Page 1 : Polygraphy (Lie Detection) Reviewer, Polygraph - popularly referred to as lie detector. - measures and records several psychological indices such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration and skin conductivity while the subject is asked ansanswers a series of questions.,                     - literally means "many writings".,                     - is derived from two Greek words "Poly"-,                       which means many and "Graphos"- ,                       which means writing., blood pressure - is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels and is one of the principal vital signs., pulse - represents the tactile arterial palpitation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips. It can also be measured by listening to the heart directly using a stethoscope., respiration - the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction., skin conductivity - also known as Galvanic sin response - is a method of measuring the electrical conductance of the skin which varies with its moisture level., ohmmeter - is an electrical instrument that measures electricalresistance, the opposition to an electric current., galvanometer - an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current., stimuli - is applied to sensory receptor, it influences a reflex via stimulus transduction., Personalities who contributed to the development of the polygraph machine., Cesare Lombroso - he invented in 1895 a device to measure changers in blood pressure for police case., John Augustus Larson - a medical student at the University of California at Berkeley, invented the polygraph in 1921.The device record both blood pressure and galvanic skin response. Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler., Leonarde Keeler - was the co-inventor of the polygraph. He developed the so called cardio-pneumo psychogram capable of detecting deception and worked on to produce the modern polygraph., William Marston - an american who used blood pressure to examine german prisoners of war., John Reid - In 1948, developed a device which recorded muscular activity accompanying changes in blood pressure. He claimed greater accuracy could be obtained by making the recordings simultaneously with standard blood pressure, pulse, and respiration recordings., Two types of present day polygraph instrumentation, analog, computerized - most polygraph examiners now used this., Types of Questions in a Polygraph Test, 1. Control Question - preliminary information question, 2. Irrelevant Question - , 3. Relevant Question,     - In a polygraph test, the types of questions ,       alternates, the test is passed if the physiological,       responses during the probable lie control questions ,       are larger than those during the relevant ,       question., Lie Detection - is the practice of determining whether someone is lying., , Three Basic Approaches To The Polygraph Test, 1. The Control Question Test (CQT) - this test,     compares the physiological response to relevant ,     questions about the crime with the response to ,     questions relating to possible prior misdeeds. This,     test is often used to determine whether certain,     criminal suspects should be prosecuted or classified ,     as uninvolved in the crime., 2. The Directed Lie Test (DLT) - this test tries to detect ,     lying by comparing physiological responses when ,     the subject is told to deliberately lie to responses,     when they tell the truth., 3. The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) - this test ,     compares physiological responses to multiple choice ,     type questions about the crime, one choice of which,     contains information only the crime investigators ,     and the criminal  would know about., , 3 Phases Of A Polygraph Examination, 1. Pre-Test Phase - the examiner discusses with the,     subject the test issue, review the test questions,     that will be ask during the test and assess the ,     subjects emotional and physiological suitability to,     undergo the polygraph test., 2. Testing Phase - subjects physiological responses,     are recorded as the subject answers a set of ,     questions reviewed earlier., 3. Post Test Phase - examiner reviews test data ,     obtained and interprets the polygraph chart., , Conclusions That A Polygraph Examiner May Reach, 1. Subject is telling the truth, 2. Subject is not telling the truth, 3. The result is inconclusive, , * A polygraph test normally lasts between one and a,    half hours to two and a half hours., , * Polygraph test result in the philippines is not ,    admissible in evidence as proof of the guilt of an,    accused., , * Polygraph test is voluntary., , * The accuracy of polygraph test is about 90% ,    provided the examiner is competent and the ,    polygraph machine is in good working condition., , * Polygraph is an investigative tool., , * The principle behind a lie detection test is that when,    the subject hears a questions which he or she ,    intends to lie, the brain interprets and triggers ,    automatic and uncontrollable physiological changes,    captured by the polygraph., , Who Uses The Polygraph, 1. Law Enforcement Agencies, 2. Legal Community, 3. Private Sector, , Kinds of Errors in a Polygraph Test, 1. False Positive - occurs when a truthful examinee,     is reported as being deceptive., 2. False Negative - when a deceptive examinee is,     reported as truthful., , Causes of Polygraph Errors, 1. Failure of examiner to properly prepare the ,     examinee for the examination., 2. Misreading of the physiological data on the ,     polygraph charts., 3. Defective polygraph machine., , Reactions - changes in blood pressure, pulse rate,, breathing and sweat activity., 1875 - The earliest attempt at a scientific approach to the development, of diagnostic instrumentation for lie detection, when the Italian, physiologist, Angelo Mosso (1846-1910), began studies of fear and its, influence on the heart and respiration. The fear of being detected was, considered an essential element of deception. Through his research, Mosso demonstrated that blood pressure, blood volume, and pulse, frequency changed depending on changes in emotions of a tested, subject. From records of pulsation, Mosso was able to distinguish, persons who were afraid from those who were tranquil., , 1915 - the year Dr.Marston developed the discontinuous systolic blood, pressure test which would later become one component of the modern, polygraph., , 1992 - the polygraph made its official entrance into the computer age., , 1997 - considered the year of birth of lie detection in Ukraine., , 18th Century - the era conducive to developing technical means of, detecting deception, subsequently named: lie detector, variograph,, polygraph, emotional stress monitor, deceptograph, to name a few., , African Tribes - have utilized their own method of detecting a guilty, person. While performing a special dance around a suspected individual,, a sorcerer intensely sniffed him. The "investigator" made a conclusion, whether the suspect committed the crime based upon the intensity of, his body odor., , Alexander R. Luria - (1902-1977) a Soviet neuropsychologist, who, initiated  the research on the psycho-physiological diagnostic, instrumentation methods in criminal investigations which began in, the 1920s. He used reaction time measures to study thought processes, and developed a psychodiagnostic procedure he referred to as the, "combined motor method" for diagnosing individual subject's thought, processes. He did not use an instrument in his study., , Ancient Methods of Lie Detection, ,       Ancient Rome - bodyguard candidates were asked provocative,       questions. Those who blushed were selected for the job. It was,       believed that if a person blushed in response to provocative,       questions, he would not participate in plots., ,       Ancient Sparta - Before being admitted to certain schools Spartan,       young men were required to pass the selection criteria. The,       young men were ordered to stand on the edge of a cliff, and were,       asked if they were afraid. The answer was always negative;,       however its integrity was determined by the men’s complexion.,       It was concluded that the pale young men lied and they were,       pushed from the cliff., ,       Nervous Behavior - if the subject look down and moved his toe,       in a circular motion while being interrogated, he was thought,       to be deceptive. This was later diagnosed as nervous behaviorism.,       Nervous individuals were stereotyped as being deceptive., ,       The Ordeal of Rice - was commonly utilized as a lie detector in,       ancient China. Suspect was required to chew a mouthful of dry,       rice and then spit it out. If the rice was moist, the suspect,       was judged innocent. If the rice was dry, the suspect was judged,       guilty. The tension of guilt supposedly caused a cessation of,       salivary glands secretion of fluids., ,       The Ordeal of the Hot iron - in Africa, the suspect had a hot,       iron placed on his tongue, if the suspect's tongue was not,       burned, he was judged innocent, if the suspect's tongue was,       burned, he was judged guilty. The tension of guilt supposedly,       caused a cessation of salivary secretions which would allow the,       tongue to be burned., ,       The Ordeal of the Sacred Donkey - around 1500 BC in India,,       Indian priests paints a donkey's tail with carbon residue from,       an oil lamp and placed the animal in a dark tent. The suspects,       were sent into the tent and told that pulling the "magic",       donkey's tail would reveal the liar (if a guilty man pulls his,       tail, the donkey will bray). When the suspects came out, the,       priests examined their hands. Those with clean hands had not,       touched the donkey's tail. It was assumed that this was due,       to the suspects’ fear of their guilt being discovered, proving,       they were liars., , Angelo Mosso - an Italian Physiologist, he used an instrument called, plethysmograph in his research on emotion and fear in subjects, undergoing questioning and he studied the effects of these variables, on their cardiovascular and respiratory activity., ,       Plethysmograph - from the Greek word "Plethysmos" - increase or,       enlargement and "grapho" - write or record, is an instrument for,       recording and measuring variation in the volume of a part of,       the body, especially as caused by changes in blood pressure., , Anti–Climax Dampening - The principle of psychological focus which, holds that a person will establish an emotional priority for that, stimulus which he perceives to represent the greatest threat to his, well being., , Anxiety - A state of mental uneasiness or concern. Abnormal apprehension, or fear, often accompanied by psychological signs, behavior symptoms or, doubt concerning the nature and reality of a threat; real or imagined., Unfounded self–doubt., , Apnea - The transient cessation of breathing which follows forced, breathing. On a polygraph chart, apnea is generally represented by, a blocking pattern in the pneumograph tracing., , Applied Stimulus - An intentionally applied external stimulus,, normally in the form of a question, directed to a person under going, a polygraph examination. An applied stimulus may be employed for the, purpose of demonstrating a persons response capabilities at the time, the stimulus is applied., , Associated Research Inc. - in Chicago, manufactured the 1st  commercial, polygraph instrument for Leonarde Keeler., , Autonomic Nervous System - That part of the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system., , Axon - The central core which forms the essential conducting part of, a nerve fiber. An extension from and a part of the cytoplasm of some, nerve cells., , Backster Zone Comparison Technique -  a polygraph technique which, primarily involved an alteration of the Reid question sequencing., , Basic Polygraph Examination Requirements, 1. The Examining Room - Polygraph examinations should be conducted in,    a quiet. private room. Under normal circumstances only the,    polygraphist and examines are permitted in the examining room., 2. Pre-Test Interview - The examination actually begins with the first,    contact between the examinee and the polygraphist. The pre- test,    interview is vital to a proper polygraph examination. and no,    examination will be administered by any AzPa member without an,    adequate pre-test interview., 3. Question Formulation - Question formulation should be conduced in,    accordance with established standards and techniques. Unless,    specifically required by the nature of the issue being resolved,,    no questions regarding morals or the intimate details of a person’s,    personal life will be asked., 4. Test Construction - The use and placement of test questions within,    the question sequence must adhere to and be in accordance with,    those techniques generally recognized and widely accepted within,    the polygraph profession., 5. Stimulation Test - The “stim” test is optional. It may be,    conducted either as the first polygraph chart or inserted between,    polygraph charts. The fact that an individual has been previously,    examined, perhaps even by the same polygraphist], does not negate,    the use of the “stim” test., 6. Review of Test Questions - Under no circumstances will any test,    be administered without a prior, thorough review of all test,    questions with the examinee., 7. Administering The Polygraph Charts,       a. After applying pressure to the blood pressure cuff at the,          time of the test, the polygraphist should be able to announce,          the beginning of the test with minimum delay.,       b. Test questions should be usually spaced at not less than,          15 second intervals.,       c. The administering of the polygraph examination shall be,          conducted in accordance with established standards and,          techniques which are taught by the accredited schools., 8. Chart Interpretation - Chart interpretation is the final key to,    a valid polygraph examination. Under no circumstances is it,    permitted that a AzPa polygraphist overlook or ignore the,    established, basic concepts of chart interpretation taught in,    all accredited polygraph schools., , Behavior Symptoms - Those subjectively observable non-verbal, manifestations of a person at the time of an applied stimulus which, may or may not be indicative of that person’s veracity., , Blood Pressure Change - The visual representation of an increase or, decrease in blood pressure or volume on a polygraph chart by the, cardio component of a polygraph instrument., , Cardio-Sphygmo-graph - Heart/pressure/recording. The tracing on a, polygraph chart, made by a pen moved by a bellows device in connection, with a closed air pressurized circuit and an in-line, cardiosphygmomanometer, which reflects blood pressure and radial pulse, in response to an applied stimulus., , Cardiosphygmomanometer -  An in-line pressure dial in a closed air, pressurized circuit capable of representing the pressure in that, circuit in units of millimeters of mercury., , Cardiovascular System - Those portions of an organism which contain, the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The functional means by, which blood is transported throughout the body., , Cerebellum - That portion of the brain which projects over the medulla, and is especially concerned with the coordination of muscular activity, and body equilibrium., , Cerebrum - The enlarged front and upper part of the brain which contains, the higher nervous centers., , Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) was the first in 1895 to experiment with a, device, measuring blood pressure and pulse, to detect deception in, criminal suspects and noted increased blood pressure following, relevant questions when put to some subjects. He called it a, Hydrosphygmograph., , Chart - The graphic recorded representations of a persons, psychophysiological responses to a set of carefully controlled, stimuli presented to him in the form of a valid and reliable question, structure., , Christian Hans Stoelting - founded the stoelting company, now a, Manufacturer and distributor of research instrumentation including, physiology and biofeedback for scientific research plus psychological, and educational tests., ,       Stoelting Company - Stoelting invented the first modern,       polygraph in 1935., , Chart Identification - Any information placed on a polygram which, identified the person examined, the polygraphist conducting the, examination as well as any other data, time and place of the, examination, including the signature of the examinee, if obtainable., , Cleve Backster -  he founded the CIA's polygraph unit shortly after, World War II. He also founded the longest running polygraph school, in the world. He developed the Backster Zone Comparison Technique, (ZCT)., , Control Stimulation Test -  A modified peak of tension test used to, relax the non-deceptive examinee and stimulate the deceptive examinee, by empirical evidence of the effectiveness of the polygraph technique., , Control Question - That question within a structured technique which, is broad in scope and depth, generally limited by mutually exclusive, time parameter, which relates to a wrong doing of the same general, nature as the one under investigation, and one to which the examiner, will, in all probability, lie or to which his answer will be of, dubious validity in his own mind.,       - A question to which the examinee’s answer will be a known lie, or a probable lie. This question is similar in nature but not related, to the issue being resolved, and should be of slightly less weight, than the relevant questions., , Control Question Technique (CQT) - a polygraph technique that, incorporated control questions (comparison) which were designed to be, emotionally arousing for non-deceptive subjects and less emotionally, arousing for deceptive subjects than the relevant questions, previously used., , Counter Measures - Deliberate chemical, mental or physical, attempts, by an examinee to affect the polygraph tracings or the final outcome, of a polygraph examination., , Cuff pressure - The air pressure in the inflatable bladder in the, blood pressure cuff as indicated on the sphygmomanometer of the, polygraph instrument in units of millimeters of mercury., , Daniel Defoe - a British novelist who in 1730 wrote an essay entitled, "An Effectual Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies, and Suppressing all Other Disorders of the Night", wherein he, recommended that taking the pulse of a suspicious fellow was a, practical, effective and humane method for distinguishing truthfulness, from lying., , Deception - the act of making someone believe something that is, not true., , Dendrites - An extension or process of a neuron which serves to conduct, impulses toward the cell body., , Dick Arther - refined the Reid Control Question Technique with his, known Lie and Probable Lie Question Technique and the Guilt Complex, Question. This Became known as Arther's Technique., , Dicrotic Notch - graphic representation within the cardio tracing on, a polygraph chart caused by a backward surge of blood against the, semi-lunar valve in the left ventricle of the heart., , Distortion - change in polygraph tracings caused by artifact stimulus., A disturbance of normal polygraph tracings not attributable to an, intended stimulus within a test structure., , Dr. Joseph F. Kubis - of Fordham University in New York City, was the, first researcher to use potential computer applications for the, purpose of polygraph chart analysis in the late 1970's., , Dr. Marie Gabriel Romain Vigouroux (1831-1911) a French electrotherapy, specialist was first to discover in 1879 the phenomenon we now know, as Electrodermal Response., ,       Electrodermal Response - human body phenomenon in which the body,,       mainly the skin, involuntarily changes resistance electrically,       upon the application of certain external stimuli., ,       Scientists Who Contributed to the electrodermal response research,       1. Ivan R. Tarchanoff (1846-1908) Georgian,       2. Charles Samson Fere (1852-1907) French,       3. Georg Sticker (1860-1960) German,       4. Otto Veraguth (1870-1944) Swiss, , Dyspena - Abnormal breathing characterized by either labored breathing,, shortness of breath, suppression or serrated exhalation., , Efferent Nerve Fibers - Those neural fibers which carry impulses away, from the central nervous system., , Ego Defense Mechanism - Those psychological defenses used by a person, to shield himself against that which he perceives to represent a, threat to his immediate well-being., , Endocrine Glands - Those ductless glands which discharge their, secretions directly into the blood stream. In general, the endocrine, glands coordinate and control body activities at a slower rate than, the nervous system and thus promote long term adjustments., , Enveloping Question - A question used at the beginning and end of a, searching peak of tension test which deals with an issue or subject, which is beyond the realm of possibility of the information being, sought., , Eupnea - Regular or normal breathing., , Examinee -  An individual who has volunteered for and undergoes a, polygraph examination., , Excitability - The potential ability of a neuron to respond to any, given stimulus., , Expert Opinion - A statement reflecting the results of the evaluation, of a polygraph chart., , Extrasystole - A premature contraction of the heart which is, independent of the normal rhythm and which arises in response to an, impulse in some part of the heart other than the sino-auricular node,, or from some abnormal stimulus. An extra systole appears in the cardio, tracing of a polygraph chart as a break in the normal rhythm of, the heart., , Fight or Flight Syndrome - The activation of involuntary sympathetic, neural activity upon conscious recognition of a threat to the, immediate well-being of an organism. A group of neural symptoms which, enable an organism to cope with a stressful or threatening situation, by taking that organism from a normal relaxed state to an emergency, state of preparedness for the sake of survival., , Forensic Psychophysiology -  Modern term for polygraph examination., , Galvanograph - elecrtrical Current recording, known as the GSR, galvanic, skin response and galvanic skin conductance., , Galvanometer - measures the small differences in electrical, resistance and any shifts in a subject’s anxiety., , Ganglia -  Groups of nerve cell bodies found in the autonomic plexuses, composed primarily of sympathetic postganglionic neurons., , Guilt Complex -  A group of associated ideas or attitudes which have a, common emotional tone of feelings of universal responsibility. these, ideas or attitudes may be conscious or unconscious; however, they, may significantly influence an individuals behavior or, psychophysiological responses when confronted with an accusation., ,       Guilt Complex Question - A question included in a structured,       polygraph test designed to identify a person who may be,       inappropriately responding to relevant and control questions,       due to a guilt complex. This question is usually one which,       concerns a nonexistent crime or circumstance which an examinee,       is led to believe did exist in which he is suspect but which,       he knows he could not have committed., ,       Guilt Complex Question -  A question about a fictitious incident,       of individual. and of a similar nature and weight as the issue,       being resolved., , Sticker - one of the first to suggest the use of EDA, galvanic, skin response as an indicator of deception., , Hidden Key - An item of evidence known only to the victim, perpetrator,, investigator and polygraphist., , Homestasis - The tendency of an organism to maintain a state of, equilibrium between interrelated psychological and psysiological stimuli., , Hydrosphygmograph - (water pressure recording) a device consisting, of a cylinder containing water and connected with a registering tube,, used to record the amount of blood forced with each pulsation into a, limb in cased in the apparatus., , Hypnosis - alteration of consciousness and concentration, subject, manifest heightened suggestability, not admissible in court., , Hypothalamus - That portion of the brain which contains centers for, the regulation of body temperatures, sleep and water balance. It, also appears to be the center for the integration of emotions,, visceral activity and neural impulses which trigger the sympathetic, division of the autonomic nervous system., , Irrelevant Question - is intended to be an innocuous. harmless, question, having no particular relationship to the issue being, resolved and which can unequivocally be answered truthfully., ,       Primary Relevant Question - The key question regarding the direct,       act of committing an offense., ,       Secondary Relevant Question - A question pertaining to pertinent,       aspects of the issue. to which a guilty or knowledgeable person,       would be expected to respond significantly., , Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval (June 8,1851–December 31,1940) was a French, physician, physicist, and inventor of the moving-coil D'Arsonval, galvanometer and the thermocouple ammeter. D'Arsonval was an important, contributor to the emerging field of electrophysiology, the study of, the effects of electricity on biological organisms, in the, 19th century., , John Augustus Larson - was a Police Officer for Berkeley, California,, United States, and famous for his invention of modern polygraph used, in forensic investigations. He was the first American police officer, having an academic doctorate and to use polygraph in criminal, investigations., , John E. Reid - a lawyer from Chicago, Illinois, developed the Control, Question Technique (CQT) in 1947. Also called the "father of Controls"., ,       Reid Control Question Technique - inserted a surprise control,       question in the relevant/irrelevant technique., , Keeler Polygraph - It became the most widely used polygraph in the, world for the next three decades., , Known Peak of Tension Test - This is a series of similar type questions, containing only one relevant question. known to the polygraphist., ,       Searching Peak of Tension Test - A series of questions wherein,       the relevant questions are not known to the polygraphist., , Kymograph - An instrument for recording variations in pressure, as, of the blood, or in tension, as of a muscle, by means of a pen or, stylus that marks a rotating drum at a constant speed., , Lafayette Instrument Company - founded in 1947 by Max Wastl, (1915-1990), located in Lafayette, Indiana, USA, dominates the, international polygraph market. It is the unconditional global leader, in the manufacture and sale of lie detectors., , Leonarde Keeler - in 1926, modified the polygraph instrument designed, by John Larson by adding a device that measured electrical skin, conductivity or electrodermal response. He also  founded the world's, first polygraph school, the Keeler Polygraph Institute in Chicago,, Illinois in 1948. Considered the father of modern polygraph., , Lie - is an intentionally false statement to a person or group made, by another person or group who knows it is not wholly the truth., ,       Kinds of Lie,       1. White or Benign Lie - lie to preserve harmony of relationship.,       2. Pathological Lie - can not tell right from wrong.,       3. Red Lie - communist propaganda,       4. Black Lie - lie to dishonor or to discredit,       5. Malicious/Judicial Lie -misleading or lie to obstruct justice.,       6. Fabrication - misrepresentation of truth,       7. Bold-Face Lie - obviously lying,       8. Lying by Omission - omission of important facts,       9. Lie to Children - to gain acceptance to children,       10.Noble Lie - to maintain law and order,       11.Emergency Lie - to prevent harm to third party,       12.Perjury - false testimony under oath,       13.Bluffing - pretense of capability/intention one does not possess,       14.Jocose Lie - meant to be jest, teasing and sarcasm,       15.Contextual lie - stating part of truth out of context,       16.Promotion lie - incredible advertisements, ,       Type of Liars,       1. Panic Liars,       2. Occupational Liars,       3. Tournament Liars,       4. Psychopathic Liars,       5. Ethological Liars,       6. Pathological Liars,       7. Black Liars, , Luigi Galvani - an Italian Physician and Physiologist who in 1791,, accidentally discovered that a dissected frog leg would twitch and, contract at the touch of a scalpel charged with electricity. He, discovered that current or galvanic electricity flowed through animal, tissue., , Mechanical Adjustment - The manual centering of the ink pens on a, polygraph instrument in order to maintain the individual component, tracings within their appropriate physical parameters., , Medula Oblongata - The lowest or hindmost part of the brain continuous, with the spinal cord. Contains centers of respiratory, cardio inhibitory,, cardio acceleratory, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator, swallowing, salivary, and vomiting., , Midbrain - The middle segment of the brain containing the centers for, certain visual and auditory reflexes., , Middle Ages - a suspect's pulse rate readings were collected for, determining his or her guilt. This method was employed for exposing, unfaithful wives and their lovers. The testing technique was very, simple. A trained individual placed a finger on a wrist of a woman, suspected of infidelity, while mentioning names of the men, who could, have had an intimate relationship with her. The examinee's pulse, accelerated when she heard and, consequently, reacted to the name, of her lover., , Name Test - A controlled peak of tension test utilized to establish, an examinee’s response capability to a known lie in which the name, of a person upon whom the examinee places emotional significance is, used as a known peak of tension., , Nerves - Those strands of tissue which specialize in the transmission, of impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord and all parts of, the body., , Neuron - A single nerve cell., , Neutral Question - A question which does not pertain to the issue under, investigation the answer to which recognized as universally correct, by both the examinee and the polygraphist. A neutral question is, intended to elicit a minimal response from the examinee and provide, the polygraphist with a valid graphic representation of the, examinee’s non-stress response patterns., , Numerical Evaluation - A valid and reliable system of numerical, evaluation which employs a consistent set of values to describe the, observable physiological responses graphically represented on a, polygraph chart., , Opinion - The expert conclusion expressed by a qualified polygraphist, concerning the veracity of the statements made by examinee., , Otto Veraguth - was a Swiss neurologist. In the 1900s he published a, study of a phenomenon he called "psychogalvanic reflex" associated, with observed changes in the electrical properties of the skin. In, his research he noticed that emotional stimuli caused greater, deflections (higher readings) on a galvanometer that was connected, to the skin via electrodes than did neutral stimuli. He used the, galvanomenter in conjunction with word-association tests., ,       Psychogalvanic Reflex - also called galvanic skin response, a,       change in the electrical properties of the body following noxious,       stimulation, stimulation that produces emotional reaction and to,       some extent, stimulation that attracts the subject's attention,       and leads to an aroused alertness., , Outside Issue - A circumstance unrelated to the primary issue which, poses a greater threat to the immediate well-being of the examinee, than does the primary relevant issue., , Padding Questions - Those questions placed before and after the known, relevant question in a known peak of tension test. Padding questions, are similar in nature to the known relevant question and fall within, the realm of possibility of the information being sought., , Parasysmpathetic Nervous System -  That part of the autonomic nervous, system which tends to induce secretion, to increase the tone and, contractibility of smooth muscle and to channel the dilation of, blood vessels. That division of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for the normal “house keeping functions of the body;, i.e. digestion and body temperature., , Peripheral Nervous System - That portion of the nervous system lying, outside the central nervous system., , Plethsysmograph - The tracing on a polygraph chart made by a pen moved, by a photo-optical system controlled by an examinee’s, psychophysiological responses to controlled stimuli., , Pneumograph — breathing/recording, from the Greek word "Pneuma" - air, or breath and "Grapho" - write or record, a device that recorded a, subject's breathing patterns., , Polygram - One or more polygraph charts. The cumulative recorded, representations of an examinee’s psychophysiological responses to a, set of controlled stimuli presented to him in the form of a properly, constructed question technique upon which an expert opinion is formed., , Polygraph - a machine designed to detect and record changes in, physiological characteristics, such as a person's pulse and breathing, rates, used especially as a lie detector., ,       Polygraph Machine Measure and Record the ff:,       1. Blood Pressure,       2. Heart Rate,       3. Respiration,       4. Skin Conductivity, , Polygraphist - An individual who, by virtue of his education, training, and experience, is capable of conducting a valid and reliable, polygraph examination for the purpose of determining whether or not, an examinee honestly believes that his own statements and answers, concerning a questioned issue are in fact truthful., , Polygraph Examination - The entire environment within which a, qualified polygraphist renders an expert opinion as to the veracity, of an examinee’s statements concerning the primary issue of the, matter under investigation., , Polygraph Examiner - interpret the charts generated by the polygraph, machine. Polygraph came from the Greek word "polys" - many writings, and "grapho" write., , Polygraph Chart - is one continuous set of test questions recorded on, paper by the polygraph instrument., , PolyScore - a software program which used a sophisticated mathematical, algorithm to analyze the polygraph data and to estimate a probability, or degree of deception or truthfulness in a subject.,       - is a computerized polygraph chart scoring algorithm that uses, statistical probability to arrive at truthfulness or deception. It, has been shown that validated algorithms have exceeded 98 percent, in their accuracy to quantify, analyze and evaluate the physiological, data collected from polygraph examinations administered in real, criminal cases., ,       Dr. Dale E. Olsen and John C. Harris - statisticians at Johns,       Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, in Maryland,,       completed a software program called PolyScore in 1993., , Pons - A band of nerve fibers in the brain connecting the lobes of the, cerebellum, the medulla and the cerebrum., , Pre-Employment Examination - An examination in which an individual is, tested regarding the truthfulness and accuracy of an employment, application. along with other background areas, which aids the, employer in selecting the most qualified individual for a position, within the organization., , Pre-Examination Interview - That portion of a polygraph examination, during which information is obtained by the polygraphist from the, examinee regarding the facts and circumstances which from the basis, of the examination and from which the polygraphist develops, appropriate questions for the polygraph technique to be employed., , Psychogalvanic Skin Response - The recordable changes of body tissue, polarization (neural discharge), sweat gland activity or circulatory, variations which occur as the result of work, emotion or a combination, of either. In polygraphy, these changes are recorded on a polygraph, chart by a pen attached to a galvanometer driven by the variations, of electrical conductivity introduced into a Wheatstone Bridge by, the body tissues of an examinee.,      , Psychogalvanometer — a component that measured changes in a subject's, galvanic skin resistance during questioning, and in doing so, thus, signaling the birth of the polygraph as we know it today., , Psychological Set - The theory which holds that a person’s fears,, anxieties and apprehensions will be directed toward that situation, which presents the greatest immediate threat to his self-preservation, or general well-being; generally to the exclusion of all other less, threatening circumstances within his environment., , Psychosis - A form of sever personality disorder involving loss of, contact with reality, generally characterized by delusions and, hallucinations., , Question Spacing - The elapsed time (not less than 15 seconds) between, an answer given by an examinee and the following question asked by, the polygraphist during a polygraph test., , Receptors - Those specialized cells sensitive to incoming stimuli., , Reflex Action - The cumulative product of stimulus, receptor, afferent, nerve, connecting neuron, efferent nerve and effector action. A simple, reflex arc., , Refractory Period - That period of time in which a neuron is unable, to conduct an impulse., , Reid Polygraph - was the first instrument to use a movement sensor to, detect subject movement during the examination. Besides recording, blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and GSR, this new polygraph, recorded muscular activity in the forearms, thighs, and feet thanks, to metal bellows placed under the arms and seat of the polygraph, chair., , Relevant Question - That question within a structured polygraph test, which pertains directly to the matter under investigation., ,       Irrelevant Question - is intended to be an innocuous, harmless,       question, having no particular relationship to the issue being,       resolved. and which can unequivocally be answered truthfully., ,       Primary Relevant Question - The key question regarding the direct,       act of committing an offense., ,       Secondary Relevant Question - A question pertaining to pertinent,       aspects of the issue. to which a guilty or knowledgeable person,       would be expected to respond significantly., ,       Control Question - A question to which the examinee’s answer will,       be a known lie or a probable lie. This question is similar in,       nature but not related to the issue being resolved, and should,       be of slightly less weight than the relevant questions., ,       Guilt Complex Question - A question about a fictitious incident,       of individual. and of a similar nature and weight as the issue,       being resolved., , Relevant/Irrelevant (R/I) questioning - a mixture of questions relevant, to the crime (for example, Do you own a knife?) and irrelevant questions, are asked (for example, Are you twenty years old?).  The basis for this, type of questioning was that an innocent person has a similar physiological, response to both types of questions, but a guilty person would react, more strongly to the crime-relevant questions., , Residual Air - That volume of air which remains in the lungs after the, deepest possible exhalation., , Sacrifice Relevant Question - A question used in the Zone comparison, Test designed for the intended to dissipate initial tension, anticipated by an examinee in response to the target issue., , Searching Peak Of Tension Test - a polygraph test in which a series, of questions, usually similar in nature and scope, are asked and in, which the answer to only one of them may evoke a response from the, examinee., , Screening Examination - is one in which, without any specific, allegation, an individual is examined to verify his/her honesty,, integrity and conduct as an employee., , Specific Examination - is one in which there is one specific issue to, be resolved, ex. theft, burglary, robbery murder, etc., , Sensor - Any attachment made to the human body for the purpose of, measuring and/or recording a psychophysiological response during a, polygraph test., , Specific Response - A deviation from an examinee’s normal state of, homeostasia as evidenced by the tracings on a polygraph chart., Consideration must be given to overall chart interpretation with, emphasis on the nature of the questions asked, the sequential, position of the question within the structure used and the manner in, which the question was presented to the examinee., , Sphygmomanometer - or blood pressure meter (also referred to as a, sphygmometer) is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of, an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, and a mercury or mechanical, manometer to measure the pressure., , Spot Analysis Technique - A system of chart interpretation whereby, analysis of response capability may be made at each location on a, polygraph chart wherein a relevant question is either preceded by, or followed by a control question., , Super Dampening - The principle of psychological focus which holds, that if a person considers an outside issue to be a greater threat, to his well-being than the main relevant issue, and that if he, anticipates an unreviewed question concerning this outside issue,, he may tune out all relevant and control questions by forcing his, psychological set on the outside issue. The presence of an outside, issue usually results in poor responses or no responses., , Stimulation Test - Verifies for the examiner that the examinee is, testable. and aids in convincing the examinee that the polygraph, instrument works, and will work on him., , Suppression - An involuntary reduction in the amplitude of the, pneumograph and cardiograph tracings in response to a stressful, stimulus., , Sympathetic Nervous System - That part of the autonomic nervous, system which tends to depress secretion, decrease the tone and, contractibility of muscle not under direct voluntary control, and, cause the contraction of blood vessels., , Symptomatic Question - A question contained within a structured, question technique which is designed to identify the presence of, an outside issue upon which a person may be focusing during the, course of a polygraph examination., ,       Symptomatic Question - A question use to determine it some,       outside issue is of such concern to the examinee that it,       tends to damage expected responses to relevant questions., , Synapsis - The chemical junctions where nerve impulses pass from one, neuron to another., , System - A group of body organs which combine to form a whole and to, cooperate for the purpose of carrying on some vital function., , Test Technique - A valid and reliable question structure employed, by a qualified polygraphist for the purpose of verifying an, examinee’s statements or answers during a polygraph examination., The sequential order in which questions are asked during a polygraph, examination. The foundation of expert opinion., , Thalamus - The middle part of the brain through which sensory, impulses pass to reach the cerebral cortex., , Tidal Volume -  The volume of air moved in or out of the lungs with, each respiratory cycle., , Veraguth - was one of the first to make word-association tests with, the galvanometer., , Vittorio Benussi - an Italian Psychologist who in 1914 discovered a, method for calculating the quotient of the inhalation to exhalation, time as a means of verifying the truth and detecting deception in, a subject. Benussi measured and recorded breathing by means of an, instrument known as the Pneumograph. He concluded that lying caused, an emotional change within a subject that resulted in detectable, respiratory changes that were indicative of deception., , West Africa - persons suspected of a crime were made to hold and pass, a bird's egg to one another. The person breaking the egg was considered, guilty, based on the notion that his or her tremor-eliciting, nervousness was to blame., , Wheatstone Bridge - A specially devised electronic circuit for the, measurement of electrical resistance in a conductor. The conductor, of unknown resistance is included in the circuit with three known, resistances. when the unknown resistance (RX) is balanced with three, known resistances (R1, R2, R3) it can be calculated mathematically, since it becomes one term in a proportion., , William Moulton Marston - was an American psychologist and the creator, of the systolic blood pressure test, which became one component of, the modern polygraph invented by John Augustus Larson in Berkeley,, California.,       - an American attorney and psychologist, is credited with, inventing an early form of the lie detector when, in 1915, he, developed the discontinuous systolic blood pressure test which would, later become one component of the modern polygraph., , Word Association Test  - questions answerable by yes or no, concerned, with time of response. Quick answer, no relation to investigation., Delayed answer, has relation to investigation.