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1, Sources, Quantity and Quality of Water, UNIT I, Syllabus :, 1.1 Sources of Water : Surface and Subsurface sources of water, Intake Structures, Definition and types, Factors, governing the location of an intake structure, Types of intakes., 1.2 Quantity of water Need to protect water supplies, flow diagram of water supply scheme, function of units,, Demands of water, Factors affecting rate of demand, Variations of water demands, Forecasting of population,, Methods of forecasting of population, (Simple problems on forecasting of population), Design period, Estimating of, quantity of water supply required for city or town., 1.3 Quality of Water : Need for analysis of water, Characteristics of water- Physical, Chemical and Biological, Testing, of water for Total solids, hardness, chlorides, dissolved Oxygen, pH, Fluoride, Nitrogen and its compounds,, Bacteriological tests, E coli, B coli index, MPN, Sampling of water, Water quality standards as per I.S. 10500., 1.1, Importance of Public Health Engineering :, ( MSBTE - S-16, S-17), Q., State the importance of public health engineering with respect to water supply and sanitation., State the importance of public health engineering., S-16, Q., S-17, Public health Engineering is part of the Environmental Health program within the Public Health Protection, department., The Regional Public Health Engineer (PHE) administers sections of the health legislation relating to public water, supplies and public swimming pools and provides engineering expertise and advice to the medical health officers,, other agencies and the public relating to technical aspects of drinking water, swimming pools and other, environmental issues., 1.1.1 Functions of Public Health Engineering:, 1., To review and approve construction plans pursuit to health legislation., 2., To provide engineering expertise, advice and guidance to health officers, other government agencies and the public, on technical matters pertaining to environmental health issues., 3., To provide professional public health engineering support in identifying, resolving and preventing community, environmental health problems., 4., To analyze and provide technical input on public health problems and related controversial issues., 1.2, Need to Protect Water Supplies :, (MSBTE- S-16), S-16, Q., Describe need of protected water supplies., Water used for drinking, teeth cleaning, hand-washing, bathing, showering, food preparation and cooking needs to be, free from harmful germs and chemicals., Clear water does not always mean the water is safe., Major sources of water supply contamination are :

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Sources, uroug, y Ul Water, 1-2, Public Health Engineering (MSBTE), 1., Sewage pollution, including septic tanks., 2., Animal faces, especially if animals are within 10 metres of a water supply., 3., Fertilizers., Disease-causing bacteria and viruses may enter a water supply at the source. E.g. through animal or human faces, some of the most commonly found bacteria are E-coli, Salmonella etc., water borne germs can cause serious illness (diarrhea, vomiting) which can be particularly dangerous for infants, old, peoples or people with damaged immune system., Some area may have chemical contaminants like nitrate, arsenic and boron, iron etc. a high nitrate concentration can, affect breathing. The chemicals like have some effect on living organisms., Hence there is need to protect water supply., 1.3, Flow Diagram of Water Supply Scheme:, ( MSBTE - W-14, W-18), Q., Draw flow diagram of water supply scheme from source to consumer., W-14, W-18, Water source, Intake structure, Bar screen, Low lift pump well, Pre chlorination, Coagulation and Flocculation, Sedimentation basin, Filtration, Post chlorination, Sump well, High lift, dund, Elevated water storage tank, Distribution system, Fig. 1.3.1

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Public Health Engineering (MSBTE), 1-3, Sources, Quantity and Quality of Water, 1.3.1, Function of Units :, (MSBTE - W-14), Q., Mention one function of each unit of flow diagram of water supply scheme., W-14, 1., Intake structure, 2., Bar screen, 3., Low lift pump well, 4., Primary disinfection, 5., Coagulation, 6., Flocculation, 7., Sedimentation, 8., Filtration, 9., Sump well, 10., Secondary disinfection, 11. High lift pump well, 12., ESR, 13. Distribution system, 1., Intake structure :, Raw water from a surface water is drawn into plant through intake structure., 2., Bar screen :, To remove floating matter from water., 3., Low lift pump well :, These pumps lift the water to flow through the treatment processes by gravity., 4., Primary disinfection :, To disinfect the water., 5., Coagulation :, Coagulants rapidly add electrochemical charges that attract the small particles in water to clamp together as a "floc"., This initial charge neutralization process allows the formed floc to agglomerate but remain suspended., 6., Flocculation :, By slower mixing turbulence causes the flocculated water to form larger floc particles that become cohesive and, increase in mass. This visible floc is kept in suspension until large enough to settle under the influence of gravity., 7., Sedimentation :, Flocculated water is applied to large volume tanks where the flow speed slows down and the dense floc settles in, sedimentation tank., 8., Filtration :, Remaining impurities is removed in filters., 9., Sump well:, Filtered water is stored in sump well., 10. Secondary disinfection :, Supplemental chlorine is added to maintain disinfection concentration. While the water is pumped through the, distribution system. The purpose is to ensure minimum residual disinfectant levels at the farthest point of the system., 11. High lift pump well :, Treat drinking water is pumped through large pressure pumps to other pumping stations, reservoirs or points of, supply within the local distribution system., 12. ESR:, ESR ensures stable water pressure in distribution system.

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Sources, Quanuy MMILY UI Water, Public Health Engineering (MSBTE), 1-4, 13. Distribution system :, Distribution systems are comprised of large pipes known as trank mains to deliver drinking water. Smaller diamet, Branch mains feed individual streets service connections to branch mains deliver water into residences pumpine, stations are used to increase pressure and to maintain adequate supply flows., Importance of water supply projects:, (1) Makes water pure., (2) Removes harmful bacteria., (3) Removes iron and manganese preset., (4), Makes water potable so that all the characteristics of water are within the limit., (5) All supplies water with required pressure., 1.3.2 Layout of Water Supply Project :, (MSBTE - W-14, W-16), Q., Draw layout of water supply project. Label the parts and state the work carried out by each part., W-14, Q., Draw layout of water supply scheme., W-16, Clari-flocculator, R.S.F., E.S.R., -Flash mixer, Cascade aerator, R.S.F., Distribution, system, Raw water, Screen, Coagulant, addition, chamber, R.S.F., Pump, Clari-flocculator, - Chlorination tank, Pure water, Flg. 1.3.2 : Layout of Water Supply Scheme, 1.4, Sources of Water:, ( MSBTE - S-11, W-11, W-14, S-16), Q., List any four sources of surface water., S-11., Classify sources of water. Explain one., Enlist various surface and subsurface sources of water,, Q., Q., W-11., W-14, S-16, Various sources of water can be classified as,, 1., Surface source :, Dafinition : When the surface runoff is available for water supply schemes then such sources are known as surface, sources., Teck Knowledg

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Public Health Engineering (MSBTE), 1-5, Sources, Quantity and Quality of Water, Types of surface sources :, The usual forms of surface sources are as follows :, (a), Stream, (b), Lake, (c), River, (d), Reservoirs, (e), Ponds, (f), Stored rain water, (a) Stream : In mountainous regions, streams are formed by the runoff. The discharge in streams is much in rainy season, than other seasons., (b) Lake : In mountains, at some places, natural basins are formed with impervious beds. Water from springs and streams, generally flows towards these basins thus for mining lakes., (c) River : Rivers are born when the discharge of large number of springs and streams combine together., (d) Reservoirs : Due to great variation in the quantity of river water during monsoon and summer season, the, impounding reservoirs are formed, the main object or function of a reservoir is to store water and thus it stabilizes, the flow of water., (e) Ponds : A pond is man-made body of standing water smaller than a lake. Thus the ponds are formed due to excessive, digging of ground. They are filled up with water in rainy season., (f) Stored rain water : At some places where neither ground water nor surface water is easily available, the only way is, to store the rain water in tanks from roof of building. Water stored in this way is limited., 2., Underground sources (or subsurface sources) :, Definition : The water that has percolated into the ground is brought on the surface, then such type of source is known as, underground sources or subsurface sources., Types of subsurface sources :, The usual forms of subsurface sources are as follows :, (a) Infiltration galleries, (b) Springs :, (i) Artesian,, (ii) Gravity, (ii) Surface, (c), Wells :, (i) Shallow well (ii) Deep well, (iii) Tube well, (iv) Artesian well, (a) Infiltration galleries :, An infiltration gallery is a horizontal or nearly horizontal tunnel which is constructed through water bearing strata. It is, sometimes referred to as the horizontal well., Infiltration gallery consists of open jointed perforated stoneware or concrete pipes embedded in sandy subsurface., These pipes are surrounded by aggregate., Aggregates act as filtering layer., Pipes may be in single or double rows., Ground water percolates through aggregates into pipe and is conveyed to a sump well., Pipe line is laid below the lowest ground water level in aquifer., Manholes are provided for inspection at 100 m intervals if pipe line is very long., Tech Knowledge, Publicationt