of the steps given below., 1. Click the Office button, 2. Select the Open option, 3. An open dialog box will be displayed., 4. Select the drive that contains the document. The list of folders and, , files are, , displayed., 5. In the list of files, select the document name., 6. Click on Open button. Then selected document will be opened., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 29 | P a g e

Page 42 : Chapter 4: Introduction to Word Processor, , , 8th Standard, , Printing the document, When the document is ready to print, click the Print button on the office button. Print, , preview option allows you to preview and make changes to pages before printing., , Different options in Print dialog box., , , To print selected text, choose Selection option., , , , To print only the page where the cursor is placed, select the Current page, option., , , , To print a range of pages, or specific pages, select the pages option and type, the page numbers in the box. For example Type 3 to print only third page., Type 3-6 to print the third page to the sixth page., , , , To print only odd or even pages, select the option odd or even from the Print, list box and click OK, , , , Closing/Exiting the document, The steps involved in creating a new document are, 1. Click the Office button, 2. Select the Close option, Exit from Word, The steps involved in Exit from Word the document are, 1. Click the Office button, 2. Select the Exit word option, Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 30 | P a g e

Page 43 : Chapter 4: Introduction to Word Processor, , , , 8th Standard, , Openoffice.org Writer, Openoffice.org Writer is the word processor component of Open Office (OO). In, , addition to the usual features of a word processor (spelling check, thesaurus, hyphenation,, autocorrect, find and replace, automatic generation of tables of contents and indexes, mail, merge, and others)., Writer provides these important features:, , , Templates and styles., , , , Page-layout methods, including frames, columns, and tables., , , , Embedding or linking of graphics, spreadsheets, and other objects., , , , Built-in drawing tools., , , , Master documents—to group a collection of documents into a single document., , , , Change tracking during revisions., , , , Database integration, including a bibliography database., , , , Export to PDF, including bookmarks., ,  Menu bar, The Menu bar is located across the top of the Writer window, just below the Title bar., When you choose one of the menus, a submenu drops down to show commands., , , The file contains commands that apply to the entire document such as Open, Save,, and Export as PDF., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 31 | P a g e

Page 44 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 4: Introduction to Word Processor, , , Edit contains commands for editing the document such as Undo and Find &, Replace., , , , The view contains commands for controlling the display of the document such as, Zoom and Web Layout., , , , The insert contains commands for inserting elements into your document such as, headers, footers, and pictures., , , , The format contains commands for formatting the layout of your documents, such as, Styles and Formatting, Paragraph, and Bullets and Numbering., , , , The table shows all commands to insert and edit a table in a text document., , , , Tools contain functions such as Spell-check, Customize, and Options., , , , The window contains commands for the display window., , , , Help contains links to the Help file; information about the program., ,  Toolbars, The writer has several types of toolbars: The top toolbar (default position) is called the, Standard toolbar. The Standard toolbar is consistent across the OpenOffice.org applications., The second toolbar across the top (default location) is the Formatting toolbar. It is a, context-sensitive bar that shows the relevant tools in response to the cursor’s current position, or selection. For example, when the cursor is on a graphic, the Formatting bar provides tools, for formatting graphics; when the cursor is in the text, the tools are for formatting text.,  Status bar, The Writer status bar provides information about the document and convenient ways to, quickly change some document features., , Keyboard Shortcut Keys, Remember, New, Open, Save, Print, Close, Exit, , Ctrl + N, Ctrl + O, Ctrl + S, Ctrl + P, Ctrl + W, Alt + F4, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 32 | P a g e

Page 45 : Chapter 5: Formatting in Word Processor, , Inside,  Introduction,  Clipboard,  Formatting text,  Aligning the text,  Bullets and Numbering,  Paragraph,  Find and Replace,  Checking Spellings & Grammar, , Learning Outcomes:, After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:, , , Format and align the document., , , , Insert bullet and numbering., , , , Find a particular word., , , , Check spellings and grammar.

Page 46 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 5: Formatting in Word Processor, , , , Introduction,  Typing and inserting text, , , To enter text, start typing using the keyboard., , , , The text will appear where the blinking cursor is located ‘|’., , , , Move the cursor by using the arrow buttons on the keyboard or positioning the, mouse and clicking the left button., , , , The keyboard shortcuts listed below are also helpful when moving through the, text of the document., Move Action, , Shortcuts, , Beginning of the Line, , Home, , End of the Line, , End, , Top of the Document, , Ctrl + Home, , End of the Document, , Ctrl + End, ,  Selecting Text, To change any attributes of text, it must be selected first., , , Select the text by dragging the mouse over the required text, while keeping the, left mouse button pressed, or, , , , Hold down the Shift key on the keyboard while using the arrow buttons to select, the text., , The following table shows techniques for selecting the text., Selection, , Technique, , Whole Word, , Double Click on the word, , Whole Paragraph, , Triple-click within the Paragraph, , Several words or Lines, , Entire Document, , Drag the mouse over the words or hold, down Shift while using the arrow keys., Choose Select option followed by Select, All in menu bar Or Press Ctrl + A, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 34 | P a g e

Page 47 : Chapter 5: Formatting in Word Processor, , 8th Standard, ,  Deleting the text, Use the Backspace and Delete Keys on the keyboard to delete text., , , Backspace key will delete text to the left of the cursor., , , , Delete key will delete the text to the right of the cursor., , , , If a large amount of text is to be deleted, then select the text using any of the, methods mentioned in the above table and press the Delete key., , , , Clipboard, The clipboard is a temporary holding area for information. It contains:, Cut the selection from the document and put it on clipboard, Copy the selection and put it on clipboard, Paste the contents of the clipboard., Format Painter: copy formatting from one place and apply to another., , , Cut and Paste, Steps:, 1. Select the relevant text or object., 2. Click the Cut button on the Home ribbon, 3. Place the cursor at the point where you would like to add the text., 4. Click the Paste button., ,  Copy and Paste, Steps:, 1. Select the relevant text or object., 2. Click the Copy button on the Home ribbon., 3. Place the cursor at the point where you would like to add the text., 4. Now click the Paste button., To use Word Processor help, click the Help button, Getting Help, , in the upper, , right corner of the window or press the F1 key on your keyboard., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 35 | P a g e

Page 48 : Chapter 5: Formatting in Word Processor, , , , 8th Standard, , Undo and Redo, The UNDO and REDO features will keep a list of 100 actions that you have performed,, , and it allows for taking “one step” backward in order to erase what you have just done., , , , , , , UNDO and REDO features reside on Quick Access Toolbar, Click on the UNDO button to go back one step., Click on the REDO button to go forward one step., , Formatting Text, , Formatting means changing the style and design of text and objects in the document in a, proper way and this can be achieved using the formatting toolbar.,  Font, The font is a style to change the appearance of character/text. Font clipboard is located, in home ribbon tab., , Before applying the Font, make sure that the text, is selected, Note,  Font Face, Selecting a different font is called changing the, font type. Some of the commonly used fonts are Calibri,, Times New Roman, Arial and Dejavu sans., 1. Select the relevant text. This can be anything from a single character to the entire, document., 2. Select Font on the font group., 3. Click the Drop-Down on the Font Face., 4. Select the required Font face name., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 36 | P a g e

Page 49 : Chapter 5: Formatting in Word Processor, , 8th Standard, , Example, This text is in Calibri, This text is in Algerian, This text is in Lucida Console, , Default font face in,  Microsoft word 2007 is Calibri., Know This!, ,  Openoffice.org is Times New Roman, ,  Font Size:, 1. Select the relevant text., 2. Select Font Size on the Font clipboard., 3. Click the Drop-Down on the Font Size., 4. On the list, select Font Size and click it., Example, This text is in font size 10, , This text is in font size 14, , This text is in font size 18, You can also specify your own font size. Just click in the Font Size field, and type in the size that you would like, then press [ENTER]. The size, Know This!, , must be between 1 and 1638 and can include “half sizes” such as 12.5., ,  Font style: Bold, Italic, and Underline, The steps involved in changing the selected text to Bold, Italic and Underline are., 1. Select the relevant portion of the text., 2. Select the following option on the font clipboard., for Bold (Keyboard shortcut Ctrl + B), for Italic (Keyboard shortcut Ctrl + I), for Underline (Keyboard shortcut Ctrl + U), , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 37 | P a g e

Page 50 : Chapter 5: Formatting in Word Processor, , 8th Standard, , The arrow next to the underline button offers you a choice of underlining styles., 3. To turn a character format off, click the same button again., You can select multiple formatting characteristics at the, same time, for example by clicking Bold and then Italic., Note,  Superscript and Subscript:, Superscript refers to numbers that are positioned slightly higher than the text on, the line., Example: 23, (a+b)2 etc., To make text superscript,, 1. Select the relevant portion of the text., 2. Click on Home tab,, 3. Choose the Superscript option in the Font group., Subscript refers to numbers that are positioned slightly lower than the text on the, line., Example: 10(2), H2O etc., To make text subscript,, 1. Select the relevant portion of the text., 2. Click on Home tab,, 3. Choose the Subscript option in the Font group.,  Change case, This option changes all the selected text to uppercase,, lowercase or other common capitalization., Example: KARNATAKA, When we change this word by selecting a lowercase option,, it becomes karnataka., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 38 | P a g e

Page 51 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 5: Formatting in Word Processor,  Change the text color, To make selected font color of a text:, 1. Select the text., 2. On the Font group Click Font Color, and then select the color., , , , Aligning the Text, Alignment is a way of arranging text and objects in the document. We can arrange text, , and objects in four ways., 1. Align Text Left, 2. Center, 3. Align Text Right, 4. Justify, Align text left: Text is aligned at the, left margin but jagged on the right., The text in this box is aligned left., Center: Text is centered within each, line, with jagged margins on both left, and right. The text in this box is, aligned center., , , , Align Text Right: Text is aligned at the, right margin but jagged on the left., The text in this box is aligned right., Justify: Text is aligned to both the left, and right margins, adding extra space, between words as necessary. The text, in this box is justified., , Bullets and Numbering, 1. Click the Bulleted List button, , (or) Numbered List button, , from the, , paragraph tab., 2. Type the first entry and press ENTER key. This will create a new bullet or a number, on the next line., Bulleted List, , , , , , Bananas, Milk, Eggs, Ice Cream, , Numbered List, 1., 2., 3., 4., , Bananas, Milk, Eggs, Ice Cream, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 39 | P a g e

Page 52 : Chapter 5: Formatting in Word Processor, , Note, , 8th Standard, , You can type the text first, then highlight the section and, click on the Bulleted List or Numbered List buttons to, add bullets or numbers., ,  Multilevel List, To create a nested list, such as a numbered list under a bulleted list, follow these, steps: Type the list and increase the indentation of the items that will make up the nested list, by clicking the Increase Indent button on each item., Example:, ,  Karnataka, , , , , , , Hassan,  Alur,  Belur, o Residential Schools, Mysore,  K R Nagara,  Nanjanagudu, o Residential Schools, , Paragraph,  Line spacing, Line spacing determines the amount of vertical space, , between the lines of text in a paragraph. Paragraph spacing, determines the amount of space above or below a paragraph., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 40 | P a g e

Page 53 : Chapter 5: Formatting in Word Processor, , 8th Standard, , To change the spacing before and after selected line and paragraphs;, 1. Select the line/paragraph before or after which you want to change the spacing., 2. On the Home tab, in Paragraph, click Line Spacing, 3. Click on Line Spacing Options, and select options.,  Indent paragraphs, Indentation determines the distance of the paragraph from either the left or the right, margin. Within the margins, one can increase or decrease the indentation of a paragraph or, group of paragraphs., , , , Increases Indent, , level of the paragraph, , Decreases Indent, , level of the paragraph, , Find and Replace,  Find: It is used to quickly search for every occurrence of a specific, word or phrase.,  Replace: It is used to automatically replace a word or phrase with, another — for example, you can replace MDRS with KRCRS., For replacing a specific word, follow the steps:, 1., , Select Find option from editing clipboard on home., , 2., , It displays Find and Replace dialog box., , 3., , Enter the text to be searched in the Find What text box., , 4., , Select All options in search list box (indicated by More buttons), , 5., , Select Replace All to begin the search. It highlights the first occurrence of the, text to be searched in the document., , 6., , , , Selecting Find Next continues to search for next occurrence., , Check spelling and grammar, While typing, we make mistake in spelling or we don’t know the spelling of some, , unknown words. Thus, a spell check is a great tool for making the document a mistake free., 1. Open a Word document that needs to be checked., 2. On the Review tab, in the Proofing group, click Spelling & Grammar or Press F7, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 41 | P a g e

Page 54 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 5: Formatting in Word Processor, 3. Spelling and Grammar dialog, box appears. The first suggested, correction is highlighted., Example: Change the fon style, verdana and font size to 10, Here, Spelling and Grammar, option giving the suggestions, for the mistaken word fon., , Keyboard Shortcut Keys, Remember, Cut, , Ctrl + X, , Copy, , Ctrl + C, , Paste, , Ctrl + V, , Undo, , Ctrl + Z, , Redo, , Ctrl + Y, , Bold, , Ctrl + B, , Italic, , Ctrl + I, , Underline, , Ctrl + U, , Subscript, , Ctrl + =, , Superscript, , Ctrl + Shift+ +, , Grow Font, , Ctrl + >, , Shrink Font, , Ctrl + <, , Align Left, , Ctrl + L, , Align Right, , Ctrl + R, , Align Center, , Ctrl + E, , Justify, , Ctrl + J, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 42 | P a g e

Page 55 : Chapter 6: Introduction to Spreadsheet, , Inside,  Introduction,  Starting with Spreadsheet,  Copying cell content,  Data selection and data entry,  Worksheet modification,  Getting help, , Learning Outcomes:, After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:, , , Create workbook., , , , Enter and edit data., , , , Manage worksheet.

Page 56 : Chapter 6: Introduction to Spreadsheet, , , , 8th Standard, , Introduction, Spreadsheets are designed to record and analyze numbers and data. Spreadsheets are, , very widely used for accounting and financial purposes., A spreadsheet is a grid of rows and columns and is also called as a worksheet. The, database component manipulates lists of information. The chart component creates charts that, help to present data in a graphical manner., There are many spreadsheet programs available like Open Office Calc, Microsoft, Excel, Libre Calc, etc., , , , The features of Spreadsheet Program, , , Data can also be presented graphically, which helps in a variety of data analysis., , , , It includes a number of database functions. These functions allow us to work with, data in a tabular form., , , , , , Format and organizing your data by sorting it., , , , Name ranges of data and names in formulas and navigation for automatic updating., , , , Generate charts and graphs illustrating your data, , , , Automate and customize procedures by using macros., , Starting with Spreadsheet, 1. Click the Start Button, 2. Select All Programs, 3. Go to Microsoft Office, 4. Select Microsoft Office Excel, , , , Structure of Spreadsheet Window, , , Title bar: It displays the name of the currently active workbook., , , , Rows and Columns: Most of the screen is covered with a grid of rows and, columns. The rows are labelled with numbers and the columns are labelled with, letters. This grid is your spreadsheet work area, where you will enter your data and, the see the results of your calculations., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 44 | P a g e

Page 57 : Chapter 6: Introduction to Spreadsheet, , , , 8th Standard, , Cell: The intersection of any column and row is called a cell. Cells have addresses., The cell address is its column letter followed by its row number., , , , Active Cell: The active cell is the cell that Spreadsheet is “looking” at. In a new, worksheet, the active cell is cell A1. Data is always entered into the active cell. The, active cell displays a highlighted border around the cell., , , , , , Address bar: It gives the address of the currently active cell., , , , Formula bar: It allows is used for examining and editing the contents of cells., , , , Sheet tab: It gives us information about the currently active sheet., , Creating a Workbook, Spreadsheet creates documents as workbooks. Each workbook can contain many, , spreadsheets. Each spreadsheet has a tab on the bottom marked Sheet1, Sheet2, etc. These, sheets can be added, deleted, rearranged, and the tabs renamed., To create a new workbook, you can open a blank workbook. The steps involved in creating a, new document are, 1. Click the Office Button, 2. Click the New option and then select Blank Workbook., , , The file in Spreadsheet will have the extension “.ods”,, “.xlsx”, “.sdc”, ,  By default, the file will be stored in a folder named, Know This!, , Documents, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 45 | P a g e

Page 58 : Chapter 6: Introduction to Spreadsheet, , , , 8th Standard, , Moving the Active Cell, , , Using the Mouse: To select a new active cell using the mouse, click any cell. The, cell is highlighted and the name of the cell is shown in the Cell Address box., , , , Using the Keyboard: To move the active cell one cell at a time press the arrow, keys: ↑ or ↑ or → or ←, , , , Data Selection, Use the mouse or keyboard shortcuts to select cells, rows, and columns of data:, , , Single clicking on the column label will select the whole column., , , , Single clicking on the row label will select the whole row., , , , Clicking and dragging across several row or column labels will select several rows, or columns, respectively., , , Non-adjacent cells can be selected by holding down the Ctrl key and, using the mouse to single click the desired cells., , , Hint, , , , Clicking on the gray box where the row labels and column labels, intersect (top left a corner of the worksheet) will select the whole, worksheet., , Data Entry, To enter data into a worksheet:, , , Select a cell., , , , Type the data and press either Enter or Tab to move to the next cell., , To edit data that is already entered, you can do one of the following:, , , Select the cell and retype the data (the previous data will be replaced)., , , , Double click or press F2, the cursor appears at the end of the data in the cell, and, then modify it., , , To enter data on a new line within a cell, enter a line break, by pressing Alt+Enter., , Hint, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 46 | P a g e

Page 59 : Chapter 6: Introduction to Spreadsheet, , , , 8th Standard, , Cut, Copy, and Paste, The cut, copy, and paste editing tools are available in Spreadsheet, just as they are, , available in Word Processor. You can access them either through the Edit drop menu, using, the Standard Toolbar buttons, or by using their associated keyboard shortcuts., , , , Filling Data, The Auto Fill feature allows you to quickly fill in commonly used series of data, such as, , repetitive or sequential data., It is used to fill in chronological dates or numbers, or repeated text. For example: If a, cell contains the word “January”, can quickly fill in other cells with “February”, “March”, etc., To use the Auto Fill feature:, 1. In several cells, type the first few elements of the series. For example Type 1, 3, and, 5 into three different cells., 2. Select the cells., 3. Select the handle at the bottom right corner of the cell with the left mouse and drag it, down across as many rows as you want to fill. You can also auto-fill across columns, by dragging right., 4. Release the mouse button., , , , Worksheet Modification,  Insert a Worksheet, By default, Spreadsheet provides 3 worksheets Sheet1, Sheet2, and Sheet3.To insert, , a new worksheet in front of an existing worksheet do the following steps, 1. Select the worksheet, then on the Home tab Cells group., 2. Click Insert and select Insert Sheet.,  Rename a Worksheet, To give a worksheet a more specific name, execute the, following steps., 1 Right-click on the sheet tab of Sheet1., 2 Choose Rename. Then type a name and Press Enter., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 47 | P a g e

Page 60 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 6: Introduction to Spreadsheet,  Delete a Worksheet, To delete a worksheet, right click on a sheet tab and choose Delete.,  Moving or Copying a Worksheet, , Right-click on the worksheet tab and select Move or Copy from the pop-up menu. A, dialog box will open:, , , The To Book field allows you to move, or copy the current worksheet to, another workbook., , , , The Before Sheet field allows you to, specify the, , new, , position, , of, , the, , worksheet., , , The Create a Copy check box lets you, specify whether the worksheet should, be moved or copied. If it is selected, the, workbook will be copied otherwise it, will be moved., , , , Inserting Rows and Columns, When you insert a row, the new row will be positioned above the row containing the, , active cell., 1. Select a cell in the row above which you want to insert a new row., 2. On the Home ribbon, find the Cells group and click Insert followed by Insert Sheet, Rows., 3. A new row will be inserted above the current row., When you insert a column, the new column will be positioned to the left of the column, containing the active cell., 1. Select a cell in the column to the left of which you want to insert a new column., 2. On the Home ribbon, find the Cells group and click Insert followed by Insert Sheet, Columns., 3. A new column will be inserted to the left of the current column., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 48 | P a g e

Page 61 : Chapter 6: Introduction to Spreadsheet, , , , 8th Standard, , Deleting Rows and Columns, To delete a row, do as follows:, 1. Select a cell in the row that you want to delete., 2. On the Home ribbon, find the Cells group and click Delete followed by Delete, Sheet Rows., 3. The row containing the active cell will be deleted. All the rows below it, will move up by one., To delete a column, do as follows:, 1. Select a cell in the column that you want to delete., 2. On the Home ribbon, find the Cells group and click Delete followed by Delete, Sheet Columns., 3. The column containing the active cell will be deleted. All the columns on its right, will move left by one, You can also right-click on the active cell and use the popup menu, Note, , , , to insert or delete a row/column., , Wrapping Text within a Cell, 1. Select the cell or range of cells you wish to format, 2. Locate the Alignment area of the Home ribbon, 3. Click on the button labeled Wrap Text, , , , Merge Cells, Merging joins the selected cells into one larger cell. To merge several cells, 1. Select the cell or range of cells you wish to format, 2. Locate the Alignment area of the Home ribbon, 3. Click on the down-facing arrow located next to the button labeled Merge & Centre, 4. From the list that appears, select the formatting you wish to apply (example Merge, and Centre), , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 49 | P a g e

Page 62 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 6: Introduction to Spreadsheet, , , , Calculation Operators, Operators specify the type of calculation that you want to perform on the elements of a, , formula. There are four different types of calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison, text, concatenation, and reference., , , Arithmetic operators, To perform basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, or, , multiplication, combine numbers and produce numeric results, use the following arithmetic, operators., Arithmetic operator, , Meaning, , Example, , + (plus sign), , Addition, , =3+3, , – (minus sign), , Subtraction, , =3–1, , – (minus sign), , Negation, , –1, , * (asterisk), , Multiplication, , =3*3, , / (forward slash), , Division, , =3/3, , % (percent sign), , Percent, , 20%, , ^ (caret), , Exponentiation, , 3^2, , You can perform all above arithmetic operation on the cell with a cell reference. For, Example: if the cells A1 and B1 contain base and height of a triangle, then the formula to, calculate area is, , , , =(A1*B1)/2, , Getting Help, To use Spreadsheet help, click the Help button, , in the upper right corner of the, , window or press the F1 key on your keyboard., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 50 | P a g e

Page 63 : Chapter 6: Introduction to Spreadsheet, , , , 8th Standard, , Openoffice.org Calc, , Calc is the spreadsheet component of OpenOffice.org (OOo). You can enter data (usually, numerical) in a spreadsheet and then manipulate this data to produce certain results., Alternatively, you can enter data and then use Calc in a ‘What if...’ manner by changing, some of the data and observing the results without having to retype the entire spreadsheet or, sheet., Other features provided by Calc include:, , , Functions, which can be used to create formulas to perform complex calculations on, data, , , , Database functions, to arrange, store, and filter data, , , , Dynamic charts; two new types of charts—Bubble Charts and Filled Net Charts, , , , Macros, for recording and executing repetitive tasks; scripting languages supported, include OpenOffice.org Basic, Python, and JavaScript, , , , Ability to open, edit, and save Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, , , , Import and export of spreadsheets in multiple formats, including HTML, CSV, PDF,, and PostScript, ,  Title bar, This is located at the top, shows the name of the current spreadsheet. When the spreadsheet is, newly created, its name is Untitled X, where X is a number., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 51 | P a g e

Page 64 : Chapter 6: Introduction to Spreadsheet, , 8th Standard, ,  Menu bar, Under the Title bar is the Menu bar. When you choose one of the menus, a submenu, appears with other options., , , File contains commands that apply to the entire document such as Open, Save,, Wizards, Export as PDF, and Digital Signatures., , , , Edit contains commands for editing the document such as Undo, Changes, Compare, Document, and Find and Replace., , , , View contains commands for modifying how the Calc user interface looks such as, Toolbars, Full Screen, and Zoom., , , , Insert contains commands for inserting elements such as cells, rows, columns, sheets,, and pictures into a spreadsheet., , , , Format contains commands for modifying the layout of a spreadsheet such as Styles, and Formatting, Paragraph, and Merge Cells., , , , Tools contain functions such as Spelling, Share Document, Cell Contents, Gallery,, and Macros., , , , Data contains commands for manipulating data in your spreadsheet such as Define, Range, Sort, Filter, and Data Pilot., ,  Toolbars, Three toolbars are located under the Menu bar by default, the Standard toolbar, the, Formatting toolbar, and the Formula Bar. On the left-hand side of the Formula Bar is a small, text box, called the Name Box, with a letter and number combination in it.,  Status bar, The Calc status bar provides information about the spreadsheet and convenient ways to, quickly change some of its features., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 52 | P a g e

Page 65 : Chapter 7: Formatting in Spreadsheet, , Inside,  Formatting cells,  Cell alignment,  Number format,  Functions library, , Learning Objectives:, After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:, , , Read data given in a spreadsheet., , , , Enter data and do basic calculations using a spreadsheet., , , , Enter formula to compute the average in a spreadsheet.

Page 66 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 7: Formatting in Spreadsheet, , , , Formatting Cell, The contents of a selected cell (either numbers or text) can be formatted in many ways., , By default, all cells are in General format where the text is left-aligned (contents of the cell, are flush with the left border of the cell) and numbers are right-aligned., , , Font, To change the font styles, follow the given steps, 1. Select the cell or range of cells., 2. On the Home, find the Font group and Select the Font, Font style, size, borders, fill, color and font color., 3. Click on the OK button., , , , Cell Alignment, You can align the cell data with horizontal, , alignment, vertical alignment, and orientation option., , , Horizontal Alignment, 1. Select the cell or range of cells you wish to format., 2. Locate the Alignment area of the Home ribbon., 3. Click on one of the following buttons to apply horizontal text alignment., To Align your text to, , Click on, , Left of the Cell, Middle of the Cell, Right of the Cell, , , Vertical Alignment, 1. Select the cell or range of cells you wish to format, 2. Locate the Alignment area of the Home ribbon, 3. Click on one of the following buttons to apply Vertical text alignment, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 54 | P a g e

Page 67 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 7: Formatting in Spreadsheet, To Align your text to, , Click on, , Top of the Cell, Middle of the Cell, Bottom of the Cell, , , Orientation, Rotate the text to a diagonal angle or vertical orientation, 1. Select the cell or range of cells you wish to format, 2. Locate the Alignment area of the Home ribbon, 3. Click Orientation, , , , , and then select the rotation option that you want., , Number Format, To clarify your worksheet further, you can specify the, , format in which selected numbers are displayed. To do this, select, the cells containing the numbers in question, then from the, Number group on the Home tab, click the drop-down list., Select any numbering style, or for more options, select the More Number Formats, option. In the dialog box that appears, you will see a list of categories of numbers and for each, category, there will be a second list containing possible formats. You can then choose a, format for your selected data., In addition, there are buttons in the Number group which will quickly format, numbers as currency, percentages, or fixed numbers of decimals., , , Advanced formatting options, Excel permits number to be formatted in many different ways. Without changing the, , value of the number in a cell, number format allows data to be represented so that they can be, used in many different kinds of projects., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 55 | P a g e

Page 68 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 7: Formatting in Spreadsheet, , , , Type, , Looks Like, , Option, , General, , 0.55, , None, , Number, , 0.55, , Currency, , $0.55, , Accounting, , $0.55(lines up, decimal points in a, column of data), , Number of decimal places were shown,, currency symbol, , Percentage, , 55%, , Number of decimal places shown, , Fraction, , 1/5, , Number of digits in denominator, type of, fraction, , Text, , 0.55, , Number is displayed exactly as entered, , Date, , 1/0/00, , Several Date formats available, , Time, , 1:20:00 PM, , Several Time formats available, , Special, , Varies, , Zip code, Phone number, Social Security, Number, , Number of decimal places were shown,, negative number format, Number of decimal places were shown,, currency symbol, negative number format, , Background color, Background colors (called Fill Color in Excel) can provide additional contrast in your, , worksheets whether you use them alone or to complement existing cell borders. To apply Fill, color, 1. Select the cell or range of cells you wish to format, 2. Locate the Font area of the Home ribbon, 3. Click on the down-facing arrow of the Fill Color Button, 4. From the options that appear, select the color you wish to apply to your background., , , , Formatting rows and columns, Any of the cell formatting options above can easily be applied to all the cells contained, , in one or more rows or columns. Simply select the rows or columns by clicking on the row or, column labels, and then click on the formatting icons that you want to apply., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 56 | P a g e

Page 69 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 7: Formatting in Spreadsheet, You may also want to adjust the width of a column:, 1. To manually adjust the width, click and drag the boundary, between two column headings., 2. To automatically adjust the width, select the required, columns, and then in the Cell group on the Home ribbon,, select Format, Cell Size, Autofit Column Width., , To specify an exact column width, select the columns, and then in the Cell group on, the Home ribbon, select Format, Cell Size, Column Width, and type the value you want., To adjust the height of a row:, 1. To manually adjust the height, click and drag the boundary between two-row labels., 2. To automatically adjust the height, select the required rows, and then in the Cell, group on the Home ribbon, select Format, Cell Size, Autofit Row Height., 3. To set a row or rows to a specific height, select the rows, and then in the Cell group, on the Home ribbon, select Format, Cell Size, Row Height, and type the value that, you want., , , , Functions library, A Function is a pre-defined formula for performing a particular task. Excel provides, , many such functions to make work easier. Excel provides a wide range of built-in functions, that can be included in your formulas to avoid detailed calculations., , , Basic functions, Some of the most commonly used functions include:, Functions Name, SUM( ), AVERAGE( ), , Description, To calculate the sum(total) of a set of numbers, To calculate the average of a set of numbers, , MAX( ), , To calculate the maximum value within a set of numbers, , MIN( ), , To calculate the minimum value within a set of numbers, , COUNT( ), , To count the number of cells selected, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 57 | P a g e

Page 70 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 7: Formatting in Spreadsheet, , , SUM( ): The SUM function adds all the numbers that you specify as arguments., Each argument can be a range., The general form of Sum function is, , =SUM (Starting Cell: Ending Cell), , Use this function to add the numbers in selected cells, 1. Type ‘=’ sign., 2. Type SUM and open the left bracket ‘(‘., 3. Select the range of cells for which you want to add., 4. Close the right bracket ‘)’., 5. Press Enter key to get the result., , , , AUTOSUM:, , The AutoSum is a button which is present on the toolbar., , Pressing this button will automatically calculate the sum of selected numbers., Click on AutoSum button on editing tab to calculate the total of the set of numbers., This button gives the sum of values of selected cells without typing the formula., , , , AVERAGE( ): This function gives you the average of series of numbers., The general form of this function is =AVERAGE (Starting Cell: Ending Cell), , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 58 | P a g e

Page 71 : 8th Standard, , Chapter 7: Formatting in Spreadsheet, , Type the formula as shown in above picture and press enter key. You will get the, average of series of numbers., , , COUNT( ): This function counts the number of selected cells that contain data., The general form of this function is, , , , =COUNT (Starting Cell: Ending Cell), , MAX( ): This function is used for finding the largest value from a given series of, numbers., The general form of this function is, , , , MIN( ): This function gives the smallest value from a set of values., The general form of this function is, , , , =MAX (Starting Cell: Ending Cell), , =MIN (Starting Cell: Ending Cell), , Spreadsheet Navigation, As you enter and edit data, you will need to move through the worksheet, which can be, , done using your mouse or keyboard shortcuts. The following is a summary of available, spreadsheet navigation techniques:, Action, Single Click, Enter, Shift+Enter, , Result, Cell Makes the cell active, Moves the active cell one cell down, Moves the active cell one cell up, , Tab, , Moves the active cell one cell to the right, , Shift+Tab, , Moves the active cell one cell to the left, , ↑, , Moves the active cell up one row, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 59 | P a g e

Page 72 : Chapter 7: Formatting in Spreadsheet, ↓, , Moves the active cell down one row, , ←, , Moves the active cell left one column, , →, , Moves the active cell right one column, , Home, Ctrl+Home, Ctrl+End, Page Up or Page, Down, , 8th Standard, , Moves the active cell to column A of the current row, Moves the active cell to A1, Moves the active cell to the last cell in the spreadsheet with data, Moves the active cell up or down by one screen full of rows, , Ctrl+↑, , Moves the active cell to the first row with data in the current column, , Ctrl+↓, , Moves the active cell to the last row with data in the current column, , Ctrl+ ←, , Moves the active cell to the first column with data in the current row, , Ctrl+→, , Moves the active cell to the last column with data in the current row, , Ctrl+Page Down, Ctrl+, F5, , Moves to the next worksheet, Page Up Moves to the previous worksheet, Opens the Go To dialog box, , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 60 | P a g e

Page 73 : Teachers’, Corner, , , Discuss classification in general. Ask students what we mean by classification and, why we classify things. For example, why do we classify certain things as living,, others as non-living? Establish that classification makes things easy to find,, identify, and study., , , , While discussing Analog and Digital computers, ask students what are the, different types of clocks they’ve seen. Ask them to list the differences between, Analog and Digital clocks. Use their answers to establish the concept of Analog, and Digital computers., , , , Demonstrate how to use of removable storage devices., , , , While discussing word processor ask students to observe each other’s handwriting, and note the similarities and differences. Tell them that they can use the computer, to write in different styles and colors. Inform them that the handwriting on a, computer is called ‘font’ and they can also make it bigger or smaller. Ask them to, open a particular textbook and note the different styles of fonts and whether they, are bold, underlined and so on., , , , Demonstrate text formatting using a word processor. Encourage students to write, their own content for practice, like poems, essays, etc., , , , Open a spreadsheet and demonstrate spreadsheet basics, formulas, and functions., Encourage students to practice with the mathematical formulas that they are, already familiar with., , Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society, , 61 | P a g e