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3, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford., It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of, Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries., Published in India by, Oxford University Press, 22 Workspace, 2nd Floor, 1/22 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110002, © Oxford University Press 2012, 2016, 2020, The moral rights of the author/s have been asserted., First Edition published in 2012, Second Edition published in 2016, This New Edition published in 2020, All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in, a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the, prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted, by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics, rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the, above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the, address above., You must not circulate this work in any other form, and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer., ISBN-13: 978-0-19-012188-4, ISBN-10: 0-19-012188-2, Typeset in Calibri Regular, by Recto Graphics, Delhi 110096, Printed in India by Multivista Global Pvt. Ltd., Chennai 600042, Oxford Areal is a third-party software. Any links to third-party software are provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and such software is to be used at your own risk., Illustrations by Toonfantasy, Edit One Studios and Junaid Digital Arts, Cover image: © photo-nuke/Shutterstock, Although we have made every effort to trace and contact copyright holders before publication,, this has not been possible in all cases. If notified, the publisher will rectify any errors or, omissions at the earliest opportunity.

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About the Authors, Debjani Rudra has been a teacher in the Pre-Primary and Kindergarten sections of La, Martiniere for Girls, Kolkata, for over thirty years., Gayatri Khanna has considerable experience in teaching English in schools affiliated to the, CBSE as well as to the Cambridge International Examinations (CIE). She is an ELT consultant and, a resource person for the development of materials with the CBSE and the NCERT., Mala Palani is a senior ELT consultant. She is currently the Director of a reputed teacher, education institution. Over the past twenty-five years, she has taught in leading schools across, the country teaching curricula prescribed by the CBSE, ICSE, state boards and international, boards (IB and CAIE). Alongside, she has trained teachers teaching at all levels for the past, decade. She has qualifications from EFL University, Hyderabad, University of Warwick and, Cambridge., Malathy Krishnan is a retired Professor at the Department of ELT, School of Distance, Education, EFL University, Hyderabad., Pooja Kewlani has retired as Head of the Primary Wing of Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, New Delhi., She has been an English language teacher for primary classes for almost three decades. She, has also been a facilitator for English language learning in children with special needs. She is a, mentor to special educators in ELT and a resource person for the development of teaching aids., Teresa Paul has been a facilitator for speaking and writing skills in various organizations for, seniors and has worked on curriculum development and teacher training in Placid Vidya Vihar, Senior Secondary School, Kristu Jyoti Group, Changanassery, Kerala, enabling self-sufficiency in, fluency and accuracy., Usha Dutta is a former Professor of English with the NCERT., Key to the icons in New Pathways, Audio in Oxford Educate and the, additional digital resources, , Discovery-based learning, Art-integrated learning and, experiential learning, , For Oxford Areal, Play-based learning, , VB, , For Value-based Questions, , Activity-based learning, , 3

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Revised, , NEW PATHWAYS, An Interactive Course in English, , Core elements of, New Pathways, , Coursebooks, (Primers A and B;, 1 to 8), , Digital, Resources for, each level, , New Pathways, Course Package, includes, , Workbooks, (Activity Books, A and B; 1 to 8), , Literature, Readers, (1 to 8), , Teacher’s Resource, Books (Primers and, 1 to 8), , • Curriculum designed to create, complete individuals equipped with, key 21st century skills, • Material which is child-centred, with a play-based, discovery-based, approach for learning without burden, • Texts selected to promote cultural, awareness, empathy, and social and, emotional learning, • Topics from all subjects for holistic, learning, • Art-integrated learning to promote, creativity and innovation, , Key Features of New Pathways, Stories and poems, both, classic and contemporary,, from a wide range of both, Indian and international, authors and poets, , Play-based and, activity-based, learning tasks for a, fun and engaging, learning experience, , 4, , Fun layout and, design to make the, teaching–learning, experience, enjoyable, , Discovery-based, learning along with, show-and-tell activities, that encourage learners, to explore and interact, , Focus on experiential,, art-integrated learning, and development of, cognitive, social and, emotional life skills, , Digital resources, including audio,, animations, videos,, interactive exercises,, grammar games and, worksheets

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Workbooks Each workbook includes, worksheets that provide additional language, practice in areas covered in the Coursebook., The worksheets are thematically and, grammatically linked to the Coursebook., , Literature Readers These contain a range of prose,, poetry and drama selections by well-known authors, across, a variety of genres. The texts are followed by reading tasks, that help the learner appreciate the nuances of literature., Teacher’s Resource Books These provide teachers with, pedagogical notes, handy lesson plans, answer keys,, listening scripts and additional worksheets for practice., , The Workbooks also contain tests for, assessment., , DIGITAL RESOURCES, Oxford Educate is an innovative digital resource that provides teachers with an e-book integrated with, learning materials and interactive tools. The package also includes an easy-to-use Test Generator for, creating test papers and worksheets., Oxford Educate assets are also available to the students., Features of Oxford Educate:, • Reference material containing videos and additional, information, • Printable worksheets which can be used as practice or, classroom assignments (printable), • Printable lesson plans for each unit (for the teacher only), • Printable answer keys for each unit (for the teacher only), , • Audio for prose, poems, glossary, listening exercises and, pronunciation, • Animations of prose and poems, • Interactive exercises based on content from the text, • Videos and slide shows for dynamic explanation of, key topics, , Additional Digital Resources for Students, New Pathways course package contains additional digital resources for students that provide integrated support to the Coursebook., These include dynamic explanations, skill-based interactive exercises and grammar games., , Setting up and using the free Oxford Areal app is easy. Simply follow the steps given below., , Oxford, , is a magical app, that makes your, textbook come, alive! The digital, content can be, accessed through, the icon marked, on the relevant, pages., , 1, , 2, , 3, , Search and install the free, Oxford Areal app from the, App Store (iOS)/Play Store, (Android)., , Run the app, and locate your, book using the, SEARCH box., , Tap the book, cover to select it., , 4, , 5, , Tap GET THIS BOOK., , Tap SCAN and scan any page that has the, icon. Tap, DOWNLOAD to save the Oxford Areal content for that page., , NEW PATHWAYS PRIMER A, , 6, Once you have scanned and downloaded a page, you will be able to, view the digital content linked to it offline. To do so, simply tap the, cover of the book and then the scanned page. To scan a new page,, tap SCAN., , 8, , Funny Bunny, , Starter, Match the pictures on the left with their homes on the right., , Do you know the names of all these homes? Ask your teacher and find out, what they are called., , 63, , NEW PATHWAYS PRIMER A, , NEW PATHWAYS COURSEBOOK 1, , 6, , 3, , The Unexplained, , 2. Here are some qualities of a legendary hero. Write the qualities of an ordinary/, everyday hero., , Supernatural vocabulary, , Legendary hero, , Fill in the consonants to complete the word., 1. a feeling that something unpleasant is going to happen in future:, PR …. M …. N …. T ….. ….. N, 2. when two or more things happen at the same time by chance:, C ….. ….. NC …. D …. NC ….., , 5. the communication of thoughts between the minds of two people without using, signs, speech or writing: T…… L …… P….. THY, 6. informal adjective to describe frightening and possibly supernatural: S P…… …… KY, , Section 1, , NEW PATHWAYS COURSEBOOK 8, , • Interactive exercises, • Videos explaining grammar topics, , Ordinary/Everyday hero, , • possesses supernatural abilities or qualities, • undertakes a quest or expedition, • is surrounded by mythical beings, magical, and helpful animals or human helpers, • travels to a supernatural world where, ordinary human beings are barred from, entering, • must reach a low point where he/she nearly, gives up the quest or appears defeated, • regains his rightful place on the throne, after problems are resolved, , Section 1, , Lob’s Girl, , NEW PATHWAYS COURSEBOOK 3, , 6, , Real-Life Heroes, , Starter, 1. Who according to you is a hero? What do you think is the difference between a, hero and a celebrity? Name two of each., , Starter, The word supernatural (super/above + nature) refers to beings, events or powers that, cannot be explained from the laws of the natural world., , 3. a spirit of a dead person seen or hear by the living: GH …. ST, 4. many believe that this part of a person exists even after a person is dead: S …… ……. L, , The One Who Survived: Ada Blackjack, , Read this story about a girl and her loyal companion., Some people choose their dogs, and some dogs choose their people. The Pengelly, family had no say in choosing of Lob., , Let us read about an extraordinary woman’s expedition and story of lone survival in an, island in northern Siberia., , It began on the beach, the summer when Sandy was five, Don, her brother, twelve, and, the twins were three. Sandy was short for Alexandra., , Characters: The expedition members included Frederick Maurer, E Lorne Knight,, both 28-year-old Americans, and Milton Galle, 20, another American. It also included, Canadian Allan R Crawford, also 20, and Stefansson, designated as the group’s leader., Last and not least, the expedition party had a young Inuit woman, Ada, about 23., , 1hard a road leading, down across a foreshore, , 127, , • Animation of poems and prose, • Audio for poems and prose, , The Rabbit and, the Turtle, , 5, , Listen and sing along, Have you seen the funny bunny, Running in the sun?, With one ear up and one ear down,, It’s turning round and round!, It’s looking for a friend to play,, Come join him, it’s a sunny day!, , On this summer day she was lying peacefully reading a comic., Father—Bert Pengelly—and Don were up on the Hard1, painting, , Oxford AREAL contains, , NEW PATHWAYS COURSEBOOK 1

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Contents, Preface, 1. Tansen—the Magical Musician—Ashok Davar, , Art corner: Making a presentation on miniature paintings, 2. Bambi—Felix Salten, , 4, 11, 25, 26, , Mela Menagerie—Debjani Chatterjee, , 37, , 3. Veena’s New Idea—Asha Nehemiah, , 39, , , Art corner: Making natural colours, 4. Mulan, Fireworks—James Reeves, 5. Yeti, , Art corner: Making a costume and planning a dance performance, 6. At Least a Fish—Anushka Ravishankar, Alien Exchange—David Harmer, , 53, 54, 68, 70, 81, 82, 96, , 7. Grandpa Fights an Ostrich—Ruskin Bond, , 99, , , Art corner: Colouring an ostrich in Gond art, , 109, , 8. The Case of the Candy Bandit—Archit Taneja, Talk about Caves—Libby Houston, 9. Dr Dolittle Learns a New Language—Hugh Lofting, , Art corner: Emoting through facial expressions, 10. The Governess—Neil Simon, I Asked the Little Boy Who Cannot See, , 111, 122, 126, 136, 137, 151, , 7

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8, , READING, , Poem, appreciation, , Factual,, Compound, inferential,, words, extrapolative, comprehension, , Fireworks, , 5. Yeti, , Simple past, and past, continuous, tense, , Art corner: Making a costume and planning a dance performance, , Factual,, Gender:, inferential,, masculine and, extrapolative, feminine, comprehension, , 4. Mulan, , Order of, adjectives, , Factual,, Easily confused Reflexive, inferential,, words, pronouns, extrapolative, comprehension, , 3. Veena’s, New Idea, , Art corner: Making natural colours, , Poem, appreciation, , Mela, Menagerie, , Articles and, quantifiers, , Factual,, Actions closely, inferential,, connected to, extrapolative, body parts, comprehension, , 2. Bambi, , Art corner: Making a presentation on miniature paintings, , Concrete, and abstract, nouns;, countable and, uncountable, nouns, , VOCABULARY GRAMMAR, , 1. Tansen—, Factual,, Prefixes, the Magical inferential,, Musician, extrapolative, comprehension, , UNIT, , WRITING, , LISTENING, , Giving and, asking for, opinions, , Talking, about, yourself, , Listening to, a story to, recognize, sequence, , Listening to, a song about, the life cycle, of a butterfly, , Discussing a Listening to, map, a lecture on, ragas, , SPEAKING, , Speaking, about, similarities, and, differences, , Listening, to a radio, programme, , Adding who, Describing a Listening to, when, where, person, a personal, how details, anecdote to, understand, emotions, , Using, powerful, verbs, , Adding, details, , Paragraph:, Spelling: rules, for adding -ed to the sandwich, verbs to make, method, the past form, , Dictionary:, abbreviations, , Pronunciation:, the /sh/ sound, , Pronunciation:, syllables, , Dictionary: guide Using the, words, right kind of, sentence, , STUDY SKILLS, , Detailed Contents, , Cognitive or, thinking skills:, Self-awareness, , Social or, interpersonal, skills: Empathy, , LIFE SKILLS, , Describing, fireworks to a, blind person, , Making rhyming, words in English, and another, language, , ACTIVITY

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9, , Factual,, Animal sounds, inferential,, extrapolative, comprehension, , 9. Dr Dolittle, Learns, a New, Language, , I Asked the, Poem, Little Boy Who appreciation, Cannot See, , 10. The, Factual,, Idioms, Governess inferential,, extrapolative, comprehension, , Art corner: Emoting through facial expressions, , Poem, appreciation, , Talk About, Caves, , 8. The Case of Factual,, Palindromes, the Candy inferential,, Bandit, extrapolative, comprehension, , Art corner: Colouring an ostrich in Gond art, , Writing a, how-to-do, paragraph, , Writing a, personal, recount, , Coordinating, conjunctions, , Discussing, feelings, , Talking, about your, future, , Punctuation:, apostrophe, , Writing an, informal, e-mail, , Talking, on the, telephone, , Using, adverbs to, describe, one’s, actions, , Pronunciation:, Writing from Making, words with silent a different, polite, letters, point of view requests, , Spelling: rules, for doubling, consonants, , Pronunciation:, the silent r, , Punctuation: full Writing a, Adverbs, stops and capital conversation, of degree:, letters, comparative, and superlative, forms, , Modals: can,, may, , Factual,, Words to, Subject– verb, inferential,, convey feelings agreement, extrapolative, comprehension, , 7. Grandpa, Fights an, Ostrich, , Future time, references, , Poem, appreciation, , Phrasal verbs, , Alien, Exchange, , 6. At Least a, Fish, , Intonation, , Listening to, instructions, , Social or, interpersonal, skills:, Communication, skills, , Listening to a Cognitive or, conversation thinking skills:, to relate, Critical thinking, words and, contexts, , Listening for, information, , Listening to a Cognitive or, recipe, thinking skills:, Critical thinking, , Describing, objects while, blindfolded, , Joining dots, and drawing a, picture, , Imagining a, situation and, drawing a, picture

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Acknowledgements, Abridged version of Tansen, The Magical Musician by Ashok Davar. Used with permission of National, Book Trust; Extract from Trouble with Magic by Asha Nehemiah, Reproduced with permission of, Duckbill books; Extract from At Least a Fish by Anushka Ravishankar. Used with permission of the, author; ‘Grandpa Fights an Ostrich’ by Ruskin Bond. Used with permission of the author; Extract, from The Case of the Candy Bandit by Archit Taneja, Reproduced with permission of Duckbill Books;, ‘Fireworks’ by James Reeves, from The Wandering Moon and Other Poems published by Puffin., Reprinted by permission of David Higham Associates Limited; ‘Mela Menagerie’ by Debjani Chatterjee., Used with permission of the author; Houston Libby, ‘Talk About Caves’, in The New Oxford Treasury, of Children’s Poems, edited by Michael Harisson and Christopher Stuart-Clark. Oxford University Press, 1995, pp 144-145. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press through PLS Clear, The publishers have applied for permission to the following:, http://www.janklowandnesbit.com/authors,https://www.cullenstanleyinternational.com/foreignrights for ‘The Governess’ by Neil Simon; Macmillan Children’s Books for ‘Alien Exchange’ by David, Harmer, Every effort has been made to contact the owners of the copyright of the pieces published here., However, a few have been difficult to trace. It would be appreciated if the copyright owners of the, following pieces could contact the publishers., ‘I Asked the Little Boy Who Cannot See’, Photographs, Musical instruments set zither and American banjo, reed pipe and flute, p. 11 ©Vector Tradition/, Shutterstock; A man playing violin, p.24 © Oxford University Press; Swami Haridasa with Tansen, and Akbar at Vrindavana, p. 25 © Chronicle of World History/Alamy Stock Photo; PRINCE RIDING, AN ELEPHANT, by Khem Karan, 16th–17th c., Indian, Mughal watercolor painting, p. 25 © EverettArt/Shutterstock; Mustard oil with flower over white background, p. 43 © Swapan Photography/, Shutterstock; Amelia Earhart, p. 54 used by permission of NBC/Getty Images; Saina Nehwal, p. 54., Used by permission of Jasjeet Plaha/Hindustan Times via Getty Images; Kalpana Chawla, p. 54. Used, by permission of NASA/Getty Images; Marie Curie, p. 54. Used by permission of Hulton Archive/Getty, Images; J.K. Rowling, p. 54. Used by permission of Dan Kitwood/Getty Images; Shreya Ghoshal, p. 54., Used by permission of Milind Shelte/India Today Group/Getty Images; A dance performance of Singi, cham dance from Sikkim, India, p. 81 © ephotocorp/Alamy Stock Photo; Cartoon funny three headed, dragon. Dot to dot educational game for kids—Illustration, p. 125 © Fir4ik/Shutterstock; Two girls, playing with ball, p. 150 © Oxford University Press, , 10

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Tansen—the, Magical Musician, , 1, Starter, , People all over the world like music. Musicians across the world use different types, of instruments to make music. Look at the pictures of a few instruments. Work with a, partner and try to name each of them. Also, name the region where the instrument is, famously used. Look at the box for help., , 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , American banjo, Austrian zither, , Italian viola, Arabic rebec, , African djembe drum, Russian balalaika, , 1. Italian viola 2. Russian balalaika 3. Arabic rebec 4. American banjo 5. Austrian zither 6. African djembe drum, , 11

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Read the story given below., Almost exactly in the centre of India is a town called Gwalior. In this town is the, tomb of Tansen, one of the greatest musicians that ever lived. Next to his beautifully, carved stone tomb stands a little tamarind tree. It is believed that by eating a leaf, of this tree and touching the tomb, a singer can improve his voice. If this sounds like, magic, the story of Tansen is equally magical. Even today, many famous musicians, follow the style of music created by Tansen known as the ‘Gwalior Gharana1’., About four hundred years ago, in a village near Gwalior, lived a wealthy poet, Mukand, Mishra, and his wife. They longed to have children of their own. On the suggestion of, a friend, Mishra went to Gwalior to seek the blessings of the famous saint and musician,, Mohammad Ghaus. Almost like magic, soon after receiving the blessings, a child, was born. He was named Tansen. As Tansen grew up, his father engaged2 teachers to, teach him to read and write. Tansen, however, was more interested in going to, the nearby forest with his friends, where he would imitate3 bird and animal sounds., Once a group of singers were passing through the forest. Tansen hid himself in some, bushes and roared like a tiger. So life-like was the sound that the singers became, frightened. When the boy showed himself, the leader of the group praised his tiger-like, roar. Encouraged, Tansen made more animal and bird sounds. The leader was greatly, 1gharana a style or school of, impressed by Tansen’s performance. He was none other, classical music 2engaged (here), than the famous music teacher, Haridas., 3, appointed or hired, , 12, , imitate copy

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Haridas offered to take Tansen as his disciple4. “He has great musical talent,” said, Haridas to Tansen’s father. Most reluctantly5, Tansen’s mother agreed to let her only, child go away to Brindaban to study under Haridas., For almost ten years Tansen studied music from Haridas. Starting with the basic, musical notes SA RE GA MA PA DHA NI SA, he learnt the basics of singing and playing, the tanpura. He learnt about the different ragas6 of Indian music and how each raga, creates a different mood. A raga can make you so happy that you might want to dance,, or it can make you so sad that it might bring tears to your eyes., Then one day, there was a message from home that his father was very ill. “I am happy, that you have become a musician. Go and see Mohammad Ghaus,” were his father’s, last words to him. Though very sad, Tansen decided to keep his promise to his father to, go to Mohammad Ghaus and be trained by him. But, in keeping with Indian tradition,, he went to seek permission to learn under a new guru from his first guru, Haridas., “You must obey your father’s wishes, but you will always be welcome here. You are like, a son to me,” said Haridas, blessing his favourite disciple., Tansen studied under Mohammad Ghaus for three years, developing his musical, talent. During that time, Mohammad Ghaus introduced Tansen to the ruler of Gwalior., They became good friends and Tansen would often visit the ruler’s palace, where he, would listen to other musicians., One day, a messenger arrived from the court of Rewa, near Gwalior. The messenger, opened the scroll7 and read, “King Ramchandra of Rewa would like you to be a musician, at his court.”, This was a great honour and the first step in Tansen’s rise to fame. King Ramchandra, admired Tansen’s singing. The emperor, Akbar, once went on a visit to Rewa., King Ramchandra arranged for Tansen to entertain his royal guest. The emperor was, greatly impressed by Tansen’s music and, soon after his return, sent a message to, Ramchandra requesting him to send Tansen to his court., 4disciple student, King Ramchandra did not want to part with Tansen, but, he could not afford to displease the powerful Akbar. After, all, Akbar was the Emperor of India, and Ramchandra was, , 5reluctantly, , (here) unhappily, traditional pattern of notes, 7scroll a, used in Indian music, long roll of paper used for writing, 6ragas, , 13

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only the king of a small state in Akbar’s empire. So, reluctantly, King Ramchandra sent, Tansen as a royal gift., Akbar was so impressed by Tansen’s music that he bestowed8 on him the highest, honour of the land. Tansen was included among his navratna, nine jewels—the nine, most outstanding9 talents of the royal court., Besides performing in the court, Tansen would often sing alone for the emperor., At night he sang ragas that would soothe and help Akbar fall asleep, and in the morning, Tansen sang special ragas that would gently awaken the emperor. There are many, stories told about the power of Tansen’s, 8, music. It is said that when Tansen sang, birds bestowed gave 9something to somebody, especially to, show respect, outstanding extremely good, and animals would gather to hear him., , 14

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One evening, Emperor Akbar decided to visit Tansen. When the emperor arrived,, Tansen was singing and playing the tanpura. The emperor sat quietly in the verandah, and listened to him. So pleased was the emperor with Tansen’s music that after the, performance he took off his diamond necklace and presented it to Tansen., Some courtiers10 became very jealous of the emperor’s high regard for Tansen. They, stole the diamond necklace given by the emperor and told him that Tansen had sold it, for a large sum of money. When summoned11 to the royal court and asked to produce, the necklace, Tansen was unable to do so. The emperor flew into a rage12. “You will be, banished13 from the court till you can present yourself wearing the necklace,” roared, the emperor., Tansen was in disgrace14. He had no one to turn to. At last he thought of King, Ramchandra and set off for Rewa. Ramchandra welcomed his former court musician., After hearing the whole story, the king said, “Don’t worry. Just sing for me.”, Tansen sang two beautiful ragas for the king. “You have brought me great joy,”, said Ramchandra, and as a token of appreciation, he presented his jewelled sandals, to Tansen., Tansen rushed back to Agra and placed the jewelled sandals in front of the emperor., “Sire, please take the diamonds from these and forgive me.” The jewelled sandals were, worth much more than the necklace. The Emperor immediately realized that he had, misjudged Tansen and said, “Your music is much more valuable than diamonds to me., I should never have doubted you. Return to the court as my royal musician.”, Tansen’s fame spread far and wide. Tansen’s enemies grew more jealous. They, suggested to the emperor that he command Tansen to sing Deepak Raga. Deepak Raga, was one of the most difficult ragas to sing. Besides, so much heat would be caused by, a perfect rendering15 of this raga that not only would lamps alight, but the singer’s body, too would burn to ashes., When Akbar asked Tansen to sing, Deepak Raga, Tansen pleaded,, “Sire, Deepak Raga can set the singer, himself on fire.” But the emperor, would not listen., , 10courtiers, , people who are part of the king’s or queen’s court, 12flew into a rage got, ordered to appear, 13banished ordered somebody to leave a place,, very angry, 14 was in disgrace (here) lost, especially as a punishment, 15, respect, rendering performance of a piece of music, , 11summoned, , 15

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Tansen knew that singing Deepak Raga was dangerous, but he also knew that if Megh, Raga, which brings the rain, could be sung at the same time, he would be saved from, the fury16 of fire. ‘But how can I sing both ragas at the same time,’ Tansen thought, worriedly to himself, as he roamed in his garden. Suddenly he remembered Rupa,, a devoted disciple of Haridas., With the permission of Haridas, Rupa agreed to sing. Rupa was already a very good, musician. Tansen used the fifteen-day preparation time, granted by Akbar, to train her., At the end of the two weeks, Rupa had perfected the singing of Megh Raga., On the day of the performance, the court was packed. Unlit lamps were placed on the, walls. As soon as the emperor entered and sat on the throne, Tansen began the alap17., As Tansen sang on, the surrounding air got warmer. The audience started perspiring18., Leaves and flowers in the garden dried and fell to the ground. Water in the fountains, 16 fury (here) danger, began to boil. Birds flew away to escape. The lamps lit up, 17alap a part of the raga that, and flames appeared in the air. People fled from the court in serves as the beginning, 18perspiring sweating, terror. As the emperor stood up, listening with awe, a rose, , 16

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that he often held in his hand drooped19. Now Tansen’s body was hot and feverish, but, absorbed in Deepak Raga, he continued to sing vigorously., Seeing Tansen in this state, Rupa began singing Megh Raga. As her voice grew, stronger and soared, the sky became dark with clouds. Soon rain came pouring down., Many among the audience rushed out to be cooled by the rain. Soon everything, returned to normal. People showered praises on Tansen’s genius. Though the emperor, was very pleased, he was shocked that he had almost lost, 19drooped bent downwards, his greatest musician to the fire of the singer’s own music., 20homage something that is done, Tansen’s fame now spread like the flames of Deepak Raga., , to show respect for somebody, , Centuries later, Tansen’s music has lived on. It has been passed on from guru to disciple., And every year in Gwalior, near Tansen’s tomb, a music festival is held. Musicians come, here from all over India to perform and pay homage20 to Tansen., (abridged), , Ashok Davar, , Reading 1, 1. Choose an appropriate option to complete the following statements., a. Once, little Tansen roared like a tiger because he, i. wanted to impress the famous musician, Haridas., ii. was practising the sounds of animal and birds., iii. was playing a prank on passersby in the forest., b. While practising with Haridas, Young Tansen learnt this about Indian music:, i. The different ragas cannot create different moods., ii. One can use music to create happiness or sadness., iii. SA RE GA MA PA DHA NI SA are not the basic notes., c. Tansen came to own Akbar’s diamond necklace because, i. the emperor gave it to him after he was made one among the navratnas., ii. the emperor was pleased one evening after he heard Tansen playing, his tanpura., iii. the emperor gifted it to him after he sang the Deepak Raga., , 17

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2. Match the information in columns A and B to align with the details in the biographical story, you have just read., Column A, , Column B, , Haridas, , gifted Tansen to emperor Akbar., , Mohammad Ghaus, , helped Tansen by singing Megh Raga., , King Ramachandra, , honoured Tansen by making him one of his nine, most important courtiers., , Akbar, , introduced Tansen to the King of Rewa., , Rupa, , is said to have started the Gwalior Gharana., , Tansen, , taught the basics of music., , Reading 2, 1. Emperor Akbar asked Tansen to sing Deepak raga. Why did he do so? What do we, learn about Akbar’s character from this account?, , VB, , 2. There are several magical events mentioned in this biographical account. Work with, your partner to discuss which of these events you think is the most magical and why., , Vocabulary, Prefixes, Read this sentence:, King Ramchandra did not want to part with Tansen, but he could not afford to displease, the powerful Akbar., dis + please = displease, Displease is the antonym (opposite in meaning) of please., The meaning of some words can be adjusted by adding before them groups of letters like in,, un, il, dis, ir, re, en, sub or im. These are called prefixes. Adding prefixes helps in forming new, words. For example, write–rewrite; danger–endanger; marine–submarine., We often use prefixes to form antonyms. For example: advantage–disadvantage; cover– uncover., Form antonyms for the words in the box by adding prefixes mentioned in the table. Rewrite, the new word in the correct column in the table on the next page. One is done for you., , 18

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legible, appear, connect, patient, un, , visible, fortunate, perfect, necessary, , possible, movable, responsible, obedient, , dis, , im, , important, similar, usual, regular, , human, kind, honest, probable, , il, , legal, continue, proper, capable, , ir, , in, , ungrateful, , Grammar, Concrete and abstract nouns, Look at the words in italics. Read these sentences:, Tansen’s talent was discovered by his teacher Haridas., Emperor Akbar expressed his anger when Tansen lost the diamond necklace., The beauty of Tansen’s music enchanted all the animals and birds., The words Tansen, talent, teacher, Haridas, Emperor, Akbar, anger, diamond, necklace, beauty,, music, animals and birds are nouns., , Concrete nouns are nouns that one can see, hear, smell, taste or touch., Diamond and necklace are names of things. They are concrete nouns. Teacher, Emperor,, animals and birds are also examples of concrete nouns., , Abstract nouns are qualities, ideas and feelings. One cannot see, hear, smell, taste, or touch them., Talent and beauty are names of a quality, idea or a feeling. They are abstract nouns., , 19

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In the table given below, put a tick if you can see, hear, smell, taste or touch the noun, mentioned. Put a cross if you cannot. Write the type of noun for each word. Two have been, done for you., Noun, , See, , Hear, , Smell, , Taste, , Touch, , Type of noun, , 1. courage, , , , , , , , , , , , abstract, , 2. apple, , , , , , , , , , , , concrete, , 3. cake, 4. fear, 5. freedom, 6. hope, 7. child, , Countable and uncountable nouns, Most nouns can be counted, but a few nouns cannot be counted., , Nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns. They have singular, and plural forms., Examples:, bush—bushes  bird—birds  dog—dogs  foot—feet  mile—miles, , Nouns that cannot be counted are called uncountable nouns. They can be, used only in the singular form., Note: Usually all abstract nouns are uncountable. Also, concrete nouns that are too small or, formless (like liquids, powders, gases, etc.) are also uncountable., Look at the table below to learn the correct way to use a few uncountable nouns:, Noun, , Incorrect, , Correct, , money, , two moneys, , some money/a little money, , baggage, , two baggages, , two pieces of baggage, , rice, , two rices, , two bags of rice, , food, , two foods, , some food, , 20

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There are thirteen uncountable nouns in the grid below. Can you identify them?, S, , U G, , A, , R, , O, , C, , H, , E, , S, , S, , B, , P, , T, , R, , E, , E, , H, , A, , P, , P, , I, , N, , E, , S, , S, , S, , I, , L, , V, , E, , R, , D O G, , S, , O A, , P, , L, , U G G, , A, , G, , E, , D W A, , T, , E, , R, , N, , E W R, , H O N, , E, , L, , O, , C, , K, , M, , I, , L, , E, , S, , N O W C, , A, , R, , S, , F, , L, , O W E, , R, , H, , A, , I, , R, , C, , A, , T, , T, , E, , P, , I, , D, , E, , P, , O, , T, , A, , T, , O, , N G O, , C, , O U, , R, , A, , G, , E, , A, , M A, , K, R, , Y, , Dictionary, Guide words, Guide words are the words at the top of a dictionary, page. They tell us the first word and the last word on, that page. They make it easy for us to locate the words, we are looking for., , cell, cell (sel) noun [from Latin, cella, “a small room”] 1. a, hut 2. a room in a prison 3., a small space, as in a bee’s, honeycomb 4. a small unit, of life, , February, exit (eg’ zit) noun [from, Latin ex, “Out” ire, “to go”], 1. leave taking, as in “the, actor’s exit was dramatic” 2., a doorway leading out of a, room or building, antonym: entrance, , For example, if you are looking up a dictionary for either centre, cereal, certain or chain, you, will find it on a page that has the guide words celebrate and chair., Here are a few guide words. Think of three words that come between each pair. Check a, dictionary to see if you are right. One has been done for you., 1., , aggressive, , agree, , ahead, , aid, , aim, , 2., , dizzy, , dog, , 3., , ostrich, , outdoor, , 4., , passion, , pastime, , 5., , thicket, , thrash, , 21

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Writing, Using the right kind of sentence, We often use sentences to communicate our ideas. A sentence is a group of words that conveys, a complete thought. Based on function, there are four kinds of sentences:, A declarative sentence, , An interrogative sentence, , • tells us something., , • asks for information., , • ends in a full stop., , • begins with words like when, where, how, why, what, is, are,, etc., , Example: The teacher, gave us a new book., , • ends in a question mark., Example: What is the name of the new book?, , An imperative sentence, • is a request or a command., • could end in a full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark., Examples:, Read the book., Can I please read the book?, Please borrow the book from Amrita., An exclamatory sentence, • expresses strong feelings like surprise, shock, happiness, etc., • ends in an exclamation mark., Example: What an interesting book!, Here are a few situations. Use each situation to create as many sentences as you can., Try making different types of sentences. One has been done for you., 1. A large parcel is sitting on your table., a. Declarative:, , There is a parcel on my table./Someone has left a gift for me., , b. Interrogative:, , What is in it?/Who sent it to me?/Where has it come from?, , c. Imperative:, , Open it./Please let me open it./Can you help me open it, please?, , d. Exclamatory:, , This is so exciting!/What a lovely surprise!/I wonder what is in it!, , 2. There is a large spider on your bed., , 22

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3. You see a penguin driving around in the fastest car you have ever seen., 4. There is a shark in the swimming pool. You are in the pool with your friends., 5. You have been preparing for over a month to play a friendly match on Sunday. It is raining, heavily on Sunday morning., , Speaking, Discussing a map, Ask your partner to form questions based on the map given below. Then answer those, questions using the prepositions in the box below. You can give names to the streets, while answering., opposite, next to, in front of, across, beside, on the corner of, between, behind, near, along, , Museum, Post Office, , Fire Station, , School, Cafe Box, , Bank, Library, Health Club, High Court, , Shopping, Mall, , Hospital, , City, Park, Police, Station, , Theatre, , Example: A: Can you please tell me where the library is?, B: It’s on Reader’s Street, right opposite the school., , 23

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Listening, You are going to listen to an extract from a lecture given to children on ragas. Before listening, to the lecture, read the questions. Listen to the lecture more than once and write true (T) or, false (F) for the following statements., 1. The lecture is about Indian classical music., , .............., , 2. The Indian classical ragas can be connected to times of a day or times of a year. .............., 3. According to the speaker, there are around 83 ragas., , .............., , 4. The ragas listed here are according to Pandit Bhimsen Joshi., , .............., , 5. Pandit Jasraj is a vocalist., , .............., , 6. Raag Bhairavi has the power to bring rain., , .............., , 7. Raga Malkauns can be sung before Raag Bhairavi., , .............., , 8. Raga Hindol and Raga Megh are associated with seasons., , .............., , 9. According to the speaker, Raga Shri is sung early in the morning., , .............., , 10. Lord Shiva is believed to have created Raga Malkauns., , 24, , ..............

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Art Corner, Making a presentation on miniature paintings, Look at these miniature paintings carefully. Can you locate some of the characters we, read about in Tansen’s biography?, , The Mughal period in Indian history lasted between 1526 and 1857. During this, period, one of the major art forms that developed is the miniature painting. This style, of painting emerged from the Persian miniature painting form and developed under, the encouragement of various Mughal rulers like Babur and Akbar. These paintings, were either illustrations in books or single works of art kept in albums. The subjects for, these paintings were portraits, events, scenes from court life, wildlife and battle scenes., These paintings usually presented an aerial view of the subject., The Victoria and Albert Museum in London houses a large and impressive collection, of Mughal paintings. The skills needed to produce these modern versions of Mughal, miniatures are still passed on from generation to generation. The colours used in, the paintings are derived from various natural sources like vegetables, indigo, precious, stones, gold and silver., Use the Internet to look for five miniature paintings. Study them carefully. Copy them, to PowerPoint slides (or any other presentation mode). Make a brief PowerPoint, presentation on the information you collected about the five paintings., , 25

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2, , Bambi, , Starter, Read this Aesop’s fable and learn from the important message it conveys., One day, a fox fell into a deep well from which he could not get out. A goat passed by, shortly afterwards, and asked the fox what he, was doing down there., There is going to be a great drought, so I jumped, down here in order to be sure to have water by, me. Why don't you come down too?, , The goat thought well of this, advice, and jumped into the well., , But the fox immediately jumped on the goat’s, back, and by putting his foot on his long horns., managed to jump up to the edge of the well., Goodbye, Goat!, Remember not to, believe everything you, hear from a stranger., , 1. The fox could get out of the well because, a. he was a good swimmer., b. the goat was foolish., c. the well was shallow., 2. Choose the moral of the story., , VB, , a. Slow and steady wins the race., b. Little friends may prove to be great friends., c. Think before you act., 3. How can you use the moral of the story in your life? Discuss., , 26, , VB

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Read the story below., Bambi was a roe deer1. He was no longer a little fawn nor was he a stag2 yet. He, had to gain a lot of wisdom before he could become the prince of the deer like the old, stag. Bambi had been playing with Faline3 for a long time before he fell asleep for a, while. While he was sleeping, he heard a voice. Suddenly he woke up. He thought he, heard Faline calling him. Bambi looked around. He remembered seeing Faline as he lay, down, standing nearby and nibbling leaves. Where was she now?, Then she called again. With a sidewise spring Bambi turned in the direction the, sound came from. Then he heard it again. The call came again clearly, thin as a bird’s, twittering, and tender. “Come, come!” it said., Yes, that was her voice. That was Faline. Bambi started to, run. While he was rushing away he saw the old stag., The royal stag was standing ahead, barring his path4., Bambi had no time for the noble stag just now. He, had thoughts for Faline alone. He greeted the stag, hastily5 and tried to hurry by., “Where are you going?” asked the old stag., “To Faline,” said Bambi., “Do not go,” said the old stag., “She is calling me,” he said in response., “No, she is not calling,” said the stag., The call came once again, thin as a bird’s twittering: “Come!”, “Listen,” Bambi cried excitedly, “there it is again.”, “I hear it,” said the old stag nodding., Bambi felt the ground burning under his feet. “But,” he said, “I know her voice. I will, come right back.”, “No,” said the old stag sadly, “You will never come, back, never again.”, The call came again. “I must go!” cried Bambi., , 1roe deer, , a small deer 2stag an adult, male deer 3Faline (here) name of a, female deer 4barring his path blocking, his way 5hastily quickly, , 27

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“Then,” the old stag declared in a commanding6 voice, “We’ll go together.”, “Quickly,” cried Bambi and bounded7 off., “No, slowly,” commanded the old stag in a voice that forced Bambi to obey. “Stay, behind me. Move one step at a time.” The old stag began to move forward. Bambi, followed, breathing heavily with impatience. “Listen,” said the old stag without, stopping, “No matter how often the call comes, do not stir from my side.”, Bambi did not dare to oppose., The old stag advanced8 slowly and Bambi followed him. How cleverly the old stag, moved! Not a sound came from under his hooves. Not a leaf was disturbed. Not a twig9, snapped. And yet they were gliding10 through thick bushes. Bambi was amazed and had, to admire him in spite of his impatience. He had never dreamed that anybody could, move like that., Several times the old stag stopped, although no call had come, and lifted his head,, listening. Bambi heard nothing. The old stag turned away from the direction of the call, and took a diversion11. Bambi raged12 inwardly. The call came again and again. At last, they drew nearer to it, then still nearer., The old stag whispered, “No matter what you see, do not move, do you hear?, Watch everything I do and act just as I do, carefully. And do not lose your head.”, They went a few steps farther and suddenly that sharp scent that Bambi knew so well, struck them full in the face. He swallowed so much of it that he nearly cried out. He, stood as though rooted to the ground for a moment. His heart seemed to be pounding, in his throat. The old stag stood calmly beside him and motioned with his eyes., It was Man!, Man was standing quite close to them, leaning against the trunk of an oak, hidden, by a few leaves of the hazel bushes. He was calling softly, “Come, come!” Bambi was, completely puzzled13 and terrified. He began to understand that it was Man who was, calling, “Come, come!” He wanted to flee. “Be still,” whispered the old stag. Bambi, controlled himself., 6commanding, , powerful, difficult not to obey 7bounded leapt forward 8advanced moved forward, a small branch 10gliding moving smoothly and without effort 11diversion an indirect path, 12raged got extremely angry, 13puzzled confused, 9twig, , 28

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“Let us go back,” said the old stag and turned about., They glided away cautiously. The old stag moved, with a zigzag course the purpose of which Bambi, did not understand. He wanted to run fast. But the, stag walked slowly, stopping and listening. He would, begin a new zigzag course and stop again, going very, slowly ahead., They were far from the danger spot. “If he stops, again,” thought Bambi, “I’ll thank him.”, But suddenly the old stag was nowhere to be seen., , Felix Salten, , Reading 1, 1. Match the two columns given below to complete the statements., A, , B, , a. Several times the old stag stopped,, although no call had come, , i. the noble stag just now., , b. Bambi had no time for, , ii. and lifted his head, listening., , c. The old stag advanced slowly, , iii. stop again, going very slowly ahead., , d. Bambi was amazed and had to, admire him, , iv. hidden by hazel bushes., , e. Man was standing quite close to them, leaning against the trunk of an oak,, , v. in spite of his impatience., , f. He would begin a zigzag course and, , vi. and Bambi followed him., , 2. Answer the following questions. Some of the questions have more than one answer., a. Bambi felt the ground burning under his feet because, i. it was summer., ii. Bambi wanted to hurry to find Faline., iii. Bambi did not want to disobey the old stag although he wanted to find Faline., iv. he did not like playing with Faline., , 29

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b. “No,” said the old stag sadly. “You’ll never come back, never again.” The old stag said, these words to Bambi because, i. he was an experienced deer., ii. he knew who was calling and what could happen., iii. he was a cruel stag., c. Why did the old stag move with a zigzag course?, i. He wanted to confuse Bambi., ii. He was having fun., iii. He wanted to confuse Man., iv. He did not know the way through the forest., 3. Several times the old stag stopped, although no call had come, and lifted his head,, listening. Bambi heard nothing. What was the old stag doing?, , Reading 2, 1. Why was Bambi puzzled and terrified when he understood that it was Man calling him?, 2. Why do you think the old stag did not wait to be thanked?, , Vocabulary, Action closely connected to body parts, Read these sentences:, Bambi smelt Man., The old stag whispered a warning., Bambi and the old stag used their body for the actions of smelling and whispering. Bambi used, his nose and the stag used his mouth., Look at the table below. Discuss with your partner and write the part of the body you use to do, the following actions:, Action, , Body part, , Action, , Body part, , Action, , 1. blink, , 3. shrug, , 5. smell, , 2. whistle, , 4. hear, , 6. lick, , 7. pick, , 8. point, , 9. kick, , 30, 10. pull, , 11. climb, , 12. stare, , 14. pat, , 15. snatch, , 13. kneel, , Body part

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1. blink, 4.Action, hear, , Body part, , 2. whistle, 5.Action, smell, , Body part, , 3. shrug, 6.Action, lick, , 7. pick, , 12. stare, , 17. chew, , 8. point, , 13. kneel, , 18. press, , 9. kick, , 14. pat, , 19. blow, , 10. pull, , 15. snatch, , 20. smile, , 11. climb, , 16. peep, , Body part, , Grammar, Articles and quantifiers, Read these sentences:, How cleverly the old stag moved! Not a leaf was disturbed. Not a twig snapped., Man was standing quite close to them, leaning against the trunk of an oak, hidden by a few, leaves of the hazel bushes., He had to gain a lot of wisdom before he could become the prince of the deer like the, old stag., Bambi fell asleep for some time., Read the italicized words carefully., , Words like some, a lot of and a few often come before nouns. They tell us about the, quantity of the noun—how much or how many of something. They are called quantifiers., Articles a and an give us information about quantity too. Additionally they tell us if we are, talking about something in general or something that is specific., •, , The following articles and quantifiers can be used only before countable nouns:, Articles/Quantifiers, , Examples, , a/an, (meaning one or any—not, specific), , a teacher, a school, a tree, an orange, I climbed a tree., (one tree—not more; any tree—nothing specific), , many, , many teachers, many schools, many trees, , few/a few, , few teachers (hardly any), a few problems (some), a few, questions, a few solutions, , 31

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•, , The following quantifiers can be used only before uncountable nouns:, Articles/Quantifiers, , •, , Examples, , much, , much food, much water, much hope, , little/a little bit of, , little food, little water, a little bit of courage,, a little bit of kindness, , These words and phrases can be used before both countable and uncountable nouns:, Articles/Quantifiers, , Kind of noun, , Examples, , the, (meaning—specific,, definite), , countable, , the books, the flowers, , uncountable, , the cheese, the sugar, the luggage, , some, , countable, , some books, some flowers, , uncountable, , some cheese, some sugar, some advice, , any (usually used in, questions and negative, sentences), , countable, , any book, any flower, , uncountable, , any cheese, any sugar, any peace, , a lot of/lots of, , countable, , a lot of books, lots of flowers, , uncountable, , a lot of cheese, lots of fun, , countable, , plenty of books, plenty of flowers, , uncountable, , plenty of courage, plenty of food, , plenty of, , 1. Fill in the blanks with much or many., a. I started learning Spanish three months ago. I do not speak ........................ Spanish yet., b. ........................ people visited the painting exhibition today., c. I do not have ........................ trouble learning Spanish., d. Was there ........................ traffic on the way to school?, e. She does not earn ........................ money by selling those sweets., f. There has not been ........................ rain this year., g. My grandparents have travelled to ........................ countries., , 32

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2. Underline the correct quantifier in the sentences given below., a. I have two/plenty of homework to finish today., b. She wants to buy some/three new furniture., c. He gave many/a lot of advice., d. Do we have some/any cheese?, e. Only a little/a few students could come to the meeting., , Pronunciation, Syllables, All words are made of units of sound known as syllables., Examples:, The word stag has one syllable., The word basket has two syllables., , A syllable is a unit of pronunciation. Each syllable must have one vowel sound., Note: Listen to the vowel sounds; don’t count the number of vowel letters., Clap your hands as you count the syllables in these words with your teacher:, Words, , Clap once, , Clap twice, , Clap thrice, , Clap four, times, , Number of, syllables, , raged, , 1, , old, , 1, , voice, , 1, , Bambi, , Bam, , bi, , 2, , pounding, , poun, , ding, , 2, , Faline, , Fa, , line, , 2, , zigzag, , zig, , zag, , 2, , impatience, , im, , pa, , tience, , 3, , understand, , un, , der, , stand, , 3, , remembered, , re, , mem, , bered, , 3, , relocation, , re, , lo, , ca, , tion, , 4, , 33

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Writing, Adding details, Read how these two objects are described below:, An old novel: a yellow-paged, musty, leather-covered, old hardback book with, crumbling pages, A new laptop: a brand new, shiny, smart-looking, red laptop with a wireless mouse, When we read detailed descriptions of objects, places or people, we can almost see, smell, feel, or hear them. A good description helps us to imagine more vividly., Describe the following in as much detail as possible., 1. a sheet of wrapping paper, 2. your school bag, 3. your favourite dish that is freshly cooked, 4. yourself, 5. one thing/person/place of your choice, , Speaking, Talking about yourself, 1. Complete these sentences using do, did, is, was, are or were., a. Where ..................................... you born?, b. How old ..................................... you?, c. Who ..................................... you first teacher?, d. Where ..................................... your home?, e. Where ..................................... you live when you ..................................... two years old?, f. ..................................... you walk to school?, 2. Ask your partner the questions given above. Note down the answers., 3. Tell your class what you know about your partner., Example: Shilpa was born in 2010. She is 9 years old. Mr Rana was her first teacher., , 34

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Listening, Listen to a song about the life cycle of a butterfly and fill in the blanks., Butterfly Cycle, Hatch, hatch little ...................,, I am so very small., Teeny tiny caterpillar,, You can’t see me at all., Crawl, ..................., crawl,, Munching on a leaf., Crawling, munching, crawling, munching,, Eat and eat and ................... ., Form, form chrysalis,, I am a different shape;, Hanging by a silken ..................., Until I can escape., Rest, ..................., chrysalis, While I change inside;, Now at last my time has come, To be a ................... ., Stretch, stretch, pretty ...................,, It is a special day;, Soon they will be strong enough, For me to fly away., Fly, fly, butterfly,, Fly from ................... to tree;, Find a place to lay my eggs, So they can grow like me., , 35

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Life skills, Social or interpersonal skills: Empathy, Empathy is the ability to completely understand and share the feelings of other people., Learn the meanings of the words given in the first column. Cover the second column with, a book and tell the meanings of the words to your partner., Column A, , Column B, , unaware, , not knowing, , apathy, , knowing and not caring, , interest/curiosity, , knowing some and wanting to know more, , concern, , knowing and caring, , empathy, , understanding/feeling another person’s emotional experience, , compassion, , empathy, with a desire to improve another person’s situation, , Choose a word from Column A to name the feeling one is likely to have experienced in these, situations. Write your answers in the blanks., 1. You are part of a football team. When the final team is announced for the school match,, one of your friends is not selected. You know s/he is an equally good player., .................................................................................................................................................., 2. A new student joins your class. She is from a different country. When she introduces, herself to the class, many children in the class find her pronunciation to be different. They, laugh. You are sitting next to the new student and you laugh too., .................................................................................................................................................., 3. You see a new animal on television. You have never, seen that animal or heard about it before. You ask your, parents about it when they come home from work., ........................................................................................., 4. Nobody talks to this child in your class. He eats his, lunch alone and kicks a pebble around in the field, during playtime., .................................................................................................................................................., , 36

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Mela Menagerie, It was summertime,, the animals were having a mela., The elephants cooked, curried pumpkin with tikka masala,, sun-shy frogs and mice, sheltered under the hood of a cobra,, bears and cockatoos, swapped1 couplets2 in a mini mushaira3,, horses and camels, pranced4 and danced a fantastic bhangra5,, tigers took pot-shot, at juicy papayas for one paisa,, lions showed off paws, decorated with delicate henna,, donkeys for a laugh, crowned Mule their day-long Maharaja,, pelicans swallowed, swords with mango chutney and paratha,, Sinbad’s ship sailed in, on waves of dolphin abracadabra,, It was summertime,, the animals were having a mela., (abridged), , Debjani Chatterjee, 1swapped, , exchanged 2couplets two lines of a, poem that are of equal length; couplets may or may, not rhyme 3mushaira a gathering or a meeting, where people read out poems written in Urdu, 4pranced moved with quick steps 5bhangra a dance, form that is popular in Punjab, , 37

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Poem appreciation, 1. List the non-English words used in the poem. Why do you think the poet has used, non-English words? Discuss., 2. During the mela, animals are involved in a variety of activities. Match the animals in, Column A to their activities listed in Column B:, A, , B, , donkeys, , exchanged songs, , elephants, , got designs made on their forelimbs, , bears and cockatoos, , appointed one of their own as their ruler, , horses and camels, , performed magical tricks by gulping unsafe tools, , lions, , prepared a meal, , pelicans, , moved their bodies to a musical beat, , 3. The poet uses a series of images to create the atmosphere of an Indian summer mela., Identify two images that you love the most. Discuss your choice., 4. The entire poem uses only one rhyming sound: /aa/. List the words that create this, rhyming effect., , Activity, You have just read a poem about animals having fun in a mela. Work with a partner. Look, carefully at the photograph from an Indian mela. Make a list of a few pairs of words in English, and non-English., Examples:, ice gola; mirchi bonda;, hot, juicy jalebi; beautiful wet mehandi;, artistic dancers; giant wheel rollers;, colourful balloons; funny buffoons, Add two new stanzas to the poem Mela, Menagerie using your rhyming words. Remember, to continue the theme of animals enjoying the, fair! You can think of your own animals, of course., , 38

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3, , Veena’s New Idea, , Starter, Medicines derived from plants are called herbal medicines. Human beings have used, plants for medicinal purposes for a long time. Here are a few popular plant products, that are used in Asia to treat common diseases. Discuss with your partner if you know of, other plants or herbs that have medicinal benefits. Remember to check with the elders, in your family for more information about these herbal medicines., , Neem: keeps skin and teeth healthy, , Cardamom: helps with digestion, keeps breath fresh, , Drumstick leaves and fruits: good for bones, eyesight, and teeth, , Tulsi: treats cold, cough and skin diseases, , Amla or Indian gooseberry: improves skin, hair, and increases, immunity to diseases, , 39

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Read the story given below., Aunt Malu should have refused to try out Veena’s new idea. Trying out her nineyear-old niece’s ideas always landed Aunt Malu in trouble., One time, Veena had got her to try the Adopt-a-Pet plan. This was a wonderful plan, that found homes for wounded1 animals. Aunt Malu couldn’t decide which of the pets, she adopted gave her more trouble: the mynah with the broken wing or the lame, mongoose., The mynah could copy the sounds of a telephone ringing, the doorbell buzzing and, the pressure cooker whistling. So Aunt Malu kept rushing from kitchen to front door to, telephone till she got so tired that she could barely stand., And the mongoose wouldn’t stop stealing food from their neighbour’s kitchen., The worst was the time Aunt Malu had agreed to make a pair of grass-cutting roller, skates2 as a gift for Veena’s father, Mr Seshadri., He was Aunt Malu’s older brother. He loved gardening and was very proud of his lawn3., It was the best lawn in the neighbourhood., Veena had come up with the idea of fixing sharp blades onto a pair of skates., This meant that a person would be able to cut grass just by skating over it., It was an absolutely brilliant idea—if it worked., There was great excitement when the gift was put together, and wrapped. But the skates were a total failure!, To begin with, Mr Seshadri found it impossible, to skate on the grass. He tripped4 and fell so, many times that he was soon covered with, cuts. He stopped trying to skate when he, hit his forehead and was left with a bump,, which became the colour and size of one of, his prize-winning brinjals!, When Veena tried them on, she found that, she could manage to skate over the grass., But instead of cutting the grass, the skates, , 40, , 1wounded, , hurt or injured, , 2roller skates, 3lawn, , ground covered in green grass, caught his foot on something, , 4tripped

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pulled out huge bunches of it. This left big bald patches on Mr Seshadri’s beautiful lawn., Mr Seshadri was not pleased., That’s why Aunt Malu should have been more careful when Veena entered her, workroom one morning and said, “I have an idea!”, Aunt Malu was so busy pounding5 red hibiscus petals for making her herbal medicines, that she didn’t hear Veena., “What do you think about getting rich?” Veena was a little louder. She pushed aside, several tiny bottles with cork stoppers6 and tall jars made, 5pounding crushing 6cork, of thick blue-green glass, so that she could sit on the table, stoppers a kind of cap for bottles, where her aunt was working., , 41

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Veena could not sit still. She liked to swing her legs and fiddle7 with everything on the, table. Sometimes, without thinking, she would mix up the seeds that Aunt Malu had just, sorted out. Or spill some precious drops of jasmine oil onto the table. “Stop fiddling, with the pineapple prickles! I’ve just washed and dried them. And don’t sit on my table, if you can’t stop shaking it.” Aunt Malu was measuring out some shiny white cucumber, seeds on a tiny weighing scale. “I’m not sure I should try any more of your ideas,, Veena,” Malu said calmly. “The last time I tried one of your ideas, I ended up spending, ten days in bed, not able to move at all.”, “It was only eight days! And it was just your arms you couldn’t move,” said Veena., “Anyway, that’s not going to happen this time. My idea for making you rich is going to, be no trouble at all.”, Even at this point Aunt Malu could have been smart enough to change the topic. Or to, start talking about the weather. Or the price of potatoes. Or wiser still she should have, run from the room as fast as her plump8 feet could carry her. Instead, she took a deep, breath and asked, “So what do you have in mind this time?”, “My idea is simple,” said Veena. “Everyone knows you’re a wizard9 with herbs and, flowers—that you studied the ancient science of herbs from a holy man who spent, thirty years up on a tree in the rainforests of Kerala. But only sick people or people, with problems buy your herbal medicines. Now if you could make some product that, everyone, and not just sick people would have to use—something like soap or face cream, that almost everybody would have to use every day—then you’ll make more money.”, “But I’ve already tried that, Veena,” Aunt Malu pointed out. “I’ve already tried making, herbal products that everyone can use. Remember the herbal laundry starch10? And, the voice-improving pills made from clove and peppermints11? They were both such, fantastic products. But no one bought them!”, “That’s because those two products were … er… ” Veena was not sure how to tell her, aunt the truth. She thought for a bit and then went on, “Those two products were, a little ahead of their time …”, 7fiddle, , to keep moving things around oneself with one’s hands 8plump slightly fat 9wizard (here) a person who is, good at something 10laundry starch starch collected after boiling rice or wheat; the liquid product that is collected is, added to washed clothes so that it becomes easier to iron them 11peppermints a kind of mint; mint is a plant that has, cooling properties, , 42

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The truth was that the herbal laundry starch made saris and bedsheets so crisp and stiff, that these lengths of cloth could actually stand upright on their own, like a tent, without pegs!, As for the voice-improving pills—that was another story!, Yet Aunt Malu’s Malu Herbal Cures were very popular. Some mornings their front, gate was blocked by a long queue of people wanting to buy some herbal medicine, or the other., Special favourites were the instant wart12 removers,, the birthmark13-fading lotion and the nail-growing, cream that helped nails grow overnight. Another, bestseller was the range of hair-colouring, oils—you just had to sleep with the tips of, your hair dipped in the oil. There was also the, popular inhaler14 that stopped people from, snoring. And a sweet-smelling sachet that, could be put under the pillow to stop people from, having nightmares., Aunt Malu was in deep thought. She then said firmly, “No, Veena, after all my years of, special training, I don’t want to make an ordinary product.”, Aunt Malu turned down Veena’s idea of becoming rich. She pushed the thoughts of, swimming with dolphins and shaking hands with koalas out of her mind. To be able to, afford such luxuries, she will have to make ordinary things like herbal soaps and face, creams. And she will not do such low things!, And so things continued just the way they were. She continued to eat ordinary food, and do ordinary things: rice and sambar15 12, wart a small swelling on the skin 13birthmark a, for every meal; and riding her old bicycle, mark on the skin that is present since one was born, 14inhaler a small machine that contains medicine that, up winding mountain paths and through, one can breathe in; an inhaler helps people with breathing, troubles 15sambar a dish from southern India made, the fields of rice. No exotic holidays with, with lentils and vegetables, dolphins and koalas for now!, An extract from Trouble with Magic, , Asha Nehemiah, 43

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Reading 1, 1. What happened when Aunt Malu agreed to try out Veena’s Adopt-a-Pet idea?, 2. What was the gift that Aunt Malu made for her brother? What were the effects of giving, that gift?, 3. List a few actions Veena does when she sits on Aunt Malu’s table., 4. What was the true story behind the failure of Aunt Malu’s herbal laundry starch?, 5. Which two products does Veena say ‘were ahead of their time’? Why does she say so?, 6. Were Aunt Malu’s herbal medicines for Malu Herbal Cures successful? How do we know?, 7. Name a few of Aunt Malu’s popular medicines., , Reading 2, 1. The tone of the story is, a. humorous., b. negative., c. complaining., Explain your choice., 2. Veena’s ideas are very creative. Which of her ideas do you like best? Why?, 3. Aunt Malu has made several herbal products. Discuss with your partner and decide which, product you can develop further and how., 4. Do you like Veena’s idea that Aunt Malu should make products for everybody and for, every day? Why?, 5. Work in teams of four. Do a mini research:, ask your family, look at advertisements, on TV, look at the products your family, uses or the products you find in shops and, supermarkets. How many of them claim to, be herb-based? Make a list. What are these, products meant to do? List these in a new, column. Try to ask a few users if a product, is fulfilling its promise., Make a PowerPoint presentation or a presentation using chart paper. Present your findings, to your class in three to five minutes. Get feedback on your research and presentation., , 44

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Vocabulary, Easily confused words, Read these sentences from the story:, And the mongoose wouldn’t stop stealing food from, their neighbour’s kitchen., Or to start talking about the weather., Words like there—their; weather—whether; bare—bear, often cause confusion. Let us learn the difference between a, few of these words., , Accept, except, accept:, , to agree, , except:, , not including, without, , Example: I will accept your every request except the last one., , Brake, break, brake :, :, break :, , (noun) a device to stop movement, (verb) to stop movement, (noun) a pause or an opening, (verb) to destroy, to smash into pieces, , Example: I tried to brake my bicycle so that I do not crash into the flowerpot and break it., , Their, there, they’re, their:, , used to say something belongs to a group of people, , there:, , used to show position, , they’re:, , a short way to say they are, , Example: The bag is there. It is their bag. They’re looking for it., , Its, it’s, its:, , a possessive; used to say that something belongs to a non-living thing, , it’s:, , a short way to say it is, , Example: It’s a tiger cub. It’s looking for its mother., , 45

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You’re, your, you’re:, , a short way to say you are, , your:, , to show possession; used to say that something belongs, to the person we are speaking to, , Example: This is your scarf., Yes, thank you., You’re welcome., , Lay, lie, lay:, , to place an object down, , lie:, , to recline your body, , Example: Lay the mat here. I am going to lie on it., Note: past tense of lay is laid, past tense of lie is lay, Use the right word from the brackets to fill in the blanks., 1. a. Do not ............................ any gifts from strangers. (accept/except), b. Everyone wanted to watch the film ............................ Jacqueline. (accept/except), 2. a. Be careful! That vase is made of glass. It can, ............................ . (break/brake), b. The mechanic repaired my bicycles ............................ ., (break/brake), 3. a. ............................ leaving for Chennai today., (There/They’re/Their), b. ............................ flight is at 5 p.m. (There/They’re/Their), c. Where are they? Over ............................ at the coffee shop. (there/they’re/their), 4. a. ............................ handwriting is so neat. (You’re/Your), b. ............................ so smart. (You’re/Your), 5. a. Before I go to bed, I ............................ my uniform out on, the sofa. (lie/lay), b. I ............................ in my bed for some time before I can, fall asleep. (lie/lay), , 46

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Grammar, Reflexive pronouns, Read these sentences:, Aunt Malu made all the herbal products herself., Aunt Malu scolded herself for listening to Veena., Aunt Malu and Mr Seshadri knew that if they listened to Veena’s, ideas they would only bring further trouble to themselves., Notice the words themselves and herself. These words are called reflexive pronouns., , Reflexive pronouns tell us that the doer and the receiver of the action is the, same person., The queen looked at herself in the mirror., Subject (doer), , Object (receiver), , Here the subject (the queen) and the object (herself) refer to, the same person., Learn the reflexive pronouns from the table below:, Singular, , Plural, , Personal, pronoun, , Reflexive, pronoun, , Personal, pronoun, , Reflexive, pronoun, , I, , myself, , we, , ourselves, , Second person, , you, , yourself, , you, , yourselves, , Third person, , he, she, it, , himself, herself, itself, , they, , themselves, , First person, , 1. Fill in the blanks with myself, yourself, himself, herself and ourselves. One has been done, for you., myself, a. I am teaching ................................., to play the drums with the help of a website., b. Thank you for inviting us to the party. We enjoyed ................................. thoroughly., , 47

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c. She is preparing ................................. for the race., d. He keeps looking at ................................. in the mirror all day!, e. Please remind ................................. . You must not miss the show., 2. Circle the correct answer., a. I will cook dinner for Jenny as she is too young to use the stove. Joseph can cook for, (him/himself)., b. We are hungry. We’re going out to buy (us/ourselves) some snacks., c. Aditya hurt (him/himself) when he was cutting the cake., d. The elephant calf is washing (itselves/itself) in the pond., e. I laughed when I looked at (myself/me) in the mirror. There was paint on my nose!, f. Children, here are some fruits. Please help (yourselves/you)., , Pronunciation, The /sh/ sound, 1. Look at these words containing ti, ci, ssi and sh (pronounced /sh/) here. Say them aloud., relation, , gracious, , depression, , mushroom, , station, , vicious, , compression, , washroom, , reflection, , electrician, , confession, , cushion, , 2. Say the following words aloud. Stress on the underlined syllables. Notice that the stressed, syllable always comes immediately before the syllable with the /sh/ sound., musician, , precious, , invitation, , sensation, , ancient, , vicious, , 3. Repeat these tongue-twisters to practise the /sh/ sound., a. Selfish shellfish, b. She sells seashells on the seashore., c. The seashells she sells are seashells, she’s sure., d. Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets., , 48

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Writing, Using powerful verbs, Read these sentences:, The bear went down the hill., The bear ran down the hill., The bear charged down the hill., The first sentence gives the picture of a bear just walking down, the hill. There is no other feeling attached to the bear’s action., The second sentence adds some urgency to the action as the bear ran down., The third sentence gives a more powerful picture. One can imagine the angry animal charging, at full speed towards something., Went, ran and charged are all verbs. But, they have meanings of different strength. Here, ran is, more powerful than went and charged is the most powerful verb. Using a powerful verb helps, the reader to imagine the bear’s movement more clearly., Replace the verb in the sentence with any of the verbs given below and notice the difference in, the meaning., The bear ……………………… down the hill., skipped, , strolled, , limped, , bolted, , crawled, , crept, , 1. Here are a few ordinary verbs. Match them with a powerful verb with a similar meaning., One has been done for you., walk, , soar, , fly, , stroll, , hold, , clutch, , climb, , notice, , see, , scale, , eat, , gobble, , 2. Use a powerful verb from the box to replace the underlined words in the story given on, the next page., gorging on, , requested, , released, , grinned, , gulp, , suffered from, , darted, , 49

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Wolf was eating his dinner. Suddenly, a small bone got stuck in his throat. He could not swallow, it. He felt terrible pain in his throat, and ran up, and down groaning. He asked every one he met, to remove the bone. “I would give anything,”, he said, “if you would take it out.” At last Crane, agreed to try, and told Wolf to lie on his side and, open his jaws as wide as he could. Then Crane, put its long neck down Wolf’s throat, and with, its beak loosened the bone and got it out., “Give me the reward you promised,” said Crane., Wolf smiled and said, “Be content. You have put, your head inside Wolf’s mouth and taken it out, again safely. That is reward enough for you.”, , Speaking, Asking for and giving opinions, When we ask for an opinion we can start our sentences in these ways:, Do you think …?, , What is your opinion on …?, , Do you think it is a good idea to …?, , What do you think of …?, , When we give an opinion we can start our sentences in these ways:, I think …, , I do not think/don’t think …, , In my opinion, …, , Read this dialogue:, Do you think it’s a good idea for Aunt, Malu to make herbal products that, everyone can use? (asking for opinion), Yes, I think she should use her skills and, intelligence to help people., No, I don’t think she should try to make any more, herbal products for everyone. She tried to, but it, did not work well for her and for her users., In my opinion, she should/could first find out what, people want. Then she should research well and, make useful products., , 50

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Here are a few situations. Work with your partner. Take turns to ask for and give an opinion on, each of the situations., 1. keeping a classroom pet, 2. renovating and using old unused train bogies and airplanes as classrooms, 3. coming to school on a new moon night for stargazing, 4. visiting a bird sanctuary with an expert, Note how to use the verb while asking for and giving opinions:, A: Do you think we can keep a classroom pet?/What do you think of keeping classroom pets?, B: I do not think/I think we should/could/can keep a classroom pet because …, A: Do you think it’s a good idea to keep a classroom pet?, B: I think/do not think it is a good idea to keep a classroom pet because …, A: What is your opinion on keeping a classroom pet?, B: In my opinion, we should/can/cannot keep a classroom pet because …, , Completing a chain story, Divide your class into teams of 10 and start a chain story. Each person contributes one simple, sentence to the conversation. All sentences except the first one begin with “Yes, and …”, Each new sentence must further the scene in the previous sentence and it must be, more exaggerated., Example:, 1. The jungle is full of wild animals. 2. Yes, and one of them is very huge and dangerous., 3. Yes, and it has caused a lot of trouble to the people passing by. 4. Yes, and no one has, lived to describe the animal. 4. Yes, and I think it is coming towards us now. 5. Yes, and I can, hear its loud footsteps on the ground. 6. Yes, and I can smell something very terrible. 7. Yes,, and our van won’t start. 8. Yes, and the wheels are going deeper into the wet earth. 9. Yes,, and the ground is shaking like there is an earthquake. 10. Yes, and our van has become a, helicopter! (Try new stories with new settings and characters.), , Listening, Listening to a story to recognize sequence, You are going to listen to a story told by a four-year-old boy named Orion. The story is called, ‘Pumpka PimpkaInni in’. Listen to the story and number the pictures as per the sequence of, events in the narrative., , 51

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Making natural colours, , Art Corner, , You have just read a story where Veena’s aunt uses herbs to make medicines and, cosmetics. These days many people celebrate Holi using herbal colours., Let us work in teams to make our own colours! Your teacher will divide the class into, teams. All team members will work together to collect flowers, leaves and fruits,, to make four colours—red, blue, green and yellow. Once you collect all the ingredients,, ask an adult to help you to dry and grind everything to powder. Here are the things you, will need to collect to make these four colours:, , To make green colour, Dry henna leaves and leaves of, gulmohar or spinach. Grind to powder., To make yellow colour, Grind turmeric or dried amaltas,, chrysanthemum, marigold and, sunflower. Mix with gram flour., , To make red colour, Grind dried rose petals, red sandalwood,, seeds of dried pomegranate, palash, (flame of the forest) flowers and hibiscus, flowers., To make blue colour, Collect indigo and jacaranda flowers. Dry, and grind them to a powder. Add black, grape juice and leave the mixture to dry., , 53

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4, , Mulan, , Starter, Look at the photographs given below. Do you recognize these women? Find out their, names and match them to their professions., , 1. .................................., , astronaut, , sportsperson, , 4. .................................., , 54, , 2. .................................., , pilot, , singer, , 5. .................................., , 3. .................................., , writer, , scientist, , 6. ..................................

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A long time ago, in the state of Northern Wei in ancient China, there lived a, beautiful young girl named Hua Mulan. Her father, a General in the Imperial Chinese, army, had just returned from a very long battle. He was tired and injured., Yet Hua Zhou never lost an opportunity to train his daughter to be a strong and brave girl., Come on, Mulan, ride, your horse faster!, , Yes, father., , One day, news comes that the Huns1 had invaded China., The terrible Hun, Tu-Li Khan is here again!, His army is wreaking havoc on our northern, borders. China needs YOU. The emperor has, ordered one able man from every family to, join the army., , 1Huns, , nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, , 55

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Mulan realizes that her father is too old and, tired to fight in another battle. Her brother is, too young., , In the quiet darkness of the night, Mulan rides, away on her father’s trusted horse., , At the army training camp, Mulan practises with, trained soldiers., , Two months later, Mulan’s efforts are rewarded., She is appointed as second in command by the, Commanding Officer, Fa Ling., , I must become Hua Li to, protect my family and my, country., , I have never practised with anyone, other than my father. I have to be as, good as these soldiers., , 56, , Thank you, Sir! I will, not disappoint you.

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One night, suddenly Tu-Li Khan’s men attack the, camp. Mulan fights fiercely to defend the camp., Soon, Fa Ling and the others join in., , Well done! You fought bravely!, It looks like Tu-Li-Khan has come very, close. I am taking a few soldiers to check the, situation. You stay in command here., , In a fierce conflict, Tu-Li-Khan’s men are, defeated. They beat a hasty retreat2., Two weeks later, one of Tu-Li-Khan’s battalions3 attacks, a fort guarded by Fa Ling. Fa Ling and his soldiers fight, bravely. Fa Ling sends a soldier back to the camp., , 2beat a hasty retreat, , went away quickly, , 3battalions, , Soldier, I want you to travel as fast as, you can to the base camp. Ask Hua Li to, send us more ammunition and supplies., Hurry!, , large groups of soldiers, , 57

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At the base camp:, , Zhang Ying, take this supply to Commander Fa Ling., Follow this messenger. Tu-Li-Khan and his men are, very close. Be very cautious. Protect this supply., , However, Tu-Li-Khan hears of, the large consignment4 and, his men ambush5 Zhang Ying., , I must give the bad, news to Hua Li., No, Zhang Ying, it wasn’t your fault. I underestimated6, our enemy. This isn’t the time to blame anyone. Let’s, work to get our supplies back. Commander Ling is, waiting for them., , 4consignment, , a quantity of goods that is to be sent somewhere, 6underestimated did not realize how strong somebody is, , 58, , 5ambush, , attack somebody after hiding and waiting

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The next day, at Tu-Li-Khan’s camp, Mulan, pretends to surrender., General Khan, I’ve come to surrender., I will be punished for this huge loss., Please protect me. I’ll be loyal to you., , The next day, Mulan, arrives with the first, load of food and fodder, loaded on the horses. TuLi-Khan is very pleased., , Sir, my men are, shipping the rest of, the supplies across, the Heishui river., , Tu-Li-Khan is not ready to believe Mulan, immediately. He decides to test her., How can I believe you?, Bring me the entire stock, of supplies from your base, camp. Now!, , But the supply isn’t delivered even after four, hours. The General loses his patience and gets, angry., Sir, why don’t you come to, the river yourself?, I am not as commanding, a leader as YOU. They will, obey YOU., , 59

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The arrogant Khan believes Mulan’s words., With a small army of his soldiers, he crosses, over the Heishui river. And in no time Hua Li’s, soldiers who were hiding among the supplies, overpower Khan., , Mulan and her men take the captives and, retrieve supplies to Commander Fa Ling’s fort., YOU have saved China, Hua Li., I’ll take you to the emperor., , At the emperor’s court:, Hua Li, you’ll be my, Supreme Commander. Now, ask whatever you wish., , 60, , Your Majesty, all of us fought and won together., I have served my country. Now I must return to, my old parents and do my duty as their child.

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The emperor grants Mulan permission to go home., , Our brave daughter!, Welcome home!, , Reading 1, 1. Do you know who these characters are? Match the names to their identities., Names, , Identities, , Tu-Li-Khan, , a trusted soldier, , Hua Li, , a Hun leader, , Fa Ling, , Mulan’s adopted name, , Zhang Ying, , the commanding officer of the troop, , 2. Give evidence from the story to prove the following. One has been done for you., a., , Mulan was very caring., , b., , Mulan was clever., , c., , Fa Ling was a good leader., , d., , The emperor was considerate., , e., , Tu-Li-Khan was not very smart., , f., , Mulan was modest., , Mulan pretends to be Hua Li. She prevents her, old father from going back to fight., , 61

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3. Who said these lines to whom and why?, a. ‘All of us fought and won together.’, b. ‘Our brave daughter! Welcome home!’, c. ‘I have come to surrender.’, d. ‘You have saved China!’, e. ‘You”ll be my Supreme Commander.’, , Reading 2, 1. Mulan had to live and fight pretending to be a man. It must have been, very difficult for her to be Hua Li. Imagine you are Mulan. Talk about your, experience in about five sentences to your partner. Discuss what problems, VB, you had faced and how you overcame them., 2. The emperor commands Mulan to ask for anything she wishes. However, Mulan, only asks to be relieved from the army. What does this tell us about Mulan? VB, , Vocabulary, Masculine and feminine, Look at this list of nouns we use to talk about the male or female in human beings:, Masculine, , Feminine, , Masculine, , Feminine, , father, , mother, , king, , queen, , man, , woman, , brother, , sister, , emperor, , empress, , monk, , nun, , son, , daughter, , sir, , madam, , gentleman, , lady, , uncle, , aunt, , husband, , wife, , nephew, , niece, , lord, , lady, , wizard, , witch, , brother, , sister, , grandfather, , grandmother, , When we talk about people’s professions, we no longer use many masculine and feminine, forms. We use neutral expressions., , 62

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Match the old words in column A to the modern expressions in column B. One has been done, for you., A, , B, , housewife, , actor, , salesgirl, , flight attendant, , fireman, , chairperson, , actress, , firefighter, , air hostess, , salesperson, , chairman, , homemaker, , postman, , postal worker, , Grammar, Order of adjectives, Read these sentences:, Mulan was a brave, strong, young, Chinese warrior., Her father had been a courageous, intelligent and, hardworking warrior in the Imperial Chinese army., Now he was injured, tired and old., Mulan wore shining, new, red and yellow, silken, warrior, clothes as she left home to join the army., Did you notice the number of adjectives before the noun in each of these sentences?, Sometimes we use more than one adjective before a noun. When we do that, it is important to, know the order in which these adjectives can appear., Look at the table below to learn the order:, Opinion, interesting,, intelligent,, clever,, foolish, , Appearance, (size then, shape)/Quality, , Age/Period, , small, big,, short, shiny,, broken,, narrow, wide,, big, large, , new, old,, young,, antique,, ancient, fiveday-old, , Colour/, Pattern, red, green,, striped,, dotted, , Origin/, Material, Indian,, French, gold,, cotton, , Type/, Function, dancing,, multipurpose,, cooking, , 63

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Look at these examples:, Adjectives, , Articles, , Opinion, , a, , Appearance, (size then, shape)/, Quality, large, , an, , intelligent, , an, , amazing, , large, , a, , beautiful, , small, , a, , beautiful, , a, , magnificent, , Age/, Period, , Colour/, Pattern, , old, young, , new, , Origin/, Material, , Type/, Function, , Indian, brown, , German, , Noun, , vase, hunting, , dog, , copper, , statue, , pink, , cloth, , bag, , red and, yellow, , feathered, , costume, , black, , Italian, , fishing, , rod, , Remember: Use opinion adjectives before descriptive adjectives., 1. Arrange the following adjectives in the right sequence and rewrite the sentences. One has, been done for you., a. Malli is a strong, little, young Indian girl., b. She herds her cattle in the green, large pastures in, the Himalayan valley., c. She met a little, happy, brown squirrel climbing a tree., d. The squirrel introduced her to a/an old nice wise elf., e. The elf lived in a charming, little mushroom house., f. The elf offered her tea in a small, ceramic, clean cup., 2. Are the following adjectives in the right order? Order them if necessary and rewrite them, in your notebook., a. a well-cut red silk coat, b. a beautiful Kashmiri shawl, c. a golden large mango, d. an/a interesting old Sanskrit novel, e. an/a exquisite wooden round box, f. the English famous cricketer, , 64

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Dictionary, Abbreviations, An abbreviation is a short form of a word. It is usually formed using the first letters of a word, which is to be abbreviated. When we use an abbreviation while speaking, we:, 1. say each letter separately, , Example: BBC (bee-bee-cee), , 2. say it as a word (this is called an acronym), , Example: RADAR for ‘Radio Detection, and Ranging’, , 3. say the full form of the word, , Example: St (street), , The dictionary tells us how to pronounce abbreviated words., Use the dictionary to check how each of the following abbreviations are said. Put a tick mark in, the correct column. Then write the full form of the abbreviation. One has been done for you., We say each, letter separately, p.m., , We say it as an, acronym, , , , We say the full, form of the word, , Full form of, the word, post meridiem, , attn., ATM, CD, e.g., etc., approx., SCUBA, , Writing, Adding who, when, where, how details, Read this sentence:, The girl danced., It is a very simple sentence with very little information. Good writers give more information to, make the text interesting to the readers., , 65

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Notice how more information can be added to make the sentence more interesting:, The girl danced., The happy girl danced., The happy girl danced cheerfully., The happy girl danced cheerfully in the garden., The happy girl danced cheerfully in the garden all day., {The happy girl} danced cheerfully {in the garden} (all day)., {, , who, , } did what, , how, , {, , where, , } (when), , Add as many details (who, what, how, where, when) as possible to the sentences below., 1. The birds flew., , ……………………………………………………………………………………………………, , 2. The children ate., , ……………………………………………………………………………………………………, , 3. A fruit fell., , ……………………………………………………………………………………………………, , 4. The ship sailed., , ……………………………………………………………………………………………………, , Speaking, Describing a person, We can describe people by talking about their looks, behaviour, habits and what they do., Example: Sheena is a tall girl. She has long black hair. She wears her hair in two plaits., She laughs a lot. She likes to help people. On Sundays, she reads out stories to the, little children admitted in the hospital., 1. Describe the people in these pictures below., , 2. Now, describe yourself to your classmates., , 66

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Listening, Listening to a personal story to understand emotions, You are going to listen to a person talking about his experience in buying a new house. As he, begins to live there, he feels there are a few others who live in the house as well. He can’t see, them though. He can only hear them., Before you listen to the story, underline all the feeling words in the box given below, that you, think the speaker must have experienced. Then listen to the story., scared, irritated, , terrified, puzzled, , happy, sad, worried, excited, interested, miserable, content, , angry, delighted, , Life skills, Cognitive or thinking skills: Self-awareness, People with growth mindset believe that their basic abilities can be improved through, hard work., Work with a partner. Place a book or card on column B. Discuss whether you ever say the, statements in column A. Discuss why. What does this choice tell you about yourself? Do you, believe in your abilities? Now read the matching statements in column B. Do you notice how, people with growth mindset believe in themselves?, A, , B, , This is so hard., , This is going to take more effort than I expected., , She’s so smart. I am not as smart., , I’m going to speak and find out how she does things., I’ll learn from her., , I make so many mistakes., , Mistakes help me to learn better., , I cannot solve this problem., , I am going to train my brain to patiently solve, the problem., , I am so good at this., , I have made good progress. I am learning well., , I give up., , Let me consciously watch how I learn and see if I can, use some strategies my friends use., , 67

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Fireworks, They rise like sudden fiery flowers, That burst upon the night,, Then fall to earth in burning showers, Of crimson, blue and white., Like buds too wonderful to name,, Each miracle unfolds, And Catherine wheels1 begin to flame, Like whirling marigolds., Rockets and Roman candles2 make, An orchard of the sky,, Where magic trees their petals shake, Upon each gazing eye., , James Reeves, , 1Catherine wheels, , round,, flat fireworks that spin, 2Roman, around when lit, candles fireworks that emit, a stream of sparks, , 68

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Poem appreciation, 1. If the poet had not given the poem a title, what would you assume ‘they’ in the first line, stands for? Give two reasons to support your answer., 2. Identify two verbs that suggest speed., 3. Identify two adjectives that show how bright the fireworks are., 4. Why does the poet say that Rockets and Roman candles make/An orchard of the sky?, 5. Pick out words that the poet uses to suggest that the scene was not ordinary, not, something s/he was used to., 6. One column in the following table has the similes in the poem. The second column has, the aspect of the fireworks being compared. Match the correct pairs., Simile, , Aspect of the fireworks, , they rise like sudden fiery flowers, , the burst of colourful lights, , like buds too wonderful to name, , the quick rotation displaying sparks and, coloured flame, , like whirling marigolds, , the sparkling shower of colourful light, , Activity, The poem recreates a visual treat. Read the poem closely and recollect images of watching a, display of fireworks. Now do the following activity:, Wima is blind since birth. She has never seen colours or light. How will you describe a firework, show to her? Write out the description that you would use to describe the show to Wima., ................................................................................................., ................................................................................................., ................................................................................................., ................................................................................................., ................................................................................................., ................................................................................................., ................................................................................................., ................................................................................................., , 69

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5, , Yeti, , Starter, Whose footprints are these? Match the pictures of footprints to the animals who, made them., Footprints, , Animals, , Read about the mysterious creature called Yeti., In 1974, teenager Lhakpa lived in a Nepalese village high in the Himalayan, mountains. Each day she climbed the pathway up the mountain to graze1 a herd of yaks., Lhakpa saw few people on the steep mountain paths. Only Buddhist monks, who chose, to build their monasteries far away from the town and the cities, lived this high up., Lhakpa had heard tales of the yeti, an ape-like beast that lived in, 1graze (here) took, the Himalayas. But the mountains stretched for thousands of miles., the yaks to eat grass, She never expected to see one herself., , 70

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One day, as Lhakpa was grazing the herd, she noticed that the yaks seemed restless. She, thought that a bear or a snow leopard might be nearby. Lhakpa led the yaks to a clear,, snow-fed stream. She had a drink of water from the stream and then watched as the, yaks fed on the tough mountain grass., Suddenly, Lhakpa heard a strange deep grunt2. She whirled3 around as a huge, twolegged creature came rushing towards her. It was a yeti! Terrified, she broke into a run., But it was too late. The yeti grabbed Lhakpa in its long hairy arms. She screamed and, kicked but the yeti was too strong. Then without warning, the beast dropped her into, the icy stream and turned to her yaks. With powerful blows, it quickly killed three of, the enormous beasts., , Lhakpa crawled out of the stream and ran home as fast as she could. When the police, investigated the scene, they found the yeti’s large footprints—but not the yeti., Lhakpa’s story is similar to many other tales of the yeti reported by people living in, the Himalayas. Mountaineers drawn4 by the challenge of exploring the world’s highest, mountain range have also told chilling tales of this ape-like beast. The name ‘yeti’ comes, 2grunt a short rough sound, 3whirled moved, from the Sherpa5 words ‘yeh the’, which mean, 4, around very quickly, drawn attracted, ‘that thing’. The Abominable6 Snowman is another 5Sherpa people who guide others in the, mountains 6Abominable unpleasant, name for the yeti., , 71

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In 1951, mountaineer Eric Shipton and his party were exploring an unknown part of, the Himalayas when they came across a line of strange footprints in the snow., The footprints looked similar to human footprints—but they were twice as wide., They had sunk much deeper into the snow than the climber’s boot prints, so they must, have been made by an incredibly7 heavy creature. Most amazing of all, the clear toe, prints showed that the creature was walking barefoot in the freezing snow., In 1970, another mountaineer had an even closer encounter with a yeti. Don Whillans, was climbing in the Himalayas when a Sherpa guide called out, “Yeti coming!”, Don looked up but only caught a quick look at the black, ape-like figure before it, disappeared behind a ridge. The next day, Don found the creature’s footprints in, the snow. They were about the same size as his boot prints. The Sherpa guide told, him that the footprints were that of a baby yeti., Later that night, Don saw the creature again. He was looking out of his tent into the, bright moonlight when it came loping8 along. It headed for a clump of trees and began, pulling the branches. Don grabbed his binoculars. But the creature suddenly noticed, him and ran across the mountain and out of sight., The number of yeti sightings caught the interest of some scientists. They studied, photos and plaster casts of yeti footprints and then compared them with other animal, footprints. They decided that the yeti prints could not have been made by a bear,, an ape, an antelope or any other known animal., Apart from footprints, little evidence about the yeti has been found. Yeti, footprints are still being found. In 1992, Julian Freeman-Atwood found, footprints on a glacier that no one had climbed for 30 years., Will the mystery of the yeti be solved? What sort of a creature, is it? Where does it sleep? How does it find enough food, to survive on the snow-covered mountains? Are some, mountaineers going to meet a yeti on one of their, climbs? Maybe one day we will discover, the answers!, 7incredibly, , (here) extremely, moving or running with, jumping steps, , 8loping, , 72

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Reading 1, 1. Find sentences from the passage to correct the following false statements. One has been, done for you., False statements, , Quotes to prove the statement wrong, , Lhakpa was a lazy girl., , Each day she climbed the pathway up the, mountain to graze a herd of yaks., , Many people lived on the steep mountain, paths of Mount Everest., Yetis walk on four legs., Eric Shipton thought yetis are light, creatures., Yeti footprints are no longer found., 2. Who was Lhakpa? Where did she live?, 3. What did Lhakpa do when she saw that the yaks were restless?, 4. What did the police find?, 5. Why did the scientists decide that the footprints didn’t belong to any animal known to them?, , Reading 2, 1. Do you believe yetis are real? Why?, 2. How do you suggest we must respond when we hear/see something that is new/unknown, to human beings yet?, , Vocabulary, Compound words, Look at these expressions:, ape-like beast, snow-covered mountains, , two-legged creature, snow-fed streams, , The italicized words are known as compound words. In the, expressions given, the compound words describe nouns., Hence, these are also known as compound adjectives., , 73

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A compound adjective is an adjective that comprises more than one word., Usually, when these words come before a noun, hyphens are used to connect them and make, them appear as one adjective., Take a word from the first column, then find a word from the next coloumn to make another, word. Write down the new word in the last column. One has been done for you., kind, , famous, , well, , fashioned, , old, , +, , kind-hearted, , hearted, , mouth, , looking, , good, , watering, , world, , behaved, , Grammar, Simple past and past continuous tense, Read these sentences:, Lhakpa lived in a Nepalese village., Don saw the creature again., A strange animal was rushing towards her., Eric Shipton and his party were exploring the Himalayas., Notice that the words in italics are verbs. They tell us about past action. Lived and saw talk, about past states and actions. Was rushing and were exploring talk about actions happening, for a continuing duration in the past., , Simple past tense, We use the simple past to talk about past actions, states or facts., Xuan Zang was a great scholar., He lived in China., He wrote about India and Central Asia., To make the simple past we add -ed to most verbs. These verbs are called, regular verbs., , 74, , like—liked, , walk—walked, , jump—jumped, , call—called

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Certain verbs in simple past form do not end in -ed. These verbs are called irregular verbs., be—was/were, , drink—drank, , think—thought, , cut—cut, , Using simple past tense, •, , To make positive statements in past simple we use this form:, subject + verb in past simple, Positive statements in past simple, I/we/you/he/she/it/they, , worked., , This form remains the same for all persons., •, , To make negative statements in past simple we use this form:, subject + did not/didn’t + verb in base form, Negative statements in past simple, I /we/you/he/she/it/they, , •, , did not run., , To form questions we use did, did + subject + verb in base form, Questions in past simple, Did, , I/we/you/he/she/it/they, , call?, , Past continuous tense, We use the past continuous form to talk about an activity that was going on (or not going on), at a particular time in the past., I was reading a book yesterday., PRESENT, PAST, , FUTURE, , They were playing badminton in the garden in the morning. I wasn’t playing then., , 75

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Using past continuous tense, •, , To make statements using past continuous, we add were/was to verbs in -ing form., Positive, statement +, , Subject, , •, , Negative statements –, , You/we/they, , were working., , were not/weren’t working., , I/he/she/it, , was working., , was not/wasn’t working., , to make questions, we add were/was before the subject., Subject, , Verb, , Were, , you/we/they, , working?, , Was, , I/he/she/it, , working?, , Past simple and past continuous tense, Sometimes two actions happen in the past: we are in the middle of doing something and, suddenly something else happens., Example: Eric’s party was exploring the Himalayas when they saw the strange footprints., Action 1: was exploring, Action 2: saw, Example: I was listening to music when you called., Action 1: listening to music, Action 2: you called, , you called, , PAST I was listening to music, , FUTURE, , PRESENT, Fill in the table on the next page with simple past and past continuous verbs, from the story below., Once Xuan Zang was travelling through a forest with a few monks when a, gang of bandits attacked the saintly travellers. They robbed the travellers, and pushed them into a dry pond. The merciless decoits planned to kill the, monks. However, while the bandits were quarrelling over the loot, one of, the monks noticed a hole behind the bushes. He signalled to Xuan Zang., , 76

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Slowly, the two men slipped away into the hole. The hole turned out to be a tunnel. It led, to a village. Xuan Zang and his fellow monk alerted the village. Even while the bandits were, fighting among themselves, the villagers reached the spot. They drove away the bandits and, rescued the other monks., Simple past, , Past continuous, , Spelling, Rules for adding -ed to verbs to make the past form, Regular verbs in the simple past end with -ed. Usually, these verbs use the following few, spelling rules:, •, , If the verb ends with -e, add -d., Example: decide + -d = decided, , •, , If the verb ends with a consonant + vowel + consonant, double the last letter and add -ed., Example: travel + -l + -ed = travelled, , •, , If the verb ends with a consonant + -y, the -y becomes -ied., Example: study + -y +- ied = studied, , •, , If the verb ends with a vowel + -y, add -ed., Example: stay + -ed = stayed, , •, , If the verb ends with two or more consonants, add -ed., Example: ask + -ed = asked, , What is the simple past form of the following verbs? Write them in your notebook., 1. arrive, , 2. open, , 3. carry, , 4. like, , 5. use, , Writing, Paragraph: the sandwich method, A paragraph is a group of sentences talking about ONE idea., , 77

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The structure of a good paragraph can be compared to a tasty sandwich—just as a sandwich, has different layers, a paragraph too has different parts. Just as the different layers in a, sandwich together make one taste, all the parts in a paragraph too convey one idea together., 1. The first sentence of a paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph is about., There are many reasons why I try to speak English in school., 2. Sentences within a paragraph provide interesting details., First of all, when I talk to my friends in English, I think deeply to choose my words too, carefully. Secondly, when I use English my friends reply in English too. This way I hear some, new words. Finally, when I make a mistake, my friends gently correct me. I like that., 3. Your closing sentence must complete the idea. In a way it restates the topic sentence., We speak in our mother tongue at home. So, I find school the best place to practise, my English., 1, , 2, , 3, , Now write a sandwich paragraph on a class trip or a family trip., , Speaking, Speaking about similarities and differences, Given on the next page are two pictures. Work with a partner. Choose one picture each. Hide, the picture that is not yours. Discuss the similarities and differences., You can begin talking like this:, A: In my picture there is a scene from a kitchen., B: My picture too has a scene from a kitchen., , 78

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A: In my picture, there is a wall clock by the window., B: There is a wall clock by the window in my picture as well., A: In my picture, the clock is showing the time as 2:30., B: No, the time is 3:10 in my picture., , Listening, Listening to a radio programme, 1. You are going to listen to an excerpt from a radio programme on Bigfoot, a large humanlike creature. Read the statements given below before you listen. Later, while listening,, check if the statements are correct. Mark the statement as T if it is true and F if it is false., a. Bigfoot has been seen in the Pacific Ocean., , ...................................., , b. Bigfoot is taller than human beings., , ...................................., , 79

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c. Peterson is not familiar with the forests of Mount Shasta., , ...................................., , d. He did not realize he was greeting Bigfoot., , ...................................., , e. Wolman was not with Peterson when the Bigfoot appeared., , ...................................., , f. Bigfoot has a very foul smell., , ...................................., , g. Bigfoot is very friendly., , ...................................., , h. Yeti and Bigfoot are similar in appearance., , ...................................., , i. Peterson and Wolman had never heard of Bigfoot before., , ...................................., , j. While Yeti might find it hard to find food in the snowy, mountains, Bigfoot might find a lot to eat in the forests., , ...................................., , 2. You have heard the description of Bigfoot. Now imagine what one looks like. In the box, given below, draw Bigfoot. Your Bigfoot may be different from your classmates’., , 80

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Art Corner, Making a costume and planning a dance performance, You have just read about yeti. While people living in the hills believe yeti to be a, mythical creature, many have claimed that they have actually seen the ‘Abominable, Snowman’., Just like yeti, the snow lion is another mythical animal. Singhi Chham is a folk dance, popular in the Himalayan regions of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim. The belief is that, in the highest stretches of the Himalayas lives the mighty snow lion—wandering freely, and cheerfully. The snow lion is a cultural symbol of Sikkim. The dancers celebrate this, spirit of the celestial animal through their performance. They perform in a lion costume, that represents the snow lion., , Now listen to some more information on how the Singhi Chham is planned and, executed., Work in teams of four to design a yeti dance on the lines of the lion dance., Here are certain things that you would need to plan before your dance:, •, , How will you make the mask and the furry body?, , •, , What will the music be?, , •, , How many people will be needed to perform the dance?, , Put up a dance performance for your class., , 81