Page 1 : A PROJECT REPORT, , ON, “STUDY OF LOCOMOTION OF BONY FISH IN WATER MEDIUM”, , , , PROJECT REPORT, SUBMITTED TO, The Council of Higher Secondary Education, Manipur, In partial fulfillment of (XII) Sc. (Biology) 2022, , Submitted by:SE, 10 Cr, Regn. No. .......cccceceee OP wert inenecnness, Roll No., , ST. JOSEPH’S HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,, SANGAIPROU, IMPHAL WEST

Page 2 : Ledenowledgement, , | am deeply indebted to Madam Monika Irengbam, Lecturer in Zoology, for, her valuable guidance and helping me to complete this piece of project work as, a part of XII Sc. Examination., , Secondly I am also thankful to my colleague Miss Romola Lecturer in Botany, Sir Avijeet and Miss Rita (Lab attendant) and other concem teachers of this, Institute for their keen interest., , Lastly I am also thankful the Principle, Sister Ruby and non- teaching staff of, , this institute for providing necessary facility and lab. to complete this project, work.

Page 4 : CONTENTS, , (i) Introduction, , (2) Material & Methods, (3) Observation, , (4) Conclusion

Page 5 : INTRODUCTION, , The badiy sng, , , , srentatarorp, , , , , Animals can ¢ e fram ore p!, , , , , zed by, lacomation. Cifterans tyae af arimals have differert orzans far jocomatior, , aquatic animals and sao, , Fi sbesare, , , , yomming movement, The muscles present on e ther sides of the, , vertebral column ard fins help the fishes in their locomotion, , , , There are two types of fins in fishes, , () Unpaired fins i.e., dorsal, anal and caudal (tai!) fins and, Gi) Paired fins i.e., pectoral and pelvic fins., , Locomatian of a fish in forward direction is assisted by the tail or caudal fin. The tail is, lashed from one side to another with the help of muscles present on either side of vertebral, column and the fish moves in forward direction. These muscles contract rhythmically from, head to tail on each side of the body alternately, causing a wave like movement which, passes down the body and the fish moves forward in undulating manner. The tail fin also, helps in changing the direction by giving forward thrust. In the siender and longer fishes,, these movement are very pronounced., , The median fins (i.e., dorsal and anal fins) are used as propelling organs. These control the, , rolling and jawing movements by increasing the vertical surface area presented to the, water,, , The paired fins (i.e., pectoral and petvic fins) control the pitch of the fish, causing it to swim, downwards or upwards according to the angle of water at which they are held by their, muscles. The paired fins also help in slowing or stopping the movement., , The study of locomotion, importance of different fins in balancing and steering the body, , have been taken for the present project work., ~, Foraacd teust, Sdeways ‘, Forward 7 *, w, , trust, , thrust, Sideways, trust “SS Thrust of water, , , , , , , , , , Fig. P-16.1. A fish with different, , Fig. P-15.2. Swimming movements, types of fins, , in a fish by fins.